Power transmission network carbon emission accounting method based on full life cycle theory

Abstract

A power transmission network carbon emission accounting method based on a full life cycle theory. The method comprises: acquiring a bill of materials required in a production stage of a power transmission network device and carbon emission factors of materials corresponding to the bill of materials, constructing a carbon emission accounting model and calculating carbon emissions; acquiring transportation modes and carbon emission coefficients of related materials in the transportation and construction stages, constructing a model and calculating carbon emissions; establishing a model, which takes into consideration indirect carbon emissions generated due to line losses and carbon emissions generated during a replacement process related to conventional consumables and device failure, and calculating carbon emissions; constructing a carbon emission accounting model in the decommissioning and recycling stages, and calculating carbon emissions and carbon emission reductions generated in the stages; and performing accounting on carbon emissions throughout the full life cycle of a power transmission network, and calculating the carbon emission intensity. A carbon emission reduction effect of device recycling in a decommissioning stage is taken into consideration, the carbon emission intensity throughout the full life cycle of the power transmission network is calculated by means of a net power transmission capacity, and practical significance is given to a carbon emission target.

Description

A method for calculating carbon emissions from power transmission networks based on the life cycle theory Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of power systems, and in particular to a method for calculating carbon emissions from power transmission networks based on full life cycle theory. Background Art

[0002] The sources and influencing factors of carbon emissions from power transmission networks are often complex. Different perspectives and approaches lead to different types of carbon emission factors and varying degrees of impact. Therefore, when constructing a transmission network carbon emission model, in addition to the transmission process, the equipment, transmission lines, and their associated buildings and facilities also generate carbon emissions throughout their lifecycles, including manufacturing, transportation, installation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning. This carbon emission is one of the main reasons for the persistently high carbon emissions of power grid companies. However, current transmission network carbon emission accounting methods lack consideration of indirect carbon emissions caused by line losses during transmission and the carbon reduction effects of recycled and reused materials after decommissioning. They only consider total carbon emissions without quantifying the carbon intensity of individual carbon-emitting activities, thereby giving carbon emission targets practical significance. As a crucial link in electric energy utilization, power transmission has been studied using a full lifecycle carbon emission accounting approach for transmission networks. This approach incorporates five phases of the transmission network—equipment production, material transportation, network construction, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning—into a full lifecycle carbon emission accounting framework, providing data and a theoretical basis for relevant carbon reduction policies.

[0003] Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: the present invention provides a carbon emission accounting method for a power transmission network based on the full life cycle theory, which takes into account the indirect carbon emissions caused by transmission line losses and the carbon emission reduction effect of recycled and reused materials after decommissioning. Based on the full life cycle theory, the present invention comprehensively considers influencing factors such as the equipment production stage, material transportation stage, network construction stage, operation and maintenance stage, and decommissioning stage, calculates the carbon emissions of the power transmission network throughout its life cycle, and calculates the carbon emission intensity, giving practical significance to the carbon emission target.

[0005] The technical solution of the present invention is:

[0006] A method for calculating carbon emissions from a power transmission network based on a full life cycle theory, the method comprising:

[0007] Step S1: Determine the scope boundary and define the functional units of the transmission network life cycle carbon emissions assessment study;

[0008] Step S2: Obtain a list of materials required for the production of power transmission network equipment and the carbon emission factors of the corresponding materials, build a carbon emission accounting model, and calculate carbon emissions;

[0009] Step S3: Obtain the transportation methods and carbon emission coefficients of relevant materials in the transportation and construction phases, and build a model to calculate carbon emissions;

[0010] Step S4: Establish a carbon emission model that considers indirect carbon emissions caused by line loss and carbon emissions caused by replacement processes involving conventional consumables and equipment failures to calculate carbon emissions;

[0011] Step S5: Construct a carbon emission accounting model for the decommissioning and recycling phase to calculate the carbon emissions and carbon emission reductions generated in this phase.

[0012] Step S6: Calculate the carbon emissions of the transmission network over its entire life cycle and calculate the carbon emission intensity.

[0013] The functional unit is defined as "unit of electricity transmitted". The formula for calculating carbon emissions per unit of electricity transmitted by the transmission network is as follows:

[0014] Where FU is the functional unit for the life cycle assessment of the transmission network; LCA to It represents the total carbon dioxide emissions throughout the entire life cycle; T trans It represents the net amount of electricity transmitted by the transmission network.

[0015] The construction of the carbon emission accounting model includes: after obtaining the material list and carbon emission coefficient of the required transmission network transformers, transmission lines and insulator equipment, the total carbon emissions of the transmission network related equipment and resources production stage are obtained as shown in the following formula:

[0016] Where, CE p Indicates the CO2 emissions during the equipment production stage; N1 is the total number of materials used to produce related equipment, g pi is the total weight of the i-th material used to produce the relevant equipment; Q pi The carbon emission coefficient of the i-th material used in the production of related equipment.

[0017] Building a model to calculate carbon emissions includes:

[0018] Step S31: Obtain the total number of types N2 of materials required for transportation, the number of materials to be transported during the transportation phase, and the number of materials to be transported during the transportation phase. i Total weight of materials g ti 、Transportation by means of transport i The carbon emission coefficient Q of freight service when using this material ti And for the delivery of i Distance D when planting materials i

[0019] Step S32: The carbon emission calculation model for the transmission network-related equipment and resources invested in the transportation stage is as follows:

[0020] Where, CE T Represents the total carbon emissions during the transportation stage.

[0021] Step S33: Obtain the total number of types of materials used in the construction process N3 and the total weight g of the i-th material ci And the carbon emission coefficient Q of the i-th material used ci ;

[0022] Step S34: Obtain the list of materials required for the construction phase and calculate the carbon emissions of the material production process during the construction phase

[0023] Step S35: The carbon emission calculation model during the power transmission network construction phase is expressed as follows:

[0024] Where, CE C is the carbon emissions during the construction phase.

[0025] Obtaining the carbon emission sources and their models during the operation and maintenance phase of the transmission network includes the following steps:

[0026] Step S41: Obtain a list of conventional materials and aging equipment that need to be replaced during the operation and maintenance phase, and construct a carbon emission accounting model, as shown in the following formula:

[0027] Where, Carbon emissions from conventional consumables consumed during the operation and maintenance process and the replacement process involved in equipment failure. N3 represents the total number of failed replacement materials during the transformer operation and maintenance phase; g OMi is the mass of the replacement material for item i; Q OMi is the carbon emission factor of the replacement material of item i; the carbon emission model of transportation of failed materials in the operation and maintenance phase is similar to the carbon emission accounting model in the transportation phase, g ti is the total weight of the i-th material transported during the transportation phase; Q ti D is the carbon emission coefficient when transporting the i-th material; i is the distance when transporting the i-th material;

[0028] Step S42: Obtain regional power generation E gen , as shown below:

[0029] Where, E gen is the power generation on the power supply side; N is the total number of units of various types; P i is the installed capacity of the unit; T iUse decimals for the year; CF i is the capacity factor;

[0030] Step S43: The carbon emissions generated by transmission network operation losses are calculated as follows:

[0031] Where, represents the carbon emissions caused by transmission network operation losses, E gen is the power generation on the power supply side, η s is the power loss of the power line, EF is the carbon emission factor of the power grid;

[0032] Step S44: The carbon emission model generated by the operation loss of the transmission network is shown as follows:

[0033] Where, CE O represents the total carbon emissions during the operation and maintenance phase of the transmission network, Represents the carbon emissions caused by transmission network operation losses, Represents the carbon emissions generated by transmission network operation losses.

[0034] The carbon emission accounting model for the decommissioning and recycling phase is constructed as follows:

[0035] Where, CE R is the total carbon emissions during the decommissioning phase; N6 represents the total number of resources involved in the treatment process; N7 represents the total number of resources recovered during the decommissioning phase; g di represents the quality of the i-th resource in the waste treatment process, Q di represents the carbon emission factor of the i-th resource in the waste treatment process, g ri Represents the quality of the i-th resource in the recycling process, Q ri represents the carbon emission reduction factor of the i-th resource, and ξ represents the recovery coefficient.

[0036] Calculating the carbon emissions of the transmission network over its entire life cycle includes: Step S61: The carbon emissions accounting model for the transmission network over its entire life cycle is shown in the following formula: LCA to =CE P +CE T +CE C +CE O +CE R

[0037] Where, LCA to The total amount of CO2 emissions generated during the entire life cycle of the transmission network; CE P Refers to the CO2 emissions generated by the equipment in the power transmission network during the production stage; CE Tis the CO2 emission during the transportation of materials in the power transmission network; CE C is the CO2 emissions generated by related production activities during the construction phase; CE O is the CO2 emissions generated by the transmission network during the operation and maintenance phase; CE R is the CO2 emissions generated by the transmission network during the decommissioning and recycling phase;

[0038] Step S62: Calculate the amount of electricity transmitted by the power transmission network. The calculation formula is as follows: trans =E gen (1-η s )

[0039] Where, T trans Transmitting electricity to the transmission network, E gen is the power generation on the power supply side, ηs The power loss of the power line.

[0040] Calculating the carbon emission intensity includes: dividing the total carbon emission of the entire life cycle obtained in step S61 by the amount of power transmitted to obtain the carbon emission intensity of the entire life cycle of the transmission network.

[0041] Where FU is carbon emission intensity; LCA is to It represents the total carbon dioxide emissions over the entire life cycle, T trans It represents the net amount of electricity transmitted by the transmission network.

[0042] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0043] This paper uses a full lifecycle approach to consider the carbon emissions of activities at each stage, comprehensively accounting for the impact of indirect carbon emissions during the process on the accuracy of carbon emissions calculations for the transmission network. The paper then breaks down the entire transmission network carbon emissions process into five stages: equipment production, material transportation, network construction, operations and maintenance, and retirement. The carbon reduction effect of equipment recycling during retirement is considered, and the carbon emission intensity of the transmission network over its entire lifecycle is calculated using the net amount of electricity transmitted, giving practical significance to carbon emission targets. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] FIG1 is a schematic flow chart of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] A method for calculating carbon emissions from a power transmission network based on the full life cycle theory includes the following steps:

[0046] Step S1: Determine the scope boundary and define the functional units of the transmission network life cycle carbon emissions assessment study;

[0047] Step S2: Obtain a list of materials required for the production of power transmission network equipment and the carbon emission factors of the corresponding materials, build a carbon emission accounting model, and calculate carbon emissions;

[0048] Step S3: Obtain the transportation methods and carbon emission coefficients of relevant materials in the transportation and construction phases, and build a model to calculate carbon emissions;

[0049] Step S4: Establish a carbon emission model that considers indirect carbon emissions caused by line loss and carbon emissions caused by replacement processes involving conventional consumables and equipment failures to calculate carbon emissions;

[0050] Step S5: Construct a carbon emission accounting model for the decommissioning and recycling phase to calculate the carbon emissions and carbon emission reductions generated in this phase.

[0051] Step S6: Calculate the carbon emissions of the transmission network over its entire life cycle and calculate the carbon emission intensity.

[0052] In step 1, the boundary range of the transmission network is determined from the production of equipment to the retirement of equipment. The functional unit of this patent is defined as "unit of transmitted electricity". The calculation formula for the carbon emissions of the transmission network unit of transmitted electricity is as follows:

[0053] Where FU is the functional unit for the life cycle assessment of the transmission network, which means the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity transmitted by the transmission network, and its accounting unit is kg CO2-eq / kWh; LCA to It represents the total carbon dioxide emissions over the entire life cycle, and its unit is kg CO2-eq; T trans It represents the net amount of electricity transmitted by the transmission network, and its unit is kWh.

[0054] The above method obtains the list of materials required for the production of power transmission network equipment and the carbon emission factors of the corresponding materials, and constructs a carbon emission accounting model. After obtaining the list of materials and carbon emission factors of the required power transmission network equipment such as transformers, transmission lines, insulators, etc., the total carbon emissions of the production stage of the relevant equipment and resources of the power transmission network can be obtained as shown in the following formula:

[0055] Where, CE p Indicates the CO2 emissions during the equipment production stage; N1 is the total number of materials used to produce related equipment, g pi is the total weight of the i-th material used to produce the relevant equipment; Q pi The carbon emission coefficient of the i-th material used in the production of related equipment.

[0056] In step 3, the carbon emission accounting for the transportation and construction phases is constructed, including the following steps:

[0057] Step S31: Obtain the total number of types N2 of materials required for transportation, the total weight g of the i-th type of material transported during the transportation phase ti , the carbon emission coefficient Q of freight service (per ton per kilometer) when transporting the i-th material ti and the distance D when transporting the i-th material i

[0058] Step S32: The carbon emission calculation model for the transmission network-related equipment and resources invested in the transportation stage is as follows:

[0059] Where, CE T Represents the total carbon emissions during the transportation stage.

[0060] Step S33: Obtain the total number of types of materials used in the construction process N3 and the total weight g of the i-th material ci And the carbon emission coefficient Q of the i-th material used ci .

[0061] Step S34: Obtain the list of materials required for the construction phase and calculate the carbon emissions of the material production process during the construction phase The calculation method is as shown in step 2.

[0062] Step S35: The carbon emission calculation model during the power transmission network construction phase can be expressed as follows:

[0063] Where, CE C is the carbon emissions during the construction phase.

[0064] In step 4, obtaining the carbon emission sources and models during the operation and maintenance phase of the transmission network includes the following steps:

[0065] Step S41: Obtain a list of conventional materials and aging equipment that need to be replaced during the operation and maintenance phase, and construct a carbon emission accounting model, as shown in the following formula:

[0066] Where, Carbon emissions from conventional consumables consumed during the operation and maintenance process and the replacement process involved in equipment failure. N3 represents the total number of failed replacement materials during the transformer operation and maintenance phase; g OMi is the mass of the replacement material for item i; Q OMi is the carbon emission factor of the replacement material of item i; the carbon emission model of transportation of failed materials in the operation and maintenance phase is similar to the carbon emission accounting model in the transportation phase, g ti is the total weight of the i-th material transported during the transportation phase; Q ti D is the carbon emission coefficient when transporting the i-th material; iis the distance when transporting the i-th material.

[0067] Step S42: Obtain regional power generation E gen , as shown below:

[0068] Where, E gen is the power generation on the power supply side; N is the total number of units of various types; P i is the installed capacity of the unit; T i Use decimals for the year; CF i is the capacity factor.

[0069] Step S43: The carbon emissions generated by transmission network operation losses are calculated as follows:

[0070] Where, represents the carbon emissions caused by transmission network operation losses, E gen is the power generation on the power supply side, η s is the power loss of the power line, and EF is the carbon emission factor of the power grid.

[0071] Step S44: The carbon emission model generated by the operation loss of the transmission network is shown as follows:

[0072] Where, CE O represents the total carbon emissions during the operation and maintenance phase of the transmission network, Represents the carbon emissions caused by transmission network operation losses, Represents the carbon emissions generated by transmission network operation losses.

[0073] In step 5, the decommissioning stage involves two processes: carbon emissions during waste treatment and negative carbon emissions during waste recycling. The specific accounting model is as follows:

[0074] Where, CE R is the total carbon emissions during the decommissioning phase; N6 represents the total amount of resources involved in the treatment process (such as coagulant waste); N7 represents the total amount of recycled resources (such as metal materials) during the decommissioning phase; g di represents the quality of the i-th resource in the waste treatment process, Q di represents the carbon emission factor of the i-th resource in the waste treatment process, g ri Represents the quality of the i-th resource in the recycling process, Q ri represents the carbon emission reduction factor of the i-th resource, and ξ represents the recovery coefficient.

[0075] In step 6, the carbon emissions of each stage of the transmission network's life cycle are summed up, and the total carbon emissions are divided by the net amount of electricity transmitted to obtain the carbon emissions per unit of electricity transmitted during the transmission network's life cycle. This includes the following steps:

[0076] Step S61: The carbon emission accounting model for the entire life cycle of the transmission network is as follows: LCA to =CE P +CE T +CE C +CE O +CE R

[0077] Where, LCA to The total amount of CO2 emissions generated during the entire life cycle of the transmission network; CE P Refers to the CO2 emissions generated by the equipment in the power transmission network during the production stage; CE T is the CO2 emission during the transportation of materials in the power transmission network; CE C is the CO2 emissions generated by related production activities during the construction phase; CE O is the CO2 emissions generated by the transmission network during the operation and maintenance phase; CE R It is the CO2 emissions generated by the transmission network during the decommissioning and recycling stage.

[0078] Step S62: Calculate the amount of electricity transmitted by the power transmission network. The calculation formula is as follows: trans =E gen (1-η s )

[0079] Where, T trans Transmitting electricity to the transmission network, E gen is the power generation on the power supply side, ηs The power loss of the power line.

[0080] Step S63: Divide the total life cycle carbon emissions obtained in step S61 by the amount of transmitted electricity to obtain the life cycle carbon emission intensity of the transmission network.

[0081] Where FU is the carbon emission intensity, which means the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity transmitted by the transmission network, and its accounting unit is kg CO2-eq / kWh; LCA to It represents the total carbon dioxide emissions over the entire life cycle, and its unit is kg CO2-eq; T trans It represents the net amount of electricity transmitted by the transmission network, and its unit is kWh.

[0082] The present invention adopts a carbon emission accounting method based on the full life cycle theory, which considers the indirect carbon emissions caused by line losses of transmission lines and the carbon emission reduction effect of recycled and reused materials after decommissioning. It comprehensively considers influencing factors such as the equipment production stage, material transportation stage, network construction stage, operation and maintenance stage, and decommissioning stage, models the carbon emissions of the transmission network throughout its life cycle, calculates the carbon emissions of carbon emission activities in each stage, defines the functional units for the full life cycle evaluation of the transmission network, and calculates the carbon emission intensity of the transmission network based on the net amount of electricity transmitted.

Claims

1. A method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory, Characterized in that: The method includes: Step S1: Determine the scope boundary and define the functional unit for the carbon emission assessment study of the whole life cycle of the transmission network; Step S2: Obtain the material list required for the production stage of the transmission network equipment and the carbon emission factors of the corresponding materials, construct a carbon emission accounting model, and calculate the carbon emissions; Step S3: Obtain the relevant material transportation methods and their carbon emission coefficients during the transportation and construction stages, and construct a model to calculate the carbon emissions; Step S4: Establish a carbon emission model considering the indirect carbon emissions caused by line losses and the carbon emissions generated during the replacement process involved in conventional consumables and equipment failures to calculate the carbon emissions; Step S5: Construct a carbon emission accounting model for the decommissioning and recycling stage, and calculate the carbon emissions and carbon emission reduction amounts generated during this stage. Step S6: Account the carbon emissions of the whole life cycle of the transmission network and calculate the carbon emission intensity.

2. The method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory according to claim 1, Characterized in that: The functional unit is defined as "unit power transmission", and the calculation formula for carbon emissions per unit power transmission of the power transmission network is shown as follows: Where FU is the functional unit for the life cycle assessment of the transmission network; LCA to It represents the total carbon dioxide emissions over the entire life cycle; T trans It represents the net amount of electricity transmitted by the transmission network.

3. The method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory according to claim 1, Characterized in that: Building a carbon emission accounting model includes: after obtaining the material list and its carbon emission coefficients of the transformers, transmission lines, and insulators of the required power transmission network, the total carbon emissions during the production stage of the relevant equipment and resources of the power transmission network are obtained as shown in the following formula: Where, CE p represents the CO 2 emissions during the equipment production stage; N 1 is the total number of types of materials used for production-related equipment, g pi is the total weight of the i-th type of material used for production-related equipment; Q pi is the carbon emission coefficient of the i-th type of material used for production-related equipment.

4. The method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory according to claim 1, Characterized in that: Constructing a model to calculate carbon emissions includes: Step S31: Obtain the total number N of types of materials required for the transportation process 2 , the total weight gi of the i-th type of material transported during the transportation stage ti , the carbon emission coefficient Qi of the freight service when the transportation vehicle transports the i-th type of material ti and the distance Di for transporting the i-th type of material i Step S32: The carbon emission measurement model for the input of transmission network-related equipment and resources during the transportation stage is as follows: In the formula, CE T represents the total carbon emissions during the transportation stage. Step S33: Obtain the total number N of types of materials used in the construction process 3 , the total weight g of the i-th type of material ci and the carbon emission coefficient Q of the i-th type of material used ci ; Step S34: Obtain the material list required for the construction phase and calculate the carbon emissions during the material production process in the construction phase Step S35: The carbon emission measurement model in the power transmission network construction stage is expressed in the following form: where CE C is the carbon emissions during the construction stage.

5. The method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory according to claim 1, Characterized in that: Obtaining the carbon emission sources and their models in the operation and maintenance stage of the transmission network includes the following steps: Step S41: Obtain the list of conventional materials and easily aging equipment to be replaced during the operation and maintenance phase, and construct a carbon emission accounting model as shown in the following formula: Wherein, The carbon emissions generated during the replacement process involved in the consumption of regular consumables and equipment failures during operation and maintenance, N 3 represents the total number of failed replacement materials during the transformer operation and maintenance stage; g OMi is the mass of the i-th replacement material; Q OMi is the carbon emission factor of the i-th replacement material; The transportation carbon emission model of failed materials during the operation and maintenance stage is similar to the carbon emission accounting model during the transportation stage, g ti is the total weight of the i-th material transported during the transportation stage; Q ti is the carbon emission coefficient when the transportation vehicle transports the i-th material; D i is the distance when transporting the i-th material; Step S42: Obtain the regional power generation E gen , as shown in the following formula: where E gen is the power generation on the power supply side; N is the total number of various types of units; P i is the installed capacity of the unit; T i is the annual utilization hours; CF i is the capacity factor; Step S43: The carbon emissions generated by the operating losses of the power transmission network are calculated as shown in the following formula: In the formula, Indicates the carbon emissions generated by the operating losses of the power transmission network, E gen is the power generation at the power supply side, η s is the power loss of the power line, and EF is the carbon emission factor of the power grid; Step S44: The carbon emission model generated by the operating losses of the power transmission network is shown by the following formula: where CE O represents the total carbon emissions during the operation and maintenance stage of the power transmission network, Indicates the carbon emissions generated by the operating losses of the transmission network, Represents the carbon emissions generated by the operation loss of the transmission network.

6. The method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory according to claim 1, Characterized in that: The carbon emission accounting model for the decommissioning and recycling stage is as follows: The accounting model is shown below: where CE R is the total carbon emissions during the decommissioning stage; N 6 represents the total number of resources involved in the treatment process, N 7 represents the total number of recycled resources during the decommissioning stage, g di represents the mass of the i-th resource in the waste treatment process, Q di represents the carbon emission factor of the i-th resource in the waste treatment process, g ri represents the mass of the i-th resource in the recycling process, Q ri represents the carbon emission reduction factor of the i-th resource, and ξ represents the recycling coefficient.

7. The method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory according to claim 1, Characterized in that: Calculating the carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of a transmission network includes: Step S61: The carbon emission accounting model for the entire life cycle of the transmission network is shown by the following formula: LCA to = CE P + CE T + CE C + CE O + CE R where, LCA to is the total CO 2 emissions generated during the entire life cycle of the power transmission network; CE P refers to the CO 2 emissions generated during the production stage of the equipment belonging to the power transmission network; CE T is the CO 2 emissions during the material transportation process of the power transmission network; CE C is the CO 2 emissions generated by relevant production activities during the construction stage; CE O is the CO 2 emissions generated by the power transmission network during the operation and maintenance stage; CE R is during the retirement and recycling stage of the power transmission network Generated CO 2 Emissions; Step S62: Calculate the transmitted electricity of the transmission network, and the calculation formula is as follows: T trans = E gen (1 - η s ) Where, T trans is the power transmission quantity of the power transmission network, E gen is the power generation quantity on the power supply side, and η s is the power loss of the power line.

8. The method for calculating carbon emissions of a transmission network based on the whole life cycle theory according to claim 7, Characterized in that: Calculating the carbon emission intensity includes: dividing the total carbon emissions over the entire life cycle obtained in step S61 by the transmitted electricity quantity to obtain the carbon emission intensity of the power transmission network over the entire life cycle Wherein, FU is the carbon emission intensity; LCA to represents the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions over the entire life cycle, and T trans represents the net transmitted power of the power transmission network.

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