Aqueous multistage polymer dispersion
The use of an aqueous dispersion with a multistage polymer and specific surfactant in waterborne coatings addresses the challenge of ash slurry repellency, achieving effective self-cleaning performance without the high costs of traditional coatings.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/138416
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-13
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-19
AI Technical Summary
Aqueous acrylic latex binders struggle to provide waterborne coatings with ash slurry repellency, which is essential for self-cleaning performance and market differentiation, while silicone- or fluorocarbon polymer-containing coatings are costly.
An aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer and a specific surfactant, where the multistage polymer includes structural units of an amine functional monomer, is used to create coating films with improved ash slurry repellency.
The aqueous dispersion effectively enhances the ash slurry repellency of coating films to a rating of 3 or greater, as measured by the Ash Slurry Repellency Test, without the high costs associated with silicone- or fluorocarbon polymer-containing coatings.
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Figure PCTCN2023138416-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
AQUEOUS MULTISTAGE POLYMER DISPERSIONFIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to an aqueous multistage polymer dispersion, a method of preparing the same, and a coating composition comprising the same.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Waterborne coatings have less environmental concerns than solvent borne coatings and are widely used in exterior coating applications. Ash slurry repellency of coating films is a property to show coatings' self-cleaning performance so as to provide differentiated products in the market. Some end users have showed interest in coatings with such property. Silicone-or fluorocarbon polymer-containing coating compositions may demonstrate the ash slurry repellency, but the costs for these coating compositions are high. However, ash slurry is easily adhered to the surface of waterborne coatings comprising aqueous acrylic latex binders. It is particularly challenging for aqueous acrylic latex binders to provide waterborne coatings with the ash slurry repellence property.
[0004] It is therefore desirable to provide an aqueous polymer dispersion that provides coatings with improved ash slurry repellency.SUMMARY
[0005] The present invention solves the problem of discovering an aqueous dispersion without the aforementioned problems. The aqueous dispersion of the present invention comprises a novel combination of a specific surfactant with a multistage polymer that incorporates structural units of a specific amine functional monomer. Such aqueous dispersion is particularly suitable for use in coating applications, e.g., clear coating compositions, to provide coating films with good ash slurry repellence properties, as indicated by a rating of 3 or greater as measured according to the Ash Slurry Repellency Test described in the Examples section below.
[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention is an aqueous dispersion comprising:
[0007] (A) a multistage polymer and (B) a surfactant, wherein the multistage polymer (A) comprises a first-stage polymer and a second-stage polymer,
[0008] wherein the first-stage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, (1-a) from 1.2%to 15%of structural units of a monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer carrying at least one functional group selected from a carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, amide, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonate, phosphate, ureido, or hydroxyl group; a salt thereof; or combinations thereof; (1-b) from 5%to 95%of structural units of a C5-C24-alkyl acrylate, a C4-C24-alkyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof; and (1-c) from 3.5%to 93.5%of structural units of an additional ethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer; and
[0009] wherein the second-stage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer, (2-a) from 4%to 35%of structural units of an amine functional ionic monomer free of a C=N double bond, and (2-b) from 65%to 96%of structural units of a monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer;
[0010] wherein the weight ratio of the first-stage polymer to the second-stage polymer is in a range of from 15: 85 to 85: 15;
[0011] wherein the surfactant (B) comprises (b1) a surfactant of formula (B-I) , (b2) a surfactant of formula (B-II) , or mixtures thereof:
[0012] where R1 is a C1-C20 alkylene group; -CH2OCH2CH (CH2OR4) -, where R4 is a C1-C20 alkyl group; -CH2OCH2CHR5-, where R5 is a C1-C20 alkyl group; or where m is 1, 2 or 3, and R6 is H, an alkyl group, or where Ra is a C1-C4 alkylene group;
[0013] R2 is H or a C1-C20 alkyl group;
[0014] R3 is H or a C1-C20 alkyl group; A represents a C2-C4 alkylene group or a substituted C2-C4 alkylene group; n is an integer of from 0 to 100; X represents H or an anionic group selected from - (CH2) a-SO3M, - (CH2) b-COOM, -PO3M2, or -CO-CH (SO3M) -CH2-COOM, where a and b are each independently an integer of from 0 to 4, and each M represents H, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, an ammonium residue, or an alkanolamine residue; R' is a phenyl group or where Rb is a C1-C4 alkylene group; and p is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
[0015] In a second aspect, the present invention is a method of preparing the aqueous dispersion of the first aspect by multistage free-radical polymerization. The method comprises the steps of:
[0016] i) preparing the first-stage polymer in an aqueous medium by free-radical polymerization in the presence of the surfactant (B) ; and ii) preparing the second-stage polymer in the presence of the first-stage polymer obtained from step (i) by free-radical polymerization; thereby forming the aqueous dispersion comprising the multistage polymer (A) comprising the first-stage polymer and second-stage polymer, and the surfactant (B) .
[0017] In a third aspect, the present invention is a coating composition comprising the aqueous dispersion of the first aspect.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] Test methods refer to the most recent test method as of the priority date of this document when a date is not indicated with the test method number. References to test methods contain both a reference to the testing society and the test method number. The following test method abbreviations and identifiers apply herein: ASTM refers to ASTM International methods and JIS refers to Japanese Industrial Standard.
[0019] Products identified by their tradename refer to the compositions available under those tradenames on the priority date of this document. “And / or” means “and, or as an alternative” . All ranges include endpoints unless otherwise indicated.
[0020] “Aqueous” dispersion herein means that polymer particles dispersed in an aqueous medium. By “aqueous medium” herein is meant water and from 0 to 30%, by weight based on the weight of the medium, of water-miscible compound (s) such as, for example, alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers, glycol esters, or mixtures thereof.
[0021] “Structural units” , also known as “polymerized units” , of the named monomer, refers to the remnant of the monomer after polymerization, that is, polymerized monomer or the monomer in polymerized form. For example, a structural unit of methyl methacrylate is as illustrated: where the dotted lines represent the points of attachment of the structural unit to the polymer backbone.
[0022] “Nonionic monomer” herein refers to a monomer that does not bear an ionic charge between pH=1-14.
[0023] Throughout this document, the word fragment “ (meth) acryl” refers to both “methacryl” and “acryl” . For example, (meth) acrylic acid refers to both methacrylic acid and acrylic acid, and methyl (meth) acrylate refers to both methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate.
[0024] “Glass transition temperature” or “Tg” as used herein can be calculated by using a Fox equation (T.G. Fox, Bull. Am. Physics Soc., Volume 1, Issue No. 3, page 123 (1956) ) below. For example, for calculating the Tg of a copolymer of monomers M1 and M2,
[0025] where Tg (calc. ) is the glass transition temperature calculated for the copolymer, w (M1) is the weight fraction of monomer M1 in the copolymer, w (M2) is the weight fraction of monomer M2 in the copolymer, Tg (M1) is the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of monomer M1, and Tg (M2) is the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of monomer M2, all temperatures being in K. The glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers may be found, for example, in “Polymer Handbook” , edited by J. Brandrup and E.H. Immergut, Interscience Publishers. For example, Tg for butyl acrylate is -54 ℃, Tg for 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate is -85 ℃, Tg for methyl methacrylate is 105 ℃, Tg for butyl methacrylate is 20 ℃, Tg for styrene is 100 ℃, Tg for methacrylic acid is 185 ℃, Tg for acrylamide is 165 ℃, and Tg for dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate is 18 ℃.
[0026] “Multistage polymer” herein means a polymer prepared by sequential addition of two or more different monomer compositions including the first monomer mixture and the second monomer mixture, which, after polymerization, form a first-stage polymer and a second-stage polymer, respectively. That is, the multistage polymer comprises at least two polymers, i.e., the first-stage polymer and the second-stage polymer. By “first-stage polymer” (interchangeable with “first polymer” ) and “second-stage polymer” (interchangeable with “second polymer” ) mean these polymers having different compositions and formed in different stages of multistage free-radical polymerization in preparing the multistage polymer. Each stage is sequentially polymerized and different from the immediately preceding and / or immediately subsequent stage by a difference in monomer composition. By “second-stage polymer” herein is meant a polymer which is formed in the presence of the “first-stage polymer. ” However, the first-stage polymer may be formed in the presence of a previously formed dispersed polymer at a concentration of 0 to 20%by weight, based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, sometimes known as a seed polymer, of a composition that is the same as that of the first-stage polymer. When the seed polymer is used, the weight the seed polymer is counted into the first-stage polymer. “Weight of multistage polymer” in the present invention refers to the dry or solids weight of the aqueous dispersion of multistage polymer.
[0027] The aqueous dispersion of the present invention comprises a multistage polymer (A) . The multistage polymer (A) comprises a first-stage polymer and a second-stage polymer. The first-stage polymer in the multistage polymer comprises structural units of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomers carrying at least one functional group selected from a carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, amide, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonate, phosphate, ureido, or hydroxyl group, a salt thereof, or combinations thereof ( “monomer (1-a) ” ) . Examples of suitable monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomers include α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids including an acid-bearing monomer such as methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, or fumaric acid; or a monomer bearing an acid-forming group which yields or is subsequently convertible to, such an acid group such as anhydride, (meth) acrylic anhydride, or maleic anhydride; sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) , sodium vinyl sulfonate (SVS) ; acrylamide, methacrylamide, monosubstituted (meth) acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N-ethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-butylacrylamide, N-tertiary butylacrylamide, N-2-ethylhexylacrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide, or N, N-diethylacrylamide; hydroxy-functional (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) , sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, ammonium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid; sodium salt of allyl ether sulfonate; phosphoalkyl (meth) acrylates such as phosphoethyl (meth) acrylate, phosphopropyl (meth) acrylate, and phosphobutyl (meth) acrylate; salts thereof; or mixtures thereof; CH2=C (Rp1) -C (O) -O- (Rp2O) p-P (O) (OH) 2, wherein Rp1=H or CH3, Rp2=alkyl and p=1-10, such as SIPOMER PAM-100, SIPOMER PAM-200, and SIPOMER PAM-300 all available from Solvay; phosphoalkoxy (meth) acrylates such as phospho ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho di-ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho tri-ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho di-propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho tri-propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, allyl ether phosphate, and vinyl phosphonic acid; salts thereof; or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer (1-a) is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid (AA) , itaconic acid, acrylamide (AM) , methacrylic acid (MAA) , AMPS, phosphoethyl (meth) acrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, ureido (meth) acrylate, HEMA, and mixtures thereof. More desirably, the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer (1-a) comprises MAA, AA, AM, or mixtures thereof.
[0028] The first-stage polymer may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer at a concentration of 1.2%to 15%, and can be 1.5%or more, 1.8%or more, 2.0%or more, 2.2%or more, 2.3%or more, 2.5%or more, 2.8%or more, even 3.0%or more while at the same time is 15%or less, and can be 12%or less, 10%or less, 8.0%or less, 7.0%or less, 6.0%or less, 5.0%or less, 4.0%or less, or even 3.0%or less, desirably from 2%to 12%, more desirably from 2.5%to 8%.
[0029] The first-stage polymer of the multistage polymer comprises structural units of a C5-C24-alkyl acrylate, a C4-C24-alkyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof ( “monomer (1-b) ” ) . The C5-C24-alkyl acrylate refers to an alkyl ester of acrylic acid containing a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl having from 6 to 24 carbon atoms. The C4-C24-alkyl methacrylate refer to alkyl ester of methacrylic acid containing a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl having from 4 to 24 carbon atoms. The monomer (1-b) may include, for example, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; butyl methacrylate ( (n-butyl methacrylate, BMA) ; 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (2-EHA) ; cycloalkyl acrylates such as cyclohexyl acrylate, methcyclohexyl acrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, and t-butyl cyclohexyl acrylate; cycloalkyl methacrylates such as cyclohexyl methacrylate, methcyclohexyl methacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl methacrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate, and t-butyl cyclohexyl methacrylate; or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the monomer (1-b) is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof. More desirably, the monomer (1-b) comprises, or can consist of, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof.
[0030] The first-stage polymer may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, structural units of the monomer (1-b) at a concentration of 5%to 95%, and can be 6%or more, 8%or more, 10%or more, 12%or more, 15%or more, 18%or more, 20%or more, 25%or more, 30%or more, even 35%or more while at the same time is generally 95%or less, and can be 85%or less, 80%or less, 75%or less, 70%or less, 65%or less, 55%or less, 45%or less, or even 38%or less, desirably from 10%to 80%, more desirably from 20%to 70%.
[0031] The first-stage polymer of the multistage polymer comprises structural units of an additional monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer ( “monomer (1-c) ” ) that is other than the monomers (1-a) and (1-b) described above. The monomer (1-c) may include, for example, a C1-C4-alkyl acrylate, a C1-C3-alkyl methacrylate, a vinyl aromatic monomer, a vinyl ester monomer, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable vinyl aromatic monomer include styrene and substituted styrene such as α-methylstyrene, α-ethylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, vinyl xylene, or mixtures thereof. Suitable vinyl ester monomers may include, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate, vinyl-2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl versatate, vinyl chloride, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the monomer (1-c) comprises, or can consist of, the C1-C4-alkyl acrylate, the C1-C3-alkyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof. More desirably, the monomer (1-c) is selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate (MMA) , butyl acrylate (n-butyl acrylate, BA) , ethyl methacrylate, styrene, ethyl acrylate, or mixtures thereof, most desirably MMA, BA, or mixtures thereof.
[0032] The first-stage polymer may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, structural units of the monomer (1-c) at a concentration of 3.5%to 93.5%, and can be 5%or more, 8%or more, 10%or more, 20%or more, 22%or more, 30%or more, 40%or more, 55%or more, even 56%or more while at the same time is 93.5%or less, and can be 93%or less, 92.5%or less, 92%or less, 91%or less, 90%or less, 89%or less, 88%or less, 87%or less, 85%or less, 80%or less, 77.5%or less, 75%or less, 70%or less, 66%or less, or even 65%or less, desirably from 8%to 88%or from 22%to 77.5%. Alternatively, the monomer (1-c) may comprise or be free of the vinyl aromatic monomer such as styrene. The first-stage polymer may comprise structural units of the vinyl aromatic monomer at a concentration of from zero to 15%, and can be 1%or more, 2%or more, even 5%or more while at the same is generally 15%or less, 12%or less, 10% or less, 8%or less, 5%or less, 1%or less, or even zero, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer.
[0033] The second-stage polymer in the multistage polymer comprises structural units of monomer (2-a) one or more amine functional ionic monomer free of a C=N double bond. “Ionic monomer” refers to a monomer that bears an ionic charge between pH=1-14. Amine functional ionic monomers may be selected from esters of amino alcohols with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, monoamides of diamines of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, or combinations thereof. Suitable esters of amino alcohols with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids may include, for example, dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, 3-dimethylamino-2, 2-dimethylpropyl-l (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminoneopentyl (meth) acrylate, N, N-dipropylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, 2-N-piperodinoethyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, or mixtures thereof. Suitable monoamides of diamines of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids may include, for example, dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylamide, N- (3-dimethylamino-2, 2-dimethylpropyl) (meth) acrylamide, N-dimethylaminomethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylamide, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the amine functional ionic monomer is selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylamide, tert-butylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, and mixtures thereof. More desirably, the amine functional ionic monomer is selected from dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, or mixtures thereof.
[0034] Structural units of the amine functional ionic monomer in the second-stage polymer may be present, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer, at a concentration of 4%to 35%, and can be 4.5%or more, 5%or more, 5.5%or more, 6%or more, 7%or more, 8%or more, 9%or more, even 10%or more while at the same time is 35%or less, and can be 32%or less, 30%or less, 28%or less, 25%or less, 22%or less, 20%or less, 15%or less, 12%or less, or even 10%or less; alternatively from 5%to 30%, from 6%to 25%, from 7%to 20%, from 8%to 15%, or from 9%to 12%.
[0035] The second-stage polymer in the multistage polymer comprises one or more monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomers ( “monomer (2-b) ” ) that is different from monomer (1-a) . Monomers suitable for the monomer (2-b) may include the monomer (1-b) and monomer (1-c) described in the first-stage polymer section above, or mixtures of one or more of the monomer (1-b) and one or more of the monomer (1-c) , such as the alkyl (meth) acrylates, the vinyl aromatic monomers, or mixtures thereof. Particularly, the monomer (2-b) may comprise, or can consist of, (i) one or more than one of the alkyl (meth) acrylates described above, or (ii) a mixture of one or more than one of the alkyl (meth) acrylates described above with styrene. Desirably, the monomer (2-b) is selected from the group consisting of butyl acrylate (n-butyl acrylate, BA) , t-butyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl versatate, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or mixtures thereof.
[0036] The second-stage polymer may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer, structural units of the monomer (2-b) at a concentration of 65%to 96%, and can be 70%or more, 75%or more, 80%or more, 85%or more, even 90%or more while at the same time is 96%or less, and can be 95%or less, 94%or less, 94%or less, 93%or less, 92%or less, or even 90%or less; alternatively from 70%to 95%or from 75%to 90%. The second-stage polymer may optionally comprise, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer, from zero to 25%of structural units of the vinyl aromatic monomer, and can be 2%or more, 4%or more, 6%or more, 8%or more, even 10%or more while at the same is generally 25%or less, and can be 23%or less, 21%or less, 19%or less, 17%or less, 15%or less, 11%or less, 10%or less, 8%or less, 5%or less, or even zero.
[0037] The second-stage polymer in the multistage polymer may comprise or be free of structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer (monomer (1-a) ) as described in the first-stage polymer section above. Structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer in the second-stage polymer may be present at a concentration of from zero to 20%, from 0.5%to 15%, from 1%to 10%, or from 2%to 5%, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer.
[0038] The multistage polymer (A) may comprise or be free of structural units of one or more multiethylenically unsaturated monomers, which may be present in the first-stage polymer, the second-stage polymer, or combinations thereof. Suitable multiethylenically unsaturated monomers may include, for example, butadiene, allyl (meth) acrylate, divinyl benzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, butylene glycol dimethacrylate, or mixtures thereof. The multistage polymer may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer, from zero to 3.0%, from 0.05%to 0.8%, or from 0.1%to 0.5%of structural units of the multiethylenically unsaturated monomer.
[0039] Desirably, the first-stage polymer in the multistage polymer comprises, or consist of, structural units of the monomer (1-a) comprising MAA, AA, AM, or mixtures thereof; structural units of the monomer (1-b) comprising 2-EHA, BMA, or mixtures thereof; and structural units of the monomer (1-c) comprising MMA, BA, styrene, or mixtures thereof. More desirably, structural units of styrene are present in an amount of from zero to 15%, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer. Most desirably, the first-stage polymer comprises, or consists of, from 1.2%to 15%of structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer, from 5%to 95%of structural units of 2-EHA, BMA, or mixtures thereof, from 3.5%to 93.5%of structural units of MMA, BA, or mixtures thereof, and optionally, from zero to 15%of structural units of styrene, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer. Alternatively, the first-stage polymer comprises, or consists of, from 2.0%to 8.0%of structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer (1-a) , from 15%to 70%of structural units of 2-EHA, BMA, or mixtures thereof, and from 25%to 80%of structural units of MMA, BA, or mixtures thereof; and optionally, from zero to 15%of structural units of styrene, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer.
[0040] Desirably, the second-stage polymer in the multistage polymer comprises, or can consist of, from 6%to 30%of structural units of the amine functional ionic monomer (2-a) selected from dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, or mixtures thereof; and from 70%to 94%of structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer (2-b) selected from the alkyl (meth) acrylate or a mixture of the alkyl (meth) acrylate and styrene, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer.
[0041] The first-stage polymer and the second-stage polymer in the multistage polymer are present in an amount to provide a weight ratio of the first-stage polymer to the second-stage polymer in a range of from 15: 85 to 85: 15, and can be 84: 16 or lower, 83: 17 or lower, 82: 18 or lower, 81: 19 or lower, 80: 20 or lower, 78: 22 or lower, 75: 25 or lower, 72: 28 or lower, 70: 30 or lower, 68: 32 or lower, even 65: 35 or lower while at the same time is 15: 85 or higher, and can be 20: 80 or higher, 25: 75 or higher, 28: 72 or higher, 30: 70 or higher, 32: 68 or higher, 35: 75 or higher, 38: 72 or higher, 40: 60 or higher, 50: 50 or higher, or even 52: 48 or higher, or even 55: 45 or higher; desirably from 25: 75 to 80: 20, alternatively from 30: 70 to 75: 25, alternatively from 40: 60 to 70: 30.
[0042] The multistage polymer (A) may comprise or be free of a minor amount of a third-stage polymer that can be formed between the first-and second-stage polymer, or after the second-stage polymer, for example, less than 10%by weight of the multistage polymer, without compromising the desired properties. Desirably, the total amount of the first-stage polymer and the second-stage polymer is from 90%to 100%of the multistage polymer, from 92%to 100%, from 95%to 100%, from 98%to 100%, or from 99%to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer. Total concentration of the structural units of monomers described above in the multistage polymer is equal to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer. Total concentration of the structural units of monomers described above in the first-and second-stage polymer, respectively, is equal to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the first-and second-stage polymer, respectively.
[0043] Types and levels of the monomers described above may be chosen to provide the multistage polymer with a Tg suitable for different applications, for example, in the range of from -30 to 70 degrees Celsius (℃) , from -25 to 65 ℃, from -20 to 60 ℃, from -15 to 55 ℃, from -10 to 50 ℃, or from -5 to 45 ℃. Tg values herein can be calculated by the Fox equation.
[0044] Without being bounded by a theory, the multistage polymer may comprise multiple different phases (layers or domains) formed by at least the first-stage polymer and the second-stage polymer. Suitable morphologies for the multistage polymer particles may include core-shell polymer particles in which one polymer phase forms a shell that fully encapsulates a core formed from the other polymer phase; and acorn-type polymer particles in which one polymer phase forms a shell that does not fully encapsulate a core formed from the other polymer phase. The shell may be the first-stage polymer phase with the core formed from the second-stage polymer phase.
[0045] The multistage polymer (A) may have a particle size of from 50 nanometers (nm) to 2 microns (μm) , and can be 60 nm or more, even 70 or more while at the same time is generally 2 μm or less, and can be 500 nm or less, 300 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 190 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 105 nm or less, 100 nm or less, or less than 100 nm, desirably from 50 to 400, from 60 to 300, or from 70 to 200 nm. The particle size refers to a Z-average particle size, which can be measured using a Zetasizer Nano S90 available from Malvern.
[0046] The aqueous dispersion of the present invention also comprises a surfactant (B) comprising (b1) a surfactant of formula (B-I) (also referred to as “polymerizable surfactant” ) , (b2) a surfactant (b2) of formula (B-II) (also referred to as “non-reactive surfactant” ) , or combinations thereof. A mixture of two or more polymerizable surfactants of formula (B-I) , a mixture of two or more non-reactive surfactants of formula (B-II) , or a mixture of the polymerizable surfactant with the non-reactive surfactant may be used.
[0047] The polymerizable surfactant (b1) has the structure of formula (B-I) below:
[0048] where R1 is a C1-C20 alkylene group, desirably a C1-C2 alkylene group;
[0049] -CH2OCH2CH (CH2OR4) -, where R4 is a C1-C20 alkyl group;
[0050] -CH2OCH2CHR5-, where R5 is a C1-C20 alkyl group; or
[0051] where m is 1, 2 or 3, and R6 is H (ahydrogen atom) , an alkyl group, or where Ra is a C1-C4 alkylene group, desirably a C2-C3 alkylene group, such as -CH2-,
[0052] R2 is H or a C1-C20 or C1-C4 alkyl group such as methyl;
[0053] R3 is H or a C1-C20 or C1-C4alkyl group such as methyl;
[0054] A represents a C2-C4 alkylene group or substituted C2-C4 alkylene group, desirably an ethylene group;
[0055] n represents an average addition mole number of alkylene oxide and is an integer in a range of from 0 to 100, and can be from 1 to 50, from 5 to 20, or from 8 to 15; and
[0056] X represents H or an anionic group selected from - (CH2) a-SO3M, - (CH2) b-COOM, -PO3M2, or -CO-CH (SO3M) -CH2-COOM, wherein a and b are each independently an integer of from 0 to 4, and each M represents H, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, an ammonium residue, or an alkanolamine residue.
[0057] Desirably, R6 is and m is 2 or 3.
[0058] Desirably, X represents H, -SO3M, or -PO3M2, more desirably -SO3M, where M is a counter ion such as NH4+, Li+, Na+ or K+.
[0059] AO can be selected from the group consisting of -CH2-CH2-O- ( “ethylene oxide” ) , -CH2-CH (CH3) -O-, -CH2-CH (CH2CH3) -O-, and any combination of one or more the above units.
[0060] The polymerizable surfactant (b1) may comprise one or more surfactant having the structure of formula (B-I) , where R1 is R2 is -CH3 and R3 is H, AO is ethylene oxide, and X is H, -SO3M, or -PO3M2, desirably -SO3M, where M is a counter ion such as NH4+, Li+, Na+ or K+. Desirably, R6 is where Ra is -CH2-, More desirably, m is 2 or 3, n is an integer in a range of from 5 to 20, and R6 is
[0061] The polymerizable surfactant (b1) may comprise one or more surfactant having the structure of formula (B-I) , where R2 and R3 are both H; R1 is -CH2OCH2CH (CH2OR4) -, where R4 is a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C6-C20 alkyl group, desirably a C6-C14 alkyl group; AO is ethylene oxide; n is from 1 to 30, desirably 5 to 15. Desirably, X is H, -SO3M, or -PO3M2, more desirably -SO3M, where M is NH4+, Li+, Na+ or K+.
[0062] The polymerizable surfactant (b1) may comprise one or more surfactant having the structure of formula (B-I) , where R2 is H; R3 is -CH3; R1 is -CH2-CH2-; and AO is selected from - (CH2-CH2-O) -, - (CH2-CH (CH3) -O) -, - (CH2-CH (CH2CH3) -O) -, a combination of - (CH2-CH2-O) -with - (CH2-CH (CH3) -O) -or - (CH2-CH (CH2CH3) -O) -; desirably a combination of - (CH2-CH2-O) -and - (CH2-CH (CH2CH3) -O) in any sequence. Desirably, n is an integer of from 10 to 30. Desirably, X is H, -SO3M, or -PO3M2, more desirably -SO3M, where M is NH4+, Li+, Na+ or K+.
[0063] The non-reactive surfactant (b2) has the structure of formula (B-II) below:
[0064] where R' is a phenyl group or where Rb is a C1-C4 alkylene group; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and A, n, and Z are described above in formula (I) .
[0065] Desirably, R' is where Rb is a C1-C3 alkylene group, such as -CH2-, More desirably, p is 2 or 3, and R' is Desirably, AO is ethylene oxide; n can be an integer of from 1 to 50, from 5 to 20, or from 8 to 15. Desirably, X is H, -SO3M, or -PO3M2, more desirably -SO3M, where M is NH4+, Li+, Na+ or K+.
[0066] Depending on the types of the surfactant used, the surfactant (B) may be present in the aqueous medium of the aqueous dispersion, attached to the multistage polymer particles, as structural units of the multistage polymer, or combinations thereof. For example, when the polymerizable surfactant (b1) is used, it may be present in the multistage polymer as structural units (i.e., via covalent bonds) , attached to the surface of the multistage polymer particles, present in the aqueous medium, or combinations thereof. When used, the surfactant (b2) is typically present in the aqueous medium, attached to the surface of multistage polymer particles typically via physical absorption, or combinations thereof. The concentration of the surfactant (B) in the aqueous dispersion can be, by weight based on the total weight of the multistage polymer, in a range of from 0.5%to 5%, and can be 0.7%or more, 0.8%or more, 0.9%or more, 1.0%or more, 1.1%or more, 1.2%or more, even 1.5%or more while at the same time is 5%or less, and can be 4%or less, 3.5%or less, 3.0%or less, 2.5%or less or even 2.0%or less, desirably from 0.7%to 3.5%, from 0.9%to 3.0%, or from 1.1%to 2.5%. The concentration of the surfactant (B) herein refers to weight percentages of the combined weight of surfactants (b1) and (b2) if used, relative to the weight of the multistage polymer (e.g., the combined weight of monomers used in the first stage and the second stage) .
[0067] The aqueous dispersion of the present invention also comprises water. Water may be present, by weight based on the weight of the aqueous dispersion, from 30%to 90%or from 40%to 80%.
[0068] The present invention also relates to a method of preparing the aqueous dispersion by multistage free-radical polymerization (interchangeable with “multistage polymerization” ) , comprising the steps of: i) preparing the first-stage polymer in an aqueous medium by free-radical polymerization in the presence of the surfactant (B) ; and ii) preparing the second-stage polymer in the presence of the first-stage polymer obtained from step (i) by free-radical polymerization; thereby forming the aqueous dispersion comprising the multistage polymer (A) comprising the first-stage polymer and second-stage polymer, and the surfactant (B) . Optionally, different stages can be formed in different reactors. Each of the stages is sequentially polymerized and different from the immediately preceding and / or immediately subsequent stage by a difference in monomer compositions. Step i) of the method may include: polymerization of a first monomer mixture in the presence of the surfactant (B) , preferably in an aqueous medium, thereby obtaining the first-stage polymer. Step ii) of the method may include polymerization of a second monomer mixture in the presence of the first-stage polymer. Prior to the polymerization of the second monomer mixture, the first-stage polymer can be neutralized using a neutralizer to a pH value of greater than 7.0. Each stage of the multistage polymerization can be conducted by polymerization techniques well known in the art such as suspension polymerization or emulsion polymerization of monomers. Emulsion polymerization is a preferred process. The first and second monomer mixtures may each independently comprise the monomers described above for forming the structural units of the first-stage polymer and the second-stage polymer, respectively. For example, the first monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture, from 1.2% to 15%of the monomer (1-a) , from 5%to 95%of the monomer (1-b) , and from 3.5%to 93.5%the monomer (1-c) ; and the second monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the second monomer mixture, from 4%to 35%of the monomer (2-a) and from 65%to 96%of the monomer (2-b) , where the weight ratio of the first monomer mixture to the second monomer mixture is in a range of from 15: 85 to 85: 15. For each monomer, the weight concentration of such monomer relative to the total weight of monomers used in one stage of the multistage polymerization (e.g., in the first stage for forming the first-stage polymer) is the same as the weight concentration of structural units of such monomer in such stage polymer (e.g., in the first-stage polymer) described above. For example, the weight concentration of each monomer in the first monomer mixture relative to the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture is the same as the weight concentration of structural units of such monomer in the first-stage polymer relative to the weight of the first-stage polymer describe above. Total weight concentration of the monomers in the first monomer mixture for preparing the first-stage polymer is equal to 100%relative to the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture. Total weight concentration of the monomers in the second monomer mixture is equal to 100%relative to the total weight of monomers in the second monomer mixture. The first and second monomer mixtures for preparing the first-stage polymer and the second-stage polymer, respectively, may be added neat or as an emulsion in water; or added in one or more addition or continuously, linearly or nonlinearly, over the reaction period of preparing the first-stage polymer, the second-stage polymer, respectively, or combinations thereof. Temperature suitable for emulsion polymerization processes may be lower than 100 ℃, and can be in a range of from 30 to 95 ℃, or in a range of from 50 to 90 ℃.
[0069] In the multistage polymerization process, a portion of or all of the surfactant (B) is added at least in the first stage, and optionally in the second stage, of the multistage polymerization process. The surfactant (B) may be added prior to or during the polymerization of the first monomer mixture, or combinations thereof. The surfactant (B) may be used in an amount of from 0.5%to 5%, and can be 0.8%or more, 1.0%or more, 1.2%or more, 1.5%or more while at the same time is 5%or less, and can be 4%or less, 3.5%or less, 3.0%or less, 2.5%or less or even 2.0%or less, desirably, from 0.7%to 3.5%, from 0.9%to 3.0%, or from 1.1%to 2.5%, by weight based on the total weight of monomers used for preparing the multistage polymer (e.g., the combined weight of the first monomer mixture and the second monomer mixture) .
[0070] Neutralization of the first-stage polymer may be conducted prior to the preparation of the second-stage polymer. The first-stage polymer may be neutralized to a pH value of greater than 7.0, and can be 7.6 or more, 7.7 or more, 7.8 or more, 7.9 or more, 8.0 or more, 8.1 or more, 8.2 or more, 8.3 or more, 8.4 or more, or even 8.5 or more, while at the same time is generally neutralized to a pH value of 10 or less, and can be 9.8 or less, 9.6 or less, 9.5 or less, 9.4 or less, 9.2 or less, or even 9.0 or less. Neutralization may be conducted by adding one or more base which may lead to partial or complete neutralization of the ionic or latently ionic groups of the first-stage polymer. Examples of suitable bases include ammonia; alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ; organic amines including, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, such as triethyl amine, ethylamine, propylamine, monoisopropylamine, monobutylamine, hexylamine, ethanolamine, diethyl amine, dimethyl amine, di-n-propylamine, tributylamine, triethanolamine, dimethoxyethylamine, 2-ethoxyethylamine, 3-ethoxypropylamine, dimethylethanolamine, or 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol; or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, and mixtures thereof.
[0071] A free radical initiator may be used in each stage of the multistage polymerization process. The polymerization process may be thermally initiated or redox initiated emulsion polymerization. Examples of suitable free radical initiators include hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, ammonium persulfate, alkali metal persulfates such as sodium persulfate, sodium perborate, perphosphoric acid, and salts thereof; potassium permanganate, and ammonium or alkali metal salts of peroxydisulfuric acid, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the free radical initiator is ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, or mixtures thereof. The free radical initiators may be used typically at a level of 0.01 to 3.0%by weight, based on the total weight of monomers used for preparing the multistage polymer. Redox systems comprising the above described initiators coupled with a suitable reductant may be used in the polymerization process. Examples of suitable reductants include sodium sulfoxylate formaldehyde, ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, alkali metal and ammonium salts of sulfur-containing acids, such as sodium sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfate, hydrosulfite, sulfide, lactic acid, glyceric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and salts of the preceding acids.
[0072] The obtained multistage polymer in the aqueous dispersion may be neutralized by adding one or more base to a pH value of 7.5 or more, for example, from 7.7 to 10, from 7.9 to 9.8, from 8.0 to 9.5, or 8.5 to 9.2 (i.e., neutralization after polymerization, also as “post-neutralization step” ) . Examples of suitable bases include those described in the neutralization of the first-stage polymer section above. Desirably, the multistage polymerization process is free of the post-neuralization step.
[0073] The aqueous dispersion of the present invention is particularly suitable for use in clear coating composition (e.g., as a binder) and can provide coatings made therefrom with good ash slurry repellency.
[0074] The present invention also relates to a coating composition comprising the aqueous dispersion. The coating composition may comprise or be free of one or more pigments. “Pigments” herein refers to particulate inorganic materials which are capable of materially contributing to the opacity or hiding capability of a coating. Such materials typically have a refractive index greater than 1.8. The pigments may include, for example, titanium dioxide (TiO2) , zinc oxide, iron oxide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the pigment is TiO2. The coating composition may also comprise one or more extenders. “Extender” herein refers to a particulate material having a refractive index of less than or equal to 1.8 and greater than 1.3. Examples of suitable extenders include calcium carbonate, clay, calcium sulfate, aluminosilicates, silicates, zeolites, mica, talc, silica, alumina, kaolin, opaque polymers such as ROPAQUETM Ultra E available from The Dow Chemical Company (ROPAQUE is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company) , or mixtures thereof. The coating composition may have a pigment volume concentration (PVC) of from zero to 90%, 10%to 80%, from 20%to 70%, or from 30%to 60%. PVC may be determined by the equation: PsC = [Volume (Pigment + Extender) / Volume (Pigment + Extender + Binder) ] ×100%.
[0075] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more defoamers. “Defoamers” herein refer to chemical additives that reduce and hinder the formation of foam. Defoamers may be silicone-based defoamers, mineral oil-based defoamers, ethylene oxide / propylene oxide-based defoamers, alkyl polyacrylates, or mixtures thereof. The defoamer may be present at a concentration of from zero to 1.0%, from 0.1%to 0.6%, or from 0.2%to 0.4%, by weight based on the total dry weight of the coating composition.
[0076] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more thickeners. The thickeners may include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) , clay materials, acid derivatives, acid copolymers, urethane associate thickeners (UAT) , polyether urea polyurethanes (PEUPU) , polyether polyurethanes (PEPU) , or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable thickeners include alkali swellable emulsions (ASE) such as sodium or ammonium neutralized acrylic acid polymers; hydrophobically modified alkali swellable emulsions (HASE) such as hydrophobically modified acrylic acid copolymers; associative thickeners such as hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes (HEUR) ; and cellulosic thickeners such as methyl cellulose ethers, hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC) , hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) , hydrophobically-modified hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HMHEC) , 2-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl cellulose, and 2-hydoxypropyl cellulose. The thickener may be present at a concentration of from zero to 3.0%, from 0.2%to 2.0%, or from 0.3%to 1.5%, by dry weight based on the total dry weight of the coating composition.
[0077] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more dispersants. The dispersants may include nonionic, anionic, or cationic dispersants such as polyacids with suitable molecular weight, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) , dimethyl amino ethanol (DMAE) , potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) , trisodium polyphosphate (TSPP) , citric acid and other carboxylic acids. The dispersant may be present at a concentration of from zero to 3%, from 0.1%to 2.0%, or from 0.2%to 1.5%, by dry weight based on the total dry weight of the coating composition.
[0078] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free one or more coalescents. “Coalescents” herein refer to slow-evaporating solvents that fuse polymer particles into a continuous film under ambient condition. Examples of suitable coalescents include 2-n-butoxyethanol, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, n-butyl ether, or mixtures thereof. The coalescent may be present at a concentration of from zero to 35%, from 1%to 30%, or from 2%to 25%, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer.
[0079] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more wetting agents. “Wetting agents” herein refer to chemical additives that reduce the surface tension of a coating composition, causing the coating composition to more easily spread across or penetrate the surface of a substrate. Wetting agents may be polycarboxylates, anionic, zwitterionic, or non-ionic. The wetting agent may be present at a concentration of from zero to 5.0%, from 0.2%to 4.0%, or from 0.3%to 3.0%, by weight based on the total dry weight of the coating composition.
[0080] The coating composition of the present invention may further comprise any one or combination of the following additives: buffers, anti-freezing agents, humectants, mildewcides, biocides, anti-skinning agents, colorants, flowing agents, antioxidants, plasticizers, leveling agents, thixotropic agents, adhesion promoters, and grind vehicles. These additives may be present in a combined amount of from zero to 20%, from 0.2%to 15%, or from 0.5%to 10%, by weight based on the dry weight of coating composition. The coating composition may be prepared by admixing the aqueous dispersion with other optional components described above in any order.
[0081] The present invention also provides a method of preparing a coating. The method may comprise the steps of: applying the coating composition to a substrate, and drying, or allowing to dry, the applied coating composition to form the coating. The coating composition can be used alone, or in combination with other coatings to form a multilayer coating. Applying the coating composition can be conducted by incumbent means including brushing, dipping, rolling and spraying, desirably, by spraying. Drying the coating composition (and the base coating composition if present) to form a film (this is, coating) can be at room temperature (20-25 ℃) , or at an elevated temperature, for example, from 35 to 60 ℃. The coating composition can be applied to, and adhered to, various substrates, such as concrete, cementious substrates, wood, metals, stones, elastomeric substrates, glass or fabrics. The coating composition can be used in wood coatings, metal protective coatings, architectural coatings, traffic paints, marine and protective coatings, automotive coatings, wood coatings, joinery coatings, floor coatings, coil coatings, traffic paints, and civil engineering coatings.
[0082] EXAMPLES
[0083] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in the following Examples, wherein all parts and percentages are weight percentages unless otherwise specified. The materials used in the examples and their abbreviations are given as below. OROTAN, TRITON, and ACRYSOL are trademarks of The Dow Chemical Company.
[0084] Table 1
[0085] Inventive Example (IE) 1 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0086] A monomer emulsion 1# ( “ME1” ) was prepared by mixing deionized (DI) water (222.0 grams (g) ) , RHODAPEXTM ES-
[0087] 2816D Surfactant ( “ES-2816D surfactant” ) (22.8 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (323.9 g) , MAA (19.7 g) , AM (6.0 g) , and MMA (502.0 g) . A monomer emulsion 2# ( “ME2” ) was prepared by mixing water (130.0 g) , RHODAPEXTM AB-20 Surfactant ( “AB-20 surfactant” ) (9.5 g, 28.5%active) , BA (174.5 g) , DMAEMA (27.7 g) , and MMA (256.6 g) .
[0088] In a glass reactor equipped with a reflux condenser and a stirrer, DI water (1000.0 g) was charged. Meanwhile, the temperature of the reactor was raised to 90 ℃. When the reactor was heated to 90 ℃, ES-2816D surfactant (56.5 g, 30%active) , 9.1%Na2CO3 solution (22.0 g) , ME1 (50.0 g) , and APS solution (22.0 g, 9.1%active) were added into the reactor. After 5 minutes (min) , feed the rest of ME1 into the reactor and co-feed 2.5%APS solution (34.2 g) over 58 min, maintain the reactor temperature at 84-86 ℃. After completing the feed of ME1 to the reactor, stop feeding APS solution, then add 8.0 g ammonia solution (26%active) ( “neutralizer” ) . Start to feed ME2 and cofeed the rest of APS solution (2.5%active, 18.5 g) over 32 min. After the completion of the ME2 and APS solution feed, start to cool the reactor to 70 ℃, FeSO4·7H2O (0.01 g) was mixed with EDTA (0.03 g) in water (10.0 g) and added into the reactor. A solution of t-BHP (0.9 g dissolved in 18.0 g DI water) and a solution of FF6 (0.6 g) in DI water (18.9 g) were fed into the reactor over 35 min. The obtained polymer emulsion was cooled to room temperature.
[0089] IE 2 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0090] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 1 except the formulation of ME1, Na2CO3 solution and neutralizer amount. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (222.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (22.8 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (323.9 g) , MAA (4.3 g) , AM (21.2 g) , and MMA (502.0 g) . 5.1%Na2CO3 solution (25.5 g) was used. Neutralizer was 3.6 g ammonia solution (26%active) .
[0091] IE 3 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0092] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE1 except the formulation of ME2. ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.5 g, 28.5%active) , BA (165.2 g) , DMAEMA (46.2 g) , and MMA (247.4 g) .
[0093] IE 4 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0094] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the neutralizer. Neutralizer used was 63.7 g NaOH solution (4.9%active) .
[0095] IE 5 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0096] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except ME1. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (222.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (22.8 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (323.9 g) , MAA (19.7 g) , and MMA (507.9 g) .
[0097] IE 6 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0098] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except ME2. ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.5g, 28.5%active) , 2-EHA (151.5 g) , DMAEMA (27.7 g) , and MMA (279.5 g) .
[0099] IE 7 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0100] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials IE 3 except ME1. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (222.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (22.8 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (85.3 g) , BA (272.8 g) , MAA (19.7 g) , AM (6.0 g) , and MMA (468.0 g) .
[0101] IE 8 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0102] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except ME2. ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.5g, 28.5%active) , BA (165.3 g) , DMAEMA (46.2 g) , styrene (45.8 g) , and MMA (201.6 g) .
[0103] IE 9 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0104] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except formulations of ME1 and ME2. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (184.0 g) , ES-2816D (17.5 g, 30%active) , BMA (196.7 g) , BA (183.6 g) , MAA (19.8 g) , AM (6.5 g) , and MMA (248.7 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (164.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (13.8 g, 28.5%active) , BA (131.2 g) , BMA (164.0 g) , DMAEMA (132.0 g) , and MMA (229.1 g) .
[0105] IE 10 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0106] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except the surfactant in the reactor, ME1 and ME2. REASOAPTM SR-1025 Surfactant ( “SR-1025 surfactant” ) (50.1 g, 26.1%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D surfactant. SR-1025 surfactant (26.0 g, 26.1%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant. SR-1025 surfactant (10.5 g, 26.1%active) was used in ME2 to replace AB-20 surfactant.
[0107] IE 11 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0108] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE1 except surfactant in the reactor and ME1. HITENOLTM AR-1025 Surfactant ( “AR-1025 surfactant” ) (63.2 g, 25.0%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D. AR-1025 surfactant (27.2 g, 25.0%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant.
[0109] IE 12 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0110] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except the surfactant in the reactor, ME1 and ME2. LATEMULTM PD-104 Surfactant ( “PD-104 surfactant” ) (69.1 g, 18.9%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D. PD-104 surfactant (35.9 g, 18.9%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant. PD-104 surfactant (14.6 g, 18.9%active) was used in ME2 to replace AB-20 surfactant.
[0111] IE 13 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0112] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except formulations of ME1 and ME2. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (78.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (8.7 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (124.6 g) , MAA (19.8 g) , and MMA (183.3 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (260.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (14.1 g, 30%active) , AB-20 surfactant (9.6 g, 28.5%active) , BA (373.9 g) , DMAEMA (59.4 g) , and MMA (549.8 g) .
[0113] IE 14 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0114] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except formulations of ME1 and ME2. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (266.2 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (26.1 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (398.7 g) , MAA (23.3 g) , and MMA (626.2 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (74.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (7.3 g, 28.5%active) , BA (72.9 g) , DMAEMA (69.7 g) , and MMA (119.9 g) .
[0115] IE 15 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0116] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except ME1 and ME2. ME1 was the same as IE 14. ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (74.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (7.3 g, 28.5%active) , BA (91.3 g) , DMAEMA (32.7 g) , and MMA (138.2 g) .
[0117] IE 16 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0118] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except the amount of the surfactant in the reactor, and formulations of ME1 and ME2. ES-2816D surfactant (87.0 g, 30%active) was charged into the reactor. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (227.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (22.6 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (221.6 g) , MAA (19.7 g) , AM (8.5 g) , and MMA (601.5 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , ABS-15 surfactant (9.4 g, 16.6%active) , AB-20 surfactant (5.4 g, 28.5%active) , BA (87.2 g) , DMAEMA (64.7 g) , and MMA (307.0 g) .
[0119] Comparative Example (CE) 1 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0120] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the formulation of ME2. ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (133.4 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.4 g, 28.5%active) , BA (190.5 g) , AM (2.3 g) , and MMA (265.7 g) .
[0121] CE 2 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0122] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the formulation of ME2. ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.4 g, 28.5%active) , BA (181.3 g) , DMAEMA (13.9 g) , and MMA (263.4 g) .
[0123] CE 3 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0124] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the formulation of ME2. ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.4 g, 28.5%active) , BA (185.5 g) , VI (16.6 g) , and MMA (256.6 g) .
[0125] CE 4 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0126] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except formulations of ME1 and ME2. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (221.8 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (22.6 g, 30%active) , BA (375.1 g) , MAA (19.7 g) , AM (6.0 g) , and MMA (450.9 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.5 g, 28.5%active) , 2-EHA (151.5 g) , DMAEMA (27.7 g) , and MMA (279.5 g) .
[0127] CE 5 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0128] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 1 but using the same ME1 as CE 4.
[0129] CE 6 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0130] A monomer emulsion ( “ME” ) was prepared by mixing DI water (360.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (11.3 g, 30%active) , AB-20 surfactant (21.2 g, 28.5%active) , 2-EHA (165.3 g) , SSS (13.2 g) , BA (354.1 g) , MAA (19.7 g) , AM (11.8 g) , MMA (733.0 g) , and DMAEMA (33.0 g) .
[0131] In a glass reactor equipped with a reflux condenser and a stirrer, DI water (1000.0 g) was charged. Meanwhile, the temperature of the reactor was raised to 90 ℃. When the reactor was heated to 90 ℃, ES-2816D surfactant (56.6 g, 30%active) , 26%ammonia solution (2.5 g) , ME (50.0 g) , and APS solution (22.0 g, 9.1%active) were added into the reactor. After 5 min, feed the rest of ME into the reactor at a rate of 18.4 g / min over 60 min, maintain the reactor temperature at 84-86 ℃. After completing ME feed, the contents of the reactor were stirred for 10 min. Then at 81℃, FeSO4·7H2O (0.01 g) was mixed with EDTA (0.03 g) in water (10.0 g) and added into the reactor. Restart ME feed at the same rate together with a solution of t-BHP (0.8 g dissolved in 18.0 g DI water) and a solution of FF6 (0.7 g) in DI water (19.0 g) were fed into the reactor over 30 min. After finishing feeds, the reactor was cooled to 70 ℃, then a solution of t-BHP (0.9 g dissolved in 23.0 g DI water) and a solution of FF6 (0.6 g) in DI water (24.0 g) were fed into the reactor over 35 min. The obtained polymer emulsion was cooled to room temperature.
[0132] CE 7 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0133] ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (225.0 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (11.3 g, 30%active) , AB-20 surfactant (11.7 g, 28.5%active) , BA (353.7 g) , SSS (8.6 g) , DMAEMA (28.3 g) , AM (7.7 g) , and MMA (453.5 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (130.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (9.5 g, 28.5%active) , 2-EHA (165.3 g) , and MMA (293.2 g) .
[0134] In a glass reactor equipped with a reflux condenser and a stirrer, DI water (1000.0 g) was charged. Meanwhile, the temperature of the reactor was raised to 90 ℃. When the reactor was heated to 90 ℃, ES-2816D surfactant (56.6 g, 30%active) , 26%ammonia solution (2.5 g) , ME (50.0 g) , and APS solution (22.0 g, 9.1%active) were added into the reactor. After 5 min, ME1 was fed into the reactor at a rate of 18.4 g / min over 58 min, while maintaining the reactor temperature at 84-86 ℃. After completing ME1 feed, the contents in the reactor were stirred for 10 min. Cool the reactor to 60 ℃, then at 60℃, feed ME2 into the reactor over 20 min. At 50℃, FeSO4·7H2O (0.01 g) was mixed with EDTA (0.03 g) in water (10.0 g) and added into the reactor, and then a solution of t-BHP (0.8 g dissolved in 18.0 g DI water) and a solution of FF6 (0.7 g) in DI water (19.0 g) were cofed into the reactor over 10 min. After finishing cofeed, the reactor was cooled to 70 ℃, then a solution of t-BHP (0.9 g dissolved in 23.0 g DI water) and a solution of FF6 (0.6 g) in DI water (24.0 g) were fed into the reactor over 35 min. The obtained polymer emulsion was cooled to room temperature.
[0135] CE 8 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0136] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the surfactant in the reactor and formulations of ME1 and ME2. ABS-15 surfactant (80.2 g, 16.3%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D surfactant. ABS-15 surfactant (41.7 g, 16.3%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant. ABS-15 surfactant (16.8 g, 16.3%active) was used in ME2 to replace AB-20 surfactant.
[0137] CE 9 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0138] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the surfactant in the reactor and formulations of ME1 and ME2. AB-20 surfactant (45.1 g, 28.5%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D surfactant. AB-20 surfactant (23.4 g, 28.5%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant. AB-20 surfactant (9.5 g, 28.5%active) was used in ME2.
[0139] CE 10 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0140] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the surfactant in the reactor and formulations of ME1 and ME2. POLYSTEPTM P-12A Surfactant ( “P-12A surfactant” ) (22.4 g, 25.0%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D surfactant. P-12A surfactant (41.7 g, 25.0%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant. P-12A surfactant (12.1 g, 25.0%active) was used in ME2 to replace AB-20 surfactant.
[0141] CE 11 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0142] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the surfactant in the reactor and formulations of ME1 and ME2. DISPONILTM Fes-32 Surfactant ( “FES-32 surfactant” ) (42.6 g, 30.7%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D surfactant. FES-32 surfactant (22.1 g, 30.7%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant. FES-32 surfactant (8.9 g, 30.7%active) was used in ME2 to replace AB-20 surfactant.
[0143] CE 12 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0144] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except the surfactant in the reactor and formulations of ME1 and ME2. TRITONTM XN-45S surfactant (21.8 g, 60.0%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D. TRITONTM XN- 45S surfactant (11.3 g, 60.0%active) was used in ME1 to replace ES-2816D surfactant. TRITONTM XN-45S surfactant (4.6 g, 60.0%active) was used in ME2 to replace AB-20 surfactant.
[0145] CE 13 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0146] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE3 except the surfactant in the reactor and formulations of ME1 and ME2. RHODAPEXTM CO 436 Surfactant ( “CO 436 surfactant” ) (19.1 g, 58.0%active) was charged into the reactor instead of ES-2816D surfactant. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (162.0 g) , CO 436 surfactant (11.7 g, 58.0%active) , BMA (196.7 g) , BA (183.6 g) , MAA (19.8 g) , AM (6.5 g) , and MMA (248.7 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (160.0 g) , CO 436 surfactant (4.8 g, 58.0%active) , BA (131.2 g) , BMA (164.0 g) , DMAEMA (132.0 g) , and MMA (229.1 g) .
[0147] CE 14 Aqueous Polymer Dispersion
[0148] This polymer dispersion was synthesized according to the same procedure and materials as IE 3 except formulations of ME1 and ME2. ME1 was prepared by mixing DI water (266.2 g) , ES-2816D surfactant (26.1 g, 30%active) , 2-EHA (398.7 g) , MAA (23.2 g) , and MMA (626.2 g) . ME2 was prepared by mixing DI water (74.0 g) , AB-20 surfactant (7.3 g, 28.5%active) , BA (55.1 g) , DMAEMA (105.6 g) , and MMA (102.1 g) . In addition, neutralizer was 8.5 g ammonia solution (26%active) .
[0149] The obtained aqueous polymer dispersions were characterized, and characterization results are given in Tables 5 and 6 for IEs 1-16 and CEs 1-14 aqueous polymer dispersions, respectively. These aqueous polymer dispersions were used as binders in preparing coating composition samples below.
[0150] Clear Coating Composition Samples
[0151] The aqueous polymer dispersions of IEs 1-15 and CEs 1-14 prepared above were used as binders for preparing clear coating samples according to a typical formulation given in Table 2, with the amount of each component reported in grams (g) . All components in the coating compositions were mixed using a high-speed disperser at a speed of 300-800 revolutions per minute (rpm) . The dosage of IE 1 polymer dispersion is given in Table 2, while other polymer dispersions were added in amounts sufficient to maintain the resulting composition as the same solids.
[0152] Pigmented Coating Composition Sample
[0153] The aqueous polymer dispersion of IE 16 prepared above was used as a binder for preparing a pigmented coating sample according to the formulation given in Table 3, with the amount of each component reported in grams (g) . Mixing was conducted using a high-speed disperser. The pigment and extenders were mixed with the dispersant to form a slurry of pigments and / or extender with stirring at a speed of 1000-1500 rpm for a period of time sufficient to disperse the pigment. Then the binder and other components were added and mixed under stirring at 300-800 rpm to form the coating compositions.
[0154] Table 2. Clear Coating Formulation
[0155] Table 3. Pigmented Coating Formulation
[0156] The obtained coating composition samples were evaluated for ash slurry repellence properties according to the following test methods:
[0157] Ash Slurry Repellency Test
[0158] Ash slurry repellency of a coating composition sample was conducted as follows:
[0159] Apply one coat (wet film thickness: 100 μm) of a test coating composition on a 150x70x5 centimeters cement panel with a spread rate of 110±10 grams per square meter (g / m2) , then dry for 4 hours at room temperature, and then apply a second coat (same composition as the first coat) with a spread rate of 90±10 g / m2, dry for 7 days at room temperature, forming coated panels. Then apply a formulated contaminant ash slurry on each coated panel by brushing several times. The surface of the panel was visually inspected to evaluate the ash slurry remained on the surface. The percentage of the area of the panel contaminated with ash slurry relative to the whole panel area is calculated. The repellence effect of the coating composition sample to the ash slurry was rated in a scale of 0 to 5 where 5 is the best, as given in Table 4 below. Acceptable rating score is 3 or higher, desirably 4 or higher, more desirably 5.
[0160] Table 4. Rating of the ash slurry repellence effect
[0161] Ash slurry repellence properties of coatings made from the coating composition samples comprising IEs 1-16 and CEs 1-14 aqueous polymer dispersions (binders) are given in Tables 5 and 6, respectively. As shown in Table 5, IEs 1-16 aqueous polymer dispersions comprising the specified multistage polymers (A) and surfactants (B) surprisingly provided coatings with excellent ash slurry repellence effects (3 or higher) . IE 4 using NaOH as the neutralizer provided a rating of ash slurry repellence of 4, which is slightly poorer as compared to IE 3 using ammonia.
[0162] In contrast, CEs 1-14 aqueous polymer dispersions comprising multistage polymers that are different from the claimed monomers and concentrations and / or surfactants all failed to provide coatings with the required ash slurry repellence, as shown in Table 6. As compared to IE 1, the multistage polymers in CEs 1 and 2 contained no structural units of an amine functional ionic monomer or insufficient amounts of DMAEMA structural units both failed to provide coatings with the required ash slurry repellence. The multistage polymer in CE 3 prepared by using the same amount in mole of a different base monomer such as vinylimidazole, replacing the specified amine functional ionic monomer in IE 1, didn't provide coatings with any ash slurry repellence. As compared to IEs 6 and 1, respectively, the multistage polymers in CEs 4 and 5 that do not comprise structural units of a C5-C24-alkyl acrylate or C4-C24-alkyl methacrylate in the first stage didn't provide coatings with ash slurry repellence. As compared to IE 1, CE 6 comprising one-stage polymer and CE 7 comprising a multistage polymer prepared by using DMAEMA in the first stage (not in the second stage) both showed no ash slurry repellency. As compared to IEs 9 and 10, multistage polymers in CEs 8-13 prepared in the presence of surfactants other than the specified surfactant (B) didn't provided coatings with any ash slurry repellence. The multistage polymer in CE 14 provided coatings with no ash slurry repellence due to too much DMAEMA in the second stage than the multistage polymer in IE 14.
[0163] Table 5
[0164] Table 6
[0165] In Tables 5 and 6:
[0166] “Solids content” refers to weight percentages of solids weight of an aqueous polymer dispersion after drying at 150 ℃ for 2 hours, relative to the aqueous polymer dispersion weight.
[0167] “PS” refers to particle size as measured by Nano-S90 Zetasizer.
[0168] “Ash slurry repellence” refers to the ash slurry repellence rating of coatings as measured according to the Ash Slurry Repellence Test described above.
Claims
1.An aqueous dispersion comprising:(A) a multistage polymer and (B) a surfactant,wherein the multistage polymer (A) comprises a first-stage polymer and a second-stage polymer,wherein the first-stage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, (1-a) from 1.2%to 15%of structural units of a monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer carrying at least one functional group selected from a carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, amide, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonate, phosphate, ureido, or hydroxyl group; a salt thereof; or combinations thereof; (1-b) from 5%to 95%of structural units of a C5-C24-alkyl acrylate, a C4-C24-alkyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof; and (1-c) from 3.5%to 93.5%of structural units of an additional ethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer; andwherein the second-stage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer, (2-a) from 4%to 35%of structural units of an amine functional ionic monomer free of a C=N double bond, and (2-b) from 65%to 96%of structural units of a monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer;wherein the weight ratio of the first-stage polymer to the second-stage polymer is in a range of from 15: 85 to 85: 15;wherein the surfactant (B) comprises (b1) a surfactant of formula (B-I) , (b2) a surfactant of formula (B-II) , or mixtures thereof:where R1 is a C1-C20 alkylene group; -CH2OCH2CH (CH2OR4) -, where R4 is a C1-C20 alkyl group; -CH2OCH2CHR5-, where R5 is a C1-C20 alkyl group; orwhere m is 1, 2 or 3, and R6 is H, an alkyl group, orwhere Ra is a C1-C4 alkylene group;R2 is H or a C1-C20 alkyl group;R3 is H or a C1-C20 alkyl group;A represents a C2-C4 alkylene group or a substituted C2-C4 alkylene group;n is an integer of from 0 to 100;X represents H or an anionic group selected from - (CH2) a-SO3M, - (CH2) b-COOM, -PO3M2, or -CO-CH (SO3M) -CH2-COOM, where a and b are each independently an integer of from 0 to 4, and each M represents H, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, an ammonium residue, or an alkanolamine residue;R’ is a phenyl group orwhere Rb is a C1-C4 alkylene group; and p is 1, 2, 3, or 4.2.The aqueous dispersion of claim 1, where, in formula (B-I) , R1 is where R6 is and m is 2 or 3; AO is -CH2-CH2-O-; and n is an integer of from 1 to 50.3.The aqueous dispersion of claim 1, where, in formula (B-I) , R1 is -CH2OCH2CH (CH2OR4) -, R4 is a C6-C14 alkyl group, AO is -CH2-CH2-O-, and n is an integer of from 1 to 30.4.The aqueous dispersion of claim 1, where, in formula (B-I) , R1 is -CH2-CH2-, AO is a combination of - (CH2-CH2-O) -with - (CH2-CH (CH3) -O) -or - (CH2-CH (CH2CH3) -O) -, and n is an integer of from 10 to 30.5.The aqueous dispersion of claim 1, where, in formula (B-II) , R’ is p is 2 or 3, AO is - (CH2-CH2-O) -, and n is an integer of from 1 to 50.6.The aqueous dispersion of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the C5-C24-alkyl acrylate and C4-C24-alkyl methacrylate comprise 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof.7.The aqueous dispersion of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the amine functional ionic monomer is selected from an ester of amino alcohols with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, a monoamide of diamines of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, or mixtures thereof.8.The aqueous dispersion of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the amine functional ionic monomer is selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylamide, tert-butylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, and mixtures thereof.9.The aqueous dispersion of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the second-stage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the second-stage polymer, from 6%to 30%of structural units of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, or mixtures thereof; and from 70%to 94%of structural units of an alkyl (meth) acrylate.10.The aqueous dispersion of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the first-stage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, from 2.0%to 8.0%of structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer; from 15%to 70%of structural units of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof; from 25%to 80%of structural units of methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, or mixtures thereof; and from 0 to 15%of structural units of styrene.11.A method of preparing the aqueous dispersion of any one of claims 1-10 by multistage free-radical polymerization, comprising the steps of:i) preparing the first-stage polymer in an aqueous medium by free-radical polymerization in the presence of the surfactant (B) ; andii) preparing the second-stage polymer in the presence of the first-stage polymer obtained from step (i) by free-radical polymerization; thereby forming the aqueous dispersion comprising the multistage polymer (A) comprising the first-stage polymer and second-stage polymer, and the surfactant (B) .12.A coating composition comprising the aqueous dispersion of any one of claims 1-10.
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