Apparatus for characterising a radiofrequency power source of a radiotherapy system
By monitoring RF pulses to determine the rate of missing pulses, the method addresses the challenge of distinguishing RF power source stability issues in radiotherapy systems, enhancing maintenance efficiency and reducing costs through focused troubleshooting.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/141392
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-25
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-03
AI Technical Summary
Radiotherapy systems face challenges in distinguishing RF power source stability issues from other factors, leading to inefficient and costly trial-and-error troubleshooting during maintenance, as dose delivery performance is influenced by various factors.
A method and apparatus for characterizing the RF power source by monitoring initial and subsequent RF pulses to determine the rate of missing pulses, providing a direct metric for RF power source stability, allowing for focused troubleshooting and proactive maintenance.
Enables precise identification of RF power source stability problems, reducing service and time costs by providing a quantitative assessment of RF power source reliability and predicting remaining operational lifetime, thus improving maintenance efficiency.
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Figure CN2023141392_03072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Apparatus for characterising a radiofrequency power source of a radiotherapy system
[0001] This disclosure relates to apparatus, devices, systems, and approaches for radiotherapy, and in particular to apparatus, methods, and / or computer-readable media for characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source of a radiotherapy system.Background
[0002] Radiotherapy can be described as the use of ionising radiation, such as X-rays, to treat a human or animal body. Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat tumours within the body of a human or animal patient, or subject. In such treatments, ionising radiation is used to irradiate, and thus destroy or damage, cells which form part of the tumour.
[0003] Radiotherapy systems are highly complex machines having a significant number of complex interacting subsystems. Many radiotherapy systems use a beam generation subsystem based on a particle accelerator such as a linear accelerator to produce ionising radiation. Linear accelerators are powered and operated using a radiofrequency, RF, power source such as a magnetron. Over time, servicing and / or maintenance can be required to prevent RF power source instability or failure, or to repair or replace a failed RF power source.Summary
[0004] An invention is set out in the independent claims. Optional features are set out in the dependent claims.
[0005] Examples will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings of which:
[0006] Fig. 1 shows a radiotherapy device or apparatus;
[0007] Fig. 2 shows a beam generation system for a radiotherapy device;
[0008] Fig. 3 shows an apparatus for characterising a radiofrequency power source of a radiotherapy system;
[0009] Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of a method of characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source of a radiotherapy system;
[0010] Fig. 5 shows a block diagram of one implementation of a radiotherapy system; and
[0011] Fig. 6 shows a computer readable medium or, more generally, a computer program product.
[0012] Overview
[0013] In overview, approaches are provided for characterising a radiofrequency power source of a radiotherapy system. Apparatus is provided that is arranged to monitor a plurality of initial pulses at an RF modulator of the radiotherapy system; monitor a plurality of subsequent RF pulses at a circulator of the radiotherapy system; and determine, based on the plurality of initial pulses and the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, information representative of a rate of missing pulses.
[0014] Further provided is a method of characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source of a radiotherapy system, the method comprising monitoring a plurality of initial pulses at the RF modulator; monitoring a plurality of subsequent RF pulses at the circulator; and determining, based on the plurality of initial pulses and the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, information representative of a rate of missing pulses.
[0015] In radiotherapy systems the stability of RF power sources such as magnetrons is usually reflected in dose delivery performance, and may be indirectly assessed based on that. However, dose delivery is influenced by a variety of factors, such as automatic frequency control quality, waveguide instability, electron gun malfunction, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish RF power source stability issues from other factors in the radiotherapy system.
[0016] However, the stability of a magnetron or other RF power source may be expressed in terms of the number of missing pulses compared to the number of applied input pulses. As will be explained in further detail below, the stability of a magnetron or other RF power source may be determined based on information representative of a rate of missing pulses in accordance with the approaches disclosed herein. Accordingly, the approaches disclosed herein enable service engineers or other operators to directly identify RF power source stability problems in a radiotherapy system, and can make field troubleshooting more focused, lowering the service and time costs of less efficient trial-and-error attempts.Detailed Description
[0017] Disclosed herein are systems, devices, methods and apparatuses relating to radiotherapy. With linear accelerator-based radiotherapy devices being highly complex and having many inter-related parts, the terms “system” , “device” , “apparatus” , “subsystem” , and “machine” may all be applied interchangeably to describe the radiotherapy apparatus as a whole, or collections of components of the radiotherapy apparatus. The term “apparatus” as used herein may refer to either a single apparatus or plural apparatus and should not be understood as being particularly limited to either a single discrete apparatus or a plurality of discrete apparatus unless a particular apparatus is further described as such.
[0018] Fig. 1 shows an exemplary radiotherapy (RT) system or device 100. The device 100 and its constituent components will be well known to the skilled person but is described here generally for the purpose of providing useful accompanying information for the present disclosure. The radiotherapy device 100 is based on a linear accelerator (linac) .
[0019] The device 100 shown in Fig. 1 combines magnetic resonance (MR) imaging capability with a linac-based radiotherapy capability, and is known as an MR-linac device. However, the present disclosure may be implemented in any radiotherapy device, for example, a linac-based radiotherapy device without magnetic resonance imaging capability. In operation, the MR scanner produces MR images of the patient, and the RT apparatus produces and shapes a beam of radiation and directs it toward a target region within a patient’s body in accordance with a radiotherapy treatment plan.
[0020] The MR-linac device 100 shown in Fig. 1 comprises an RF power source 102, an RF transmission apparatus 103, an acceleration waveguide 104, an electron source 106, a treatment head including a collimator 108 such as a multi-leaf collimator used to shape a treatment beam 110, MR imaging apparatus 112 (shown partially cut away) , and a patient support surface 114. The RF transmission apparatus 103 comprises a waveguide component, which may be a copper waveguide. The depicted device 100 does not have the usual ‘housing’ which would cover the MR imaging apparatus and RT apparatus in a commercial setting such as a hospital. In use, the device 100 would also comprise the housing, part of which, together with the ring-shaped gantry, defines a bore. In particular, a part of the housing encloses the inner surface of the ring-shaped gantry, defining a bore through the device 100. The patient support surface 114 is moveable and can be used to support a patient and move them, or another subject, into the bore when an MR scan and / or when radiotherapy is to commence.
[0021] The MR imaging apparatus 112 is configured to obtain images of a subject positioned on the patient support surface 114. The MR imaging apparatus 112 may be conventional MR imaging apparatus operating in a known manner to obtain MR data, for example MR images. The skilled person will appreciate that such MR imaging apparatus 112 may comprise a primary magnet, one or more gradient coils, one or more receive coils, and an RF pulse applicator.
[0022] The RT device 100 has a beam generation subsystem comprising the RF power source 102, the acceleration waveguide 104, and the electron source 106. The beam generation subsystem is configured to produce a beam of ionising radiation, otherwise known as the treatment beam 110, that is collimated and shaped by the collimator 108 and directed towards the bore. Typically, a radiation detector is positioned diametrically opposed to the collimator. The radiation detector is suitable for, and configured to, produce radiation intensity data. In particular, the radiation detector is positioned and configured to detect the intensity of radiation which has passed through the subject. The radiation detector may form part of a portal imaging system.
[0023] The beam generation subsystem is attached to the rotatable gantry 116 so as to rotate with the gantry 116. In this way, the beam generation system is rotatable around the patient so that the treatment beam 110 can be applied from different angles around the gantry 116. In a preferred implementation, the gantry is continuously rotatable. In other words, the gantry can be rotated by 360 degrees around the patient, and in fact may continue to be rotated past 360 degrees. The gantry is ring-shaped, i.e. a ring-gantry.
[0024] The device 100 of Fig. 1 is controlled by a controller (not shown) . The controller is a computer, processor, or other processing apparatus. The controller may be formed by several discrete processors; for example, the controller may comprise an MR imaging apparatus processor, which controls the MR imaging apparatus 112; an beam generation subsystem processor, which controls the operation of the beam generation subsystem; and a subject support surface processor which controls the operation and actuation of the patient support surface 114. The controller is communicatively coupled to a memory, e.g. a computer readable medium.
[0025] Fig. 2 shows an example beam generation subsystem 200 that will be described generally for the purpose of providing useful accompanying information for the present disclosure. For example, the beam generation subsystem 200 may be used as the beam generation subsystem in the device 100 of Fig. 1. The beam generation subsystem 200 is based on a linear accelerator design.
[0026] The beam generation subsystem 200 comprises an acceleration waveguide 202 and a source 204 of electrons. The source 204 of electrons may be an electron gun, for example a triode electron gun or diode electron gun.
[0027] The acceleration waveguide 202 is configured to accelerate particles, in this case electrons, along an acceleration path 206 into a target 208, in order to produce a treatment beam 210 of radiation. The acceleration path 206 is also known as the central beam axis of the acceleration waveguide 202. The acceleration waveguide 202 comprises a series of cells. In this example, each cell has substantially the same shape and dimensions, but in other examples, that may not be so. The cells may be arranged such that each cell is RF-uncoupled / independent, and in that case each cell functions as a separate resonant cavity. In other implementations, such as the example of Fig. 2, the cells may be coupled together and, in that case, the overall coupled structure may be considered to be a single resonant cavity. In such an implementation, although the coupled cells function as a single resonant cavity, individual cells may still be referred to as cavities by those skilled in the art. The acceleration path is coincident with the centre axis of the acceleration waveguide 202 and passes through an aperture at the centre of each cell. The acceleration waveguide 202, the source 204 of electrons, the cells and the target 208 are enclosed within an evacuated and vacuum-sealed casing 212 to ensure that propagation of the electrons is not impeded as they travel toward the target 208. The vacuum-sealed casing 212 is evacuated using a vacuum system to ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. As the electrons are accelerated in the acceleration waveguide 202, in some embodiments the electron beam path may be controlled by a suitable arrangement of steering magnets, or steering coils (not shown) , which surround the acceleration waveguide 202. The arrangement of steering magnets may comprise, for example, two sets of quadrupole magnets.
[0028] A source of RF waves, or RF power source 214, such as a magnetron or a klystron, is configured to produce and / or amplify RF waves. The RF power source 214 is coupled to the acceleration waveguide 202 via an RF transmission apparatus 216, which usually comprises copper waveguide sections that can have a circular or rectangular cross section. Typically, the RF waves are input into a particular cell of the acceleration waveguide 202. The RF transmission apparatus 216 that connects the RF power source 214 to the input cell of the acceleration waveguide 202 may comprise a waveguide network and may contain an RF window which may separate a vacuum envelope from an SF6 envelope.
[0029] The RF transmission apparatus 216 is perpendicular to the acceleration waveguide 202 central beam axis 206 where it couples the power into the input cell. The RF input connecting pipe or tube is coupled with the acceleration waveguide 202 and joins the acceleration waveguide 202 at a substantially 90° angle. The RF transmission apparatus 216 may include a circulator 218 of any appropriate known type.
[0030] The beam generation subsystem can operate with either a standing wave or a traveling wave configuration. In a standing wave configuration as shown, the RF power source 214 is configured to pulse RF waves into the acceleration waveguide 202, in order to set up a standing wave of varying electric field that is suitable for accelerating charged particles.
[0031] Although the RF power source 214 can operate in continuous mode, typically it operates in pulsed mode in view of the RF power levels required. An example RF wave frequency is 3 GHz, with a pulse duration in the range of microseconds and a pulse repetition rate in the range of several hundred pulses per second. The RF power source 214 may be a commercially available magnetron such as an E2V 3.1 MW magnetron, or any standard radiotherapy magnetron, operating at 3 GHz. Typically, the RF power source 214 produces each pulse at a particular phase in order to improve the stability of the standing wave within the acceleration waveguide 202. After it has been pulsed into the acceleration waveguide 202, some of the RF energy dissipates into the walls of the acceleration waveguide 202.
[0032] In an acceleration waveguide made up of coupled cells, the standing RF wave is established according to the resonant frequency of the coupled structure. An effect of coupling individually resonant cells together to form a single resonant cavity is that, due to dispersion, a band of different frequency oscillation modes comprising higher and lower order modes may be permitted within the acceleration waveguide 202 either side of the resonant frequency of the coupled structure. The frequency of the RF waves provided by the RF power source 214 determines the mode (s) that are excited in the acceleration waveguide 202.
[0033] There are also multiple modes of operation by which a standing wave at the resonant frequency can accelerate electrons within the acceleration waveguide. Electrons will accelerate or decelerate depending upon the polarity of the electric field they experience. The length of each cell in the cavity is designed such that the beam sees the same phase of the RF in each cell. The beam is synchronised such that on each oscillation the beam interacts with the positive part of the wave and is accelerated further.
[0034] In one operational mode, known as the zero mode, the electric field of the standing wave has the same polarity and magnitude in all cells at any given time. During the time that an electron takes to traverse a given cell and enter the next cell, the field makes a complete oscillation, for example from positive to negative and back to positive, such that the electron sees the same accelerating field it has just experienced, rather than a decelerating field. Alternatively, a ‘π mode’ may be used. Rather than the electric field being of the same polarity in each cell at a given time, adjacent cells have opposite polarities at a given time. However, the dimensions of each cell are such that during the time an electron takes to traverse a given cell, the adjacent cell experiences a half oscillation in field polarity such that the electron entering the adjacent cell experiences an accelerating field polarity rather than a decelerating one, and so on.
[0035] The source 204 of electrons, such as an electron gun, is also coupled to the acceleration waveguide 202 and is configured to inject electrons into the acceleration waveguide 202. The injection of electrons into the acceleration waveguide 202 is synchronised with the pulsing of the radiofrequency waves into the acceleration waveguide 202.
[0036] In some implementations, an upstream portion of an acceleration waveguide in a linac may be referred to as a buncher section. The buncher section may comprise one or more cells of the acceleration waveguide. Within the buncher section, the phase of the RF wave, whether a standing wave or traveling wave, decelerates some electrons to allow slower electrons to catch up, concentrating the electrons in bunches. The electrons are then free to move together in so called “packets” or “bunches” and the bunches quickly accelerate to relativistic speeds through the subsequent cells of the acceleration waveguide. The acceleration waveguide may be designed with a buncher section that is optimised to produce an electron beam with a particular energy and intensity by bunching electrons into a beam of short pulses.
[0037] RF waves may be input to the acceleration waveguide at a particular cell, or at more than one cell. In particular, RF waves may be input at a cell that is adjacent to the buncher portion of the acceleration waveguide. In the example of Fig. 2, the first two cells on the left-hand side of the acceleration waveguide 202 are the buncher and the following cells act to accelerate the electrons to relativistic speeds. Alternatively, the RF waves may be input into one or more of the cells belonging to the buncher section of the acceleration waveguide 202.
[0038] Once the electrons have been accelerated to faster energies, such as 8 MeV or 10 MeV, they may pass into a flight tube. The flight tube is connected to the acceleration waveguide by a connecting tube. The flight tube is also kept under vacuum conditions. This connecting tube or connecting structure is termed a drift tube. The drift tube also forms part of a vacuum tube along with the other components within the vacuum-sealed casing 212. The electrons may travel along a slalom path toward the heavy metal target. Whilst the electrons travel through the flight tube, an arrangement of focusing magnets act to direct and focus the beam on the target. The slalom path allows the overall length of the linac to be reduced while ensuring that the beam of accelerated electrons, which is comprised of electrons with a small spread of energies, is focused on the target.
[0039] The electrons travel toward the target 208 which may comprise, for example, tungsten, or another heavy metal. The impact of the electrons on the target 208 produces x-rays which form the treatment beam 210. When the electrons strike the target 208, x-rays are produced in a variety of directions. A primary collimator may block x-rays travelling in certain directions and pass only forward travelling x-rays to produce the treatment beam 210. The x-rays may be filtered and may pass through one or more ion chambers for dose measuring. The beam can be shaped in various ways by beam-shaping apparatus, for example by using the multi-leaf collimator 108, before it passes into the patient as part of radiotherapy treatment.
[0040] If a flight tube is used, the target is located inside the flight tube and is located at the end of the flight tube to seal the vacuum system. The flight tube also comprises a target window, which is transparent to x-rays, and which is positioned to allow the x-rays which are produced when the beam generation system is in operation to pass from the evacuated flight tube through the target window and into the treatment head.
[0041] In some implementations, the electrons are accelerated within an acceleration waveguide by using a travelling wave rather than a standing wave. In this case electrons travel at the phase velocity of the travelling wave, accelerated by the longitudinal electric field component. The acceleration waveguide 202 must be designed such that the phase velocity of the traveling wave does not exceed the speed of light, otherwise no acceleration of electrons will occur. In particular, using a disk-loaded waveguide, rather than a cylindrical waveguide, reduces the phase velocity appropriately such that electrons are accelerated. For an accelerator that uses a traveling wave, in addition to an RF input, the acceleration waveguide will have an RF output configured to transfer RF energy out of the acceleration waveguide and prevent it from reflecting and establishing a standing wave. If a drift tube is used adjacent to the acceleration waveguide, the RF output may be coupled to the drift tube. As with the input transmission apparatus or waveguide, which introduces RF power to the acceleration waveguide, the output waveguide through which RF power exits the waveguide can be connected via an elbow joint or ‘T-shaped’ joint. RF waves pass out from the evacuated system via an RF output window which seals the vacuum envelope.
[0042] Referring to the apparatus of Fig. 2, variations in design and components are possible or desirable depending upon the application requirements. For example, requirements may vary depending upon the desired type and energy of the treatment beam or depending upon the mechanical or structural design of the overall device in which the apparatus is to be used, such as the device 100 of Fig. 1.
[0043] In some implementations, the beam generation subsystem 200 is configured to emit either an x-ray beam or an electron particle beam. Such implementations allow the device to provide electron beam therapy, i.e. a type of external beam therapy where electrons, rather than x-rays, are directed toward the target region as the therapeutic radiation. It is possible to ‘swap’ between a first mode in which x-rays are emitted and a second mode in which electrons are emitted by adjusting the components of the beam generation system. In essence, it is possible to swap between the first and second mode by swapping between the heavy metal target and a so-called ‘electron window’ . The electron window may be made of nickel. The electron window is substantially or partially transparent to electrons and allows electrons to exit the beam generation subsystem 200.
[0044] The beam generation subsystem 200 also comprises several other components and systems as will be understood by the skilled person. For example, in order to ensure the linac or beam generation system does not leak radiation, appropriate shielding is also provided. The whole subsystem is cooled by a water cooling system (not shown in the figures) . The water cooling system may be used, in particular, to cool the acceleration waveguide 202, the target 208, and the RF power source 214.
[0045] A beam generation subsystem for radiotherapy thus typically relies on an RF power source. The RF power source may require occasional servicing and maintenance in order to continue to provide RF power in a precise, stable, and reliable manner. Such servicing and maintenance is typically performed by trained service engineers and may be based on trial-and-error troubleshooting, which can be time-consuming and costly and can lead to periods of downtime for the radiotherapy system.
[0046] Since the RF power source typically provides RF power to the acceleration waveguide in a pulsed manner with a particular pulse repetition frequency, the stability of generation and output of those pulses is particularly important. Any instability in output, such as a missing pulse in a sequence of pulses, can be an indicator of an issue with the RF power source which may require servicing and / or maintenance.
[0047] The approaches disclosed herein beneficially determine information representative of a rate of missing pulses in order to enable an RF power source of a radiotherapy system to be characterised.
[0048] Fig. 3 shows apparatus 300 for characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source 301 of a radiotherapy system. The radiotherapy system may correspond to any one or more of the radiotherapy systems disclosed herein, such as the radiotherapy system 100 of Fig. 1 and / or the radiotherapy system 500 of Fig. 5.
[0049] The radiotherapy system comprises an RF modulator 303 and a circulator 305. The RF modulator 303 is arranged to provide initial pulses to the RF power source 301, and each pulse may in turn trigger the RF power source 301 to output or transmit a corresponding subsequent RF pulse towards the circulator 305.
[0050] It will be understood that each “initial pulse” described herein may be a pulse signal, and may correspond to a voltage signal pulse or other electrical pulse. Such pulses may thus be used to control the operation of components such as the RF power source and the acceleration waveguide. For example, the RF power source may be triggered or modulated by a received initial pulse to output a pulse of RF power to the acceleration waveguide corresponding to the duration of the received initial pulse. Such pulse signals will have a nominal pulse width (for example 5μS) in the time domain corresponding to the operational requirements of the beam generation subsystem. Thus, in examples using a pulse width of 5μS, an electrical pulse of 5μS may be generated by the RF modulator 303 and provided to the RF power source 301, and the RF power source 301 may then output a pulse of RF power with a duration of 5μS. The RF power source may operate in this manner repeatedly and hence may output pulses according to a pulse repetition frequency, PRF. A typical PRF value for a radiotherapy system is 275 Hz, although other values may be used depending upon the system requirements.
[0051] The RF modulator 303 may be arranged to temporally modulate or control the output of the RF power source 301. For example, the RF modulator 303 may be arranged to generate initial pulses at a particular frequency (apulse repetition frequency) and provide those pulses to the RF power source 301; the RF power source 301 will then generate subsequent RF pulses in accordance with that pulse repetition frequency, each pulse having the appropriate power or energy for powering an acceleration waveguide 307 of a beam generation subsystem. In some examples, the initial pulses may be pulses of RF energy or power, and further may be amplified by the RF power source 301. In some examples, the initial pulses are non-RF electrical signals.
[0052] The circulator 305 is arranged to transmit the subsequent RF pulses from the RF power source 301 towards an acceleration waveguide 307 of a linear acceleration. The circulator 305 thus provides a passive transmission component between the RF power source 301 and the acceleration waveguide 307. It will be appreciated that the RF modulator 303, RF power source 301, circulator 305, and acceleration waveguide 307 may each be coupled to adjacent RF component (s) as shown in Fig. 3 by any suitable RF transmission medium, such as a waveguide. As will be known to those skilled in the art, typically a circulator used in radiotherapy has four ports, and those ports will be arranged in an appropriate manner for the beam generation subsystem. For example, while one of the ports may be arranged to receive RF power from the RF power source 301, another will be arranged to output RF power to the acceleration waveguide 307, while another two ports may be respectively connected to, for example, a water load and a dry load. It will be appreciated that, in some examples, a circulator having a different number of ports to four may be used as the circulator 305.
[0053] The apparatus 300 is arranged to monitor a plurality of initial pulses at the RF modulator 303 of the radiotherapy system. The apparatus 300 is arranged to monitor a plurality of subsequent RF pulses at the circulator 305 of the radiotherapy system. The apparatus 300 is arranged to determine, based on the plurality of initial pulses and the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, information representative of a rate of missing pulses.
[0054] In some examples, the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises at least one of: a count of initial pulses and a count of subsequent RF pulses; a count of missing pulses; a rate of missing pulses; and a percentage of missing pulses.
[0055] For example, by determining a count of initial pulses and a count of subsequent RF pulses, the apparatus 300, or an operator of the apparatus 300, may be able to determine a count of missing pulses by determining the difference between the count of initial pulses and the count of subsequent RF pulses. A typical beam generation subsystem will ideally operate with a 1: 1 mapping between the initial pulses from the RF modulator 303 to the RF power source 301 and the subsequent RF pulses from the RF power source 301 to the circulator 305. Accordingly, any difference between the count of initial pulses and the count of subsequent RF pulses indicates that at least one subsequent RF pulse is “missing” or “lost” and / or has not been produced by the RF power source 301 in response to receiving an initial pulse from the RF modulator 303. In other examples, a count of missing pulses may be determined independently by assessing each pulse according to one or more criteria, such as a peak energy of the pulse.
[0056] Additionally or alternatively, a rate of missing pulses, e.g. 1 in every 200 pulses, or 1 pulse per minute of operation, may be determined. In some examples, the rate of missing pulses may itself be expressed as a percentage of missing pulses.
[0057] The stability of a magnetron or other RF power source may be expressed as a percentage of the number of missing pulses to the number of applied input pulses (in this example, the initial pulses) during an observation period. The stability is a direct metric that reflects the reliability of a magnetron. If the magnetron stability deteriorates, it indicates that the magnetron may be approaching the end of its operational lifetime.
[0058] A magnetron manufacturer may provide an intended value of a “stability” metric in their product specification. For example, the MG7395 magnetron from E2V is designed to operate with a stability of 0.5%. For that value, a pulse is considered “missing” when the RF energy level of the pulse is less than 70%of the normal energy level in a specified frequency band. The “0.5%” stability value describes the expected number of missing pulses as a percentage of the number of input pulses applied during the period of observation after a period of 10 minutes of operation. It will be appreciated that the above values of 10 minutes of operation, 0.5%for stability, 70%for energy level, and so on, are merely examples, and that for other RF power sources, other values may be used.
[0059] In radiotherapy systems the stability of RF power sources such as magnetrons is usually reflected in dose delivery performance, and may be indirectly assessed based on that. However, dose delivery is influenced by a variety of factors, such as automatic frequency control quality, waveguide instability, electron gun malfunction, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish RF power source stability issues from other factors in the radiotherapy system.
[0060] By determining information representative of a rate of missing pulses, the approaches disclosed herein enable service engineers or other operators to directly identify RF power source stability problems in a radiotherapy system, and can make field troubleshooting more focused, lowering the service and time costs of less efficient trial-and-error attempts. Moreover, the information representative of a rate of missing pulses may be determined in a quantitative manner. If the information representative of a rate of missing pulses is determined over a particular time period, such as at certain “high tension” usage intervals, the approaches disclosed herein can enable proactive maintenance of the RF power source. For example, the remaining operational lifetime of the RF power source may be predicted using regression analysis and proactive maintenance can be carried out based on the prediction. Yet moreover, the information representative of a rate of missing pulses can be easy for a service engineer or other operator to interpret, and can be directly compared to a limit specified by the RF power source manufacturer.
[0061] The apparatus 300 may thus be arranged to determine, based on the information representative of a rate of missing pulses, a characteristic of the RF power source. The characteristic of the RF power source may comprise at least one of: a stability metric, a change in a stability metric, a pulse repetition frequency, an operational lifetime, a predicted remaining operational lifetime, a total duration of use. In some examples, the stability metric may in fact be the information representative of a rate of missing pulses, such as a percentage of missing pulses. Accordingly, a change in a stability metric may, in some examples, be a change in the percentage of missing pulses. A predicted remaining operational lifetime may be determined based on a change in a stability metric, such as in the regression analysis example above. In some examples, one or more of an operational lifetime and a total duration of use may be determined based on estimating an expected operational lifetime and / or total duration of use corresponding to the information representative of a rate of missing pulses. For example, if it is known that an RF power source demonstrates a particular rate of missing pulses around halfway through its operational lifetime, the operational lifetime may be determined based on that.
[0062] Furthermore, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to determine, by monitoring the subsequent RF pulses, the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) that is actually being produced in the radiotherapy system.
[0063] In conventional approaches, magnetron remaining lifetime is estimated based on counting high tension (HT) hours of operation. However, a particular value for HT hours, e.g. 500 HT hours, may mean different things to different magnetrons; one may be in the middle of its lifetime whereas the other one might already be approaching the end of its lifetime, and magnetron lifetime can range from 200 HT hours to 2000 HT hours. Accordingly, information representative of a rate of missing pulses is generally a more reliable indicator that a magnetron has entered an undesirable operational state. Therefore, in general, determining a characteristic of the RF power source based on the information representative of a rate of missing pulses can provide an improved estimation of RF power source remaining lifetime than merely looking at the number of HT hours.
[0064] In some examples, the apparatus 300 is connectable to a capacitive voltage divider terminal 308 of the RF modulator 303 to monitor the plurality of initial pulses. The capacitive voltage divider terminal 308 may output a signal proportional to the high cathode voltage output of the RF modulator 303. That high cathode voltage output in turn corresponds to the initial pulse output that is provided from the RF modulator 303 to the RF power source 301. Monitoring the plurality of initial pulses may comprise monitoring a capacitive voltage divider terminal of the RF modulator 301.
[0065] In some examples, the apparatus 300 is connectable to a port 309 of the circulator 305 to monitor the plurality of subsequent RF pulses. Monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses may comprise monitoring a port of the circulator 305. For example, the subsequent RF pulse output signal of the RF power source 301 may be sampled at port “1” of the circulator, wherein port 1 of the circulator is the port which is arranged to receive RF power, and hence the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, from the RF power source 301. The next port (port 2) along the circulatory direction from the port that is connected to the RF power source 301 may be connected to the acceleration waveguide 307. The RF power signal at port 1 of the circulator may be sampled using a -60 dB RF power sampling point reserved for monitoring. The apparatus 300 may comprise an RF power detector 312, such as a rectifier, to produce a voltage with an amplitude proportional to the RF power sampled from the circulator 305. The RF power detector 312 may comprise a diode.
[0066] Arcing can occur within the magnetron and / or acceleration waveguide of a conventional radiotherapy system. Both of these cases result in a significant drop in dose rate, so it is difficult to determine where the arcing occurs by relying solely on the dose rate readings. Advantageously, monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses at port 1 of the circulator means that the forward RF energy / power circulates to port 2 of the circulator to reach the acceleration waveguide 307. As a result, the arcing within the acceleration waveguide 307 can be isolated from the subsequent RF pulse monitoring and / or sampling and it can be more accurately determined whether arcing is occurring within the acceleration waveguide 307 or the RF power source 301 or other RF supply apparatus.
[0067] By being connectable to the RF modulator 303 and the circulator 305, the apparatus 300 may be relatively easily integrated into a radiotherapy system and able to provide a direct indication of the state of the RF power source 301 of that system. In particular, each of the exemplary connections to a capacitive voltage divider terminal and the circulator port-1 sampling point are non-intrusive, meaning that no custom interface needs to be made to integrate the apparatus 300 into a conventional radiotherapy system. Radiotherapy systems may thus be retrofitted with the apparatus 300.
[0068] To monitor the initial pulses at the RF modulator 303, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to sample and / or detect the initial pulses as they are provided or output from the RF modulator 303 to the RF power source 301, and / or as they are received or input at the RF power source 301. To sample and / or detect the initial pulses, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to obtain signals representative of the initial pulses. To monitor the initial pulses at the RF modulator 303, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to be connectable to the RF modulator 303, and may further be arranged to obtain signals representative of the initial pulses using that connection. In some examples, monitoring the plurality of initial pulses at the RF modulator 303 may comprise monitoring and / or sampling initial pulses at and / or from a trigger source that is itself arranged to trigger the RF modulator 303 to produce pulses to provide to the RF power source 301. In some examples, the RF modulator 303 may comprise such a trigger source.
[0069] To monitor the subsequent RF pulses at the circulator 305, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to sample and / or detect the subsequent RF pulses as they are provided or output from the RF power source 301 to the circulator 305, or as they are received or input at the circulator 305, or from an output port of the circulator 305. To sample and / or detect the subsequent RF pulses, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to obtain signals representative of the subsequent RF pulses. To monitor the subsequent RF pulses at the circulator 305, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to be connectable to the circulator 305, and may further be arranged to obtain signals representative of the subsequent RF pulses using that connection.
[0070] The apparatus 300 may thus be arranged to be coupled to each of the RF modulator 303 and the circulator 305. The apparatus 300 may be coupled to the RF modulator 303 and / or the circulator 305 using any suitable technology for carrying electrical pulse signals, such as a wired connection and / or a wireless connection. As will be known to those skilled in the art, various types of connector or interfaces may be provided for the purpose of communicative coupling, such as connectors based on electrical pins.
[0071] In some examples, the apparatus 300 is further arranged to count a number of missing pulses for a current operational session of the RF power source 301, and / or count a total number of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions of the RF power source 301. Counting a number of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions allows the apparatus 300, or an operator, to determine and / or indicate that the present performance of the RF power source 301 is in line with, or different to, past performance. In particular, if the information representative of a rate of missing pulses indicates that the rate of missing pulses has increased compared with historical performance, that may be taken as a warning sign that the stability of the RF power source is deteriorating. A service engineer may thus decide to proactively and pre-emptively take action in response to a predicted issue.
[0072] The apparatus 300 may be arranged to count initial pulses by using a polling interval, to automatically distinguish between operational sessions of the RF power source 301. For example, if using a polling interval of 1 second, the apparatus 300 may be arranged to determine for each 1 second interval whether or not a count of initial pulses has changed. If the count of initial pulses has changed (increased) , it indicates that pulses are still being generated and the current operational session is still in progress. If the count of initial pulses has not changed over the polling interval, it indicates that the current operational session has ended. After each session, the apparatus 300 may determine and / or store a number of missing pulses of the current operational session and / or a total number of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions. Likewise, the apparatus 300 may alternatively or additionally determine and / or store other information representative of a rate of missing pulses, such as a percentage of missing pulses, accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions. The apparatus 300 may be arranged to determine information representative of a rate of missing pulses for a current operational session of the RF power source and / or compare information representative of a rate of missing pulses for a current operational session of the RF power source with information representative of a rate of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions of the RF power source. It will be appreciated that, in different examples, a different length of polling interval may be used.
[0073] In some examples, monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises, for each pulse of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, obtaining a signal representative of a respective pulse energy. In some examples, determining the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises determining a number of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses that have a pulse energy lower than a predetermined threshold. For example, the predetermined threshold may be 70%of the rated energy of the RF power source 301, or may be 50%of the rated energy of the RF power source 301, or may be 90%of the rated energy of the RF power source 301, depending upon requirements. In some examples, the predetermined threshold may be set by an operator. In some examples, the predetermined threshold may not be based on a rated energy of the RF power source 301 but may instead be defined according to operator requirements or other requirements.
[0074] In some examples, determining the information associated with a rate of missing pulses comprises comparing a detected pulse repetition frequency, PRF, to a predetermined PRF value. The apparatus 300 may be arranged to detect a pulse repetition frequency based on the frequency of the subsequent RF pulses. The predetermined PRF value may be, for example, an expected performance value input by an operator of the radiotherapy system, and may be stored at the apparatus 300. If the detected PRF is lower than the predetermined PRF, it may indicate that frequent missing pulse events are occurring, which can in turn be indicative of arcing, which may require operator attention.
[0075] The apparatus 300 may optionally comprise various sub-components.
[0076] For example, the apparatus 300 may comprise a logic converter component 310. The logic converter component 310 is beneficial for receiving signals from the RF modulator 303, and particularly from the capacitive voltage divider terminal 308 of the RF modulator 303, which provides a low-voltage analog signal proportional to the real RF modulator 303 high voltage output. This low-voltage signal may be negative with the same polarity as the RF power source 301 cathode voltage. The logic converter component 310 is arranged to invert the polarity of the low-voltage signal and convert the low-voltage signal into digital form.
[0077] In some examples, the apparatus 300 comprises an RF power converter 312. The RF power converter 312 may be, for example, a diode, and is arranged to rectify a signal from the circulator 305 to produce a signal with an amplitude proportional to RF power.
[0078] The apparatus 300 may comprise a microcontroller 314. The microcontroller 314 may be arranged to receive signals from the logic converter component 310 and / or RF power converter 312.
[0079] Because a missing pulse may be defined by a degradation of its transmission energy, for example to 70%of the rated energy, the signal sampled from the circulator 305 may be integrated over time by an integrator 316 of the apparatus 300, to obtain a peak proportional to the pulse energy. A comparator 318 may be used to compare the signal generated by the integrator 316 with a predetermined threshold value controlled by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) , such as a DAC of the microcontroller 314. Once the peak value of the integrator 316 exceeds the threshold, a rising edge may be output to a timer in the microcontroller 314. If the output signal energy of a subsequent RF pulse of the RF power source 301 is so weak that it falls below the threshold, it will not produce such a rising edge and thus the apparatus 300 will not detect and / or count a pulse.
[0080] The apparatus 300 may be arranged to monitor the plurality of initial pulses based on a first timer and to monitor the plurality of subsequent RF pulses based on a second timer. Each timer may be operated by the microcontroller 314. Each timer may be operated independently of the other timer. Advantageously, using a microcontroller timer may provide a counter with an upper count limit that is greater than a total count of pulses produced over the full life expectancy of any typical magnetron. Accordingly, the apparatus 300 may beneficially be operated continuously for the entire lifetime of an RF power source without any count overflow occurring. The apparatus 300 may be arranged to cumulatively count initial pulses and / or subsequent RF pulses to provide an indication of how many pulses the RF power source 301 has been used for to date, and / or determine the operational lifetime of the RF power source. The cumulative count may provide a much finer metric for operational lifetime than, for example, a coarse HT hours reading from an RF modulator.
[0081] The apparatus 300 may comprise a display 320, such as an LCD or LED display, which may operate as an output device for the operator. The apparatus 300 may be arranged to produce an alert and / or alarm to warn an operator that the RF power source 301 has entered an undesirable or unstable operational state. For example, if the rate of missing pulses exceeds 0.5%, the apparatus 300 may display or sound an alert and / or alarm to warn an operator. The apparatus 300 may display an alert and / or alarm on the display 320. In some examples, the apparatus 300 may be beneficially formed in a compact manner that can be handheld, improving the user interface for troubleshooting problems.
[0082] It will be appreciated that the apparatus 300 may optionally comprise any one or more of the logic converter component 310, the RF power detector 312, the microcontroller 314, the integrator 316, the comparator 318, and / or the display 320, in any combination, depending on the specific application. For example, the apparatus 300 may feature all of those sub-components except for the display 320, or the apparatus 300 may feature only a microcontroller 314 and a display 320 of those components.
[0083] The apparatus 300 of Fig. 3 may be controlled by a controller. The controller is a computer, processor, or other processing apparatus, and may be the microcontroller 312. The controller may comprise one or more processors. The controller is communicatively coupled to a memory, e.g. a computer readable medium, which may contain instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the performance of any one or more of the methods disclosed herein. The controller may comprise a network interface for connecting to one or more computer networks and receiving and / or providing data and / or instructions.
[0084] Further disclosed herein is a radiotherapy system comprising the apparatus 300.
[0085] Further disclosed herein is an apparatus comprising the apparatus 300, the RF modulator 303, the RF power source 301, and the circulator 305.
[0086] Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of a method 400 of characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source of a radiotherapy system.
[0087] The method 400 may be performed using, or by, the apparatus 300, but is not limited to performance using, or by, the apparatus 300. The method 400 may be performed in, or by, a radiotherapy system, and may be performed by the apparatus 300 within a radiotherapy system, such that the radiotherapy system comprises the apparatus 300.
[0088] The method is particularly performed on a radiotherapy system comprising: an RF modulator arranged to provide initial pulses to the RF power source; and a circulator arranged to transmit subsequent RF pulses from the RF power source towards an acceleration waveguide of a linear accelerator. The RF modulator, RF power source, circulator, and acceleration waveguide may correspond to those of Fig. 3.
[0089] At a first block 402, the method 400 comprises monitoring a plurality of initial pulses at the RF modulator. In some examples, monitoring the plurality of initial pulses at the RF modulator may comprise monitoring and / or sampling initial pulses at and / or from a trigger source that is itself arranged to trigger the RF modulator to produce pulses to provide to the RF power source. In some examples, the RF modulator may comprise such a trigger source.
[0090] At a second block 404, the method 400 comprises monitoring a plurality of subsequent RF pulses at the circulator.
[0091] At a third block 406, the method 400 comprises determining, based on the plurality of initial pulses and the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, information representative of a rate of missing pulses.
[0092] In some examples of the method 400, the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises at least one of: a count of initial pulses and a count of subsequent RF pulses; a count of missing pulses; a rate of missing pulses; and a percentage of missing pulses.
[0093] In some examples, the method 400 further comprises determining, based on the information representative of a rate of missing pulses, a characteristic of the RF power source. The characteristic of the RF power source may comprise at least one of: a stability metric, a change in a stability metric, a pulse repetition frequency, an operational lifetime, a predicted remaining operational lifetime, a total duration of use.
[0094] In some examples, monitoring the plurality of initial pulses comprises monitoring a capacitive voltage divider terminal of the RF modulator. The capacitive voltage divider terminal of the RF modulator may be monitored in a manner such as described above in relation to the apparatus 300 of Fig. 3.
[0095] In some examples, monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises monitoring a port of the circulator. The port of the circulator may be monitored in a manner such as described above in relation to the apparatus 300 of Fig. 3.
[0096] In some examples, the method 400 further comprises counting a number of missing pulses for a current operational session of the RF power source, and / or counting a total number of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions of the RF power source.
[0097] In some examples of the method 400, monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises, for each pulse of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, obtaining a signal representative of a respective pulse energy.
[0098] In some examples of the method 400, determining the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises determining a number of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses that have a pulse energy lower than a predetermined threshold.
[0099] In some examples of the method 400, determining the information representative of the rate of missing pulses comprises comparing a detected pulse repetition frequency, PRF, to a predetermined PRF value.
[0100] In some examples, the method 400 further comprises monitoring the plurality of initial pulses based on a first timer and monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses based on a second timer.
[0101] The method 400 may further comprise any one or more further features and / or steps disclosed above in relation to the apparatus 300 of Fig. 3.
[0102] Further disclosed herein is an apparatus arranged to perform the method 400.
[0103] Further disclosed herein is an apparatus arranged to perform the method 400, the apparatus comprising the apparatus 300 described above in relation to Fig. 3.
[0104] Further disclosed herein is an apparatus arranged to perform the method 400, the apparatus comprising the apparatus 300, the RF power source 301, the RF modulator 303, and the circulator 305 each described above in relation to Fig. 3.
[0105] Further disclosed herein is a radiotherapy system arranged to perform the method 400, the radiotherapy system comprising the RF power source 301, the RF modulator 303, and the circulator 305 each described above in relation to Fig. 3.
[0106] Any apparatus and / or system arranged to perform the method 400 may be arranged according to the following numbered clauses:
[0107] 1. Apparatus for characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source of a radiotherapy system,
[0108] the radiotherapy system comprising: an RF modulator arranged to provide initial pulses to the RF power source; and a circulator arranged to transmit subsequent RF pulses from the RF power source towards an acceleration waveguide of a linear accelerator,
[0109] the apparatus arranged to:
[0110] monitor a plurality of initial pulses at the RF modulator;
[0111] monitor a plurality of subsequent RF pulses at the circulator;
[0112] determine, based on the plurality of initial pulses and the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, information representative of a rate of missing pulses.
[0113] 2. The apparatus of clause 1, wherein the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises at least one of: a count of initial pulses and a count of subsequent RF pulses; a count of missing pulses; a rate of missing pulses; and a percentage of missing pulses.
[0114] 3. The apparatus of clause 1 or 2, wherein the apparatus is further arranged to determine, based on the information representative of a rate of missing pulses, a characteristic of the RF power source.
[0115] 4. The apparatus of clause 3, wherein the characteristic of the RF power source comprises at least one of: a stability metric, a change in a stability metric, a pulse repetition frequency, an operational lifetime, a predicted remaining operational lifetime, a total duration of use.
[0116] 5. The apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein monitoring the plurality of initial pulses comprises monitoring a capacitive voltage divider terminal of the RF modulator.
[0117] 6. The apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises monitoring a port of the circulator.
[0118] 7. The apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein the apparatus is further arranged to:
[0119] count a number of missing pulses for a current operational session of the RF power source; and / or
[0120] count a total number of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions of the RF power source.
[0121] 8. The apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises, for each pulse of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, obtaining a signal representative of a respective pulse energy.
[0122] 9. The apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein determining the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises determining a number of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses that have a pulse energy lower than a predetermined threshold.
[0123] 10. The apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 9, wherein determining the information representative of the rate of missing pulses comprises comparing a detected pulse repetition frequency, PRF, to a predetermined PRF value.
[0124] 11. The apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the apparatus is further arranged to monitor the plurality of initial pulses based on a first timer and to monitor the plurality of subsequent RF pulses based on a second timer.
[0125] A computer-based system may be used for controlling or operating various parts of the systems, devices, methods and apparatuses disclosed herein. The computer-based system can be implemented in software, firmware and / or hardware and may comprise a computer-readable medium containing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the system to perform any of the methods described herein.
[0126] Fig. 5 illustrates a block diagram of one implementation of a radiotherapy system 500. The radiotherapy system 500 comprises a computing system 510 within which a set of instructions, for causing the computing system 510 to perform any one or more of the methods discussed herein, may be executed.
[0127] The computing system 510 shall be taken to include any number or collection of machines, e.g. computing device (s) , that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methods discussed herein. That is, hardware and / or software may be provided in a single computing device, or distributed across a plurality of computing devices in the computing system. In some implementations, one or more elements of the computing system may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines, for example in a Local Area Network (LAN) , an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. One or more elements of the computing system may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. One or more elements of the computing system may be a personal computer (PC) , a tablet computer, a set-top box (STB) , a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) , a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
[0128] The computing system 510 includes controller circuitry 511 and a memory 513 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) , flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) , etc. ) . The memory 513 may comprise a static memory (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM) , etc. ) , and / or a secondary memory (e.g., a data storage device) , which communicate with each other via a bus (not shown) .
[0129] Controller circuitry 511 represents one or more general-purpose processors such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, accelerated processing units, or the like. More particularly, the controller circuitry 511 may comprise a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Controller circuitry 511 may also include one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , a digital signal processor (DSP) , network processor, or the like. One or more processors of the controller circuitry may have a multicore design. Controller circuitry 511 is configured to execute the processing logic for performing the operations and steps discussed herein.
[0130] The computing system 510 may further include a network interface circuitry 518. The computing system 510 may be communicatively coupled to an input device 520 and / or an output device 530, via input / output circuitry 517. In some implementations, the input device 520 and / or the output device 530 may be elements of the computing system 510. The input device 520 may include an alphanumeric input device (e.g., a keyboard or touchscreen) , a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse or touchscreen) , an audio device such as a microphone, and / or a haptic input device. The output device 530 may include an audio device such as a speaker, a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT) ) , and / or a haptic output device. In some implementations, the input device 520 and the output device 530 may be provided as a single device, or as separate devices.
[0131] In some implementations, the computing system 510 may comprise image processing circuitry 519. Image processing circuitry 519 may be configured to process image data 580 (e.g. images, or imaging data) , such as medical images obtained from one or more imaging data sources, a treatment device 550 and / or an image acquisition device 540. Image processing circuitry 519 may be configured to process, or pre-process, image data. For example, image processing circuitry 519 may convert received image data into a particular format, size, resolution or the like. In some implementations, image processing circuitry 519 may be combined with controller circuitry 511.
[0132] In some implementations, the radiotherapy system 500 may further comprise an image acquisition device 540 and / or a treatment device 550, such as those disclosed herein in the example of Fig. 1. The image acquisition device 540 and the treatment device 550 may be provided as a single device. In some implementations, treatment device 550 is configured to perform imaging, for example in addition to providing treatment and / or during treatment. The treatment device 550 comprises the main radiation delivery components of the radiotherapy system, such as the beam generation systems and linear accelerator components disclosed herein.
[0133] Image acquisition device 540 may be configured to perform positron emission tomography (PET) , computed tomography (CT) , and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) .
[0134] Image acquisition device 540 may be configured to output image data 580, which may be accessed by computing system 510. Treatment device 550 may be configured to output treatment data 560, which may be accessed by computing system 510.
[0135] Computing system 510 may be configured to access or obtain treatment data 560, planning data 570 and / or image data 580. Treatment data 560 may be obtained from an internal data source (e.g. from memory 513) or from an external data source, such as treatment device 550 or an external database. Planning data 570 may be obtained from memory 513 and / or from an external source, such as a planning database. Planning data 570 may comprise information obtained from one or more of the image acquisition device 540 and the treatment device 550.
[0136] The various methods described above may be implemented by a computer program. The computer program may include computer code (e.g. instructions) 610 arranged to instruct a computer to perform the functions of one or more of the various methods described above. The steps of the methods described above may be performed in any suitable order. The computer program and / or the code 610 for performing such methods may be provided to an apparatus, such as a computer, on one or more computer readable media or, more generally, a computer program product 600) ) , depicted in Fig. 6. The computer readable media may be transitory or non-transitory. The one or more computer readable media 600 could be, for example, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, or a propagation medium for data transmission, for example for downloading the code over the Internet. Alternatively, the one or more computer readable media could take the form of one or more physical computer readable media such as semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , a rigid magnetic disc, and an optical disk, such as a CD-ROM, CD-R / W or DVD. The instructions 610 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the memory 513 and / or within the controller circuitry 511 during execution thereof by the computing system 510, the memory 513 and the controller circuitry 511 also constituting computer-readable storage media.
[0137] In an implementation, the modules, components and other features described herein can be implemented as discrete components or integrated in the functionality of hardware components such as ASICS, FPGAs, DSPs or similar devices.
[0138] A “hardware component” is a tangible (e.g., non-transitory) physical component (e.g., a set of one or more processors) capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. A hardware component may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. A hardware component may comprise a special-purpose processor, such as an FPGA or an ASIC. A hardware component may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations.
[0139] In addition, the modules and components can be implemented as firmware or functional circuitry within hardware devices. Further, the modules and components can be implemented in any combination of hardware devices and software components, or only in software (e.g., code stored or otherwise embodied in a machine-readable medium or in a transmission medium) .
[0140] It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other implementations will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the above description. Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to specific example implementations, it will be recognized that the disclosure is not limited to the implementations described, but can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense. The scope of the disclosure should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
Claims
1.Apparatus for characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source of a radiotherapy system, the apparatus arranged to:monitor a plurality of initial pulses at an RF modulator of the radiotherapy system;monitor a plurality of subsequent RF pulses at a circulator of the radiotherapy system; anddetermine, based on the plurality of initial pulses and the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, information representative of a rate of missing pulses.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises at least one of: a count of initial pulses and a count of subsequent RF pulses; a count of missing pulses; a rate of missing pulses; and a percentage of missing pulses.3.The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the apparatus is further arranged to determine, based on the information representative of a rate of missing pulses, a characteristic of the RF power source.4.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the characteristic of the RF power source comprises at least one of: a stability metric, a change in a stability metric, a pulse repetition frequency, an operational lifetime, a predicted remaining operational lifetime, a total duration of use.5.The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus is connectable to a capacitive voltage divider terminal of the RF modulator to monitor the plurality of initial pulses.6.The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus is connectable to a port of the circulator to monitor the plurality of subsequent RF pulses.7.The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus is further arranged to:count a number of missing pulses for a current operational session of the RF power source; and / orcount a total number of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions of the RF power source.8.The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises, for each pulse of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, obtaining a signal representative of a respective pulse energy.9.The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein determining the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises determining a number of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses that have a pulse energy lower than a predetermined threshold.10.The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein determining the information associated with a rate of missing pulses comprises comparing a detected pulse repetition frequency, PRF, to a predetermined PRF value.11.The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus is arranged to monitor the plurality of initial pulses based on a first timer and to monitor the plurality of subsequent RF pulses based on a second timer.12.A method of characterising a radiofrequency, RF, power source of a radiotherapy system,the radiotherapy system comprising: an RF modulator arranged to provide initial pulses to the RF power source; and a circulator arranged to transmit subsequent RF pulses from the RF power source towards an acceleration waveguide of a linear accelerator,the method comprising:monitoring a plurality of initial pulses at the RF modulator;monitoring a plurality of subsequent RF pulses at the circulator;determining, based on the plurality of initial pulses and the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, information representative of a rate of missing pulses.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises at least one of: a count of initial pulses and a count of subsequent RF pulses; a count of missing pulses; a rate of missing pulses; and a percentage of missing pulses.14.The method of any of claims 12 or 13, the method further comprising determining, based on the information representative of a rate of missing pulses, a characteristic of the RF power source.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the characteristic of the RF power source comprises at least one of: a stability metric, a change in a stability metric, a pulse repetition frequency, an operational lifetime, a predicted remaining operational lifetime, a total duration of use.16.The method of any of claims 12 to 15, wherein monitoring the plurality of initial pulses comprises monitoring a capacitive voltage divider terminal of the RF modulator.17.The method of any of claims 12 to 16, wherein the monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises monitoring a port of the circulator.18.The method of any of claims 12 to 17, the method further comprising:counting a number of missing pulses for a current operational session of the RF power source; and / orcounting a total number of missing pulses accumulated over a plurality of operational sessions of the RF power source.19.The method of any of claims 12 to 18, wherein monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses comprises, for each pulse of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses, obtaining a signal representative of a respective pulse energy.20.The method of any of claims 12 to 19, wherein determining the information representative of a rate of missing pulses comprises determining a number of the plurality of subsequent RF pulses that have a pulse energy lower than a predetermined threshold.21.The method of any of claims 12 to 20, wherein determining the information representative of the rate of missing pulses comprises comparing a detected pulse repetition frequency, PRF, to a predetermined PRF value.22.The method of any of claims 12 to 21, the method further comprising monitoring the plurality of initial pulses based on a first timer and monitoring the plurality of subsequent RF pulses based on a second timer.23.Apparatus arranged to perform the method of any of claims 12 to 22.24.A radiotherapy system arranged to perform the method of any of claims 12 to 22.25.A computer-readable medium containing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the performance of the method of any of claims 12 to 22.
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