Laser, laser chip, and lidar
The laser design with a conductive substrate and reflective portions addresses the challenge of achieving high-quality epitaxial crystal and device yield by enhancing electrical isolation, reducing epitaxial growth thickness, and maintaining reflectivity, thus improving manufacturing efficiency and beam quality.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/140812
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-12-26
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-03
AI Technical Summary
Conventional VCSEL units face challenges in achieving high-quality epitaxial crystal growth and device manufacturing yield while ensuring electrical isolation on the substrate side, with semi-isolated substrates having poor quality and conductive substrates requiring additional isolation structures that increase epitaxial growth thickness and cost.
A laser design featuring a substrate with impurities of a first conductivity type, a first reflector divided into a first and second reflective portion, and an active layer between them, where the first reflective portion electrically isolates the active layer from the substrate, utilizing intrinsic layers or doped layers to improve electrical isolation without increasing epitaxial layer thickness.
This design enhances the quality of epitaxial crystal and device yield by improving electrical isolation on the substrate side, reducing epitaxial growth time and cost, and maintaining high reflectivity and beam quality.
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Figure CN2024140812_03072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LASER, LASER CHIP, AND LIDARCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202311819311.6, filed on December 26, 2023, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure relates to the field of laser detection and, in particular, to lasers, laser chips, and LiDAR.BACKGROUND
[0003] A conventional vertical cavity surface emitting laser (″VCSEL″) typically includes a lower-layer distributed Bragg reflector (″DBR″) , an active region, a current confinement layer, and an upper-layer DBR epitaxially grown on an N-type doped substrate. A current can be injected into the active region through electrodes. A material in the active region can be stimulated to emit light. The light can resonate in a resonant cavity formed by the upper-layer DBR and the lower-layer DBR to form intense beams with the same propagation direction, frequency, and phase.
[0004] In VCSEL design, multiple VCSEL units can be arranged on a same chip to achieve a higher integration level. Based on different application scenarios and different driving modes, different VCSEL units can be connected in various ways, such as series driving, parallel driving, individually addressable driving, or the like. When the multiple VCSEL units are integrated on the same chip and adjacent VCSEL units are not driven to emit light simultaneously, electrical isolation between the adjacent VCSEL units can be beneficial.
[0005] Typically, the adjacent VCSEL units can be directly connected to the substrate. In existing VCSEL units, while achieving electrical isolation on a substrate side, it is difficult to ensure high-quality epitaxial crystal growth and device manufacturing yield.SUMMARY
[0006] A problem solved in the present disclosure is how to improve the quality of epitaxial crystal and device manufacturing yield while achieving electrical isolation on a substrate side.
[0007] To solve the problem, the present disclosure provides a laser. The laser includes a substrate, a first reflector, a second reflector, and an active layer.
[0008] The substrate includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector and the second reflector are sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate. The first reflector includes a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion sequentially located on the substrate. The second reflective portion and the second reflector include impurities. The active layer is located between the first reflector and the second reflector. The first reflective portion is configured to electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate.
[0009] Optionally, the thickness of the first reflective portion is configured to be determined based on a wavelength of light generated by the laser.
[0010] Optionally, the first reflective portion includes a first doped layer including impurities of a second conductivity type.
[0011] Optionally, a doping concentration of the first doped layer is lower than a doping concentration of the second reflector.
[0012] Optionally, the first reflective portion further includes a second doped layer including impurities of a first conductivity type. The second doped layer is located in at least one of: a position between the first doped layer and the substrate; or a position between the first doped layer and the second reflective portion.
[0013] Optionally, a doping concentration of the second doped layer is lower than a doping concentration of the second reflective portion.
[0014] Optionally, the first reflective portion further includes an intrinsic layer. The intrinsic layer is located in at least one of: a side of the first doped layer away from the substrate; or a side of the first doped layer facing the substrate.
[0015] Optionally, the first reflector further includes a current diffusion layer. The current diffusion layer is located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion.
[0016] Optionally, the laser further includes a current diffusion layer. The current diffusion layer is located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion.
[0017] Optionally, the current diffusion layer includes impurities of a first conductivity type. A doping concentration of the current diffusion layer is higher than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion.
[0018] Optionally, the first reflective portion includes an intrinsic layer.
[0019] Optionally, the first reflector further includes a third reflective portion. The third reflective portion is located between the first reflective portion and the substrate.
[0020] Optionally, the third reflective portion includes an intrinsic layer. Or the third reflective portion includes impurities of a first conductivity type.
[0021] Optionally, a doping concentration of the third reflective portion is not higher than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion.
[0022] Optionally, a direction of the first reflector pointing toward the second reflector is consistent with a laser emission direction.
[0023] Optionally, the first reflector and the second reflector include distributed Bragg reflectors.
[0024] Optionally, the first conductivity type includes an n type. The second conductivity type includes a p type.
[0025] Optionally, the laser further includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The second electrode is located on a side of the second reflector away from the active layer.
[0026] Optionally, the laser further includes a current diffusion layer. The current diffusion layer is located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion. The second reflective portion is configured to expose part of the current diffusion layer. The first electrode is located on the part of the current diffusion layer exposed by the second reflective portion.
[0027] Correspondingly, the present disclosure further provides a laser array. The laser array includes multiple lasers.
[0028] The laser includes a substrate, a first reflector, a second reflector, and an active layer. The substrate includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector and the second reflector are sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate. The first reflector includes a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion sequentially located on the substrate. The second reflective portion and the second reflector include impurities. The active layer is located between the first reflector and the second reflector. The first reflective portion is configured to electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate.
[0029] Optionally, the laser array further includes an isolation structure. The isolation structure is located between the adjacent lasers. The isolation structure is configured to extend from a surface of the first reflective portion on a side away from the substrate toward the substrate.
[0030] Optionally, the laser further includes a current diffusion layer. The current diffusion layer is located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion. The isolation structure is configured to extend into the first reflective portion from a surface of the current diffusion layer on a side away from the substrate.
[0031] Optionally, the first reflective portion includes an intrinsic layer. The isolation structure is configured to extend through at least part of a thickness of the first reflective portion.
[0032] Optionally, the first reflective portion includes a first doped layer. The first doped layer includes impurities of a second conductivity type. The isolation structure is configured to extend through an entire thickness of the first reflective portion.
[0033] Optionally, substrates of at least a portion of the multiple lasers are integrally connected.
[0034] Optionally, the laser further includes a third reflective portion. The third reflective portion is located between the first reflective portion and the substrate. Third reflective portions of at least a portion of the multiple lasers are integrally connected.
[0035] In addition, the present disclosure further provides a LiDAR. The LiDAR includes a light source and a detector.
[0036] The light source is configured to generate detection light. The light source includes at least one laser. The laser includes a substrate, a first reflector, a second reflector, and an active layer. The substrate includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector and the second reflector are sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate. The first reflector includes a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion are sequentially located on the substrate. The second reflective portion and the second reflector include impurities. The active layer is located between the first reflector and the second reflector. The first reflective portion is configured to electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate. The detector is configured to receive echo light formed by reflection of the detection light by an object.
[0037] Compared with the prior art, the technical solutions of this disclosure have the following advantages.
[0038] In the technical solutions of this disclosure, the substrate include impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector can be divided into a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion. The first reflective portion can electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate. The second reflective portion includes impurities. A conductive substrate has better quality and lower defect density than a semi-isolated substrate. In such a case, a resonant cavity formed on the conductive substrate can effectively improve the quality of epitaxial crystal. The device yield and reliability can be improved. The first reflective portion near the substrate can be treated as an isolation layer. The electrical isolation on a substrate side can be achieved without an increase in the thickness of an epitaxial layer. The epitaxial time can be shortened. The quality of the epitaxial crystal and the device yield can be improved.
[0039] In optional solutions of this disclosure, the first reflective portion can include an intrinsic layer. Or the first reflective portion can include a first doped layer including impurities of a second conductivity type. An intrinsic material or a reverse biased junction can be used to improve the electrical isolation property on the substrate side. The overall doping concentration of the first reflector and the optical loss can be effectively reduced.
[0040] In optional solutions of this disclosure, the first reflector further includes a third reflective portion located between the first reflective portion and the substrate. The third reflective portion includes an intrinsic layer or impurities of a first conductivity type. The arrangement of the third reflective portion can effectively increase the reflectivity of the first reflector and improve the beam quality of the laser.
[0041] In optional solutions of this disclosure, the first reflector and the second reflector can be distributed Bragg reflectors. Part of layers of the distributed Bragg reflector can be treated as an isolation layer. While the isolation property on the substrate side can be ensured, the need to grow additional epitaxial layers as the isolation layers can be eliminated. The overall thickness of the epitaxially grown crystal can be effectively reduced. The epitaxial growth time can be shortened. The cost can be lowered. The quality of the epitaxial crystal can be improved.
[0042] In the technical solutions of this disclosure, the laser array further includes an isolation structure located between the adjacent lasers. The isolation structure can extend from a surface of the first reflective portion on a side away from the substrate toward the substrate. The arrangement of the isolation structure can further improve the electrical isolation property between the adjacent lasers.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0043] To illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this disclosure or in the prior art, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art are briefly introduced below. Apparently, the accompanying drawings in the description below illustrate the embodiments of this disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in the art can also derive other accompanying drawings from the provided accompanying drawings without creative efforts. The accompanying drawings are used to provide further understanding of this disclosure and form a part of the specification. They are used together with the embodiments of this disclosure to explain this disclosure and do not limit this disclosure.
[0044] Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a sectional structure of an example laser, consistent with some embodiments of this disclosure.
[0045] Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a sectional structure of an example laser, consistent with some embodiments of this disclosure.
[0046] Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a sectional structure of an example laser, consistent with some embodiments of this disclosure.DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0047] Hereinafter, only some exemplary embodiments are briefly described. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the described embodiments can be modified in various different ways without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. In such a case, the accompanying drawings and the description are regarded as exemplary rather than restrictive in nature.
[0048] In the description of this disclosure, it is to be understood that the orientations or positional relationships indicated by the terms ″center, ″ ″longitudinal, ″ ″transverse, ″ ″length, ″ ″width, ″ ″thickness, ″ ″upper, ″ ″lower, ″ ″front, ″ ″rear, ″ ″left, ″ ″right, ″ ″vertical, ″ ″horizontal, ″ ″top, ″ ″bottom, ″ ″inner, ″ ″outer, ″ ″clockwise, ″ ″counterclockwise, ″ and the like are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, merely for conveniently describing this disclosure and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the apparatus or element referred to must have a particular orientation or be constructed and operated in a particular orientation. In such a case, they cannot be understood as limitations to this disclosure. In addition, the terms ″first″ and ″second″ are only for descriptive purposes, and cannot be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implying the number of technical features indicated. In such a case, the features defined with ″first″ and ″second″ can explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of this disclosure, ″a plurality of / multiple″ means two or more, unless otherwise expressly and specifically defined.
[0049] In the description of this disclosure, it is to be noted that the terms ″mount, ″ ″connected, ″ and ″connection″ should be understood in a broad sense, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integrated connection. It can be a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, or a mutual communication. It can be being directly connected, being indirectly connected via an intermediate medium, a communication between interiors of two elements, or an interaction between two elements. Those of ordinary skill in the art can understand specific meanings of the above terms in this disclosure based on specific circumstances.
[0050] In this disclosure, the first feature being ″over″ or ″under″ the second feature can include the first and second features being in direct contact with each other, or the first and second features being not in direct contact with each other and being in contact with each other via another feature between them, unless otherwise expressly specified and defined. Moreover, the first feature being ″over, ″ ″above, ″ and ″on″ the second feature includes the first feature being right above and obliquely above the second feature, or only represents that the horizontal height of the first feature is greater than the horizontal height of the second feature. The first feature being ″under, ″ ″below, ″ and ″beneath″ the second feature includes the first feature being right below or obliquely below the second feature, or only represents that the horizontal height of the first feature is less than the horizontal height of the second feature.
[0051] The disclosure below provides many different embodiments or examples for implementing different structures of this disclosure. To simplify the content of this disclosure, components and arrangements in specific examples are described below. Certainly, they are only examples and are not intended to limit this disclosure. In addition, in this disclosure, at least one of reference numerals or reference letters can be repeated in different examples. Such repetition is for the purposes of simplification and clarity, and is not, by itself, indicative of a relationship between at least one of the various embodiments or arrangements discussed. Furthermore, this disclosure provides examples of various specific processes and materials, but those of ordinary skill in the art can be aware of at least one of the application of other processes or the use of other materials.
[0052] It can be known from the background that the laser in the prior art has difficulty to balance electrical isolation on the substrate side and the quality of the epitaxial crystal.
[0053] Based on different conductivities of substrates, there can be two main methods to achieve electrical isolation of a laser on a substrate side currently. In one method, a semi-isolated substrate (″S. I. Substrate″) can be used to achieve electrical isolation between adjacent laser units. A resonant cavity can be formed on the S. I. Substrate. Such method is simple and straightforward, and has a good isolation effect. The isolation effect can be achieved at a high voltage. However, the quality of the semi-isolated substrate is typically poor with many defects. Epitaxial layers formed by epitaxial growth on the semi-isolated substrate tend to have lower quality, ultimately leading to a lower yield of fabricated devices.
[0054] In the other method, a conductive substrate, such as an N-type substrate can be used. An isolation structure formed by epitaxially growth on the conductive substrate can be used to achieve electrical isolation on the substrate side. Due to high quality of the conductive substrate, the epitaxial crystal formed are of high quality. The yield of the fabricated devices can be well ensured. However, due to the use of the conductive substrate on the substrate side, the isolation effect can be poor. To ensure electrical isolation on the substrate side, an additional isolation structure formed on the conductive substrate can be beneficial. In such a case, epitaxial growth thickness can be higher. Process cost can be higher. Fabrication time can be longer. Higher epitaxial growth thickness also tends to increase the likelihood of defects, which can affect the yield of the final fabricated device.
[0055] It can be seen that existing VCSEL units face challenges in ensuring high-quality epitaxial crystal and manufacturing yield of the device while achieving electrical isolation on the substrate side.
[0056] To solve the technical problem, this disclosure provides a laser. The laser includes a substrate, a first reflector, a second reflector, and an active layer.
[0057] The substrate includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector and the second reflector can be sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate. The first reflector includes a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion sequentially located on the substrate. The second reflective portion and the second reflector include impurities. The active layer can be located between the first reflector and the second reflector. The first reflective portion can electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate.
[0058] In the technical solutions of this disclosure, a resonant cavity formed on the conductive substrate can effectively improve the quality of epitaxial crystal. The device yield and reliability can be improved. The first reflective portion near the substrate can be treated as an isolation layer. The electrical isolation on a substrate side can be achieved without an increase in the thickness of an epitaxial layer. The epitaxial time can be shortened. The quality of the epitaxial crystal and the device yield can be improved.
[0059] To make the above objectives, features, and advantages of this disclosure more clear and understandable, detailed embodiments of this disclosure are described in detail below with reference to drawings.
[0060] Referring to Fig. 1, Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a sectional structure of an example laser consistent with some embodiments of this disclosure.
[0061] As shown in Fig. 1, the laser includes a substrate 110, a first reflector 120, a second reflector 130, and an active layer 140. The substrate 110 includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 are sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate 110. The first reflector 120 includes a first reflective portion 121 and a second reflective portion 122. The first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122 are sequentially located on the substrate 110. The second reflective portion 122 and the second reflector 130 include impurities. The active layer 140 is located between the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130. The first reflective portion 121 can electrically isolate the active layer 140 from the substrate 110.
[0062] A resonant cavity formed in the conductive substrate can effectively improve the quality of epitaxial crystal. The quality of the resonant cavity can be improved. The device yield can be improved. The first reflective portion 121 near the substrate 110 can be treated as an isolation layer. The electrical isolation property on a substrate side can be improved without an increase in the thickness of an epitaxial layer.
[0063] The technical solutions of the laser embodiments of this disclosure are described in detail below with reference to the drawings.
[0064] The substrate 110 can serve as a process platform during formation of the laser.
[0065] The substrate 110 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The substrate 110 is a conductive substrate. The substrate 110 is a doped semiconductor. The conductive substrate has higher quality and less structural defects. The crystal formed by epitaxial growth on the conductive substrate are of higher quality. The yield of fabricated device is higher.
[0066] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the first conductivity type is an n type. The substrate 110 is an n-type substrate. The n-type substrate has higher quality and lower defect density. The quality of the epitaxial crystal can be further improved.
[0067] In some embodiments, the laser includes a vertical cavity surface emitting laser. A material of the substrate 110 can include one of GaAs, InP, GaSb, or InSb.
[0068] The active layer 140 is located on the substrate 110. The active layer 140 includes a gain medium capable of achieving population inversion, which can generate an effect of stimulated emission amplification.
[0069] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the active layer 140 includes multiple quantum wells (″MQWs″) structure. That is, the active layer 140 includes a quantum well structure formed by alternating growth of narrow-bandgap and wide-bandgap material films. For example, the active layer 140 includes 2-3 groups of quantum well structures. For example, when the resonant cavity is a resonant cavity of a 940 nm laser, the quantum well structure includes an InGaAs / GaAs quantum well structure or an InGaAs / GaAsP quantum well structure.
[0070] In some embodiments, the active layer 140 includes a multi-junction structure. Each junction includes multiple quantum wells. A tunnel structure can be arranged between adjacent junctions to reduce resistivity. The active layer 140 including the multi-junction structure can achieve higher luminous intensity and efficiency, which can improve the optical power and energy conversion efficiency of the laser.
[0071] The first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 can be used to form reflection surfaces of the resonant cavity. The first reflector 120 is located on a side of the active layer 140 near the substrate 110. The second reflector 130 is located on a side of the active layer 140 away from the substrate 110. Light generated by the active layer 140 can propagate back and forth between the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130.
[0072] The conductivity type of the impurities in the first reflector 120 near the substrate 110 can be the same as that of the impurities in the substrate 110. The first reflector 120 includes impurities of the first conductivity type.
[0073] In some embodiments, the first conductivity type includes an n type. The first reflector 120 can be an n-type reflector. The first reflector 120 includes n-type impurities.
[0074] In some embodiments, the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 can be distributed Bragg reflectors (″DBR″) . The first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 can be Bragg reflectors. For example, the Bragg reflector includes high refractive index thin films and low refractive index thin films. The high refractive index and low refractive index thin films can be alternately arranged. Adjacent high refractive index thin film and low refractive index thin film can form a pair. The reflectivity of the distributed Bragg reflector can be related to the number of pairs of high refractive index and low refractive index thin films.
[0075] It should be noted that in some embodiments of this disclosure, the high refractive index and low refractive index thin film in the first and second reflector can include homogeneous materials. For example, the first reflector and the second reflector can include alternately arranged AlxGa1-xAs / Al1-yGayAs thin films, where values of x and y can be different. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the high refractive index and low refractive index thin film in the first and second reflector can include multiple heterogeneous materials and different layer combinations. By designing the thickness of a material layer and the refraction or reflection at an interface, the reflectivity of the first and second reflector can be ensured.
[0076] To ensure the gain of the resonant cavity, a sufficient number of periods of the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 can be beneficial to meet the requirement of high reflectivity. To ensure a narrow linewidth of emitted laser, the light generated by the active region 140 can form a standing wave in the resonant cavity after multiple reflections between the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130. In such a case, sufficiently high reflectivity of the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 can be beneficial.
[0077] In some embodiments, the reflectivity of the first reflector 120 can be greater than or equal to 99.9%. The reflectivity of the second reflector 130 can be greater than or equal to 98%. The laser can be emitted in a direction from the first reflector 120 towards the second reflector 130. In some embodiments, the reflectivity of the first reflector 120 can be greater than or equal to 98%. The reflectivity of the second reflector 130 can be greater than or equal to 99.9%. The laser light can be emitted in a direction from the second reflector 130 towards the first reflector 120.
[0078] By ensuring the overall number of periods of the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130, the high reflectivity the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 can be ensured to form the resonant cavity. The gain of the resonant cavity can be ensured. The luminous intensity can be ensured.
[0079] In some embodiments as shown in Fig. 1, the direction from the first reflector 120 towards the second reflector 130 is consistent with a laser emission direction A. The reflectivity of the first reflector 120 is greater than the reflectivity of the second reflector 130.
[0080] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the second reflector 130 includes impurities of a second conductivity type. In some embodiments, the second conductivity type can be a p type. The second reflector 130 includes p-type impurities.
[0081] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the second reflector 130 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. In some embodiments, the first conductivity type can be an n type. The first reflector 120 includes n-type impurities. At the same doping concentration, an n-type doped epitaxial layer has lower resistivity. The second reflector 130 also includes n-type impurities. The resistivity of the reflector can be effectively reduced. The power of the laser can be improved.
[0082] In some embodiments, the second reflector 130 includes impurities of the first conductivity type and impurities of the second conductivity type. In some embodiments, part of epitaxial layers in a side of the second reflector 130 away from the first reflector 120 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. Part of epitaxial layers in a side of the second reflector 130 facing the first reflector 120 includes impurities of the second conductivity type.
[0083] The first reflector 120 includes a first reflective portion 121 and a second reflective portion 122. For example, the first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122 of the first reflector 120, the active layer 140, and the second reflector 130 can sequentially stacked on the substrate 110.
[0084] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the thickness of the first reflective portion 121 can be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser. The thickness of the first reflective portion 121 can be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser to ensure stronger reflection coherence, which can facilitate formation of the standing wave in the resonant cavity. The thickness can refer to a size of the first reflective portion 121 in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate 110. In some embodiments, the first reflector 120 can be a distributed Bragg reflector. The first reflector 121 includes pairs of high refractive index thin films and low refractive index thin films. In the first reflective portion 121, the thickness of any high refractive index thin film and any low refractive index thin film can be determined based on the wavelength generated by the laser. The overall thickness of the first reflective portion 121 can be related to the wavelength generated by the laser and the number of pairs of high refractive index and low refractive index thin films.
[0085] It should be noted that the thickness of the second reflective portion 122 can also be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser. The thickness of the second reflective portion 122 can be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser to ensure stronger reflection coherence, which can facilitate formation of the standing wave in the resonant cavity. The second reflective portion 122 also includes pairs of high refractive index thin films and low refractive index thin films. In the second reflective portion 122, the thickness of any high refractive index thin film and any low refractive index thin film can be determined based on the wavelength generated by the laser. The overall thickness of the second reflective portion 122 can be related to the wavelength generated by the laser and the number of pairs of high refractive index and low refractive index thin films.
[0086] By determining the thickness of the first reflective portion 121 or the second reflective portion 122 based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser, the first reflective portion 121 or the second reflective portion 122 can have the function of reflecting the light. The light generated by the laser can be superimposed and enhanced after being reflected by the first reflective portion 121 or the second reflective portion 122.
[0087] It should be noted that the second reflective portion 122 can achieve electrical connection or electrical conduction between the active layer 140 and an external circuit. The second reflective portion 122 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. In some embodiments, the second reflective portion 122 includes n-type impurities.
[0088] In some embodiments, a current flow direction of the laser can be from the second reflector 130 towards the second reflective portion 122. The second reflector 130 and the second reflective portion 122 include impurities of the first conductivity type. A tunnel junction can be arranged on a side of the second reflector 130 facing the second reflective portion 122 to reduce the resistivity and improve the power of the laser.
[0089] In some embodiments, the second reflector 130 includes impurities of the first conductivity type and the second conductivity type. The second reflective portion 122 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The current flow direction of the laser can be from the second reflector 130 towards the second reflective portion 122. A tunnel junction can be arranged in the second reflector 130 to reduce the resistivity. The second reflector, on a side of the tunnel junction facing the second reflective portion 122, includes impurities of the second conductivity type. The second reflector, on a side of the tunnel junction away from the second reflective portion 122, includes impurities of the first conductivity type.
[0090] In some embodiments, the second reflector 130 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The second reflective portion 122 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The current flow direction of the laser can be from the second reflective portion 122 towards the second reflector 130. A tunnel junction can be arranged on a side of the second reflective portion 122 facing the second reflector 130 to reduce the resistivity and improve the power of the laser.
[0091] The first reflective portion 121 can be located between the second reflective portion 122 and the substrate 110. The first reflective portion 121 can achieve electrical isolation of the laser on the substrate side. In some embodiments, the first reflective portion 121 can achieve electrical isolation between the active layer 140 and the substrate 110.
[0092] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the first reflective portion 121 includes an intrinsic layer. For example, a material of the first reflective portion 121 includes an intrinsic material. The first reflective portion 121 can be undoped. The first reflective portion 121 does not include impurities. In the first reflective portion 121, the high refractive index and low refractive index thin films can be undoped. The undoped intrinsic material has high resistivity and low conductivity. The electrical isolation between the active layer 140 and the substrate 110 with impurities can be well achieved. The lower the impurity concentration of the reflective portion, the lower the corresponding optical absorption, and the lower the absorption loss. The reflective portion 121 includes an intrinsic material. The optical energy loss can be reduced. The optical power of the laser can be improved.
[0093] It should be noted that the thickness of the intrinsic material is related to its electrical isolation property. The larger the dimension of the intrinsic material in a current transmission direction, the greater its the resistance. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the thickness of the first reflective portion 121 is not less than 0.5 μm to ensure the electrical isolation property of the laser on the substrate side. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first reflective portion 121 is not less than 1 μm to further improve the electrical isolation property of the laser on the substrate side.
[0094] The first reflective portion 121 can serve as part of the first reflector 120 to form a part of a reflection surface of the resonant cavity. The first reflective portion 121 can also be treated as an isolation layer to achieve electrical isolation of the laser on the substrate side. The isolation from the conductive substrate can be ensured without adding an isolation layer. The overall number of pairs of first reflectors 120 can be controlled or even reduced while the reflectivity of the first reflector 120 can be ensured. The quality of the epitaxial crystal, the quality of the resonant cavity, and the device yield can be improved.
[0095] In some embodiments shown in Fig. 1, the first reflector 120 further includes a current diffusion layer 124. The current diffusion layer 124 is located between the first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122.
[0096] The current diffusion layer 124 can be connected to the second reflective portion 122. The current diffusion layer 124 is located between the first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122. The electrical connection or electrical conduction between the second reflective portion 122 and the external circuit can be achieved to form a current path for the resonant cavity.
[0097] For example, the current diffusion layer 124 can be in direct contact with the second reflective portion 122. The second reflective portion 122 can be located on a surface of the current diffusion layer 124 away from the substrate 110. The second reflective portion 122 can be in direct contact with the surface of the current diffusion layer 124 away from the substrate 110.
[0098] In addition, in some embodiments shown in Fig. 1, the current diffusion layer 124 can also be in direct contact with the first reflective portion 121. The current diffusion layer 124 can be located on a surface of the first reflective portion 121 away from the substrate 110. The first reflective portion 121 can be in direct contact with the surface of the first reflective portion 121 away from the substrate 110.
[0099] For example, refractive index difference between the current diffusion layer 124 and an adjacent epitaxial layer can be significant. The reflective effect at the interface can be strong. The current diffusion layer 124 can serve as a part of the first reflector 120. The thickness of the current diffusion layer 124 can be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser, which can facilitate reflection coherence of the light and formation of the standing wave.
[0100] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the current diffusion layer 124 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The doping concentration of the current diffusion layer 124 can be greater than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion 122. The doping concentration of the current diffusion layer 124 can be higher. The resistance can be effectively reduced and the conductivity can be effectively improved. In some embodiments, the current diffusion layer 124 includes n-type impurities. The doping concentration of the current diffusion layer 124 can be within a range of 2E18 atom / cm3 to 5E18 atom / cm3 to ensure good conductivity.
[0101] In some embodiments, the thickness of the current diffusion layer 124 can be within a range of 0.5 μm to 5 μm. In some embodiments, a material of the current diffusion layer 124 includes at least one of GaAs or AlGaAs.
[0102] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the laser includes a current diffusion layer 124. The current diffusion layer 124 can be located between the first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122.
[0103] For example, refractive index difference between the current diffusion layer 124 and an adjacent epitaxial layer can be small. The reflective effect at the interface can be weak. The current diffusion layer 124 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The doping concentration of the current diffusion layer 124 can be greater than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion 122. The resistance can be effectively reduced and the conductivity can be effectively improved.
[0104] Continuing with reference to Fig. 1, in some embodiments, the first reflector 120 further includes a third reflective portion 123. The third reflective portion 123 is located between the first reflective portion 121 and the substrate 110. The third reflective portion 123 serves as part of the first reflector 120 to enable the reflectivity of the first reflector 120 to meet a predetermined requirement. For example, the third reflective portion 123 is in direct contact with the substrate 110. The third reflective portion 123 is located on the surface of the substrate 110. The third reflective portion 123 is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate 110.
[0105] In addition, in some embodiments shown in Fig. 1, the third reflective portion 123 is also in direct contact with the first reflective portion 121. The third reflective portion 123 is located on a surface of the first reflective portion 121 facing the substrate 110. The third reflective portion 123 is in direct contact with the surface of the first reflective portion 121 facing the substrate 110.
[0106] For example, to ensure that the third reflective portion 123 can improve the reflectivity of the first reflector 120, the thickness of the third reflective portion 123 can be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser. In some embodiments, the third reflective portion 123 includes pairs of high refractive index thin films and low refractive index thin films. In the third reflective portion 123, the thickness of any high refractive index thin film and any low refractive index thin film can be determined based on the wavelength generated by the laser. The overall thickness of the third reflective portion 123 can be related to the wavelength generated by the laser and the number of pairs of high refractive index and low refractive index thin films.
[0107] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the third reflective portion 123 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The third reflective portion 123 including a material with impurities of the first conductivity type, can enable higher lattice matching between the third reflective portion 123 and the substrate 110 also doped with impurities of the first conductivity type. The quality of epitaxial growth can be effectively ensured. The property and yield of the device can be improved.
[0108] In some embodiments, the doping concentration of the third reflective portion 123 can be no greater than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion 122. In some embodiments, the doping concentration of the third reflective portion 123 is less than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion 122. There can be no requirement for the conductivity of the third reflective portion 123. The doping concentration of the third reflective portion 123 can be reduced. The optical absorption can be reduced while the high-quality epitaxial crystal can be achieved. In some embodiments, the doping concentration of the third reflective portion 123 can be within a range of 1E16 atom / cm3 to 1E18 atom / cm3.
[0109] In some embodiments, the third reflective portion 123 includes an intrinsic layer. The third reflective portion 123 can be undoped. The optical absorption and the optical loss can be further reduced. The power of the laser can be improved.
[0110] As shown in Fig. 1, in some embodiments of this disclosure, the laser further includes a first electrode 151 and a second electrode 152. The second electrode 152 is located on a side of the second reflector 130 away from the active layer 140.
[0111] The first electrode 151 and the second electrode 152 can connect the laser to the external circuit to supply power to the laser.
[0112] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the first electrode 151 and the second electrode 152 can be respectively connected to a nearby reflector to achieve electrical connection. As shown in Fig. 1, the first electrode 151 is connected to the first reflector 120. The second electrode 152 is connected to the second reflector 130.
[0113] For example, the second electrode 152 can be located on a side of the second reflector 130 away from the active layer 140. In some embodiments shown in Fig. 1, the laser further includes a contact layer 131. The contact layer 131 is located between the second electrode 152 and the second reflector 130. The second electrode 150 is electrically connected to the second reflector 130 through the contact layer 131. To reduce the resistance, the contact layer 131 includes impurities of the same conductivity type as the second reflector 130.
[0114] In some embodiments, the contact layer 131 can be located on a surface of the second reflector 130 away from the substrate 110. The contact layer 131 can be in direct contact with the surface of the second reflector 130 away from the substrate 110. The second electrode 150 can be located on a surface of the contact layer 131 away from the substrate 110. The second electrode 150 can be in direct contact with the surface of the contact layer 131 away from the substrate 110.
[0115] In some embodiments as shown in Fig. 1, the direction from the first reflector 120 towards the second reflector 130 is consistent with the laser emission direction A. Light generated by the laser is emitted from the second reflector 130. The second electrode 152 is located on part of the second reflector 130. For example, the second electrode 152 can be in a form of a ring. Part of the second reflector 130 can be exposed by the center of the ring.
[0116] In some embodiments, the second electrode 152 can located on a surface of part of the contact layer 131. The second electrode 152 can be in a form of a ring. Part of the surface of the contact layer 131 can be exposed by the center of the ring to form a laser emitting hole.
[0117] An epitaxial layer on a side of the first reflective portion 121 or the current diffusion layer 124 away from the substrate 110 includes the second reflective portion 122, the active layer 140, and the second reflector 130. An area of the epitaxial layer on a surface parallel to the surface of the substrate can be less than an area of the first reflective portion 121, forming a light-emitting mesa protruding from the second reflective portion 121 or the current diffusion layer 124.
[0118] As shown in Fig. 1, in the LiDAR, the current diffusion layer 124 is located between the first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122. Part of the current diffusion layer 124 is exposed between light-emitting mesas of adjacent lasers. The first electrode 151 is located on the exposed part of the current diffusion layer 124.
[0119] In some embodiments, part of the first reflective portion 121 can be exposed between the light-emitting mesas of the adjacent lasers. The first electrode 151 can be located on the exposed part of the first reflective portion 121.
[0120] For example, the current diffusion layer 124 includes a core region (not marked in the figure) and an extension region (not marked in the figure) . The light-emitting mesa of the laser can be located on the current diffusion layer 124 in the core region. The light-emitting mesa of the laser can expose the current diffusion layer in the extension region.
[0121] In some embodiments, the first electrode 151 can be located on a surface of the current diffusion layer 124 in the extension region. The first electrode 151 can be in direct contact with the surface of the current diffusion layer 124 in the extension region. The current diffusion layer 124 can extend in a plane parallel to the surface of the substrate 110. The current can be transversely conducted. The convenience of connection with an external current can be improved. The first electrode 151 and the second electrode 152 can be located on the same side of the substrate. In such a case, the process difficulty of subsequent electrical connection can be reduced.
[0122] It should be noted that in some embodiments shown in Fig. 1, the first reflective portion 121 includes an intrinsic layer. The high isolation property and low conductivity of an intrinsic material can be utilized to achieve electrical insulation from the conductive substrate. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the first reflective portion 121 includes a doped layer with impurities.
[0123] Referring to Fig. 2, Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a sectional structure of an example laser consistent with some embodiments of this disclosure.
[0124] As shown in Fig. 2, the laser includes a substrate 210, a first reflector 220, a second reflector 230, and an active layer 240.
[0125] The substrate 210 includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector 220 and the second reflector 230 can be sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate 210. The first reflector 220 includes a first reflective portion 221 and a second reflective portion 222. The first reflective portion 221 and the second reflective portion 222 can be sequentially located on the substrate 210. The second reflective portion 222 and the second reflector 230 include impurities. The active layer 240 can be located between the first reflector 220 and the second reflector 230. The first reflective portion 221 can electrically isolate the active layer 240 from the substrate 210.
[0126] In some embodiments, the substrate 210 can be identical or similar to the substrate 110 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0127] In some embodiments, the second reflective portion 222 can be identical or similar to the second reflective portion 122 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0128] In some embodiments, the second reflector 230 can be identical or similar to the second reflector 130 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0129] In some embodiments, the active layer 240 can be identical or similar to the active layer 140 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0130] In some embodiments, the first reflective portion 221 includes a first doped layer 221a. The first doped layer 221a includes impurities of a second conductivity type.
[0131] The first doped layer 221a can form a reverse biased junction (e.g., a reverse biased PN junction) with an adjacent epitaxial layer to achieve electrical isolation. For example, the first doped layer 221a can be a p-type doped layer. The first doped layer 221a can form an n-p junction with an adjacent n-type doped layer.
[0132] In some examples, as shown in Fig. 2, the first doped layer 221a includes p-type impurities. The first doped layer 221a forms the n-p junction with the adjacent n-type doped layer. The reverse biased junction is formed. In such a case, electrical isolation between the first reflective portion 221 and the substrate 210, and electrical isolation between a resonant cavity and the substrate 210 can be achieved.
[0133] The thickness of the first reflective portion 221 can be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser. The thickness of the first reflective portion 221 can be determined based on the wavelength of light generated by the laser, which can ensure stronger reflection coherence and facilitate formation of standing wave in the resonant cavity.
[0134] The first reflective portion 221 can serve as part of the first reflector 220 to form a part of a reflection surface of the resonant cavity. The first reflective portion 221 can also be treated as an isolation layer to achieve electrical isolation of the laser on the substrate side. There is no need to grow an additional epitaxial layer as the isolation layer. The overall thickness of epitaxial growth can be reduced. The quality of epitaxial crystal, the quality of the resonant cavity, and the device yield can be improved.
[0135] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the doping concentration of the first doped layer 221a can be less than the doping concentration of the second reflector 230. The low-doped first doped layer 221a (low-dop-p) can form the reverse biased junction to further improve the isolation effect. The doping concentration of the first doped layer 221a can be within a range of 1E16 atom / cm3 to 1E17 atom / cm3.
[0136] In some embodiments, the first reflective portion 221 further includes a second doped layer 221b. The second doped layer 221b includes impurities of the first conductivity type. For example, the second doped layer 221b can be an n-type doped layer.
[0137] In some embodiments, as shown in Fig. 2, the second doped layer 221b is located between the first doped layer 221a and the substrate 210.
[0138] In some embodiments, the second doped layer 221b can be located between the first doped layer 221a and the second reflective portion 222.
[0139] In some embodiments, the second doped layer 221b can be located between the first doped layer 221a and the substrate 210, and between the first doped layer 221a and the second reflective portion 222. Provided that the first doped layer 221a can form the reverse biased junction with the adjacent epitaxial layer.
[0140] In some embodiments, as shown in Fig. 2, the laser further includes a current diffusion layer 224. The current diffusion layer 224 is located between the first reflective portion 221 and the second reflective portion 222. The current diffusion layer 224 includes impurities of the first conductivity type.
[0141] In addition, in some embodiments, the first reflective portion 221 includes multiple first doped layers 221a. The second doped layer 221b can also be located between the first doped layer 221a and the substrate 110.
[0142] In some embodiments, the first reflective portion 221 includes multiple first doped layers 221a and multiple second doped layers 221b. The multiple first doped layers 221a and the multiple second doped layers 221b can be alternately arranged to form multiple reverse biased junctions. The electrical isolation can be further improved.
[0143] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the doping concentration of the second doped layers 221b can be less than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion 222. The doping concentration of at least a portion of the second doped layers 221b can be less than the doping concentration of the second reflector 230.
[0144] The first doped layer 221a can form a reverse biased junction with an adjacent epitaxial layer of the first conductivity type in the laser. The first doped layer 221a can also form a reverse biased junction with another epitaxial layer in the first reflective portion 221.
[0145] In some embodiments as shown in Fig. 2, the first reflector 220 further includes a third reflective portion 223. The third reflective portion 223 is located between the first reflective portion 221 and the substrate 210. For example, the third reflective portion 223 includes an intrinsic layer. For example, materials of the third reflective portion 223 can be intrinsic materials. The third reflective portion 223 can be undoped. The third reflective portion 223 does not include impurities. In the third reflective portion 223, a high refractive index thin film and a low refractive index thin film can be intrinsic layers. The undoped intrinsic material has low optical absorption. In such a case, the optical loss can be reduced, and the optical power of the laser can be improved.
[0146] In some embodiments, the third reflective portion 223 includes impurities of the first conductivity type. For example, the doping concentration of the third reflective portion 223 can be not greater than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion 222. In some embodiments, the doping concentration of the third reflective portion 223 can be less than the doping concentration of the second reflective portion 222. The doping concentration of the third reflective portion 223 can be low. The optical absorption can be reduced. The optical power of the laser can be improved.
[0147] It should noted that the n-type doped layer that forms the reverse biased junction with the first doped layer 221a can include any one or more of: an n-type doped layer between the first doped layer 221a and the substrate 210, an n-type doped layer between the first doped layer 221a and the second reflective portion 222, an n-type doped substrate 210, an n-type doped second reflective portion 222, an n-type doped third reflective portion 223, or an n-type doped current diffusion layer 224.
[0148] It should be noted that in the aforementioned embodiments, the doped layers of different conductivity types can be in direct contact with each other in the first reflective portion 221 to form a reverse biased PN junction. However, in some embodiments of this disclosure, electrical isolation can also be achieved through a reverse biased PIN junction.
[0149] Referring to Fig. 3, Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a sectional structure of an example laser consistent with some embodiments of this disclosure.
[0150] As shown in Fig. 3, the laser includes a substrate 310, a first reflector 320, a second reflector 330, and an active layer 340.
[0151] The substrate 310 includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector 320 and the second reflector 330 can be sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate 310. The first reflector 320 includes a first reflective portion 321 and a second reflective portion 322. The first reflective portion 321 and the second reflective portion 322 can be sequentially located on the substrate 310. The second reflective portion 322 and the second reflector 330 include impurities. The active layer 340 can be located between the first reflector 320 and the second reflector 330. The first reflective portion 321 can electrically isolate the active layer 340 from the substrate 310.
[0152] In some embodiments, the substrate 310 can be identical or similar to the substrate 110 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0153] In some embodiments, the second reflective portion 322 can be identical or similar to the second reflective portion 122 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0154] In some embodiments, the second reflector 330 can be identical or similar to the second reflector 130 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0155] In some embodiments, the active layer 340 can be identical or similar to the active layer 140 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0156] In some embodiments, the first reflective portion 321 includes a first doped layer 321a. The first doped layer 321a includes impurities of a second conductivity type.
[0157] The first reflective portion 321 includes an intrinsic layer 321c. For example, materials of the intrinsic layer 321c can be intrinsic materials. The intrinsic layer 321c can be undoped. The intrinsic layer 321c does not include impurities.
[0158] The first doped layer 321a, the intrinsic layer 321c, and an epitaxial layer adjacent to the intrinsic layer 321c including impurities of the first conductivity type can form a p-i-n junction. By forming a reverse biased junction, electrical isolation between the first reflective portion 321 and the substrate 310, and electrical isolation between a resonant cavity and the substrate 310 can be achieved.
[0159] It should be noted that the p-i-n junction can be oriented with the first doped layer 321a points towards the substrate 310, or the first doped layer 321a points towards the second reflective portion 322.
[0160] In some embodiments, the intrinsic layer 321c can be located on a side of the first doped layer 321a away from the substrate 310. The first doped layer 321a, the intrinsic layer 321c, and an epitaxial layer adjacent to a side of the intrinsic layer 321c away from the substrate including impurities of the first conductivity type can form a p-i-n junction.
[0161] In some embodiments, the intrinsic layer 321c can be located on a side of the first doped layer 321a facing the substrate 310. The first doped layer 321a, the intrinsic layer 321c, and an epitaxial layer adjacent to a side of the intrinsic layer 321c facing the substrate including impurities of the first conductivity type can form a p-i-n junction.
[0162] In some embodiments, the intrinsic layer 321c can be located on a side of the first doped layer 321a away from the substrate 310, and on a side of the first doped layer 321a facing the substrate 310. The intrinsic layer 321c and the first doped layer 321a can form an i-p-i junction. The intrinsic layer 321c and the first doped layer 321a can form an n-i-p-i-n junction with an adjacent epitaxial layer including the impurities of the first conductivity type.
[0163] In some embodiments, the first reflector 320 further includes a third reflective portion 323. The third reflective portion 323 can be located between the first reflective portion 321 and the substrate 310. The third reflective portion 323 can be identical or similar to the third reflective portion 123 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0164] In some embodiments, the laser or the first reflector 320 further includes a current diffusion layer (not marked in the figure) . The current diffusion layer can be located between the first reflective portion 221 and the second reflective portion 222. In some embodiments, the current diffusion layer can be identical or similar to the current diffusion layer 124 in the embodiments shown in Fig. 1.
[0165] It should be noted that an n-type doped layer that forms a reverse biased PIN junction with the first doped layer 321a and the intrinsic layer 321c can include any one or more of: an n-type doped layer between the intrinsic layer 321c and the substrate 310, an n-type doped layer between the intrinsic layer 321c and the second reflective portion 322, an n-type doped substrate 310, an n-type doped second reflective portion 322, an n-type doped third reflective portion 323, or an n-type doped current diffusion layer.
[0166] Correspondingly, this disclosure further provides a laser array.
[0167] Referring Fig. 1, Fig 1 shows a schematic diagram of a sectional structure of an example laser array consistent with some embodiments of this disclosure.
[0168] As shown in Fig. 1, the laser array includes multiple lasers. The laser includes a substrate 110, a first reflector 120, a second reflector 130, and an active layer 140. The substrate 110 includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 are sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate 110. The first reflector 120 includes a first reflective portion 121 and a second reflective portion 122. The first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122 are sequentially located on the substrate 110. The second reflective portion 122 and the second reflector 130 include impurities. The active layer 140 is located between the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130. The first reflective portion 121 can electrically isolate the active layer 140 from the substrate 110.
[0169] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the laser can be the laser in this disclosure. The technical solutions of the laser refers to the detailed embodiments of the laser described above.
[0170] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the substrates 110 of at least a portion of the lasers can be integrally connected. At least a portion of the multiple lasers in the laser array can be integrated on the same substrate 110. In some embodiments, the substrates 110 of the multiple lasers in the laser array can be integrally connected. The multiple lasers in the laser array can be integrated on the same substrate 110.
[0171] As shown in Fig. 1, in some embodiments, the laser further includes a third reflective portion 123. The third reflective portion 123 is located between the first reflective portion 121 and the substrate 110. The third reflective portions 123 of at least a portion of the lasers are integrally connected.
[0172] For example, at least a portion of the multiple lasers in the laser array includes the third reflective portion 123. The third reflective portions 123 of different lasers can be continuously connected. In some embodiments, the multiple lasers in the laser array include the third reflective portion 123. The third reflective portions 123 of the multiple lasers can be integrally connected.
[0173] As shown in Fig. 1, in some embodiments, the laser array further includes an isolation structure 160. The isolation structure 160 is located between the adjacent lasers. The isolation structure 160 can extend from a surface of the first reflective portion 121 away from a side of the substrate 110 to the substrate 110.
[0174] The isolation structure 160 can achieve electrical isolation between the adjacent lasers.
[0175] In some embodiments, part of the second reflector 130, the active layer 140, and the second reflective portion 122 can be etched to form light-emitting mesas of resonant cavities of the multiple lasers. Part of the first reflective portion 121 can be exposed between the light-emitting mesas of the adjacent lasers. Part of the first reflective portion 121 can be etched to form the isolation structure 160. As shown in Fig. 1, the isolation structure 160 is located in at least part of the thickness of the first reflective portion 121, on a side away from the substrate 110.
[0176] In some embodiments, a surface of the isolation structure 160 can be plated with a dielectric material, such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride.
[0177] In some embodiments, after the light-emitting mesas of the resonant cavities of the multiple lasers are formed, part of the first reflective portion 121 can be exposed between the light-emitting mesas of the adjacent lasers. Part of the first reflective portion 121 can be ion implanted with dielectric material to form the isolation structure 160 with isolation property.
[0178] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the laser further includes a current diffusion layer 124. The current diffusion layer 124 can be located between the first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122. Part of the current diffusion layer 124 can be exposed between the light-emitting mesas of the adjacent lasers. The isolation structure 160 can extend into the first reflective portion 121 from a surface of the current diffusion layer 124 away from a side of the substrate 110. Along a thickness direction, the isolation structure 160 can extend through the current diffusion layer 124 to isolate the current diffusion layers 124 of the adjacent lasers from each other.
[0179] In some embodiments, the isolation structure 160 can extend through at least part of the thickness of the first reflective portion 121.
[0180] A distance between a surface of the first reflective portion 121 away from the substrate 110 and the substrate 110 can be not greater than a distance between an end of the isolation structure 160 away from the substrate 110 and the substrate 110. An end of the isolation structure 160 facing the substrate 110 can be located in at least the first reflective portion 121. In some embodiments as shown in Fig. 1, the isolation structure 160 can extend along the thickness direction. The end of the isolation structure 160 facing the substrate 110 is located in the first reflective portion 121.
[0181] It should be noted that in some embodiments of this disclosure, the isolation structure 160 can also extend through the first reflective portion 121. A distance between a surface of the first reflective portion 121 facing the substrate 110 and the substrate 110 can be not less than a distance between an end of the isolation structure 160 facing the substrate 110 and the substrate 110.
[0182] In some embodiments, the first reflective portion 121 includes an intrinsic layer. The isolation structure 160 can extend through part of the thickness of the first reflective portion 121. The electrical isolation on the substrate side can be achieved through the isolation property of an intrinsic material. The intrinsic layer has stable isolation property. In such a case, the isolation structure extending through part of the thickness of the first reflective portion 121can provide electrical isolation between the adjacent lasers.
[0183] It should be noted that as shown in Fig. 2, in some embodiments of this disclosure, the first reflective portion 221 includes a first doped layer 221a. The first doped layer 221a includes impurities of a second conductivity type. The isolation structure 260 extends through the entire thickness of the first reflective portion 221. A reverse biased junction can be used to achieve electrical isolation on the substrate side. The quality of an epitaxial material can be further improved. The reverse biased junction, combined with the isolation structure 260 that extends through the entire thickness, can better ensure the electrical isolation between the adjacent lasers.
[0184] In addition, this disclosure further provides a LiDAR.
[0185] The LiDAR includes a light source and a detector. The light source can generate detection light. The light source includes at least one laser. Referring to Fig. 1, the laser includes a substrate 110, a first reflector 120, a second reflector 130, and an active layer 140. The substrate 110 includes impurities of a first conductivity type. The first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130 are sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate 110. The first reflector 120 includes a first reflective portion 121 and a second reflective portion 122. The first reflective portion 121 and the second reflective portion 122 are sequentially located on the substrate 110. The second reflective portion 122 and the second reflector 130 include impurities. The active layer 140 is located between the first reflector 120 and the second reflector 130. The first reflective portion 121 can electrically isolate the active layer 140 from the substrate 110. to the detector can receive echo light formed by reflection of the detection light by an object.
[0186] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the light source of the LiDAR includes the laser in this disclosure. The technical solutions of the laser refers to the detailed embodiments of the laser described above.
[0187] In summary, the substrate includes impurities of the first conductivity type. The first reflector includes the first reflective portion electrically isolating the active layer from the substrate. The conductive substrate has better quality and lower defect density than a semi-isolated substrate. In such a case, a resonant cavity formed on the conductive substrate can effectively improve the quality of epitaxial crystal. The device yield and reliability can be improved. The first reflective portion near the substrate can be treated as an isolation layer. The electrical isolation on a substrate side can be achieved without an increase in the thickness of an epitaxial layer. The epitaxial time can be shortened. The quality of the epitaxial crystal and the device yield can be improved.
[0188] Moreover, the first reflective portion can include an intrinsic layer. The first reflective portion can include a first doped layer including impurities of the second conductivity type. An intrinsic material or a reverse biased junction can be used to improve the electrical isolation property on the substrate side. The overall doping concentration of the first reflector and the optical loss can be effectively reduced.
[0189] Furthermore, the first reflector further includes a third reflective portion located between the first reflective portion and the substrate. The third reflective portion includes an intrinsic layer or impurities of the first conductivity type. The arrangement of the third reflective portion can be effectively increase the reflectivity of the first reflector and improve the beam quality of the laser.
[0190] In addition, the first reflector and the second reflector can be distributed Bragg reflectors. Part of layers of the distributed Bragg reflector can be treated as an isolation layer. While the electrical isolation on the substrate side can be achieved, the need to increase the thickness of the epitaxial layer can be eliminated. The thickness of an epitaxially grown material can be effectively reduced. The epitaxial growth time can be shortened. The cost can be reduced. The quality of the epitaxial crystal can be improved.
[0191] Moreover, the laser array further includes an isolation structure located between the adjacent lasers. The isolation structure can extend from a surface of the first reflective portion away from a side of the substrate to the substrate. The arrangement of the isolation structure can further improve the electrical isolation property between the adjacent lasers.
Claims
1.A laser, comprising:a substrate comprising impurities of a first conductivity type;a first reflector and a second reflector sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate, wherein the first reflector comprises a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion sequentially located on the substrate, and the second reflective portion and the second reflector comprise impurities; andan active layer located between the first reflector and the second reflector,wherein the first reflective portion is configured to electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate.2.The laser of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the first reflective portion is configured to be determined based on a wavelength of light generated by the laser.3.The laser of claim 1, wherein the first reflective portion comprises a first doped layer comprising impurities of a second conductivity type.4.The laser of claim 3, wherein the first reflective portion further comprises a second doped layer comprising impurities of the first conductivity type and located in at least one of:a position between the first doped layer and the substrate; ora position between the first doped layer and the second reflective portion.5.The laser of claim 3, wherein the first reflective portion further comprises an intrinsic layer located in at least one of:a side of the first doped layer away from the substrate; ora side of the first doped layer facing the substrate.6.The laser of claim 1, wherein the first reflector further comprises a current diffusion layer located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion.7.The laser of claim 1, further comprising a current diffusion layer located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion.8.The laser of claim 6 or 7, wherein the current diffusion layer comprises impurities of the first conductivity type, and a doping concentration of the current diffusion layer is higher than a doping concentration of the second reflective portion.9.The laser of claim 1, wherein the first reflective portion comprises an intrinsic layer.10.The laser of claim 1, wherein the first reflector further comprises a third reflective portion located between the first reflective portion and the substrate.11.The laser of claim 10, wherein the third reflective portion comprises an intrinsic layer; orthe third reflective portion comprises impurities of the first conductivity type.12.The laser of claim 10, wherein a doping concentration of the third reflective portion is not higher than a doping concentration of the second reflective portion.13.The laser of claim 1, wherein a direction of the first reflector pointing toward the second reflector is consistent with a laser emission direction.14.The laser of claim 1 or 13, wherein the first reflector and the second reflector comprise distributed Bragg reflectors.15.The laser of claim 1, wherein the first conductivity type comprises an n type.16.The laser of claim 1, further comprising:a first electrode; anda second electrode located on a side of the second reflector away from the active layer.17.The laser of claim 16, further comprising a current diffusion layer located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion,wherein the second reflective portion is configured to expose part of the current diffusion layer, and the first electrode is located on the part of the current diffusion layer exposed by the second reflective portion.18.A laser array, comprising:a plurality of lasers, wherein the laser comprises: a substrate comprising impurities of a first conductivity type; a first reflector and a second reflector sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate, wherein the first reflector comprises a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion sequentially located on the substrate, and the second reflective portion and the second reflector comprise impurities; and an active layer located between the first reflector and the second reflector, wherein the first reflective portion is configured to electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate.19.The laser array of claim 18, further comprising an isolation structure located between adjacent lasers and configured to extend from a surface of the first reflective portion on a side away from the substrate toward the substrate.20.The laser array of claim 19, further comprising a current diffusion layer located between the first reflective portion and the second reflective portion,wherein the isolation structure is configured to extend into the first reflective portion from a surface of the current diffusion layer on a side away from the substrate.21.The laser array of claim 19, wherein the first reflective portion comprises an intrinsic layer,wherein the isolation structure is configured to extend through at least part of a thickness of the first reflective portion.22.The laser array of claim 19, wherein the first reflective portion comprises a first doped layer comprising impurities of a second conductivity type,wherein the isolation structure is configured to extend through an entire thickness of the first reflective portion.23.The laser array of claim 18, wherein substrates of at least a portion of the plurality of lasers are integrally connected.24.The laser array of claim 18, wherein the laser further comprises a third reflective portion located between the first reflective portion and the substrate; andthird reflective portions of at least a portion of the plurality of lasers are integrally connected.25.A LiDAR, comprising:a light source configured to generate detection light, wherein the light source comprises at least one laser, wherein the laser comprises: a substrate comprising impurities of a first conductivity type; a first reflector and a second reflector sequentially stacked on a side of the substrate, wherein the first reflector comprises a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion sequentially located on the substrate, and the second reflective portion and the second reflector comprise impurities; and an active layer located between the first reflector and the second reflector, wherein the first reflective portion is configured to electrically isolate the active layer from the substrate; anda detector configured to receive echo light formed by reflection of the detection light by an object.
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