Apparatus and method for managing battery

Abstract

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the battery management apparatus comprises: a profile acquisition unit configured to acquire a battery profile indicating the correspondence between the voltage and capacity of a battery; a profile determination unit configured to determine a positive electrode profile and a negative electrode profile of the battery by adjusting a preconfigured reference positive electrode profile and a preconfigured reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile; and a control unit configured to calculate a lithium loss rate of the battery on the basis of the positive electrode profile of the battery, calculate a negative electrode side reaction rate of the battery on the basis of the battery profile, and calculate a positive electrode side reaction rate of the battery on the basis of the lithium loss rate and the negative electrode side reaction rate.

Description

Battery management device and method

[0001] The present invention relates to a battery management device and method.

[0002] This application is based upon and claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2024-0001587, filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office on January 4, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0003]

[0004] Recently, as the demand for portable electronic products such as laptops, video cameras, and mobile phones has rapidly increased, and the development of electric vehicles, energy storage batteries, robots, and satellites has been in full swing, research into high-performance batteries capable of repeated charging and discharging is actively being conducted.

[0005] Currently commercialized batteries include nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, and lithium batteries. Among these, lithium batteries are receiving attention for their advantages of being able to charge and discharge freely, having a very low self-discharge rate, and having a high energy density, as they have almost no memory effect compared to nickel-based batteries.

[0006] While extensive research is being conducted on these batteries to improve capacity and density, improving lifespan and safety is also crucial. To improve battery safety, extensive research is underway, and this requires technology to accurately diagnose the current condition of the battery.

[0007]

[0008] The present invention provides a battery management device and method capable of separately calculating the lithium loss rate, negative electrode reaction rate, and positive electrode reaction rate of a battery.

[0009] Various aspects of the present invention can be understood through the following description and will be further clarified by the embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that various aspects of the present invention can be realized by the means and combinations thereof set forth in the claims.

[0010]

[0011] A battery management device according to one aspect of the present invention may include a profile acquisition unit configured to acquire a battery profile indicating a correspondence between a voltage and a capacity of a battery; a profile determination unit configured to determine a positive electrode profile and a negative electrode profile of the battery by adjusting a preset reference positive electrode profile and a reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile; and a control unit configured to calculate a lithium loss rate of the battery based on the positive electrode profile of the battery, calculate a negative electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the battery profile, and calculate a positive electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the lithium loss rate and the negative electrode reaction rate.

[0012] The above control unit may be configured to calculate the positive electrode reaction rate by calculating the difference between the negative electrode reaction rate and the lithium loss rate.

[0013] The above battery profile may be configured to include a charging profile indicating a correspondence between the voltage and the capacity during a charging process of the battery, and a discharging profile indicating a correspondence between the voltage and the capacity during a discharging process of the battery.

[0014] The control unit may be configured to calculate the charge capacity of the battery from the charge profile, calculate the discharge capacity of the battery from the discharge profile, and calculate the negative electrode reaction rate based on the charge capacity and the discharge capacity.

[0015] The control unit may be configured to calculate a capacity difference between the charge capacity and the discharge capacity, add the calculated capacity difference to a preset cumulative capacity difference to update the cumulative capacity difference, and calculate the negative electrode reaction rate based on the updated cumulative capacity difference.

[0016] The above control unit may be configured to calculate the negative electrode reaction rate by dividing the updated accumulated capacity difference by a preset reference capacity.

[0017] The control unit may be configured to preset the accumulated capacity difference by adding up the capacity difference determined in each of the previous charge / discharge cycles of the battery.

[0018] The above profile determining unit may be configured to adjust the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the discharge profile.

[0019] The control unit may be configured to extract a positive electrode participation start point from the positive electrode profile of the battery as a diagnostic factor, and calculate a lithium loss rate of the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor, a preset reference start point, and a preset reference end point.

[0020] The above reference starting point may include a positive reference starting point, and the above reference ending point may include a positive reference ending point.

[0021] The control unit may be configured to calculate the lithium loss rate based on the target value of the extracted diagnostic factor, the positive reference starting value of the positive reference starting point, and the positive reference ending value of the positive reference ending point.

[0022] The above reference starting point may include a positive reference starting point and a negative reference starting point, and the above reference ending point may include a negative reference ending point.

[0023] The control unit may be configured to calculate the lithium loss rate based on the target value of the extracted diagnostic factor, the positive reference starting value of the positive reference starting point, the negative reference starting value of the negative reference starting point, and the negative reference ending value of the negative reference ending point.

[0024] The control unit may be configured to set usage conditions for the battery based on at least one of the positive electrode reaction rate, the negative electrode reaction rate, and the lithium loss rate.

[0025] A battery pack according to another aspect of the present invention may include a battery management device according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0026] A vehicle according to another aspect of the present invention may include a battery management device according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0027] A battery management method according to another aspect of the present invention may include a profile acquisition step of acquiring a battery profile indicating a correspondence between a voltage and a capacity of a battery; a profile determination step of determining a positive electrode profile and a negative electrode profile of the battery by adjusting a preset reference positive electrode profile and a reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile; a lithium loss rate and negative electrode adverse reaction rate calculation step of calculating a lithium loss rate of the battery based on the positive electrode profile of the battery and calculating a negative electrode adverse reaction rate of the battery based on the battery profile; and a positive electrode adverse reaction rate calculation step of calculating a positive electrode adverse reaction rate of the battery based on the lithium loss rate and the negative electrode adverse reaction rate.

[0028]

[0029] A battery management device according to one aspect of the present invention can calculate a lithium loss rate, a negative electrode reaction rate, and a positive electrode reaction rate for a battery that has deteriorated as charging and discharging are repeated.

[0030] A battery management device according to one aspect of the present invention can prevent or suppress degradation or accelerated degradation of a battery by appropriately setting the usage conditions of the battery based on at least one of the calculated lithium loss rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and positive electrode side reaction rate.

[0031] The effects of the present invention are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description of the claims.

[0032]

[0033] The following drawings attached to this specification serve to further understand the technical idea of ​​the present invention together with the detailed description of the invention described below, and therefore the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to the matters described in such drawings.

[0034] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0035] FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a battery profile according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0036] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a positive electrode profile and a negative electrode profile of a battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0037] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a reference anode profile and a reference cathode profile according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0038] FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically illustrating a battery profile and a reference profile according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0039] FIGS. 6 to 8 are drawings for reference in explaining an example of a procedure for generating a comparison profile used for comparison with a battery profile according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0040] FIGS. 9 to 11 are drawings for reference in explaining another example of a procedure for generating a comparison profile used for comparison with a battery profile according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0041] FIG. 12 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary configuration of a battery pack according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] FIG. 13 is a schematic drawing of a vehicle according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0043] FIG. 14 is a diagram schematically illustrating a battery management method according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0044]

[0045] Terms or words used in this specification and claims should not be interpreted as limited to their usual or dictionary meanings, but should be interpreted as meanings and concepts that conform to the technical spirit of the present invention, based on the principle that the inventor can appropriately define the concept of the term to explain his or her own invention in the best possible manner.

[0046] Accordingly, the embodiments described in this specification and the configurations illustrated in the drawings are merely embodiments of the present invention and do not represent all of the technical ideas of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that there may be various equivalents and modified examples that can replace them at the time of filing this application.

[0047] In addition, when describing the present invention, if it is determined that a detailed description of a related known configuration or function may obscure the gist of the present invention, the detailed description is omitted.

[0048] Terms that include ordinal numbers, such as first, second, etc., are used to distinguish one of the various components from the rest, and are not used to limit the components by such terms.

[0049] Throughout the specification, whenever a part is said to "include" a component, this does not mean that it excludes other components, but rather that it may include other components, unless otherwise stated.

[0050] Additionally, throughout the specification, when we say that a part is "connected" to another part, this includes not only cases where it is "directly connected" but also cases where it is "indirectly connected" with other elements in between.

[0051] The loss of available capacity due to battery degradation is related to the loss of available lithium, and this loss of available lithium in a battery is due to side reactions that occur at the negative or positive electrode. For example, the anode side reaction (ASR), in which lithium ions are consumed at the negative electrode, and the cathode side reaction (CSR), in which the positive electrode obtains lithium ions from the decomposed electrolyte, are directly related to the loss of available lithium in a battery.

[0052] In addition, if a side reaction occurs at the positive or negative electrode, gas may be generated due to the reaction between lithium ions and the electrolyte. As an example of a negative side reaction, a portion of the electrolyte may be reduced and decomposed, and lithium may be deposited on the negative electrode, generating reducing gases such as hydrogen (H2) and hydrocarbons (CxHy). As an example of a positive side reaction, a portion of the electrolyte may be oxidized and decomposed, generating oxidizing gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Meanwhile, gases generated inside the battery may cause a pressure increase accompanied by an increase in the temperature of the battery, which may lead to safety issues such as explosion.

[0053] As previously explained, available lithium loss, anode side reactions, and cathode side reactions are directly related to battery degradation and internal gas generation. For example, if the extent of available lithium loss, anode side reactions, and cathode side reactions can be quantitatively calculated, these values ​​can be used as important indicators for degradation diagnosis and gas volume prediction. The present invention provides a technology, method, and device capable of quantitatively separating available lithium loss due to anode side reactions and available lithium loss due to cathode side reactions from available lithium loss.

[0054] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings.

[0055] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a battery management device (100) according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 1, the battery management device (100) may include a profile acquisition unit (110), a profile determination unit (120), and a control unit (130).

[0057] Here, a battery refers to a physically separate, independent cell having a negative terminal and a positive terminal. For example, a lithium-ion battery or a lithium polymer battery may be considered a battery. Furthermore, the battery may be of a cylindrical type, a prismatic type, or a pouch type. Furthermore, a battery may also refer to a battery bank, a battery module, or a battery pack in which multiple cells are connected in series and / or parallel. For convenience of explanation, the term "battery" will be described herein below as referring to a single, independent cell.

[0058] The profile acquisition unit (110) may be configured to acquire a battery profile indicating a correspondence between the voltage and capacity of the battery.

[0059] FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a battery profile according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0060] In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah), and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V).

[0061] A battery profile (BP) is a profile that represents the relationship between voltage (V) and capacity (Q) when a battery is being charged. Additionally, a battery profile (BP) can represent the relationship between voltage (V) and capacity (Q) when a battery is being discharged.

[0062] For example, the profile acquisition unit (110) can directly receive a battery profile (BP) to be monitored from the outside. That is, the profile acquisition unit (110) can acquire the battery profile (BP) to be monitored by being connected to the outside via wire and / or wirelessly and receiving the battery profile (BP).

[0063] As another example, instead of directly receiving a battery profile (BP), the profile acquisition unit (110) may receive battery information regarding the voltage (V) and capacity (Q) of the battery, and generate a battery profile (BP) based on the received battery information. For example, the profile acquisition unit (110) may directly generate a battery profile (BP) based on battery information such as the voltage (V) and capacity (Q) of the battery, thereby acquiring the battery profile (BP).

[0064] The profile acquisition unit (110) may be connected to the profile determination unit (120) so as to be able to communicate with it. For example, the profile acquisition unit (110) may be connected to the profile determination unit (120) via wired and / or wireless connection. The profile acquisition unit (110) may transmit the acquired battery profile (BP) to the profile determination unit (120).

[0065] The profile determination unit (120) may be configured to determine the positive electrode profile of the battery and the negative electrode profile of the battery by adjusting the preset reference positive electrode profile and reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile (BP).

[0066] The reference positive electrode profile may be a profile indicating a correspondence between the capacity and voltage of a reference positive electrode cell preset to correspond to the positive electrode of a battery. For example, the reference positive electrode cell may be a positive coin half cell or a positive electrode of a three-electrode cell. In addition, the reference negative electrode profile may be a profile indicating a correspondence between the capacity and voltage of a reference negative electrode cell preset to correspond to the negative electrode of a battery. For example, the reference negative electrode cell may be a negative coin half cell or a negative electrode of a three-electrode cell.

[0067] First, the profile determination unit (120) can be configured to generate a comparison profile based on a reference anode profile and a reference cathode profile.

[0068] For example, the profile determination unit (120) can adjust the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile (BP) to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile. In addition, the profile determination unit (120) can generate a comparison profile from the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile. The profile determination unit (120) can adjust the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile until the comparison profile corresponds to the battery profile (BP).

[0069] For example, the profile determination unit (120) can generate a plurality of comparison profiles by repeating an adjustment procedure (profile shift or capacity scaling) and a synthesis procedure for a reference positive electrode profile and a reference negative electrode profile. The profile determination unit (120) can specify a comparison profile among the plurality of comparison profiles that has a minimum error with respect to the battery profile (BP). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) can determine the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile used to generate the specified comparison profile as the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery.

[0070] The adjusted positive and negative profiles used to generate the specified comparison profile can be estimated as the positive and negative profiles representing the current state of the battery. Current technology has a problem in that it is impossible to directly obtain the positive and negative profiles representing the current state of the battery without directly disassembling the battery. However, according to the battery management device (100) according to the present invention, the adjusted positive and negative profiles, which serve as the basis for the specified comparison profile, can be estimated as the positive and negative profiles reflecting the current state of the battery.

[0071] In relation to this, an embodiment in which the profile determination unit (120) determines the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery by adjusting the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile will be described later with reference to FIGS. 4 to 11.

[0072] The control unit (130) may be configured to calculate the lithium loss rate of the battery based on the positive electrode profile of the battery.

[0073] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a positive electrode profile (PP) and a negative electrode profile (NP) of a battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0074] According to one embodiment, the control unit (130) may be configured to extract a positive electrode engagement start point (pi) from a positive electrode profile (PP) of the battery as a diagnostic factor, and calculate a lithium loss rate of the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor, a preset reference start point, and a preset reference end point.

[0075] In one embodiment, the reference starting point and reference ending point may be preset based on the results of adjusting the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile obtained when the battery is in the Beginning of Life (BOL) state. BOL refers to the initial state of the battery, which is the point of first use after manufacturing, and refers to the state in which the battery can exhibit maximum capacity and performance.

[0076] The reference start point and reference end point can be preset by the control unit (130). For example, the profile determination unit (120) can adjust the reference positive profile and the reference negative profile to correspond to a battery profile obtained when the battery is in the BOL state. Then, the profile determination unit (120) can determine an initial positive profile and an initial negative profile corresponding to the battery in the BOL state based on the adjustment result. The method by which the profile determination unit (120) determines the initial positive profile and the initial negative profile is the same as the method of determining the positive profile and the negative profile of the battery. The control unit (130) can preset the reference start point and the reference end point from the initial positive profile and / or the initial negative profile.

[0077] For example, the reference starting point may be configured to include a positive reference starting point and / or a negative reference starting point, and the reference ending point may be configured to include a positive reference ending point and / or a negative reference ending point. Here, the positive reference starting point refers to the positive participation starting point of the initial positive profile. The positive reference ending point refers to the positive participation ending point of the initial positive profile. And, the negative reference starting point refers to the negative participation starting point of the initial negative profile. The negative reference ending point refers to the negative participation ending point of the initial negative profile.

[0078] According to one embodiment, the control unit (130) may be configured to calculate a lithium loss rate based on a target value of the extracted diagnostic factor, a positive reference starting value of the positive reference starting point, and a positive reference ending value of the positive reference ending point.

[0079] Here, the target value of the diagnostic factor, the reference starting value of the reference starting point, and the reference ending value of the reference ending point can be calculated based on the capacity.

[0080] In one embodiment, the control unit (130) may calculate a target value of the diagnostic factor by dividing the capacity of the diagnostic factor by the current capacity difference. Here, the diagnostic factor may be a positive engagement initiation point (pi). The control unit (130) may calculate a target value of the positive engagement initiation point (pi) by dividing the capacity of the positive engagement initiation point (pi) by the current capacity difference.

[0081] For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the current capacity difference may be the difference (Qp) between the minimum capacity (starting capacity) and the maximum capacity (ending capacity) of the positive electrode profile (PP) of the battery. In this case, the target value of the positive electrode engagement starting point (pi) may be a value calculated according to the formula "QiχQp."

[0082] As another example, in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the current capacity difference may be the difference (Qn) between the minimum and maximum capacities of the negative electrode profile (NP) of the battery. In this case, the target value of the negative electrode engagement initiation point (ni) may be a value calculated according to the formula "QiχQn."

[0083] As another example, in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the current capacity difference may be the difference (Qb) between the minimum and maximum capacities of the battery profile (BP). In this case, the target value of the positive electrode engagement initiation point (pi) may be a value calculated according to the formula "QiχQb."

[0084] And, the positive reference starting value can be preset as a value that is the capacity of the positive reference starting point divided by the initial capacity difference. The positive reference ending value can be preset as a value that is the capacity of the positive reference ending point divided by the initial capacity difference. For example, the initial capacity difference can be the difference between the minimum capacity and the maximum capacity of the initial positive profile. For another example, the initial capacity can be the difference between the minimum capacity and the maximum capacity of the initial negative profile. For another example, the initial capacity can be the difference between the minimum capacity and the maximum capacity of the battery profile obtained for the battery in the BOL state.

[0085] Meanwhile, the profiles used to calculate the current capacity difference and the initial capacity difference may be corresponding. For example, if the positive profile (PP) of the battery is used to calculate the current capacity difference, the initial positive profile may be used to calculate the initial capacity difference. In another example, if the negative profile (NP) of the battery is used to calculate the current capacity difference, the initial negative profile may be used to calculate the initial capacity difference. In another example, if the battery profile (BP) is used to calculate the current capacity difference, the battery profile acquired for the battery in the BOL state may be used to calculate the initial capacity difference. In other words, if the positive reference starting value is set to correspond to the initial capacity difference for the initial positive profile, the target value of the diagnostic factor should be set to correspond to the current capacity difference for the positive profile (PP) of the battery.

[0086] The control unit (130) can calculate a first difference, which is the difference between the target value of the positive electrode participation start point (pi) and the positive electrode reference start value, and can calculate a second difference, which is the difference between the positive electrode reference end value and the positive electrode reference start value. The control unit (130) can calculate a lithium loss rate by calculating the ratio of the first difference to the second difference.

[0087] For example, the control unit (130) can calculate the lithium loss rate using Equation 1 below.

[0088] [Formula 1]

[0089]

[0090] Here, K Li represents the lithium loss rate, and pi MOL represents the target value of the starting point of bipolar participation, and pi BOL represents the positive reference starting value, and pf BOLrepresents the end-of-life reference value. MOL (Middle of Life) refers to the state in which the battery has been used to some extent, and although it has deteriorated compared to the initial performance (BOL), it still operates normally.

[0091] As another example, the reference starting point may be configured to include a positive reference starting point and a negative reference starting point, and the reference ending point may be configured to include a negative reference ending point.

[0092] Here, the positive reference starting point refers to the positive participation starting point of the initial positive profile. The negative reference starting point refers to the negative participation starting point of the initial negative profile. The negative reference ending point refers to the negative participation ending point of the initial negative profile.

[0093] The control unit (130) may be configured to calculate a lithium loss rate based on a target value of the extracted diagnostic factor, a positive reference starting value of the positive reference starting point, a negative reference starting value of the negative reference starting point, and a negative reference ending value of the negative reference ending point.

[0094] In one embodiment, when the bipolar involvement initiation point (pi) is extracted as a diagnostic factor, the target value of the bipolar involvement initiation point can be calculated by dividing the capacity of the bipolar involvement initiation point by the current capacity difference.

[0095] And, the positive reference starting value can be calculated by dividing the capacity of the positive reference starting point by the initial capacity difference. The negative reference starting value can be calculated by dividing the capacity of the negative reference starting point by the initial capacity difference. The negative reference ending value can be calculated by dividing the capacity of the negative reference ending point by the initial capacity difference. As explained above, the initial capacity difference can be the difference between the minimum and maximum capacities of the initial positive profile, the initial negative profile, or the battery profile of the battery in the BOL state.

[0096] The control unit (130) can calculate a first difference, which is the difference between the target value of the positive electrode participation start point and the positive electrode reference start value, and can calculate a third difference, which is the difference between the negative electrode reference end value and the negative electrode reference start value. The control unit (130) can calculate a lithium loss rate by calculating the ratio of the first difference to the third difference.

[0097] For example, the control unit (130) can calculate the lithium loss rate using Equation 2 below.

[0098] [Formula 2]

[0099]

[0100] Here, K Li represents the lithium loss rate, and pi MOL represents the target value of the starting point of bipolar participation, and pi BOL represents the positive reference starting value, and ni BOL represents the negative reference starting value, and nf BOL represents the negative reference end value.

[0101] The control unit (130) may be configured to calculate the negative electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the battery profile (BP).

[0102] A battery profile (BP) may be configured to include a charge profile indicating a correspondence between voltage and capacity during a charging process of the battery and a discharge profile indicating a correspondence between voltage and capacity during a discharging process of the battery.

[0103] The control unit (130) may be configured to calculate the charge capacity of the battery from the charge profile, calculate the discharge capacity of the battery from the discharge profile, and calculate the negative electrode reaction rate based on the charge capacity and the discharge capacity.

[0104] Charge capacity may refer to the capacity of a charged battery from the time charging begins until the time charging ends. Discharge capacity may refer to the capacity of a discharged battery from the time discharging begins until the time discharging ends.

[0105] The control unit (130) can calculate the negative electrode reaction rate based on the difference between the charge capacity and the discharge capacity.

[0106] For example, the control unit (130) may calculate the capacity difference between the charge capacity and the discharge capacity. Furthermore, the control unit (130) may be configured to update the accumulated capacity difference by adding the calculated capacity difference to a preset accumulated capacity difference. The control unit (130) may preset the accumulated capacity difference by accumulating the capacity differences determined in each of the previous charge / discharge cycles of the battery. In other words, the accumulated capacity difference may be the sum of one or more capacity differences determined in the previous charge / discharge cycles.

[0107] For example, it is assumed that n is a natural number greater than or equal to 2, and the current charge / discharge cycle is the nth charge / discharge cycle. The sum of n-1 capacity differences determined in each of the first to n-1th charge / discharge cycles may be preset as the accumulated capacity difference. The control unit (130) may update the accumulated capacity difference by adding the capacity difference determined in the nth charge / discharge cycle to the accumulated capacity difference.

[0108] The control unit (130) may be configured to calculate the cathode reaction rate based on the updated accumulated capacity difference.

[0109] Here, the anode side reaction rate is an indicator that quantitatively represents the side reaction that occurred at the anode of the battery. The anode side reaction (ASR) is a reaction in which lithium ions are consumed at the anode of the battery. For example, the anode side reaction may be caused by lithium plating due to the reduction and decomposition of some of the electrolyte, the reaction between lithium ions and the electrolyte, the instability of the anode active material, and the structural collapse of the anode active material. In addition, all or part of the lithium ions consumed by the anode side reaction are converted to hydrogen (H2) and hydrocarbons (C) through a reaction with the electrolyte. x H y ) can generate reducing gases such as:

[0110] The charging process of a battery is the process of lithium ions moving from the anode to the cathode, and the discharging process is the process of lithium ions moving from the cathode to the anode. Therefore, the amount of lithium ions moving from the anode to the cathode is related to the battery's charge capacity, and the amount of lithium ions moving from the cathode to the anode is related to the battery's discharge capacity. In an ideal charge / discharge cycle of a battery, the charge capacity and discharge capacity are identical. However, in an actual charge / discharge cycle of a battery, the charge capacity and discharge capacity may differ due to factors such as internal resistance. In other words, a hysteresis phenomenon may occur in an actual charge / discharge cycle of a battery.

[0111] In summary, the amount of lithium ions moving from the anode to the cathode during a battery's continuous charge-discharge cycle (charge capacity) should be equal to the amount of lithium ions moving from the cathode to the anode (discharge capacity). However, during actual charge-discharge cycles, some of the lithium ions received by the cathode from the anode during the charging process are not returned to the anode during the discharging process. This leads to reversible and irreversible losses of lithium ions in the cathode. In other words, the difference between the charge capacity and discharge capacity of a battery is related to the amount of lithium ions consumed by negative side reactions.

[0112] The control unit (130) can calculate the negative electrode reaction rate by dividing the updated accumulated capacity difference by a preset reference capacity.

[0113] Here, the reference capacity may represent the charge capacity or discharge capacity in the first charge / discharge cycle of the battery.

[0114] Considering the hysteresis phenomenon occurring during the charge / discharge process of the battery and the direction of movement of lithium ions during charge / discharge, the discharge capacity in the first charge / discharge cycle of the battery can be preset as the reference capacity.

[0115] In this case, the negative electrode reaction rate may mean the ratio of the negative electrode reaction amount (the amount of lithium ions consumed through the negative electrode reaction) to the amount of lithium ions that the negative electrode can provide to the positive electrode in the BOL (Beginning of Life) state of the battery.

[0116] For example, the control unit (130) can calculate the cathode reaction rate using Equations 3 and 4.

[0117] [Formula 3]

[0118]

[0119] Here, Q accum_nrepresents the cumulative capacity difference. And, n represents the number of charge / discharge cycles at present (at the time of calculating the negative electrode reaction rate), and Q ch represents the charging capacity, and Q dch represents the discharge capacity, (Q ch_i -Q dch_i ) represents the capacity difference in the ith charge / discharge cycle.

[0120] [Formula 4]

[0121]

[0122] Here, K ASR represents the negative electrode reaction rate, and Q1 represents the reference capacity.

[0123] The control unit (130) may be configured to calculate the positive electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the lithium loss rate and the negative electrode reaction rate. For example, the control unit (130) may calculate the positive electrode reaction rate by calculating the difference between the negative electrode reaction rate and the lithium loss rate.

[0124] Here, the lithium loss rate is an indicator that quantitatively represents the available lithium loss due to battery degradation, and the cathode side reaction rate is an indicator that quantitatively represents the side reaction that occurred at the battery's cathode. The cathode side reaction (CSR) is a reaction in which the cathode obtains lithium ions from the decomposed electrolyte. For example, if a portion of the electrolyte contained in the battery is oxidatively decomposed, lithium ions released from the decomposed electrolyte may be supplied to the cathode. In this case, since the cathode self-discharges in the high SOC range (e.g., the SOC range of 90% to 100%), a phenomenon may occur in which the high SOC range of the cathode cannot be used when charging the battery.

[0125] For example, the control unit (130) can calculate the anode reaction rate using Equation 5.

[0126] [Formula 5]

[0127]

[0128] Here, K CSR represents the anode reaction rate, and K ASR represents the negative electrode reaction rate, and K Li represents the lithium loss rate. For example, K ASR is the negative reaction rate according to Equation 4, and K Li is the lithium loss rate according to Equation 1 or Equation 2.

[0129] The battery management device (100) according to the present invention has the advantage of being able to quantitatively calculate the lithium loss rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and positive electrode side reaction rate for a battery that has deteriorated as a result of repeated charging and discharging. In other words, the lithium loss rate of the battery can be quantitatively separated into the negative electrode side reaction rate and the positive electrode side reaction rate.

[0130]

[0131] Meanwhile, the profile acquisition unit (110), the profile determination unit (120), and the control unit (130) provided in the battery management device (100) may optionally include a processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), another chipset, a logic circuit, a register, a communication modem, a data processing device, etc. known in the art to execute various control logics performed in the present invention. In addition, when the control logic is implemented in software, the profile acquisition unit (110), the profile determination unit (120), and the control unit (130) may be implemented as a set of program modules. At this time, the program modules may be stored in a memory and executed by the profile acquisition unit (110), the profile determination unit (120), and the control unit (130). The memory may be located inside or outside the battery management device (100), and may be connected to the profile acquisition unit (110), the profile determination unit (120), and the control unit (130) by various well-known means.

[0132] In addition, the battery management device (100) may further include a storage unit (140). The storage unit (140) may store data or programs required for each component of the battery management device (100) to perform operations and functions, or data generated in the process of performing operations and functions. The storage unit (140) is not particularly limited in type as long as it is a known information storage means known to be capable of recording, erasing, updating, and deriving data. As an example, the information storage means may include RAM, flash memory, ROM, EEPROM, registers, etc. In addition, the storage unit (140) may store program codes defining processes executable by the profile acquisition unit (110), the profile determination unit (120), and the control unit (130).

[0133] The storage unit (140) can store information required for the profile acquisition unit (110) to acquire a battery profile. The storage unit (140) can store information required for the profile determination unit (120) to determine the positive and negative profiles of the battery. In addition, the storage unit (140) can store information required for the control unit (130) to calculate the lithium loss rate, negative electrode reaction rate, and positive electrode reaction rate of the battery. For example, the storage unit (140) can store a reference positive electrode profile, a reference negative electrode profile, a cumulative capacity difference, a reference capacity, a reference start point, and a reference end point, etc. In addition, the profile acquisition unit (110), the profile determination unit (120), and the control unit (130) can access the storage unit (140) to acquire necessary information.

[0134]

[0135] Meanwhile, the profile determination unit (120) may be configured to adjust the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the discharge profile. Accordingly, the control unit (130) ultimately calculates the lithium loss rate of the battery based on the discharge profile.

[0136] The battery management device (100) according to the present invention calculates the negative electrode side reaction rate by subtracting the discharge capacity from the charge capacity through a discharge process after charging. In addition, the positive electrode side reaction rate is calculated based on the negative electrode side reaction rate and the lithium loss rate. Therefore, at the time of calculating the positive electrode side reaction rate, the discharge profile more accurately represents the current state of the battery than the charge profile. That is, the time at which the last charge profile was acquired based on the time at which the positive electrode side reaction rate was calculated is before the time at which the last discharge profile was acquired. Therefore, if the lithium loss rate of the battery is calculated based on the discharge profile and the positive electrode side reaction rate is calculated based on that, there is an advantage in that the current state of the battery can be diagnosed more accurately.

[0137]

[0138] The control unit (130) may be configured to set usage conditions for the battery based on at least one of the positive electrode reaction rate, the negative electrode reaction rate, and the lithium loss rate.

[0139] The positive electrode side reaction rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and lithium loss rate are indicators of the degree of battery degradation. For example, as the battery deteriorates, the positive electrode side reaction rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and lithium loss rate increase. Accordingly, the control unit (130) can appropriately set usage conditions related to battery degradation based on at least one of the positive electrode side reaction rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and lithium loss rate.

[0140] The control unit (130) can compare at least one of the positive electrode reaction rate, the negative electrode reaction rate, and the lithium loss rate with a preset reference value, and set the usage conditions of the battery according to the comparison result.

[0141] In one embodiment, the control unit (130) may compare the positive electrode reaction rate with a first reference value preset to correspond to the positive electrode reaction rate. If the positive electrode reaction rate is greater than or equal to the first reference value, the control unit (130) may change the battery's usage conditions. Conversely, if the positive electrode reaction rate is less than the first reference value, the control unit (130) may not change the battery's usage conditions.

[0142] In another embodiment, the control unit (130) may compare the negative electrode reaction rate with a second reference value preset to correspond to the negative electrode reaction rate. If the negative electrode reaction rate is greater than or equal to the second reference value, the control unit (130) may change the battery usage conditions. Conversely, if the negative electrode reaction rate is less than the second reference value, the control unit (130) may not change the battery usage conditions.

[0143] In another embodiment, the control unit (130) may compare the lithium loss rate with a third reference value preset to correspond to the lithium loss rate. If the lithium loss rate is greater than or equal to the third reference value, the control unit (130) may change the battery's usage conditions. Conversely, if the lithium loss rate is less than the third reference value, the control unit (130) may not change the battery's usage conditions.

[0144] If the calculated positive electrode reaction rate, negative electrode reaction rate, and lithium loss rate each exceed the reference values, the control unit (130) can change the usage conditions as follows. For example, the control unit (130) can adjust the charge / discharge rate (C-rate) range for the battery. For example, the control unit (130) can reduce the upper limit of the charge / discharge rate range for the battery. As another example, the control unit (130) can increase the lower limit of the charge / discharge rate range for the battery. As yet another example, the control unit (130) can reduce the upper limit of the charge / discharge rate range for the battery and increase the lower limit of the charge / discharge rate range.

[0145] Alternatively, the control unit (130) may adjust the available SOC range for the battery. For example, the control unit (130) may decrease the upper limit of the available SOC range for the battery. As another example, the control unit (130) may increase the lower limit of the available SOC range for the battery. As yet another example, the control unit (130) may decrease the upper limit of the available SOC range for the battery and increase the lower limit of the available SOC range.

[0146] A battery management device (100) according to one embodiment of the present invention can prevent or suppress battery degradation or accelerated degradation by appropriately setting battery usage conditions based on at least one of the calculated positive electrode side reaction rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and lithium loss rate. Furthermore, by performing a non-destructive diagnosis of the degree of degradation after a certain period of battery use and, if necessary, changing the settings, battery safety can also be substantially improved.

[0147]

[0148] Hereinafter, an embodiment is described in which a profile determination unit (120) determines a positive electrode profile and a negative electrode profile of a battery by adjusting a reference positive electrode profile and a reference negative electrode profile to correspond to a battery profile.

[0149] Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a reference positive electrode profile (Rp) and a reference negative electrode profile (Rn) according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment of Fig. 4, the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah) and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V).

[0150] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a battery profile (BP) and a reference profile (R) according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah) and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V).

[0151] The profile determination unit (120) may be configured to compare the battery profile (BP) with at least one comparison profile. Here, the comparison profile may be a result of generating an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile by adjusting each of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn) stored in the storage unit (140), and then synthesizing (combining) the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0152] For example, when the reference profile (R) is a result of subtracting a portion of the reference cathode profile (Rn) from a portion of the reference anode profile (Rp), the comparison profile can be a result of subtracting a portion of the adjusted cathode profile from a portion of the adjusted anode profile.

[0153] The profile determination unit (120) can directly adjust the reference anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn) to generate at least one comparison profile. Alternatively, the at least one comparison profile can be pre-secured based on the reference anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn) and stored in the storage unit (140). In this case, the profile determination unit (120) can also obtain the comparison profile by accessing the storage unit (140) and reading it.

[0154] The profile determination unit (120) can generate multiple comparison profiles from the reference anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn) by repeating the adjustment procedure of adjusting and then synthesizing each of the reference anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn) to several levels. The comparison profiles may also be referred to as 'adjusted reference profiles'.

[0155] The profile determination unit (120) can specify one comparison profile among multiple comparison profiles that has the smallest error with the battery profile (BP).

[0156] Next, the profile determination unit (120) can determine that the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile mapped to the specified comparison profile are the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery.

[0157] In this regard, various methods known at the time of filing of the present invention can be employed to determine the error between two profiles, each expressible in a two-dimensional coordinate system. For example, the absolute integral of the area between the two profiles or the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) can be used as the error between the two profiles.

[0158] According to this configuration of the present invention, various battery status information can be obtained based on the finally determined positive and negative electrode profiles. The finally determined positive and negative electrode profiles may be mapped to a comparison profile mapped with a minimum error. In particular, the comparison profile based on the finally determined positive and negative electrode profiles can be said to be nearly identical to the battery profile (BP) and the shape, etc.

[0159] Therefore, according to the present invention, the positive and negative electrode profiles of a battery can be non-destructively obtained. Therefore, if the battery is new, analyzing the positive and negative electrode profiles of the battery can be more easily utilized to diagnose whether a defect has occurred in the battery and, if so, what type of defect it is.

[0160] If the battery is in use after being verified as good, the battery's positive and negative profiles can be used to determine the extent of battery degradation for each degradation item.

[0161] Moreover, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery can be obtained in a relatively simple manner. For example, the present invention can be implemented even if only one reference positive electrode profile (Rp) and one reference negative electrode profile (Rn) are stored in the storage unit (140) without the need to store multiple reference positive electrode profiles (Rp) and / or multiple reference negative electrode profiles (Rn). Accordingly, the storage capacity of the storage unit (140) does not need to be high, and there is no need to conduct numerous preliminary tests required to secure multiple reference positive electrode profiles (Rp) and / or multiple reference negative electrode profiles (Rn).

[0162]

[0163] FIGS. 6 to 8 are drawings for reference in explaining an example of a procedure for generating a comparison profile (S) used for comparison with a battery profile (BP) according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0164] The generation procedure of the comparison profile (S) to be described with reference to FIGS. 6 to 8 is performed in the following order: a first routine (see FIG. 6) for setting four points (positive participation start point (pi), positive participation end point (pf), negative participation start point (ni), negative participation end point (nf)) to correspond to the voltage range of interest; a second routine (see FIG. 7) for performing profile shift; and a third routine (see FIG. 8) for performing capacity scaling. That is, the generation procedure of the comparison profile (S) according to one embodiment of the present invention includes the first to third routines.

[0165] First, referring to FIG. 6, the reference anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn) are the same as those shown in FIG. 4.

[0166] The profile determination unit (120) determines the positive participation start point (pi), the positive participation end point (pf), the negative participation start point (ni), and the negative participation end point (nf) on the reference positive profile (Rp) and the reference negative profile (Rn).

[0167] Either the positive engagement initiation point (pi) or the negative engagement initiation point (ni) depends on the other.

[0168] In one embodiment, the difference between the voltage at the positive engagement initiation point (pi) and the voltage at the negative engagement initiation point (ni) can be set equal to the starting voltage (lowest voltage) of the battery profile (BP).

[0169] For example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the positive voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference positive profile (Rp) into a plurality of micro-voltage sections, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as positive engagement start points (pi). Each micro-voltage section may have a predetermined size (e.g., 0.01 V). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point that exists on the reference negative profile (Rn) and is smaller than the voltage of the positive engagement start point (pi) by a first set voltage (e.g., 3 V) as the negative engagement start point (ni).

[0170] As another example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference negative profile (Rn) into a plurality of micro-voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as the negative participation start point (ni). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set the point that exists on the reference positive profile (Rp) and is greater than the voltage of the negative participation start point (ni) by a first set voltage as the positive participation start point (pi).

[0171] Either the positive engagement end point (pf) or the negative engagement end point (nf) depends on the other.

[0172] In one embodiment, the difference between the voltage at the positive engagement end point (pf) and the voltage at the negative engagement end point (nf) can be set equal to the termination voltage (peak voltage) of the battery profile (BP).

[0173] For example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the anode voltage range from the second set voltage to the end point of the reference anode profile (Rp) into a plurality of micro-voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as the anode participation end point (pf). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set the point that exists on the reference cathode profile (Rn) and is lower than the voltage of the anode participation end point (pf) by the second set voltage (e.g., 4 V) as the cathode participation end point (nf).

[0174] As another example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference negative profile (Rn) into a plurality of micro-voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as the negative participation end point (nf). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point that exists on the reference positive profile (Rp) and is greater than the negative participation end point (nf) by a second set voltage as the positive participation end point (pf).

[0175] When the determination of the positive participation start point (pi), positive participation end point (pf), negative participation start point (ni), and negative participation end point (nf) is completed, the profile determination unit (120) shifts at least one of the reference positive profile (Rp) and the reference negative profile (Rn) to the left or right along the horizontal axis.

[0176] In one embodiment, the difference between the capacity value of the positive engagement start point (pi) and the capacity value of the positive engagement end point (pf), the difference between the capacity value of the negative engagement start point (ni) and the capacity value of the negative engagement end point (nf), and the difference between the starting capacity of the battery profile (BP) and the ending capacity of the battery profile (BP) can be set to be the same.

[0177] Referring to FIG. 7, for example, the profile determination unit (120) may shift the reference anode profile (Rp) to the left (low capacity side), shift the reference cathode profile (Rn) to the right (high capacity side), or perform both, so that the capacity values ​​of the anode participation start point (pi) and the cathode participation start point (ni) match.

[0178] As another example, the profile determination unit (120) may shift the reference positive electrode profile (Rp) to the left, shift the reference negative electrode profile (Rn) to the right, or both, so that the capacitance values ​​of the positive electrode participation end point (pf) and the negative electrode participation end point (nf) match.

[0179] Fig. 7 illustrates a situation in which the capacity value of the positive engagement start point (pi') matches the capacity value of the negative engagement start point (ni) as a result of generating an adjusted positive engagement profile (Rp') by shifting only the reference positive engagement profile (Rp) to the left. The adjusted positive engagement profile (Rp') is the result of applying an adjustment procedure to the reference positive engagement profile (Rp) that shifts to the left by the difference in capacity values ​​between the positive engagement start point (pi) and the negative engagement start point (ni). Therefore, the two points (pi, pi') differ only in capacity values, and have the same voltage. The two points (pf, pf') differ only in capacity values, and have the same voltage.

[0180] When the adjustment result profiles (Rp', Rn) in which at least one of the reference positive profile (Rp) and the reference negative profile (Rn) is shifted are secured, the profile determination unit (120) scales the capacity range of at least one of the adjustment result profiles (Rp', Rn).

[0181] In one embodiment, capacity scaling can be performed such that the capacity range between the positive engagement start point and the positive engagement end point of the regulated positive profile (Rp'), the capacity range between the negative engagement start point and the negative engagement end point of the regulated negative profile (Rn), and the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) are identical.

[0182] According to the example illustrated in FIG. 8, the profile determination unit (120) performs an additional adjustment procedure (capacity scaling) to shrink or expand at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp') and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn) along the horizontal axis. That is, the voltage range of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp') can be kept constant while the capacity range can be shrinked or expanded. Alternatively, the voltage range of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn) can be kept constant while the capacity range can be shrinked or expanded.

[0183] Referring to FIG. 8, the profile determination unit (120) can generate an adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp') by contracting or expanding the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp') so that the capacity range between two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp') matches the capacity range of the battery profile (BP). At this time, one of the two points (pi', pf') can be fixed. Accordingly, the capacity range between the two points (pi', pf'') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp'') can match the capacity range of the battery profile (BP).

[0184] In addition, the profile determination unit (120) can generate an adjusted negative profile (Rn') by shrinking or expanding the reference negative profile (Rn) so that the capacity range between two points (ni, nf) of the reference negative profile (Rn) matches the capacity range of the battery profile (BP). At this time, one of the two points (ni, nf) can be fixed. Accordingly, the capacity range between the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted negative profile (Rn') can match the capacity range of the battery profile (BP).

[0185] In Fig. 8, the adjusted anode profile (Rp'') is the result of the adjusted anode profile (Rp') shown in Fig. 7 being contracted along the capacity axis, and the adjusted cathode profile (Rn') is the result of the reference cathode profile (Rn) shown in Fig. 7 being expanded along the capacity axis.

[0186] The positive participation end point (pf'') on the adjusted positive profile (Rp'') corresponds to the positive participation end point (pf') on the adjusted positive profile (Rp'). The negative participation end point (nf') on the adjusted negative profile (Rn') corresponds to the negative participation end point (nf) on the reference negative profile (Rn).

[0187] The capacity range between the positive engagement start point (pi') and the positive engagement end point (pf'') of the regulated positive profile (Rp'') matches the capacity range of the battery profile (BP). Similarly, the capacity range between the negative engagement start point (ni) and the negative engagement end point (nf') of the regulated negative profile (Rn') matches the capacity range of the battery profile (BP).

[0188] In addition, the capacity range between two points (pi', pf'') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp'') matches the capacity range between two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn'). The profile determination unit (120) can generate a comparison profile (S) by subtracting the profile between the two points (pi', pf'') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp'') from the profile between the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn').

[0189] The profile determination unit (120) can calculate the error (profile error) between the comparison profile (S) and the battery profile (BP).

[0190] The profile determination unit (120) can record in the storage unit (140) at least two of the adjusted positive profile (Rp''), the adjusted negative profile (Rn'), the positive participation start point (pi'), the positive participation end point (pf''), the negative participation start point (ni), the negative participation end point (nf'), the first scale factor, the second scale factor, the comparison profile (S), and the profile error by mutually mapping them. The first scale factor can represent a ratio of the capacity difference between two points (pi', pf'') to the capacity difference between two points (pi0, pf0). The second scale factor can represent a ratio of the capacity difference between two points (ni, nf') to the capacity difference between two points (ni0, nf0).

[0191] The profile determination unit (120) can calculate the anode change ratio (ps) based on the reference anode profile (Rp) and the adjusted anode profile (Rp''). Here, the anode change ratio (ps) means the ratio by which the adjusted anode profile is changed with respect to the reference anode profile. In addition, the profile determination unit (120) can calculate the cathode change ratio (ns) based on the reference cathode profile (Rn) and the adjusted anode profile (Rn'). Here, the cathode change ratio (ns) means the ratio by which the adjusted cathode profile is changed with respect to the reference cathode profile.

[0192] For example, the profile determination unit (120) can determine the first scale factor as a positive change rate (ps) and the second scale factor as a negative change rate (ns).

[0193] As described above, when the anode voltage range of the reference anode profile (Rp) is divided into a plurality of micro-voltage sections, the boundary points of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections can be set as the anode participation initiation point (pi).

[0194] For example, if the anode voltage range of the reference anode profile (Rp) is divided into 100 microvoltage ranges, there may be 100 boundary points that can be set as anode participation start points (pi). Furthermore, if the voltage range that is higher than the second set voltage in the reference anode profile (Rp) is divided into 40 microvoltage ranges, there may be 40 boundary points that can be set as anode participation end points (pf). In this case, up to 4,000 different comparison profiles can be generated.

[0195] Of course, those skilled in the art will easily understand that as the size of the micro-voltage section decreases, the maximum number of comparison profiles that can be generated increases, and conversely, as the size of the micro-voltage section increases, the maximum number of comparison profiles that can be generated decreases.

[0196] The profile determination unit (120) can identify the minimum among the profile errors of the plurality of comparison profiles generated as described above, and then obtain information mapped to the minimum profile error (e.g., at least one of the positive participation start point, positive participation end point, negative participation start point, negative participation end point, first scale factor, and second scale factor) from the storage unit (140).

[0197]

[0198] FIGS. 9 to 11 are diagrams that are referenced to explain another example of a procedure for generating a comparison profile (U) used for comparison with a battery profile (BP) according to one embodiment of the present invention. Note that the embodiments according to FIGS. 9 to 11 are independent of the embodiments according to FIGS. 6 to 8 . Therefore, terms or symbols commonly described in describing the embodiments according to FIGS. 6 to 8 and the embodiments according to FIGS. 9 to 11 should be understood as being limited to each embodiment.

[0199] The generation procedure of the comparison profile (U) to be described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 11 is performed in the following order: a fourth routine (see FIG. 9) for performing capacity scaling, a fifth routine (see FIG. 10) for setting four points (positive participation start point, positive participation end point, negative participation start point, negative participation end point), and a sixth routine (see FIG. 11) for performing profile shifting. That is, the generation procedure of the comparison profile (U) according to another embodiment of the present invention includes the fourth to sixth routines.

[0200] Referring to FIG. 9, the reference anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn) are the same as those shown in FIG. 4.

[0201] The profile determination unit (120) applies a first scale factor and a second scale factor selected from a scaling value range to a reference anode profile (Rp) and a reference cathode profile (Rn), respectively, to generate an adjusted anode profile (Rp') and an adjusted cathode profile (Rn').

[0202] The scaling value range may be predetermined or may vary depending on the ratio of the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) to the size of the capacity range of the reference profile (R). For example, when values ​​spaced by 0.1% of the scaling value range (e.g., 90-99%) (i.e., 90%, 90.1%, 90.2%, 98.9%, 99%) can be selected as the first scale factor and the second scale factor, 91 values ​​can be selected as the first scale factor and the second scale factor, respectively. In this case, a maximum of 8,281 adjusted profile pairs can be generated according to 91 χ91 = 8,281 adjustment levels (combinations of the first scale factor and the second scale factor). An adjusted profile pair means a combination of an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0203] The adjusted anode profile (Rp') and the adjusted cathode profile (Rn') illustrated in FIG. 9 illustrate the results of applying a first scale factor and a second scale factor, which are less than 100%, to the reference anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn), respectively.

[0204] Since the first scale factor and the second scale factor are less than 100%, the adjusted anode profile (Rp') is the reference anode profile (Rp) contracted along the horizontal axis, and the adjusted cathode profile (Rn') is also the reference cathode profile (Rn) contracted along the horizontal axis. To facilitate understanding, the starting points of each of the anode profile (Rp) and the reference cathode profile (Rn) are fixed, and only the remaining portion is contracted to the left along the horizontal axis.

[0205]

[0206] Referring to FIG. 10, the profile determination unit (120) determines the positive participation start point (pi'), the positive participation end point (pf'), the negative participation start point (ni'), and the negative participation end point (nf') on the adjusted positive profile (Rp') and the adjusted negative profile (Rn').

[0207] Either the positive engagement start point (pi') or the negative engagement start point (ni') may depend on the other. Furthermore, either the positive engagement end point (pf') or the negative engagement end point (nf') may depend on the other. Furthermore, either the positive engagement start point (pi') or the positive engagement end point (pf') may be set based on the other.

[0208] That is, when any one of the positive engagement start point (pi'), positive engagement end point (pf'), negative engagement start point (ni') and negative engagement end point (nf') is set, the remaining three points can be automatically set by the size of the first set voltage, the second set voltage and / or the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) (e.g., charge capacity of 0 to 100% of SOC).

[0209] For example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the positive voltage range from the starting point to the ending point (or the second set voltage) of the adjusted positive profile (Rp') into a plurality of micro-voltage sections, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as the positive engagement start point (pi'). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set the point, which exists on the adjusted negative profile (Rn) and is higher than the voltage of the positive engagement start point (pi') by a first set voltage (e.g., 3 V), as the negative engagement start point (ni').

[0210] As another example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted negative profile (Rn') into a plurality of micro-voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as the negative participation start point (ni'). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point that exists on the adjusted positive profile (Rp') and is greater than the negative participation start point (ni') by a first set voltage as the positive participation start point (pi').

[0211] As another example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the voltage range from the second set voltage to the end point of the adjusted positive profile (Rp') into a plurality of micro-voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as the positive participation end point (pf'). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set the point that exists on the adjusted negative profile (Rn') and is lower than the voltage of the positive participation end point (pf') by the second set voltage (e.g., 4 V) as the negative participation end point (nf').

[0212] As another example, the profile determination unit (120) may divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted negative profile (Rn') into a plurality of micro-voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent micro-voltage sections among the plurality of micro-voltage sections as the negative participation end point (nf'). Then, the profile determination unit (120) may set the point that exists on the adjusted positive profile (Rp') and is greater than the voltage of the negative participation end point (nf') by a second set voltage as the positive participation end point (pf').

[0213]

[0214] The profile determination unit (120) can additionally determine the remaining three points based on the determined point when one of the positive participation start point (pi'), positive participation end point (pf'), negative participation start point (ni'), and negative participation end point (nf') is determined.

[0215] For example, when the positive participation start point (pi') is first determined, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted positive profile (Rp') that has a capacity value that is greater than the capacity value of the positive participation start point (pi') by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) as the positive participation end point (pf'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may search for a point that is lower than the voltage of the positive participation start point (pi') by a first set voltage from the adjusted negative profile (Rn') and set the searched point as the negative participation start point (ni'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted negative profile (Rn') that has a capacity value that is greater than the capacity value of the negative participation start point (ni') by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) as the negative participation end point (nf').

[0216] As another example, when the positive participation end point (pf') is first determined, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted positive profile (Rp') that has a capacity value that is smaller by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) than the capacity value of the positive participation end point (pf') as the positive participation start point (pi'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may search for a point that is lower by a second set voltage than the voltage of the positive participation end point (pf') from the adjusted negative profile (Rn') and set the searched point as the negative participation end point (nf'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted negative profile (Rn') that has a capacity value that is smaller by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) than the capacity value of the negative participation end point (nf') as the negative participation start point (ni').

[0217] As another example, when the negative participation start point (ni') is determined, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted negative profile (Rn') that has a capacity value that is greater than the capacity value of the negative participation start point (ni') by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) as the negative participation end point (nf'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may search for a point that is higher than the voltage of the negative participation start point (ni') by a first set voltage from the adjusted positive profile (Rp') and set the searched point as the positive participation start point (pi'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted positive profile (Rp') that has a capacity value that is greater than the capacity value of the positive participation start point (pi') by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) as the positive participation end point (pf').

[0218] As another example, when the negative participation end point (nf') is determined, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted negative profile (Rn') that has a capacity value that is smaller by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) than the capacity value of the negative participation end point (nf') as the negative participation start point (ni'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may search for a point that is higher by a second set voltage than the voltage of the negative participation end point (nf') from the adjusted positive profile (Rp') and set the searched point as the positive participation end point (pf'). In addition, the profile determination unit (120) may set a point on the adjusted positive profile (Rp') that has a capacity value that is smaller by the size of the capacity range of the battery profile (BP) than the capacity value of the positive participation end point (pf') as the positive participation start point (pi').

[0219]

[0220] When the determination of the positive participation start point (pi'), the positive participation end point (pf'), the negative participation start point (ni'), and the negative participation end point (nf') is completed based on the pair of the first scale factor and the second scale factor, the profile determination unit (120) can shift at least one of the adjusted positive profile (Rp') and the adjusted negative profile (Rn') to the left or right along the horizontal axis so that the capacity values ​​of the positive participation start point (pi') and the negative participation start point (ni') match, or so that the capacity values ​​of the positive participation end point (pf') and the negative participation end point (nf') match.

[0221] The adjusted cathode profile (Rn'') illustrated in Fig. 11 is only the adjusted cathode profile (Rn') illustrated in Fig. 10 shifted to the right. Accordingly, the capacity values ​​of the positive participation start point (pi') and the negative participation start point (ni'') are matched with each other. In this regard, since the capacity difference between the positive participation start point (pi') and the positive participation end point (pf') is the same as the capacity difference between the negative participation start point (ni') and the negative participation end point (nf'), when the capacity values ​​of the positive participation start point (pi') and the negative participation start point (ni'') are matched with each other, the capacity values ​​of the positive participation end point (pf') and the negative participation end point (nf') also become matched with each other.

[0222] Referring to FIG. 11, the profile determination unit (120) can generate a comparison profile (U) by subtracting a partial profile between two points (pi', pf') of the adjustment positive profile (Rp') from a partial profile between two points (ni'', nf'') of the adjustment negative profile (Rn'').

[0223] The profile determination unit (120) can calculate the error (profile error) between the comparison profile (U) and the battery profile (BP).

[0224] The profile determination unit (120) can map at least two of the adjusted positive profile (Rp'), the adjusted negative profile (Rn''), the positive participation start point (pi'), the positive participation end point (pf'), the negative participation start point (ni''), the negative participation end point (nf''), the first scale factor, the second scale factor, the comparison profile (U), and the profile error to each other, and record them in the storage unit (140).

[0225] The profile determination unit (120) can calculate the anode change ratio (ps) based on the reference anode profile (Rp) and the adjusted anode profile (Rp'). Here, the anode change ratio (ps) means the ratio by which the adjusted anode profile is changed with respect to the reference anode profile. In addition, the profile determination unit (120) can calculate the cathode change ratio (ns) based on the reference cathode profile (Rn) and the adjusted anode profile (Rn''). Here, the cathode change ratio (ns) means the ratio by which the adjusted cathode profile is changed with respect to the reference cathode profile.

[0226] For example, the profile determination unit (120) can determine the first scale factor as a positive change rate (ps) and the second scale factor as a negative change rate (ns).

[0227] As described above, the profile determination unit (120) can generate a corresponding comparison profile for each pair of the first scale factor and the second scale factor selected from the scaling value range. Since there are multiple pairs of the first scale factor and the second scale factor, it is obvious that multiple comparison profiles will also be generated. The profile determination unit (120) can identify the minimum value among the profile errors of the multiple comparison profiles, and then obtain information mapped to the minimum profile error from the storage unit (140).

[0228]

[0229] The battery management device (100) according to the present invention can be applied to a BMS (Battery Management System). That is, the BMS according to the present invention can include the battery management device (100) described above. In this configuration, at least some of the components of the battery management device (100) can be implemented by supplementing or adding to the functions of the components included in a conventional BMS. For example, the profile acquisition unit (110), the profile determination unit (120), the control unit (130), and the storage unit (140) of the battery management device (100) can be implemented as components of the BMS.

[0230] Additionally, the battery management device (100) according to the present invention may be provided in a battery pack. That is, the battery pack according to the present invention may include the battery management device (100) described above and one or more battery cells. Additionally, the battery pack may further include electrical components (relays, fuses, etc.) and a case.

[0231] FIG. 12 is a drawing showing an exemplary configuration of a battery pack (10) according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0232] The positive terminal of the battery (11) can be connected to the positive terminal (P+) of the battery pack (10), and the negative terminal of the battery (11) can be connected to the negative terminal (P-) of the battery pack (10).

[0233] The measuring unit (20) may be connected to a first sensing line (SL1), a second sensing line (SL2), and a third sensing line (SL3). For example, the measuring unit (20) may be connected to a positive terminal of the battery (11) through the first sensing line (SL1), and may be connected to a negative terminal of the battery (11) through the second sensing line (SL2). The measuring unit (20) may measure the voltage of the battery (11) based on the voltage measured at each of the first sensing line (SL1) and the second sensing line (SL2).

[0234] And, the measuring unit (20) can be connected to the current measuring unit (A) through the third sensing line (SL3). For example, the current measuring unit (A) can be an ammeter or a shunt resistor capable of measuring the charging current and discharging current of the battery (11). The measuring unit (20) can measure the charging current of the battery (11) through the third sensing line (SL3) to calculate the charging amount. In addition, the measuring unit (20) can measure the discharging current of the battery (11) through the third sensing line (SL3) to calculate the discharging amount.

[0235] An external device (not shown) may have one end connected to the positive terminal (P+) of the battery pack (10) and the other end connected to the negative terminal (P-) of the battery pack (10). Accordingly, the positive terminal of the battery (11), the positive terminal (P+) of the battery pack (10), the external device, the negative terminal (P-) of the battery pack (10), and the negative terminal of the battery (11) may be electrically connected.

[0236] For example, the external device may be a charger or a load such as a motor of an electric vehicle that is powered by a battery (11).

[0237]

[0238] Fig. 13 is a schematic drawing of a vehicle (1) according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0239] Referring to FIG. 13, a battery pack (10) according to an embodiment of the present invention may be included in a vehicle (1), such as an electric vehicle (EV) or a hybrid vehicle (HV). Here, the battery pack (10) described above may be applied. In addition, the battery pack (10) may drive the vehicle (1) by supplying power to a motor through an inverter provided in the vehicle (1). Here, the battery pack (10) may include a battery management device (100) according to an embodiment of the present invention. That is, the vehicle (1) may include a battery management device (100).

[0240]

[0241] FIG. 14 is a diagram schematically illustrating a battery management method according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0242] Referring to FIG. 14, the battery management method may include a profile acquisition step (S100), a profile determination step (S200), a lithium loss rate and negative electrode reaction rate calculation step (S300), a positive electrode reaction rate calculation step (S400), a calculation value comparison step (S500), and a battery use condition setting step (S600).

[0243] Each step of the battery management method described above can be performed by the battery management device (100). In the following, for convenience of explanation, any content that overlaps with the previously described content will be omitted or briefly described.

[0244] The profile acquisition step (S100) is a step of acquiring a battery profile indicating a correspondence between the voltage and capacity of the battery, and can be performed by the profile acquisition unit (110).

[0245] The profile determination step (S200) is a step of determining the positive and negative profiles of the battery by adjusting the preset reference positive and negative profiles to correspond to the battery profile, and can be performed by the profile determination unit (120).

[0246] The lithium loss rate and negative electrode reaction rate calculation step (S300) is a step of calculating the lithium loss rate of the battery based on the positive electrode profile of the battery and calculating the negative electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the battery profile, and can be performed by the control unit (130).

[0247] According to one embodiment, the control unit (130) may be configured to extract a positive electrode engagement start point (pi) from a positive electrode profile (PP) of the battery as a diagnostic factor, and calculate a lithium loss rate of the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor, a preset reference start point, and a preset reference end point.

[0248] According to one embodiment, the control unit (130) may be configured to calculate a lithium loss rate based on a target value of a positive electrode start point extracted as a diagnostic factor, a positive electrode start value of a positive electrode start point, and a positive electrode end value of a positive electrode end point.

[0249] For example, the control unit (130) can calculate the lithium loss rate using Equation 6 below. Equation 6 may be substantially the same as Equation 1 described above.

[0250] [Formula 6]

[0251]

[0252] Here, K Li represents the lithium loss rate, and pi MOL represents the target value of the starting point of bipolar participation, and pi BOL represents the positive reference starting value, and pf BOL represents the positive reference end value.

[0253] As another example, the control unit (130) can calculate the lithium loss rate using Equation 7 below. Equation 7 may be substantially the same as Equation 2 described above.

[0254] [Formula 7]

[0255]

[0256] Here, K Li represents the lithium loss rate, and pi MOL represents the target value of the starting point of bipolar participation, and pi BOL represents the positive reference starting value, and ni BOL represents the negative reference starting value, and nf BOL represents the negative reference end value.

[0257] In one embodiment, the control unit (130) may calculate a capacity difference between a charge capacity and a discharge capacity. Furthermore, the control unit (130) may be configured to update the accumulated capacity difference by adding the calculated capacity difference to a preset accumulated capacity difference. The control unit (130) may preset the accumulated capacity difference by accumulating capacity differences determined in each of the previous charge / discharge cycles of the battery. The control unit (130) may then divide the updated accumulated capacity difference by a preset reference capacity to calculate the negative electrode reaction rate.

[0258] For example, the control unit (130) can calculate the cathode reaction rate using Equations 8 and 9. Equations 8 and 9 may be substantially the same as Equations 3 and 4 described above, respectively.

[0259] [Formula 8]

[0260]

[0261] Here, Q accum_n represents the cumulative capacity difference. And, n represents the number of charge / discharge cycles at present (at the time of calculating the negative electrode reaction rate), and Q ch represents the charging capacity, and Q dchrepresents the discharge capacity, (Q ch_i -Q dch_i ) represents the capacity difference in the ith charge / discharge cycle.

[0262] [Formula 9]

[0263]

[0264] Here, K ASR represents the negative electrode reaction rate, and Q1 represents the reference capacity.

[0265] The positive electrode reaction rate calculation step (S400) is a step of calculating the positive electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the lithium loss rate and the negative electrode reaction rate, and can be performed by the control unit (130).

[0266] According to one embodiment, the control unit (130) may be configured to calculate the difference between the negative electrode reaction rate and the lithium loss rate to derive the positive electrode reaction rate.

[0267] For example, the control unit (130) can calculate the anode reaction rate using Equation 10. Equation 10 can be substantially the same as Equation 5 described above.

[0268] [Formula 10]

[0269]

[0270] Here, K CSR represents the anode reaction rate, and K ASR represents the negative electrode reaction rate, and K Li represents the lithium loss rate. For example, K ASR is the negative electrode reaction rate according to Equation 9, and K Li is the lithium loss rate according to Equation 6 or Equation 7.

[0271] Thereafter, the control unit (130) compares the calculated positive electrode side reaction rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and lithium loss rate with preset reference values, and if the comparison result exceeds the respective reference values ​​(S500; YES), the battery usage conditions can be set (S600). By appropriately setting the battery usage conditions, battery degradation or accelerated degradation can be prevented or suppressed. In addition, by changing the settings if necessary through non-destructive diagnosis of the degree of degradation after using the battery for a certain period of time, the safety of the battery can also be substantially improved. Meanwhile, if the calculated positive electrode side reaction rate, negative electrode side reaction rate, and lithium loss rate do not exceed the respective reference values ​​(S500; NO), the process returns to the previous step (e.g., step S100) to obtain a new battery profile and repeat the above steps.

[0272]

[0273] The embodiments of the present invention described above are not implemented only through devices and methods, but may also be implemented through a program that realizes a function corresponding to the configuration of the embodiments of the present invention or a recording medium on which the program is recorded, and such implementation can be easily implemented by an expert in the technical field to which the present invention belongs based on the description of the embodiments described above.

[0274] Although the present invention has been described above with reference to limited embodiments and drawings, the present invention is not limited thereto, and it is obvious that various modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the technical idea of ​​the present invention and the equivalent scope of the patent claims to be described below by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains.

[0275] In addition, the present invention described above is not limited to the above-described embodiments and the attached drawings, and all or part of each embodiment may be selectively combined and configured so that various modifications can be made, as those skilled in the art can make various substitutions, modifications, and changes within the scope of the technical idea of ​​the present invention.

[0276]

[0277] [Explanation of symbols]

[0278] 1: Car

[0279] 10: Battery pack

[0280] 100: Battery management device

[0281] 110: Profile acquisition section

[0282] 120: Profile Decision Section

[0283] 130: Control unit

[0284] 140: Storage

Claims

1. A profile acquisition unit configured to acquire a battery profile indicating a correspondence between the voltage and capacity of the battery; A profile determination unit configured to determine the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery by adjusting the preset reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile; and A battery management device including a control unit configured to calculate a lithium loss rate of the battery based on a positive electrode profile of the battery, calculate a negative electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the battery profile, and calculate a positive electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the lithium loss rate and the negative electrode reaction rate.

2. In paragraph 1, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to calculate the positive electrode side reaction rate by calculating the difference between the negative electrode side reaction rate and the lithium loss rate.

3. In paragraph 1, The above battery profile is, A battery management device configured to include a charge profile indicating a correspondence between the voltage and the capacity during a charging process of the battery, and a discharge profile indicating a correspondence between the voltage and the capacity during a discharging process of the battery.

4. In paragraph 3, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to calculate a charge capacity of the battery from the charge profile, calculate a discharge capacity of the battery from the discharge profile, and calculate the negative electrode reaction rate based on the charge capacity and the discharge capacity.

5. In paragraph 4, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to calculate a capacity difference between the charge capacity and the discharge capacity, add the calculated capacity difference to a preset cumulative capacity difference to update the cumulative capacity difference, and calculate the negative electrode reaction rate based on the updated cumulative capacity difference.

6. In paragraph 5, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to calculate the negative electrode reaction rate by dividing the above updated accumulated capacity difference by a preset reference capacity.

7. In paragraph 6, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to preset the accumulated capacity difference by adding up the capacity difference determined in each of the previous charge / discharge cycles of the battery.

8. In paragraph 3, The above profile determination part, A battery management device configured to adjust the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the above discharge profile.

9. In paragraph 1, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to extract a cathode involvement initiation point from a cathode profile of the battery as a diagnostic factor, and calculate a lithium loss rate of the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor, a preset reference initiation point, and a preset reference end point.

10. In paragraph 9, The above reference starting point includes a positive reference starting point, and the above reference ending point includes a positive reference ending point, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to calculate the lithium loss rate based on the target value of the above-mentioned extracted diagnostic factor, the positive reference starting value of the positive reference starting point, and the positive reference ending value of the positive reference ending point.

11. In paragraph 9, The above reference starting point includes a positive reference starting point and a negative reference starting point, and the above reference ending point includes a negative reference ending point, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to calculate the lithium loss rate based on the target value of the above-mentioned extracted diagnostic factor, the positive reference starting value of the positive reference starting point, the negative reference starting value of the negative reference starting point, and the negative reference ending value of the negative reference ending point.

12. In paragraph 1, The above control unit, A battery management device configured to set usage conditions for the battery based on at least one of the positive electrode side reaction rate, the negative electrode side reaction rate, and the lithium loss rate.

13. A battery pack comprising a battery management device according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

14. A vehicle including a battery management device according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

15. A profile acquisition step for acquiring a battery profile indicating the correspondence between the voltage and capacity of the battery; A profile determination step for determining the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery by adjusting the preset reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile to correspond to the battery profile; A lithium loss rate and negative electrode reaction rate calculation step for calculating a lithium loss rate of the battery based on the positive electrode profile of the battery and calculating a negative electrode reaction rate of the battery based on the battery profile; and A battery management method including a positive electrode side reaction rate calculation step of calculating a positive electrode side reaction rate of the battery based on the lithium loss rate and the negative electrode side reaction rate.

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