Systems and processes for reconstructing frequency bands of seismic data
The method addresses the inaccuracies in seismic data processing by transforming and reconstructing seismic data windows, improving the accuracy of seismic imaging and well planning through enhanced velocity modeling and target identification.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/071565
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-17
AI Technical Summary
Existing seismic data processing methods, such as full waveform inversion (FWI), require a good initial velocity model and are prone to cycle-skipping issues, leading to inaccurate results when unreliable frequencies are present, which hinders the accurate imaging of subsurface structures and identification of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
A method and system for reconstructing seismic data by transforming seismic data windows using frequency-wavenumber and frequency-slowness transforms, updating components in different frequency bands, and performing inverse transforms to form a reconstructed seismic data set, which enhances the accuracy of seismic imaging and velocity modeling.
The method improves the quality of seismic data by reducing noise and distortion, enabling more accurate seismic imaging and identification of drilling targets, including hydrocarbon reservoirs and avoiding drilling hazards, thereby enhancing the precision of well planning and drilling operations.
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Figure CN2024071565_17072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR RECONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY BANDS OF SEISMIC DATABACKGROUND
[0001] Seismic imaging is a tool to reveal the structure of rocks within the subsurface. A seismic acquisition system may be used to acquire data with which image the subsurface. During such a seismic survey, a seismic source may be used to send seismic waves through the subsurface which are reflected off of geologic boundaries such as interfaces of different formations and faults. The reflected seismic waves are recorded by seismic receivers and all the recorded seismic traces are formed into a seismic data set. The seismic data set may be processed using various processing steps such as noise attenuation, migration, and stacking. The seismic data set may need an accurate seismic wave propagation velocity model to ensure a seismic image derived from the seismic data is useful. An initial velocity model may be derived using seismic processing steps. Full waveform inversion (FWI) is a velocity model building process that may provide a detailed velocity model, however, it requires a sufficiently accurate initial velocity model to function effectively. In addition, FWI may suffer from cycle-skipping problems, and converge to an inaccurate result, if some of the input frequencies are unreliable. A method to reconstruct the unreliable frequencies would be useful to potentially improve the processed seismic data.
[0002] The seismic image might be used to identify drilling targets such as hydrocarbon reservoirs. The hydrocarbon reservoirs might be produced for hydrocarbons if they are found. The seismic image might also be used to identify drilling hazards and to plan a well path to avoid such hazards and to penetrate the drilling targets.SUMMARY
[0003] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0004] In general, in one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for reconstructing a frequency band of seismic data. The method may include obtaining, using a seismic acquisition system, a seismic data set pertaining to a subterranean region of interest. The seismic data set may include a plurality of seismic traces arranged into a plurality of seismic gathers. For each seismic gather, the method may include selecting, using a seismic processing system, a plurality of seismic data windows. Each seismic data window may include a portion of the seismic gather lying between a first recording time and a second recording time. For each seismic data window, the method may include determining a frequency-wavenumber seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the seismic data window using a first transform. The method may include determining a frequency-slowness seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the frequency-wavenumber seismic window using a second transform. The frequency-slowness seismic window may include a slowness. For each slowness, the method may include updating components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band based, at least in part, on using components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a second frequency band. The method may include determining a filtered seismic data window based, at least in part, on performing a first inverse transform and a second inverse transform. The method may include forming a reconstructed seismic data set from the plurality of filtered seismic data windows.
[0005] In general, in one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for reconstructing a frequency band of seismic data. The system may include a seismic acquisition system and a seismic processing system. The seismic acquisition system may be configured to obtain a seismic data set pertaining to a subterranean region of interest. The seismic data set may include a plurality of seismic traces arranged into a plurality of seismic gathers. The seismic processing system may be configured to, for each seismic gather, select a plurality of seismic data windows. Each seismic data window may include a portion of the seismic gather lying between a first recording time and a second recording time. For each seismic data window, the seismic processing system may be configured to determine a frequency-wavenumber seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the seismic data window using a first transform. The seismic processing system may also be configured to determine a frequency-slowness seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the frequency-wavenumber seismic window using a second transform. The frequency-slowness seismic window may include a slowness. For each slowness, the seismic processing system may be configured to update components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band based, at least in part, on using components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a second frequency band. The seismic processing system may further be configured to determine a filtered seismic data window based, at least in part, on performing a first inverse transform and a second inverse transform, and to form a reconstructed seismic data set from the plurality of filtered seismic data windows.
[0006] Other aspects and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0007] Specific embodiments of the disclosed technology will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures. Like elements in the various figures are denoted by like reference numerals for consistency.
[0008] FIG. 1 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates a well drilling system in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 3 illustrates a seismic acquisition system for imaging a subterranean region of interest in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 4A-H illustrates seismic ray paths and traces organized into gathers in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0012] FIG. 5A shows seismic waveforms in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0013] FIG. 5B shows seismic spectra in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0014] FIG. 6A shows seismic waveforms in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0015] FIG. 6B shows seismic spectra in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0016] FIG. 7A shows seismic spectra in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0017] FIG. 7B shows seismic spectra in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0018] FIG. 8A-8B shows seismic waveforms in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0019] FIG. 9A-C shows seismic waveforms in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0020] FIG. 10 shows a schematic of portions of a seismic data set in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0021] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0022] FIG. 12 depicts a computer system in accordance with one or more embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] In the following detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description.
[0024] Throughout the application, ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third, etc. ) may be used as an adjective for an element (i.e., any noun in the application) . The use of ordinal numbers is not to imply or create any particular ordering of the elements nor to limit any element to being only a single element unless expressly disclosed, such as using the terms “before, ” “after, ” “single, ” and other such terminology. Rather, the use of ordinal numbers is to distinguish between the elements. By way of an example, a first element is distinct from a second element, and the first element may encompass more than one element and succeed (or precede) the second element in an ordering of elements.
[0025] In the following description of FIGs. 1-12, any component described with regard to a figure, in various embodiments disclosed herein, may be equivalent to one or more like-named components described with regard to any other figure. For brevity, descriptions of these components will not be repeated with regard to each figure. Thus, each and every embodiment of the components of each figure is incorporated by reference and assumed to be optionally present within every other figure having one or more like-named components. Additionally, in accordance with various embodiments disclosed herein, any description of the components of a figure is to be interpreted as an optional embodiment which may be implemented in addition to, in conjunction with, or in place of the embodiments described with regard to a corresponding like-named component in any other figure.
[0026] It is to be understood that the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “aseismic data set” includes reference to one or more of such seismic data sets.
[0027] Terms such as “approximately, ” “substantially, ” etc., mean that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide.
[0028] It is to be understood that one or more of the steps shown in the flowcharts may be omitted, repeated, and / or performed in a different order than the order shown. Accordingly, the scope disclosed herein should not be considered limited to the specific arrangement of steps shown in the flowcharts.
[0029] Although multiple dependent claims are not introduced, it would be apparent to one of ordinary skill that the subject matter of the dependent claims of one or more embodiments may be combined with other dependent claims.
[0030] To aid in locating hydrocarbon reservoirs and identifying drilling targets, seismic data may often be acquired and processed to generate images of the subsurface. Producing high quality images typically requires an accurate model of the velocity of seismic wave propagation within the subsurface. Full waveform inversion ( “FWI” ) produces some of the most accurate velocity models available, by fitting predicted seismic data to observed seismic data over a range of frequencies. However, FWI inversion itself requires a good initial velocity model as a starting point from which to produce an accurate and high-resolution result. Precisely how good the initial velocity model needs to be may depend on the lowest useable frequencies present the observed seismic data. Seismic data with good (high signal to noise ratio) low frequency data require less good initial velocity models than seismic data with poor low frequency data for FWI to produce accurate results.
[0031] FIG. 1 depicts a flowchart (100) in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 1 illustrates the steps of acquiring remote sensing data, processing the remote sensing data, forming a geological model (112) , optionally simulating the flow of fluids, including hydrocarbons, though the geological model (112) , the planning of wellbores including their surface position, trajectories, and targets, and the drilling of those wellbores. Although the steps in flowchart (100) are shown in sequential order, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, that some steps may be conducted in parallel, or in a different order than shown, or may be omitted without departing form the scope of the invention.
[0032] For example, flowchart (100) may begin with the use of a seismic acquisition system (300) to acquire a seismic data set (102) over a subterranean region of interest (222) . The seismic acquisition system (300) will be described in more detail in the context of FIG. 3, and an example of a portion of the seismic data set (102) is shown in FIG. 5A. Other remote sensing data sets may also be collected at this stage to characterize the subterranean region of interest (222) . For example, resistivity, transient electromagnetic, and / or gravitation surveys may be collected.
[0033] The seismic data set (102) contains seismic recordings that are influenced by geologic boundaries (215) of the subterranean region of interest (222) . However, seismic data sets (102) also contain a wide variety of noise and distortion and do not in its unprocessed “raw” form display significant useful information about the subterranean region of interest (222) . Consequently, seismic data sets (102) are typically processed to remove or attenuate noise and to correctly locate geologic boundaries (215) that reflect seismic waves ( “seismic reflectors” in two-dimensional ( “2D” ) or three-dimensional ( “3D” ) space within the subterranean region of interest (222) .
[0034] To determine earth structure, including the presence of hydrocarbons, seismic data sets (102) must be processed. Processing a seismic data set includes a sequence of steps designed to correct for near-surface effects, attenuate noise, compensate for irregularities in the seismic survey geometry, calculate a seismic velocity model, image reflectors in the subterranean region of interest (222) and calculate a plurality of seismic attributes to characterize the subterranean region of interest (222) to determine drilling targets. Each of these steps may be accompanied by one or more quality control steps. Critical steps in processing seismic data include beam forming and seismic migration. Seismic migration is a process by which seismic events are re-located in either space or time to their true subsurface positions.
[0035] It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that seismic data sets (102) are extremely large, typically occupying hundreds of Terabytes or more than a Petabyte in size, (corresponding to between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) data samples) and cannot be manipulated or “processed” without the assistance of a purpose configured seismic processing system (105) .
[0036] The seismic processing system (105) may include a computer system, such as the computer system (1200) shown in FIG. 12. However, the seismic processing system (105) will typically be configured with appropriate seismic processing software and augmented with a number of purpose specific elements, such as high-capacity tape drives or hard drives connected through high-speed buses to computer processing units ( “CPUs” ) . Further the CPUs of the seismic processing system (105) will typically be connected to a plurality of graphical processing units ( “GPUs” ) that perform many of the computationally intensive operations on the seismic data set (102) , banks of high-speed tape, or hard-drive, readers to read the data from storage, high-speed tape or hard-drive writers to output final or intermediate results, and high-speed communication buses to connect these elements.
[0037] One result of processing the seismic data set (102) with the seismic processing system (105) may be the seismic velocity model (107) . The seismic processing system (105) may be configured to determine the seismic velocity model (107) by processes such as performing semblance velocity analysis, tomography, full waveform inversion, or combination thereof on seismic data sets such as a reconstructed seismic data set.
[0038] Another result of processing a seismic data set (102) with the seismic processing system (105) may be a seismic image (108) . The seismic processing system (105) may be configured to determine the seismic image (108) of the subterranean region of interest (222) based, at least in part, on the seismic velocity model (107) and the seismic data set (102) . The seismic image (108) may be a 2D or 3D image of the points within the subsurface that generate a distinctive seismic response. For example, the seismic image (108) may display the points at which seismic energy is reflected, or scattered, within the subsurface. Other seismic characteristic or “attributes” of the subsurface may be displayed as the seismic image (108) . For example, the strength of conversion of energy from one type of seismic wave to another, or the strength of absorption of seismic energy, or the velocity of seismic propagation may be displayed as a function of subsurface position in the seismic image (108) . The examples of seismic attributes given above are purely illustrative, and a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that anyone of dozens of other attributes may be displayed as the seismic image (108) and the examples described should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.
[0039] The seismic image (108) is an image, typically composed of pixels of varying intensity, and is not itself a model of the geological structure of the subterranean region of interest (222) to which it pertains. To determine the geological structure corresponding to, or that produced, the seismic image (108) the seismic image (108) is typically “interpreted” using a seismic interpretation workstation (110) .
[0040] The seismic interpretation workstation (110) is primarily used by geoscientists, seismic interpreters, and exploration teams in the oil and gas industry for analyzing seismic data to understand subsurface geological structures. Seismic interpreters use the workstation to visualize seismic data, including 2D and 3D seismic volumes, cross-sections, time slices, and attribute maps. These visualizations provide insights into subsurface structures, faults, and potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. Additional data may be used within the seismic interpretation workstation (110) to facilitate the interpretation of the seismic data set (102) . Such additional data may include well logs acquired from previously drilled wells and acquired either while-drilling or via wireline conveyed well logging tools after drilling. Such data may also include non-seismic remote sensing data sets such as resistivity, transient electromagnetic, and / or gravitational surveys.
[0041] Interpreters may pick and interpret key geological horizons within seismic data to identify stratigraphic layers, boundaries, and structural features. Horizon interpretation tools and workflows allow for the accurate extraction of geological information from seismic volumes. For example, a seismic interpretation workstation (110) enables interpreters to identify and interpret subsurface faults that may impact hydrocarbon reservoirs. Fault interpretation tools and visualization techniques help in understanding fault geometry, connectivity, and spatial relationships. Seismic attributes, such as amplitude, frequency, and gradient, provide additional information about subsurface properties and can be analyzed using various algorithms and statistical methods. Attribute analysis tools in the workstation aid in defining reservoir characteristics, identifying anomalies, and highlighting potential hydrocarbon traps.
[0042] Interpreters may use the seismic interpretation workstation (110) to build 3D geological models (112) by integrating seismic data with well-log data, geological knowledge, and other geophysical information. These geological models (112) help in estimating reservoir properties, optimizing well locations, and predicting hydrocarbon distribution. Interpreters may analyze and characterize hydrocarbon reservoirs by integrating different data sources, including seismic data, well logs, production data, and seismic inversion results. Workstations provide tools for reservoir property estimation, quantitative analysis, and reservoir performance evaluation.
[0043] The seismic interpretation workstation (110) may facilitate prospect generation and evaluation, where interpreters identify and assess areas with high hydrocarbon exploration potential. They can perform detailed geological and geophysical analysis, identify drilling targets, and quantify the risk and uncertainty associated with potential prospects. Finally, workstations enable interpreters to collaborate with team members, share interpretation results, and communicate findings effectively. Interpretation software allows for the creation of reports, annotated images, and presentations to communicate geological interpretations to stakeholders.
[0044] The seismic interpretation workstation (110) are essential tools for geoscientists involved in exploration and production activities, helping them make informed decisions about drilling locations, optimize production strategies, and understand complex subsurface geological structures. The seismic interpretation workstation (110) may be a specialized computer system used by geoscientists and seismic interpreters for analyzing and interpreting seismic data.
[0045] Seismic interpretation involves intensive tasks like data visualization, horizon picking, attribute analysis, and 3D modeling. A high-performance seismic interpretation workstation (110) with a powerful processor, ample memory, and a high-resolution display is essential to handle these computationally demanding tasks efficiently. Dedicated GPUs may be crucial for real-time rendering of seismic data, enabling smooth and interactive visualization. GPUs with high memory and parallel processing capabilities accelerate tasks like volume rendering and horizon visualization.
[0046] Seismic interpretation often involves working with large and complex data sets. Multiple high-resolution monitors allow interpreters to view seismic data, cross-sections, time slices, attribute maps, and other visualizations simultaneously, enhancing productivity and analysis accuracy. The seismic interpretation workstation (110) may be equipped with industry-standard software applications tailored for seismic interpretation, such as seismic data processing and visualization tools, horizon and fault interpretation systems, attribute analysis software, and 3D modeling software.
[0047] Seismic processing and interpretation projects generate substantial amounts of data, including seismic volumes, processed data such as seismic images (108) and seismic attributes, seismic velocity models (107) , and interpretation results such as geological models (112) . A high-capacity and fast storage system, such as solid-state drives (SSDs) or RAID arrays, is necessary to store and access this data efficiently. The seismic processing system (105) and seismic interpretation workstation (110) often require network connectivity to access centralized data repositories, collaborate with colleagues, and share interpretation results. A robust network infrastructure with fast Ethernet or fiber connections ensures smooth data transfer and collaboration capabilities. The seismic interpretation workstation (110) is configured to identify drilling targets based on the seismic image (108) .
[0048] Essential peripherals like keyboards, mice, and graphics tablets enable efficient interaction with data and software interfaces. The seismic interpretation workstation (110) may be augmented with purpose specific peripherals such as high capability display devices that may include immersive or virtual reality devices, such as virtual-reality headsets or immersive “caves” . Additionally, color-calibrated, and high-accuracy input devices enhance the precision of interpretation tasks like picking horizons or drawing geological features. The seismic interpretation workstation (110) should have backup solutions in place to protect valuable data from loss or damage. Automated backup systems, external storage devices, or network-attached storage (NAS) can be utilized to ensure data safety. In some cases, seismic interpreters may need remote access to the seismic interpretation workstation (110) or collaborate with colleagues remotely. Setting up remote access capabilities, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) or remote desktop solutions, allows interpreters to work from different locations and share their work effectively. The seismic interpretation workstation (110) may be customized to meet the needs of interpreters and the specific requirements of projects. The hardware specifications may vary based on factors like the complexity of interpretations, the size of data sets, and the software tools utilized.
[0049] The result of interpreting the seismic image (108) may be the geological model (112) of the subsurface, including reservoir models of hydrocarbon reservoirs within the subterranean region of interest (222) . Geological models (112) may include the locations of geological interfaces, such as the boundary between volumes ( “formations” ) containing different rock types ( “facies” ) , and faults and fractures. Geological models (112) may also include descriptions of the characteristics of the different facies including characteristics such as porosity and permeability, and the relative amounts of different fluids, such as gas, oil, and brine, within the pores in each facies.
[0050] In some embodiments, the geological models (112) may be used directly to create a well plan (114) using the well planning system (250) . The well plan (114) may contain drilling targets, often geologic regions expected to contain hydrocarbons. The well planning system (250) is configured to design the well plan (114) to penetrate any drilling targets while simultaneously avoiding drilling hazard, such as preexisting wellbores, shallow gas pockets, and fault zones, and not exceeding the constraints, such as torque, drag and wellbore curvature, of the well drilling system (200) . Similarly, the well plan (114) may include a determination of wellbore caliper, and casing points.
[0051] The well planning system (250) may include dedicated software stored on a memory of the computer system (1200) . The well plan (114) may be informed by the best available information at the time of planning. This may include models encapsulating subterranean stress conditions, the trajectory of any existing wellbores (which may be desirable to avoid) , and the existence of other drilling hazards, such as shallow gas pockets, over-pressure zones, and active fault planes.
[0052] While the well plan (114) is formed using the best available information at the time at which it is formed, additional information may become available when drilling the wellbore (217) specified by the well plan (114) . For example, well logs providing new information about the reservoir structure and characteristic may be acquired while drilling (so-called “logging-while-drilling” (LWD) logs or during drilling pauses in, or at the completion of drilling of, the wellbore (217) specified by the well plan (114) . These well logs acquired during pauses or at the cessation of drilling may be acquired using wireline or coiled tubing conveyed logging tools. However acquired, these new wells may be used to update the geological models (112) with the aid of the seismic interpretation workstation (110) . A well drilling system, for example the well drilling system (200) described in FIG. 2 and accompanying description, is configured to drill the wellbore (217) guided by the well plan (114) .
[0053] FIG. 2 shows a well drilling system (200) in accordance with one or more embodiments. Although the well drilling system (200) shown in FIG. 1 is used to drill a wellbore (217) on land, the well drilling system (200) may also be a marine well drilling system. The example of the well drilling system (200) shown in FIG. 2 is not meant to limit the present disclosure.
[0054] As shown in FIG. 2, a wellbore path (202) may be drilled by a drill bit (204) attached by a drillstring (206) to a drill rig located on the surface of the earth (207) . The drill rig may include framework, such as a derrick (208) to hold drilling machinery. The top drive (210) sits at the top of the derrick (208) and provides torque, typically a clockwise torque, via the drive shaft (212) to the drillstring (206) in order to drill the wellbore (217) . The wellbore (217) may traverse one or more overburden (214) layers and a cap-rock (216) layer to a hydrocarbon reservoir (205) within the subterranean region of interest (222) having a geologic boundary (215) . The drillstring (206) may include one or more drill pipes connected to form conduit and a bottom hole assembly ( “BHA” ) (220) disposed at the distal end of the drillstring (206) . The BHA (220) may include the drill bit (204) to cut into subsurface rock (203) , including cap-rock (216) . The BHA (220) may further include measurement tools, such as a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool and logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool. MWD tools may include sensors and hardware to measure downhole drilling parameters, such as the azimuth and inclination of the drill bit (204) , the weight-on-bit, and the torque. The LWD measurements may include sensors, such as resistivity, gamma ray, and neutron density sensors, to characterize the subsurface rock (203) surrounding the wellbore (217) . Both MWD and LWD measurements may be transmitted to the surface of the earth (207) using any suitable telemetry system known in the art, such as a mud-pulse or by wired-drill pipe.
[0055] In accordance with one or more embodiments, a seismic data set may be used to plan the wellbore (217) including the wellbore path (202) and drill the wellbore (217) guided by the wellbore path (202) . The wellbore path (202) may be a curved wellbore path, or a straight wellbore path. All or part of the wellbore path (202) may be vertical, and some wellbore paths may be deviated or have horizontal sections. The wellbore path (202) may further still include wellbore geometry information such as wellbore diameter and inclination angle and when each of these change along the depth of the wellbore (217) .
[0056] Prior to the commencement of drilling, a well plan may be generated using a well planning system (250) . The well plan may include a starting surface location of the wellbore (217) , or a subsurface location within an existing wellbore, from which the wellbore (217) may be drilled. Further, the well plan may include a terminal location that may intersect with a drilling target (218) , e.g., a targeted hydrocarbon-bearing formation, and a planned wellbore path from the starting location to the terminal location. In other words, the wellbore path (202) may intersect a previously located hydrocarbon reservoir (205) .
[0057] The well planning system (250) may comprise a computer system such as the one described in reference to FIG. 12. The computer system may comprise one or more computer processors in communication with computer memory containing geophysical and geomechanical models, seismic data sets, information relating to drilling hazards, and constraints imposed by the limitations of the drillstring (206) and the well drilling system (200) . The well planning system (250) may further include dedicated software to determine the well plan and associated drilling parameters, such as the planned wellbore diameter, the location of planned changes of the wellbore diameter, the planned depths at which casing (224) will be inserted to support the wellbore (217) and to prevent formation fluids entering the wellbore (217) , and the drilling mud weights (densities) and types that may be used during drilling the wellbore (217) . If casing (224) is used, the well plan may include casing type or casing depths. Furthermore, the well plan may consider other engineering constraints such as the maximum wellbore curvature ( “dog-leg” ) that the drillstring (206) of the well drilling system (200) may tolerate and the maximum torque and drag values that the well drilling system (200) may provide. The well plan may further define associated drilling parameters, such as the planned depths at which drilling may be paused and casing (224) will be inserted to support the wellbore (217) to prevent formation fluids entering the wellbore (217) and the drilling mud weights (densities) and types that may be used during drilling of the wellbore (217) .
[0058] FIG. 3 shows a seismic acquisition system (300) configured to acquire the seismic data set (102) pertaining to the subterranean region of interest (222) . The subterranean region of interest (222) may be defined based on a coordinate system of one or more spatial dimensions (305) , for example, denoted x, y, and z in FIG. 2. The subterranean region of interest (222) may be made up of layers of subsurface rock (203) separated by geological boundaries (215) or other geological structures, such as faults. The subterranean region of interest (222) may also include complex geological structures other than faults, such as salt domes. The subterranean region of interest (222) may further include a hydrocarbon reservoir (205) . The hydrocarbon reservoir (205) may be subsurface rock (203) filled with fluid such as oil, gas, water, brine, and / or a combination thereof.
[0059] The seismic acquisition system (300) may utilize a seismic source (306) positioned on the surface of the earth (207) . On land the seismic source (306) is typically a vibroseis truck (as shown) or, less commonly, explosive charges, such as dynamite, buried to a shallow depth. In water, particularly in the ocean, the seismic source (306) may commonly be an airgun (not shown) that releases a pulse of high-pressure gas when activated. Whatever its mechanical design, the seismic source (306) , when activated, generates radiated seismic waves, such as those whose paths are indicated by the rays (308) . The radiated seismic waves may be bent ( “refracted” ) by variations in the speed of seismic wave propagation within the subterranean region of interest (222) and return to the surface of the earth (207) as refracted seismic waves (310) . Alternatively, radiated seismic waves may be partially or wholly reflected by seismic reflectors, at reflection points such as (324) , and return to the surface of the earth (207) as reflected seismic waves (314) . Seismic reflectors may be indicative of the geologic boundary (215) , such as the boundaries between geologic layers, the boundaries between different pore fluids, faults, fractures, or groups of fractures within the rock, or other structures of interest in the seismic for hydrocarbon reservoirs. Seismic waves may radiate alone the surface as surface waves (318) .
[0060] At the surface, the refracted seismic waves (310) and reflected seismic waves (314) may be detected by seismic receivers (320) . On land the seismic receiver (320) may be a geophone (that records the velocity of ground motion) or an accelerometer (that records the acceleration of ground motion) . In water, the seismic receiver (320) may commonly be a hydrophone that records pressure disturbances within the water. Irrespective of its mechanical design or the quantity detected, the seismic receivers (320) convert the detected seismic waves into electrical signals, which may subsequently be digitized and recorded by a seismic recorder (322) as a time-series of samples. Such a time-series is typically referred to as a seismic “trace” and represents the amplitude of the detected seismic wave at a plurality of sample times. Usually, the sample times are referenced to the time of source activation and the sample times are referred to as “recording times” . Thus, zero recording time occurs at the moment the seismic source (306) is activated.
[0061] Each seismic receiver (320) may be positioned at a seismic receiver location that may be denoted (xr, yr) where x and y represent orthogonal axes, such as North-South and East-West, on the surface of the earth (207) above the subterranean region of interest (222) . Thus, the refracted seismic waves (310) and reflected seismic waves (314) generated by a single activation of the seismic source (306) may be represented as a three-dimensional “3D” volume of data with axes (xr, yr, t) where t indicates the recording time of the sample, i.e., the time after the activation of the seismic source (306) .
[0062] Typically, a seismic survey includes recordings of seismic waves generated by one or more seismic sources (306) positioned at a plurality of seismic source locations denoted (xs, ys) . In some cases, a single seismic source (306) may be used to acquire the seismic survey, with the seismic source (306) being moved sequentially from one seismic source location to another. In other cases, a plurality of seismic sources (306) , such as seismic source (306) may be used, each occupying and being activated ( “fired” ) sequential at a subset of the total number of seismic source locations used for the survey. Similarly, some or all of the seismic receivers (320) may be moved between firing of the seismic source (306) . For example, seismic receivers (320) may be moved such that the seismic source (306) remains at the center of the area covered by the seismic receivers (320) even as the seismic source (306) is moved from one seismic source location to the next. In other cases, such as marine seismic acquisition (not shown) the seismic source (306) may be towed a short distance behind a seismic vessel and strings of receivers attached to multiple cables ( “streamers” ) are towed behind the seismic sources (306) . Thus, a seismic data set, the aggregate of all the seismic data acquired by the seismic survey, may be represented as a five-dimensional volume (four space dimensions and one time dimension) with coordinate axes (xr, yr, ys, ys, t) .
[0063] A number of ways of arranging seismic data sets are in widespread use. FIGs. 4A-H illustrates some of these methods of arrangement. A seismic data set may include a plurality of seismic traces (413) arranged into a plurality of seismic gathers (416) . FIG. 4A illustrates the spatial geometry of a common-source gather, sometimes called a “shot-gather” . In FIG. 4A, the horizontal axis represents a location of a seismic source (306) and a plurality of seismic receivers (320) on a horizontal plane, such as the surface of the Earth. The vertical axis represents depth below the surface of the earth (207) . Rays (308) emanating from the seismic source (306) , reflecting from a geologic boundary (215) , and propagating as reflected seismic waves (314) indicate the path of seismic waves schematically.
[0064] This common-source gathers correspond to the physical acquisition of a typical seismic data set with the seismic waves generated by a single activation of the seismic source (306) being recorded by the plurality of seismic receivers (320) . FIG. 4B depicts the recorded seismic, for example a shot-gather. In FIG. 4B, the horizontal axis indicates the spatial location of the seismic receivers (320) , and the vertical axis indicates time, specifically recording time elapsed after a reference time, such as the time of activation of the seismic source (306) . However, from the perspective of processing the seismic data set common-source gathers suffer from the fact that the reflection points (324) on the geologic boundary (215) vary from one receiver to another and the time at which a seismic wavefield, for example the reflected energy (414) , is recorded on each receiver recording “seismic trace” varies from one trace to another.
[0065] A recorded seismic data set resulting from the sequential activation of a seismic source at a plurality of locations, may frequently be reorganized into common-receiver gathers, such as the common-receiver gather geometry (422) and common-receiver gather (424) shown in FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D, respectively. A common-receiver gather (424) shows the data recorded by a single seismic receiver (320) from a plurality of seismic source (306) activation locations. However, from the perspective of processing the seismic data set common-receiver gathers suffer from shortcomings similar to those of common-source gathers.
[0066] A common-offset gather presents data collected when the seismic source (306) location and the seismic receiver (320) locations are at a constant separation (or “offset” ) from one another. The geometry of common-offset gather ray paths are displayed schematically in FIG. 4E and the recorded traces in FIG. 4F. In common-offset gathers while the time at which the reflected energy (414) is recorded on each receiver trace is constant the reflection points (324) on the geologic boundary (215) still vary from one receiver to another.
[0067] Common-source and common-receiver gathers are typically used as basic quality assessment tools in field acquisition. Common-offset gathers typically used for basic quality control because they display an approximation to the geologic structure over a vertical slice through the subsurface. Finally, FIG. 4G and FIG. 4H illustrate the geometry and recorded data for a common-midpoint gather, respectively. A common-midpoint gather displays traces recorded by seismic sources (306) and seismic receivers (320) arrange with a single ( “common” ) midpoint but varying offset. In many cases common-midpoint gathers are preferred because each trace shares (approximately) the same reflection point (324) on the geologic boundary (215) . Consequently, each trace in the common-midpoint gather contains information about the same point. However, because of the varying offset between seismic source and seismic receiver pairs the time at which the reflected energy (414) is recorded on each receiver trace varies. Correctly, combining the traces requires estimating the variation in the time at which the reflected energy (414) is received with offset, i.e., estimating a traveltime operator, and correcting for it in processing. Seismic data arranged in a plurality of seismic gathers may be utilized in seismic processing workflow steps such as migration, and FWI. The seismic processing workflow may use the seismic gathers as input, or may use the seismic gathers after stacking, for example combining seismic traces from separate gathers into a single stacked trace of seismic data. The process of combining may include addition, or a weighted summation calculation. Once the seismic wavefield is obtained in any domain, the seismic wavefield may be processed using a seismic processing system (105) as described in reference to FIG. 1.
[0068] A seismic data set may be obtained by the seismic acquisition system (300) and may be arranged into a plurality of seismic gathers each including a plurality of seismic traces (413) . The seismic gathers may be shot-gathers, common-receiver gathers, common-midpoint gathers, or as stacked seismic data. As a non-limiting example, FIG. 5A displays a seismic gather (416) in accordance with one or more embodiments. Specifically, the seismic gather (416) is a shot-gather. The seismic processing system (105) may be configured to arrange the seismic data set (102) into the plurality of seismic gathers (416) . The plurality of seismic gathers may include a plurality of shot-gathers. The seismic processing system (105) as described in reference to FIG. 1 may also be configured to, for each seismic gather, select a plurality of seismic data windows (550) , wherein each seismic data window (550) comprises a portion of the seismic gather (416) lying between a first recording time (551) and a second recording time (553) . Adjacent seismic windows may overlap one another, at least partially, in one or more dimensions, such as in recording time. In some embodiments, the seismic data window (550) may include all offsets of one of the plurality of seismic gathers between the first recording time (551) and the second recording time (553) . In some embodiments, the seismic data window (550) may include only a portion of offsets of one of the plurality of seismic gathers between the first recording time (551) and the second recording time (553) .
[0069] The seismic processing system (105) may be configured to perform any process known to a person of ordinary skill in the art which may be used to transform a time-domain seismic wavefield to a frequency-domain seismic wavefield. In some embodiments, a Fourier transform may be used, for example discrete-time Fourier transforms, or anti-leakage anti-aliasing Fourier transforms, such as that described in Liu, L., Sindi, G.A., Qin, F., 2023. “Anti-Aliasing and Anti-Leakage Regularization of High-Dimensional Seismic Data” , PCT Application, PCT / CN2023 / 122098. FIG. 5B shows a frequency domain seismic wavefield (420) transformed from a portion of the seismic gather (416) .
[0070] In other embodiments, the frequency-domain seismic wavefield may not be determined from a seismic survey as described in reference to FIG. 3 but may instead be immediately simulated in the frequency domain. Several processes known to a person of ordinary skill in the art may be used to generate a simulated frequency-domain seismic wavefield. Processes include, but are not limited to, a phase shift plus interpolation (PSPI) method, a phase shift method, a split-step Fourier method, and a Fourier finite-difference method. Such methods may be categorized as forward modeling methods and rely on one-way or two-way wave equations.
[0071] Some methods may use a seismic velocity model (107) , at least in part, to determine the frequency-domain seismic wavefield. The seismic velocity model may be a laterally homogeneous seismic velocity model where velocity increases as depth z increases while velocity is invariant in each horizontal (x, y) plane. However, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the seismic velocity model (107) may take other forms that are not laterally homogeneous. As such, the form of the seismic velocity model (107) should in no way limit the present disclosure.
[0072] FIG. 6A shows a simulated seismic gather (416) with reflected energy (414) in accordance with one or more embodiments. Horizontal axis represents distance such as source-receiver offset, midpoint position, and the like. Vertical axis represents two-way time. The simulated seismic gather traces are irregularly spaced in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 6B displays a portion of a frequency-wavenumber domain seismic wavefield in accordance with one or more embodiments. The frequency-wavenumber domain seismic wavefield may be transformed from the seismic data window (550) . For each seismic data window (550) , the seismic processing system (105) is configured to determine the frequency-wavenumber seismic window (610) based, at least in part, on transforming the seismic data window (550) using a first transform. The first transform may include, but not limited to, Fourier, sine, cosine, chirplet, and / or wavelet transforms. The Fourier transform may include, but is not limited to, discrete- time Fourier transform, split-step Fourier transform, short-time Fourier, and / or anti-leakage anti-aliasing Fourier transform. The first transform may include, but not limited to, three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) transforms. The recorded seismic traces may be acquired irregularly and sometimes sparsely as shown in FIG. 6A. This irregularity and sparseness may cause spectrum leakage and aliasing in the wavenumber domain as illustrated with the dashed oval in FIG. 6B. In some embodiments, the first transform may include the anti-leakage anti-aliasing Fourier transform. The anti-leakage anti-aliasing Fourier transform may overcome the spectrum leakage and aliasing issues.
[0073] Certain methods of seismic processing steps may require a seismic wavefield to be transformed and separated into local plane waves based on the angles at which the radiated seismic waves propagate through the subterranean region of interest (222) . Separation of a seismic wavefield into local plane waves may rely on, but not limited to, a least-squares Radon transform. The Radon transform determines the seismic wavefield to a frequency-slowness domain seismic wavefield with slowness defined as an inverse velocity. The least squares Radon transform may be given by:
[0074] where L is the inverse Radon operator, d is the input data such as the frequency-wavenumber domain wavefield, m is the result after Radon transform, and μ, is the regularization parameter. Equation (1) uses the L2 norm of the Radon transform result for example. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that other embodiments may include other L1 or L0 norm.
[0075] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the forward Radon operator used to determine m in equation (1) , uses an input data set d (k, f) which may be the frequency-wavenumber domain wavefield (e.g., frequency-wavenumber seismic window (610) ) , and its radon transform is g (f′, p) which may be the frequency-slowness domain seismic wavefield. The forward formulation for the linear Radon transform is: g (f′, p) =∫d (k, f=pk+f′) dk, (2)
[0076] and the inverse linear Radon transform is: d′ (k, f) =∫g (f=f′-pk, p) dp, (3)
[0077] where d′ (k, f′) is the output of the inverse radon transform of g (f′, p) , f and f′ are frequency and mapped frequency in Hz, respectively, p is slowness, and k is the wavenumber. FIG. 7A to FIG. 7B display a portion of a frequency-slowness domain seismic wavefield in accordance with one or more embodiments. The frequency-slowness domain seismic wavefield may be transformed from the one of the frequency-wavenumber seismic window (610) . For each seismic data window (550) , the seismic processing system (105) is configured to determine a frequency-slowness seismic window (700) based, at least in part, on transforming the frequency-wavenumber seismic window (610) using a second transform. The frequency-slowness window may comprise a slowness (750) . The second transform may include, but is not limited to, linear Radon, hyperbolic Radon, parabolic Radon, least-squares Radon, Hough, and / or generalized Radon transforms. The second transform may include, but not limited to, 2D or 3D transforms. The example embodiment shown in FIG. 7A to FIG. 7B utilizes a least-squares Radon transform. The slowness (denoted as px in equations (1) to (10) ) (750) may represent an inverse velocity. FIG. 7B depicts the frequency-slowness seismic window (700) with seismic data window being acquired irregularly and sparsely in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0078] For each slowness (750) , the seismic processing system (105) is configured to update components of the frequency-slowness seismic window (700) in a first frequency band (703) based, at least in part, on the using components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a second frequency band (705) . In some embodiments, the frequencies within the first frequency band (703) may be lower than the frequencies of the second frequency band (705) . In other embodiments, the frequencies of the first frequency band (703) may be higher than the frequencies of the second frequency band (705) . The seismic processing system (105) may be configured to update the components using, but is not limited to, b-spline interpolation, or autoregressive processes. The example embodiment utilized a b-spline interpolation process for updating the components of the first frequency band (703) .
[0079] Each frequency-slowness seismic window (700) may be transformed into a portion of the spatial-time domain seismic wavefield by performing a first inverse transform and a second inverse transform. The first inverse transform may include any inverse form of the first transform described above such as, but not limited to, an inverse Radon transform. The second inverse transform may be any inverse form of the second transform described above such as, but not limited to, a 2D inverse Fourier transform. The frequency-slowness seismic window (700) may include the updated components from the first frequency band (703) .
[0080] FIG. 8A depicts the seismic gather (416) in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 8B depicts a portion of a filtered seismic data window (810) in accordance with one or more embodiments. For each frequency-slowness seismic window (700) , the seismic processing system (105) is configured to determine the filtered seismic data window (810) based, at least in part, on performing an inverse Radon transform and an inverse Fourier transform such as a 2D inverse transform.
[0081] FIG. 9A to FIG. 9C depict a portion of a reconstructed data set (900) in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 9A to FIG. 9C show the reconstructed seismic data set (900) within different frequency bands. FIG. 9A shows reconstructed data set (900) with full seismic bandwidth. FIG. 9B shows reconstructed data set (900) with seismic bandwidth under 6 Hz. FIG. 9B shows reconstructed data set (900) with seismic bandwidth under 10 Hz. Each filtered seismic data window (810) may be used to form the reconstructed seismic data set (900) . The seismic processing system (105) may be configured to form the reconstructed seismic data set (900) from a plurality of filtered seismic data windows (810) . The reconstructed seismic data set (900) may be formed based on the spatial and time dimensions of each filtered seismic data window (810) . In some embodiments, the updating method (1100) as described herein may include overlapping portions of the seismic data windows as illustrated in FIG. 10. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the seismic processing system (105) may be configured to merge overlapping portions using a weighted stack of each portion of the seismic data windows. In accordance with one or more embodiments, one of a plurality of data areas (1010) may include overlapping portions, for example, portions between x1-x2, x3-x4, t1-t2, and t3-t4 as illustrated in FIG. 10.
[0082] FIG. 11 depicts a method for updating a frequency bandwidth of seismic data (hereafter “updating method” ) (1100) . The updating method (1100) allows for updating components of a frequency bandwidth within the seismic data set (102) , but it should be apparent to those skilled in the art the updating method (1100) may be applied on any data set within a spatial-time domain.
[0083] In step (1102) , the updating method (1100) may include obtaining, using the seismic acquisition system (300) , the seismic data set (102) pertaining to the subterranean region of interest (222) , wherein the seismic data set (102) comprises the plurality of seismic data traces arranged into the plurality of seismic gathers, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The updating method (1100) may be performed utilizing the seismic data set (102) in the arrangement of a seismic gather, for example as a shot-gather, common-receiver gather, common midpoint gather, or as stacked seismic data. In the example embodiment, the portion of the seismic data shown is arranged into a shot-gather. The updating method (1100) , using the processing system (105) , may comprise arranging the seismic data set (102) into the plurality of seismic gathers (416) . In some embodiments, the plurality of seismic may comprise a plurality of shot-gathers.
[0084] In step (1104) , the updating method (1100) may comprise, using the seismic processing system (105) , for each seismic gather, selecting a plurality of seismic data windows (550) , wherein each seismic data window (550) comprises a portion of the seismic gather (416) lying between the first recording time (551) and the second recording time (553) , in accordance with one or more embodiments. The updating method (1100) may comprise selecting each sequential window to overlap, at least partially, with the sequential window previously selected. The selected window may overlap in the recording time dimension.
[0085] In step (1106) , for each seismic data window (550) , using the seismic processing system (105) , the updating method (1100) comprises determining the frequency-wavenumber seismic window (610) based, at least in part, on transforming the seismic data window using the first transform, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The updating method (1100) may utilize the Fourier transform which may include, but is not limited to, discrete-time Fourier, split-step Fourier, and anti-leakage anti-aliasing Fourier transforms, or any other transform as described above. The first transform may also be a three-dimensional (3D) transform or a two-dimensional transform (2D) .
[0086] In step (1108) , for each seismic data window (550) , using the seismic processing system (105) , the updating method (1100) comprises determining the frequency-slowness seismic window (700) based, at least in part, on transforming the frequency-wavenumber seismic window (610) using the second transform, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The updating method (1100) may utilize the Radon transform which may include, but is not limited to, linear Radon, hyperbolic Radon, parabolic Radon, and least-squares Radon transforms, or any other transform as described above.
[0087] In step (1110) , for each slowness (750) , using the seismic processing system (105) , the updating method (1100) comprises updating components of the frequency-slowness seismic window (700) in the first frequency band (703) based, at least in part, on the using components of the frequency-slowness seismic window (700) in the second frequency band (705) , in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, the second frequency band may include a frequency bandwidth F such as frequencies lying from f1 to f2. The second frequency band (705) may be used to update components of the first frequency band (703) such as component denoted f1-Δf, where Δf is a user-defined increment. The user-defined increment may be, for example, 1 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequencies within the first frequency band (703) may be lower than the frequencies of the second frequency band (705) . In other embodiments, the frequencies of the first frequency band (703) may be higher than the frequencies of the second frequency band (705) . The updating method (1100) , using the seismic processing system (105) , wherein updating the components of the frequency-slowness seismic window (700) in the first frequency band (703) comprises, but is not limited to, performing the b-spline interpolation, or autoregressive processes. B-spline interpolation utilizes adjacent frequencies to update the components of the second frequency band (705) . The updating method (1100) used to derive the example embodiment performed the b-spline interpolation for updating the components of the frequency-slowness window (700) within the first frequency band (703) .
[0088] In step (1112) , the updating method (1100) may comprise, transforming each frequency-slowness seismic window (700) into the spatial-time domain seismic wavefield by performing a first inverse transform and a second inverse transform. The updating method (1100) may utilize, but not limited to, any inverse form of the first transform such as an inverse Radon transform. The updating method (1100) may also utilize, but not limited to, any inverse form of the second transform such as a 2D inverse Fourier transform, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The updating method (1100) may comprise, at least in part, the updated components from the first frequency band (703) within the frequency-slowness seismic window (700) . For each frequency-slowness seismic window (700) , the updating method (1100) may comprise, using the seismic processing system (105) , determining a filtered seismic data window (810) based, at least in part, on performing a first inverse transform and a second inverse transform such as an inverse Radon transform and an inverse Fourier transform, respectively.
[0089] In step (1114) , the updating method (1100) may comprise, using the seismic processing system (105) , forming the reconstructed seismic data set (900) from a plurality of filtered seismic data windows (810) , in accordance with one or more embodiments. The updating method (1100) may comprise forming the reconstructed seismic data set (900) based on the spatial and time dimensions of each filtered seismic data window (810) . In some embodiments, the updating method (1100) as described herein may include overlapping portions of the seismic data windows as illustrated in FIG. 10. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the seismic processing system (105) may be configured to merge overlapping portions using a weighted stack of each portion of the seismic data windows as described above in reference to FIG. 10.
[0090] Seismic processing may be a series of processing steps that ultimately produce a seismic data set with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the original seismic data set as well as immediately useful information that may be used to characterize the subterranean area of interest (222) and locate geologic features. Seismic processing may include methods of migration, stacking, filtering, etc.
[0091] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the updating method (1100) may further comprise determining the seismic velocity model (107) by performing FWI on the reconstructed data set, using the seismic processing system (105) . The reconstructed data set may be arranged into a plurality of seismic gathers such as a plurality of shot-gathers. The velocity model may be updated iteratively with FWI. FWI may update velocities within the velocity model by minimizing an objective function between a modeled seismic data set generated from an updated velocity model and the previous iteration.
[0092] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the updating method (1100) may further comprise determining the seismic image (108) of the subterranean region of interest (222) based, at least in part, on the seismic velocity model (107) and the seismic data set (102) . The seismic velocity model (107) may be used to process the seismic data set (102) using the seismic processing system (105) as described in reference to FIG. 1. The seismic image (108) may be obtained by using the seismic velocity model (107) to perform seismic processing steps such as, but not limited to, removing seismic multiples, and migration, on the seismic data set (102) .
[0093] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the updating method (1100) may further comprise identifying, using the seismic interpretation workstation (110) as described in reference to FIG. 1, the drilling target (218) based on the seismic image (108) . The seismic image (108) may be used to image geologic boundaries (215) such as, but not limited to, geologic formations and faults. The seismic image (108) may be used to identify a hydrocarbon reservoir (205) . The drilling target (218) may be within the hydrocarbon bearing formation.
[0094] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the updating method (1100) may further comprise designing, using the well planning system (250) , the well plan (114) to penetrate the drilling target (218) , and drilling, using the well drilling system (200) , a wellbore, such as the wellbore (217) described in reference to FIG. 2, guided by the well plan (114) . The updating method (1100) , using the well planning system (250) , may further comprise identifying from the seismic image (108) and the seismic velocity model (107) drilling hazards that may cause drilling issues such as, but not limited to, overpressure zones, shallow gas, and shallow water flows. The updating method (1100) may comprise designing the well to avoid the drilling hazards.
[0095] FIG. 12 further depicts a block diagram of a computer system (1200) used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in this disclosure, according to one or more embodiments. In particular, a computer system, such as the computer system shown in FIG. 12, may form part of the seismic acquisition system (300) , the seismic processing system (105) , the seismic interpretation workstation (110) , the well planning system (250) , and / or the well drilling system (200) . The illustrated computer (1202) is intended to encompass any computing device such as a server, desktop computer, laptop / notebook computer, wireless data port, smart phone, personal data assistant (PDA) , tablet computing device, one or more processors within these devices, or any other suitable processing device, including both physical or virtual instances (or both) of the computing device. Additionally, the computer (1202) may include a computer that includes an input device, such as a keypad, keyboard, touch screen, or other device that can accept user information, and an output device that conveys information associated with the operation of the computer (1202) , including digital data, visual, or audio information (or a combination of information) , or a GUI.
[0096] The computer (1202) can serve in a role as a client, network component, a server, a database or other persistency, or any other component (or a combination of roles) of a computer system for performing the subject matter described in the instant disclosure. In some implementations, one or more components of the computer (1202) may be configured to operate within environments, including cloud-computing-based, local, global, or other environment (or a combination of environments) .
[0097] At a high level, the computer (1202) is an electronic computing device operable to receive, transmit, process, store, or manage data and information associated with the described subject matter. According to some implementations, the computer (1202) may also include or be communicably coupled with an application server, e-mail server, web server, caching server, streaming data server, business intelligence (BI) server, or other server (or a combination of servers) .
[0098] The computer (1202) can receive requests over network (1230) from a client application (for example, executing on another computer (1202) and responding to the received requests by processing the said requests in an appropriate software application. In addition, requests may also be sent to the computer (1202) from internal users (for example, from a command console or by other appropriate access method) , external or third-parties, other automated applications, as well as any other appropriate entities, individuals, systems, or computers.
[0099] Each of the components of the computer (1202) can communicate using a system bus (1203) . In some implementations, any, or all of the components of the computer (1202) , both hardware or software (or a combination of hardware and software) , may interface with each other or the interface (1204) (or a combination of both) over the system bus (1203) using an application programming interface (API) (1212) or a service layer (1213) (or a combination of the API (1212) and service layer (1213) . The API (1212) may include specifications for routines, data structures, and object classes. The API (1212) may be either computer-language independent or dependent and refer to a complete interface, a single function, or even a set of APIs. The service layer (1213) provides software services to the computer (1202) or other components (whether or not illustrated) that are communicably coupled to the computer (1202) . The functionality of the computer (1202) may be accessible for all service consumers using this service layer. Software services, such as those provided by the service layer (1213) , provide reusable, defined business functionalities through a defined interface. For example, the interface may be software written in JAVA, C++, or other suitable language providing data in extensible markup language (XML) format or another suitable format. While illustrated as an integrated component of the computer (1202) , alternative implementations may illustrate the API (1212) or the service layer (1213) as stand-alone components in relation to other components of the computer (1202) or other components (whether or not illustrated) that are communicably coupled to the computer (1202) . Moreover, any or all parts of the API (1212) or the service layer (1213) may be implemented as child or sub-modules of another software module, enterprise application, or hardware module without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
[0100] The computer (1202) includes an interface (1204) . Although illustrated as a single interface (1204) in FIG. 12, two or more interfaces (1204) may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1202) . The interface (1204) is used by the computer (1202) for communicating with other systems in a distributed environment that are connected to the network (1230) . Generally, the interface (1204) includes logic encoded in software or hardware (or a combination of software and hardware) and operable to communicate with the network (1230) . More specifically, the interface (1204) may include software supporting one or more communication protocols associated with communications such that the network (1230) or interface's hardware is operable to communicate physical signals within and outside of the illustrated computer (1202) .
[0101] The computer (1202) includes at least one computer processor (1205) . Although illustrated as a single computer processor (1205) in FIG. 12, two or more processors may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1202) . Generally, the computer processor (1205) executes instructions and manipulates data to perform the operations of the computer (1202) and any algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the instant disclosure.
[0102] The computer (1202) also includes a memory (1206) that holds data for the computer (1202) or other components (or a combination of both) that can be connected to the network (1230) . The memory (1206) may be a non-transitory computer readable medium. For example, memory (1206) can be a database storing data consistent with this disclosure. Although illustrated as a single memory (1206) in FIG. 12, two or more memories may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1202) and the described functionality. While memory (1206) is illustrated as an integral component of the computer (1202) , in alternative implementations, memory (1206) can be external to the computer (1202) .
[0103] The application (1207) is an algorithmic software engine providing functionality according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1202) , particularly with respect to functionality described in this disclosure. For example, application (1207) can serve as one or more components, modules, applications, etc. Further, although illustrated as a single application (1207) , the application (1207) may be implemented as multiple applications (1207) on the computer (1202) . In addition, although illustrated as integral to the computer (1202) , in alternative implementations, the application (1207) can be external to the computer (1202) .
[0104] There may be any number of computers (1202) associated with, or external to, a computer system containing computer (1202) , wherein each computer (1202) communicates over network (1230) . Further, the term “client, ” “user, ” and other appropriate terminology may be used interchangeably as appropriate without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, this disclosure contemplates that many users may use one computer (1202) , or that one user may use multiple computers (1202) .
[0105] Although only a few example embodiments have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the example embodiments without materially departing from this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures.
Claims
1.A method for reconstructing a frequency band of seismic data, comprises:obtaining, using a seismic acquisition system, a seismic data set pertaining to a subterranean region of interest, wherein the seismic data set comprises a plurality of seismic traces arranged into a plurality of seismic gathers; andusing a seismic processing system:for each seismic gather:selecting a plurality of seismic data windows, wherein each seismic data windows comprises a portion of the seismic gather lying between a first recording time and a second recording time,for each seismic data window:determining a frequency-wavenumber seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the seismic data window using a first transform; anddetermining a frequency-slowness seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the frequency-wavenumber seismic window using a second transform;wherein the frequency-slowness seismic window comprises a slowness;for each slowness:updating components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band based, at least in part, on using components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a second frequency band, anddetermining a filtered seismic data window based, at least in part, on performing a first inverse transform and a second inverse transform; andforming a reconstructed seismic data set from the plurality of filtered seismic data windows.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first transform comprises an anti-leakage anti-aliasing 2D Fourier transform.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the second transform comprises a least-squares Radon transform.4.The method of claim 1, wherein updating components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band comprises performing a B-spline interpolation.5.The method of claim 1, wherein updating components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band comprises performing an autoregressive process.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the frequencies within the first frequency band are lower than the frequencies within the second frequency band.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of seismic gathers comprises a plurality of shot-gathers.8.The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining a seismic velocity model by performing full waveform inversion on the reconstructed seismic data set; anddetermining a seismic image of the subterranean region of interest based, at least in part, on the seismic velocity model and the seismic data set.9.The method of claim 8, further comprising identifying, using a seismic interpretation workstation, a drilling target based on the seismic image.10.The method of claim 9, further comprising:designing, using a well planning system, a well plan to penetrate the drilling target, and drilling, using a well drilling system, a wellbore guided by the well plan.11.A system for reconstructing a frequency band of seismic data, comprising:a seismic acquisition system, configured to obtain a seismic data set pertaining to a subterranean region of interest, wherein the seismic data set comprises a plurality of seismic traces arranged into a plurality of seismic gathers; anda seismic processing system, configured to, for each seismic gather:select a plurality of seismic data windows, wherein each seismic data windows comprises a portion of the seismic gather lying between a first recording time and a second recording time,for each seismic data window:determine a frequency-wavenumber seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the seismic data window using a first transform;determine a frequency-slowness seismic window based, at least in part, on transforming the frequency-wavenumber seismic window using a second transform;wherein the frequency-slowness seismic window comprises a slowness;for each slowness:update components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band based, at least in part, on using components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a second frequency band, anddetermine a filtered seismic data window based, at least in part, on performing a first inverse transform and a second inverse transform; andform a reconstructed seismic data set from the plurality of filtered seismic data windows.12.The system of claim 11, wherein the first transform comprises an anti-leakage anti-aliasing 2D Fourier transform.13.The system of claim 11, wherein the second transform comprises a least-squares Radon transform.14.The system of claim 11, wherein updating components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band comprises performing a B-spline interpolation.15.The system of claim 11, wherein updating components of the frequency-slowness seismic window in a first frequency band comprises performing an autoregressive process.16.The system of claim 11, wherein the frequencies within the first frequency band are lower than the frequencies within the second frequency band.17.The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of seismic gathers comprises a plurality of shot-gathers.18.The system of claim 11, wherein the seismic processing system, is further configured to:determine a seismic velocity model by performing full waveform inversion on the reconstructed seismic data set; anddetermine a seismic image of the subterranean region of interest based, at least in part, on the seismic velocity model and the seismic data set.19.The system of claim 18, further comprising a seismic interpretation workstation, configured to identify a drilling target based on the seismic image.20.The system of claim 19, further comprising:a well planning system, configured to design a well plan to penetrate the drilling target, anda well drilling system, configured to drill a wellbore guided by the well plan.
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