System and method for stabilizing, storing, and transporting oxygen-sensitive pyrolysis oil

Abstract

Provided here are systems and methods for limiting or eliminating gum formation in pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport within a containment vessel. One such method includes the steps of loading pyrolysis oil into an internal volume of a containment vessel and reducing an oxygen content within the internal volume of the containment vessel to inhibit formation of gum impurities during storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting the pyrolysis oil with solid carbon dioxide (CO2) before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil into the internal volume of the containment vessel. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting a gaseous headspace within the internal volume with an oxygen scavenging material before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STABILIZING, STORING, AND TRANSPORTING OXYGEN-SENSITIVE PYROLYSIS OILTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods of stabilizing, storing, and transporting pyrolysis oil. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for limiting or eliminating gum formation in pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport by removing oxygen dissolved the pyrolysis oil and / or present within a storage or transport containment vessel.BACKGROUND

[0002] Pyrolysis oil originates from the chemical recycling of mixed plastic waste (MPW). For example, pyrolysis oil can be formed by pyrolyzing MPW at sufficiently elevated temperatures (e.g., between 400 °C and 500 °C) under anaerobic conditions. Pyrolysis oil predominantly contains small hydrocarbon molecules that can include a number of different heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and halide (e.g., chloride, bromide, fluoride) atoms, depending on the composition of the MPW and the pyrolysis process. Atmospheric gases, including oxygen (O2), can dissolve in the pyrolysis oil, for example, when the pyrolysis oil is being transferred to a containment vessel for storage or transport. Additionally, atmospheric O2 can be present within the containment vessel prior to loading the pyrolysis oil, and this O2 can gradually dissolve in the pyrolysis oil over time. It is presently recognized that the heteroatoms and the dissolved oxygen content of the pyrolysis oil can lead to undesirable gum formation within the pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport. In general, these heteroatoms are more electronegative than carbon, which reduces electron density of a carbon atom that is bound to a heteroatom, rendering it more susceptible to oxidation.

[0003] As the pyrolysis oil is oxidized during storage or transport, the pyrolysis oil begins to form gum, which are solid particles of oxidized pyrolysis oil that are insoluble in the remaining liquid pyrolysis oil. When the pyrolysis oil is subsequently removed from a container after storage or transport, a substantial portion of the gum remains as deposits on the interior surface of the storage or transport container, and these containers are typically cleaned to remove the gum deposits before the container can be used for other purposes. The cleaning of storage or transport containers used for pyrolysis oil takes about three times as long compared to the amount of time involved in cleaning the storage or transport container after use with other hydrocarbons, which undesirably increases operational costs and delays. Additionally, a considerable volume of organic solvent (e.g., acetone) is typically used to dissolve and remove the gum deposits from the interior of these containers after the pyrolysis oil is removed, which undesirably increases operational costs related to the purchasing, application, and disposal of the organic solvent. In some cases, depending on the organic solvent that is used, certain protection, ventilation, and monitoring equipment may also be used to limit and / or monitor organic solvent exposure, further increasing operational costs. As such, there remains a need to limit gum formation within pyrolysis oil during storage and transport.SUMMARY

[0004] Examples set forth herein include systems and methods for limiting or eliminating gum formation in pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport within a containment vessel. One such method includes the steps of loading pyrolysis oil into an internal volume of a containment vessel and reducing an oxygen content within the internal volume of the containment vessel to inhibit formation of gum impurities during storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes purging a gaseous headspace within the internal volume withan inert gas before, during, and after loading the pyrolysis oil. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes delivering an inert gas flow into the pyrolysis oil within the internal volume to purge oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, in which the inert gas flow subsequently purges oxygen from a gaseous headspace within the internal volume. In some examples, the method includes disposing solid carbon dioxide (CO2) in a container that is disposed outside of the internal volume and in fluid communication with the internal volume, in which the container is configured to sublime the solid CO2 to generate gaseous CO2 as the inert gas flow delivered to the internal volume to purge the oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil and to purge the oxygen from the gaseous headspace within the internal volume. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting the pyrolysis oil with solid CO2 before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil into the internal volume of the containment vessel, in which the solid CO2 sublimes to generate gaseous CO2 that purges oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, purges oxygen from a gaseous headspace within the internal volume, or a combination thereof.

[0005] In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting a gaseous headspace within the internal volume with an oxygen scavenging material before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes disposing an oxygen scavenging material within the internal volume before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil, in which the oxygen scavenging material is configured to float on top of the pyrolysis oil after loading. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting a gaseous headspace of the internal volume with an oxygen scavenging material disposed outside of the internal volume and in fluid communication with a gaseous headspace of the internal volume. In some examples, after reducing the oxygen content, the pyrolysis oil contains less than 0.3 part per million by weight (ppmw) of the gum impurities after the storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil for up to fiveweeks. In some examples, the pyrolysis oil contains between 60 weight percent (wt. %) and 90 wt.% less of the gum impurities after the storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil compared to the same pyrolysis oil that is stored and / or transported in the same manner but without reducing the oxygen content within the internal volume.

[0006] One such system includes a containment vessel having an internal volume configured to be loaded with pyrolysis oil for storage and / or transport. The system includes a container disposed outside of the containment vessel and in fluid communication with the internal volume of the containment vessel, in which the container is configured to receive and sublime solid carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate a flow of gaseous CO2 that is delivered to the internal volume of the containment vessel to reduce an oxygen content in the internal volume before, during, or after the pyrolysis oil is loaded into the internal volume of the containment vessel. In some examples, the flow of gaseous CO2 is configured to purge oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, to purge oxygen from an atmosphere within the internal volume, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the containment vessel includes an oxygen scavenging material in fluid communication with a gaseous headspace within the internal volume of the containment vessel, in which the oxygen scavenging material is configured to sequester oxygen from the gaseous headspace before, during, or after the pyrolysis oil is loaded into the internal volume of the containment vessel. In some examples, the oxygen scavenging material is disposed within a removable cartridge disposed within a cartridge holder positioned within the internal volume or outside of the internal volume of the containment vessel. In some examples, the containment vessel comprises an isotank or the containment vessel of a tanker truck, tanker barge, or railway tanker.

[0007] Aspects and advantages of these exemplary examples and other examples, are discussed in detail herein. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing information and thefollowing detailed description provide merely illustrative examples of various aspects and examples, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects and examples. Accordingly, these and other objects, along with advantages and features of the present disclosure, will become apparent through reference to the following description and the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various examples described herein are not mutually exclusive and may exist in various combinations and permutations.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the examples of the present disclosure, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate examples of the present disclosure, and together with the detailed description, serve to explain principles of the examples discussed herein. No attempt is made to show structural details of this disclosure in more detail than may be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the examples discussed herein and the various ways in which they may be practiced. According to common practice, the various features of the drawings discussed below are not necessarily drawn to scale. Dimensions of various features and elements in the drawings may be expanded or reduced to more clearly illustrate examples of the disclosure.

[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a method of stabilizing pyrolysis oil before, during, or after the pyrolysis oil is loaded into a containment vessel for transport and / or storage, according to an example.

[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of method of degassing O2 from pyrolysis oil and / or the gaseous headspace of a containment vessel to stabilize the pyrolysis oil for transport and / or storage, according to an example.

[0011] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a system for degassing a containment vessel before, during, and / or after the containment vessel has been loaded with pyrolysis oil, according to an example.

[0012] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a system for degassing a containment vessel before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil, according to an example.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a system for degassing of pyrolysis oil during loading into a containment vessel, according to an example.

[0014] FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a method for capturing and sequestering O2 from the gaseous headspace of a containment vessel to stabilize the pyrolysis oil during transport and / or storage, according to an example.

[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of a system for removing O2 from a containment vessel before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil, according to an example.

[0016] FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of another system for removing O2 from a containment vessel before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil, according to an example.

[0017] FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of another system for removing O2 from a containment vessel before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil, according to an example.

[0018] FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of a method in which a controller conditionally activates an oxygen scavenging system of the containment vessel to remove and sequester O2 fromthe interior of the containment vessel to stabilize the pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport, according to an example.

[0019] FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of a system for removing O2 from a containment vessel before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil, according to an example.

[0020] FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the dry gum content of samples as a function of time, according to an example.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The present disclosure describes various examples related to systems and methods for limiting gum formation and removing gum impurities from pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport, as well as improved techniques for removing gum deposits from the interior surfaces of storage and / or transport containment vessels. The description may use the phrases “in certain examples,” “in various examples,” “in an example,” or “in examples,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different examples. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to examples of the present disclosure, are synonymous. The term “plurality” as used herein refers to two or more items or components. The terms “about” or “approximately” are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one non-limiting example, these terms are defined to be within 10%, preferably within 5%, more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.

[0022] The terms “removing,” “removed,” “reducing,” “reduced,” or any variation thereof, when used in the claims and / or the specification includes any measurable decrease of one or more components in a mixture to achieve a desired result. The use of the words “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with any of the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” or “having,” in theclaims or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The terms “wt. %”, “vol. %”, or “mol. %” refers to a weight, volume, or molar percentage of a component, respectively, based on the total weight, the total volume of material, or total moles, which includes the component. In a nonlimiting example, 10 grams of a component in 100 grams of the material is 10 wt. % of the component.

[0023] Examples set forth herein include systems and methods for limiting or eliminating gum formation in pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport within a containment vessel. One such method includes the steps of loading pyrolysis oil into an internal volume of a containment vessel and reducing an oxygen content within the internal volume of the containment vessel to inhibit formation of gum impurities during storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes purging a gaseous headspace within the internal volume with an inert gas before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes delivering an inert gas flow into the pyrolysis oil within the internal volume to purge oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, in which the inert gas flow subsequently purges oxygen from a gaseous headspace within the internal volume. In some examples, the method includes disposing solid carbon dioxide (CO2) in a container that is disposed outside of the internal volume and in fluid communication with the internal volume, in which the container is configured to sublime the solid CO2 to generate gaseous CO2 as the inert gas flow delivered to the internal volume to purge the oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil and to purge the oxygen from the gaseous headspace within the internal volume. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting the pyrolysis oil with solid CO2 before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil into the internal volume of the containment vessel, in which the solid CO2 sublimesto generate gaseous CO2 that purges oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, purges oxygen from a gaseous headspace within the internal volume, or a combination thereof.

[0024] In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting a gaseous headspace within the internal volume with an oxygen scavenging material before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes disposing an oxygen scavenging material within the internal volume before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil, in which the oxygen scavenging material is configured to float on top of the pyrolysis oil after loading. In some examples, reducing the oxygen content includes contacting a gaseous headspace of the internal volume with an oxygen scavenging material disposed outside of the internal volume and in fluid communication with a gaseous headspace of the internal volume. In some examples, after reducing the oxygen content, the pyrolysis oil contains less than 0.3 part per million by weight (ppmw) of the gum impurities after the storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil for up to five weeks. In some examples, the pyrolysis oil contains between 60 weight percent (wt. %) and 90 wt.% less of the gum impurities after the storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil compared to the same pyrolysis oil that is stored and / or transported in the same manner but without reducing the oxygen content within the internal volume.

[0025] One such system includes a containment vessel having an internal volume configured to be loaded with pyrolysis oil for storage and / or transport. The system includes a container disposed outside of the containment vessel and in fluid communication with the internal volume of the containment vessel, in which the container is configured to receive and sublime solid carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate a flow of gaseous CO2 that is delivered to the internal volume of the containment vessel to reduce an oxygen content in the internal volume before, during, or after the pyrolysis oil is loaded into the internal volume of the containment vessel. In some examples, theflow of gaseous CO2 is configured to purge oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, to purge oxygen from an atmosphere within the internal volume, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the containment vessel includes an oxygen scavenging material in fluid communication with a gaseous headspace within the internal volume of the containment vessel, in which the oxygen scavenging material is configured to sequester oxygen from the gaseous headspace before, during, or after the pyrolysis oil is loaded into the internal volume of the containment vessel. In some examples, the oxygen scavenging material is disposed within a removable cartridge disposed within a cartridge holder positioned within the internal volume or outside of the internal volume of the containment vessel. In some examples, the containment vessel comprises an isotank or the containment vessel of a tanker truck, tanker barge, or railway tanker.

[0026] FIG. l is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a method 100 of stabilizing pyrolysis oil disposed in a containment vessel for transport and / or storage. For the illustrated example, the method 100 begins with the step 102 of pyrolyzing mixed plastic waste (MPW) to yield pyrolysis oil. For example, the MPW may be heated to temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 500 °C under anaerobic conditions to yield pyrolysis oil. As noted, while pyrolysis oil predominantly contains small hydrocarbon molecules, at least some of these molecules can also contain heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and halide (e.g., chloride, bromide, fluoride) atoms, depending on the composition of the MPW and the pyrolysis process. Additionally, when pyrolysis oil is exposed to the atmosphere after production, atmospheric O2 can become dissolved in the pyrolysis oil. It is presently recognized that the dissolved oxygen content of the pyrolysis oil can lead to undesirable gum formation within the pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport. It is further presently recognized that, once gum formation has started within a batch of fresh pyrolysisoil, the initial insoluble gum particulates that form serve as seeds that promote further gum formation at their surfaces.

[0027] For the illustrated example, the method 100 continues with the step 104 of loading (e.g., pumping, draining) the pyrolysis oil into a containment vessel. Additionally, the method 100 includes the step 106 of removing O2 dissolved the pyrolysis oil and / or present in the gaseous headspace of the containment vessel using an inert gas or an oxygen scavenging material before, during, and / or after loading the pyrolysis into the containment vessel to yield stabilized pyrolysis oil. As used herein, the term “gaseous headspace” refers to an interior volume of a containment vessel that is not occupied by pyrolysis oil. For a containment vessel that is not loaded with pyrolysis oil, the entire interior volume of the containment vessel constitutes gaseous headspace. For a containment vessel that has been loaded with pyrolysis oil, the gaseous headspace is the volume of gases (e.g., air, atmospheric O2, carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds) that is disposed above the pyrolysis oil within the interior volume of the containment vessel. As discussed herein, in some embodiments, O2 that is dissolved in the pyrolysis oil and / or present within the gaseous headspace of the containment vessel is displaced and removed from the interior volume of the containment vessel by degassing using an inert gas. As used herein, an “inert gas” is a gas (e.g., CO2, nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), helium (He)) that does not substantially chemically react with the pyrolysis oil. As discussed herein, in some embodiments, O2 that is present within the gaseous headspace of the containment vessel (e.g., atmospheric O2 present in the containment vessel prior to pyrolysis oil loading, O2 dissolved in the pyrolysis oil that is gradually released into the gaseous headspace over time) is captured and sequestered using an oxygen scavenging material. While separately discussed below in different examples, in certain embodiments, the degassing and oxygen scavenging techniques discussed herein can be used together in tandem tofurther reduce the O2 content within the interior volume of the containment vessel during storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil.

[0028] For the illustrated example, the method 100 continues with the step 108 of removing the stabilized pyrolysis oil from the containment vessel after storage and / or transport. For example, the stabilized pyrolysis oil may be pumped or drained from the containment vessel. The stabilized pyrolysis oil has substantially less dissolved O2 and substantially fewer gum impurities (e.g., between about 60 wt.% to about 90 wt.% less gum impurities) when compared to pyrolysis oil (e.g., as formed in step 102) that has been stored and / or transported in the same manner, but without the O2 removal techniques discussed above. By reducing or eliminating gum formation during storage and / or transport of the stabilized pyrolysis oil, present techniques enable easier cleaning of the containment vessel between uses and may enable the use of less organic solvent (e.g., acetone) during cleaning, which desirably reduces the time, operational costs, and complexity associated with cleaning the containment vessel after storage and / or transport of pyrolysis oil. For example, in some cases, the present techniques enable a cleaning process that is similar to what is used to clean a containment vessel after storage and / or transport of other hydrocarbon feedstocks (e.g., petroleum feedstocks), as opposed to the enhanced cleaning that is typically required to clean gum deposits from containment vessels that have been used to store and / or transport pyrolysis oil without the O2 removal techniques set forth herein. Additionally, by reducing or eliminating gum formation during storage and / or transport, the stabilized pyrolysis oil is easier and cleaner to process, and thereby less likely to create undesirable issues with processing equipment (e.g., pumps, pre-treaters, fractionators, crackers) that process the stabilized pyrolysis oil after storage and / or transport.

[0029] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a method 200 of degassing O2 from pyrolysis oil and / or the gaseous headspace of a containment vessel to stabilize the pyrolysis oil for transport and / or storage. The method 200 begins with the step 202 of pyrolyzing MPW to yield pyrolysis oil, and the step 204 of loading the pyrolysis oil into a containment vessel, which proceed as discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. The method 200 includes the step 206 of degassing the pyrolysis oil and / or a gaseous headspace of the containment vessel with an inert gas that displaces O2 from the pyrolysis oil and / or the gaseous headspace of the containment vessel to yield stabilized pyrolysis oil. As discussed below, the degassing of step 206 can be performed in a number of different manners using different inert gas sources. In some embodiments, the inert gas is gaseous CO2, and in certain embodiments, the gaseous CO2 is generated via the sublimation of solid CO2 (also referred to herein as dry ice). For example, in certain embodiments, step 206 of the method 200 includes disposing dry ice in the pyrolysis oil, the containment vessel, and / or a chamber in fluid communication with to the containment vessel with dry ice before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil into the containment vessel, such that, as the dry ice sublimes, gaseous CO2 removes displaces O2 from the pyrolysis oil and / or a gaseous headspace of the containment vessel. For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the method 200 concludes with the step 208 of removing the stabilized pyrolysis oil from the containment vessel after storage and / or transport, in which the stabilized pyrolysis oil has substantially less dissolved O2 and substantially fewer gum impurities when compared to pyrolysis oil (e.g. as formed in step 202) that has been stored and / or transported without the O2 removal step 206.

[0030] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a system 300 for degassing a containment vessel 302, in accordance with step 206 of the method 200 of FIG. 2, before, during, and / or after the containment vessel 302 has been loaded with pyrolysis oil 304. More specifically,the illustrated example of the containment vessel 302 is a transport containment vessel (e.g., a road tanker) that is coupled to a truck 306 for transport, while in other examples, the containment vessel 302 may be associated with a railroad car or ocean liner for transport or may be a stationary tank for storage. The system 300 includes an inert gas source 308 that provides a supply or flow of an inert gas 310. In some embodiments, the inert gas source 308 is a gas cylinder that stores the inert gas 310 in a compressed state, potentially as a liquid at the pressures within the gas cylinder. For example, the gas cylinder may store CO2, N2, Ar, He, oxygen-free air, or combinations thereof as the inert gas 310. In other embodiments, the inert gas source 308 may be a sealable vessel in fluid communication with the interior of the containment vessel 302 (e.g., in fluid communication with the pyrolysis oil 304 within the interior of the containment vessel 302), in which the sealable vessel is loaded with dry ice before being sealed. As the sealable vessel absorbs heat from the ambient environment, the dry ice sublimes to yield gaseous CO2 as the inert gas 310. In some embodiments, the inert gas source 308 is attached to the containment vessel 302 or the truck 306 to enable degassing of the pyrolysis oil 304 during or throughout transport, while in other embodiments, the inert gas source 308 is temporarily fluidly coupled to the interior of the containment vessel 302 to degas the interior of the containment vessel before the truck 306 begins traveling to a delivery destination.

[0031] For the embodiment of the system 300 illustrated in FIG. 3, the flow of inert gas 310 is delivered to the interior of the containment vessel 302. More specifically, when the containment vessel 302 is loaded with pyrolysis oil 304, the flow of inert gas 310 is delivered into the pyrolysis oil 304, and preferably the flow of inert gas 310 is delivered at or near (e.g., within the lower 5% to 10% of the vertical height) of the containment vessel 302. In some embodiments, the flow of inert gas 310 traverses an installed, dedicated pipe of the containment vessel 302 that delivers theflow of inert gas 310 at or near the bottom of the containment vessel 302, while in other embodiments, a pipe may be temporarily introduced through an access port of the containment vessel and temporarily submerged into the pyrolysis oil 304 (when present) for the degassing process. The flow of inert gas 310 bubbles up through the pyrolysis oil 304 displacing O2 dissolved in the pyrolysis oil 304, and the displaced O2 enters the gaseous headspace 312 of the containment vessel 302. At this point, the gaseous headspace 312 of the containment vessel 302 may contain inert gas that has traversed the pyrolysis oil 304, O2 that was previously dissolved in the pyrolysis oil 304, and potentially air that was present in the containment vessel 302 prior to loading the pyrolysis oil 304. As the flow of inert gas 310 enters the interior of the containment vessel 302, a portion 314 of the gaseous headspace 312 that contains purged O2 and inert gas exits the interior of the containment vessel 302, which reduces the amount of O2 present within the interior of the containment vessel 302 (e.g., dissolved within the pyrolysis oil 304 and / or present within the gaseous headspace 312) over time. In certain embodiments, the purged flow of O2 and inert gas 314 traverses an installed, dedicated pipe (e.g., a purge line) of the containment vessel 302 that fluidly connects the gaseous headspace 312 with the exterior of the containment vessel 302, while in other embodiments, a pipe may be temporarily introduced through an access port or hatch of the containment vessel and temporarily disposed within the gaseous headspace 312 for the degassing process. It may be appreciated that, regardless of how the flow of inert gas 310 is introduced into the interior of the containment vessel 302 and how the flow of purged O2 and inert gas 314 exits the interior of the containment vessel 302, it is generally desirable for the interior of the containment vessel 302 to be substantially sealed during and after the degassing process to prevent exposure of the pyrolysis oil 304 or the gaseous headspace 312 to additional atmospheric O2. In some embodiments, this may involve using a bubbler or another suitable device that enablesa one-way flow of the purged O2 and inert gas 314 from the gaseous headspace 312 of the containment vessel 302 to the atmosphere, while preventing or blocking the reverse flow of atmospheric gases into the containment vessel 302.

[0032] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a system 400 for degassing a containment vessel 402, in accordance with step 206 of the method 200 of FIG. 2, before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel 402 with pyrolysis oil 404. More specifically, the illustrated example of the containment vessel 402 is a transport containment vessel (e.g., a road tanker) that is coupled to a truck 406 for transport, while in other examples, the containment vessel 402 may be associated with a railroad car or ocean liner for transport or may be a stationary tank for storage. For the illustrated embodiment, dry ice 408 is deposited within the interior of the containment vessel 402 prior to the pyrolysis oil 404 being loaded, as the pyrolysis oil is loaded, or after the pyrolysis oil 404 has been loaded into the containment vessel. For example, the dry ice 408 may be introduced into the interior of the containment vessel 402 via an access port or hatch of the containment vessel and disperse within the pyrolysis oil 404 (when present). In some embodiments, the dry ice 408 is in the form of small pellets (e.g., millimeters to centimeters in diameter) to increase the surface area contact between the dry ice 408 and the pyrolysis oil 404.

[0033] For the embodiment of the system 400 illustrated in FIG. 4, as the dry ice 408 absorbs heat from the ambient environment within the containment vessel 402 (e.g., from the pyrolysis oil 404), it sublimes to form gaseous CO2. When the containment vessel 402 is loaded with pyrolysis oil 404, the gaseous CO2 bubbles up through the pyrolysis oil 404, displacing O2 dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, and the displaced O2 enters the gaseous headspace 412 of the containment vessel 402. At this point, the gaseous headspace 412 of the containment vessel 402 may contain gaseous CO2 that has traversed the pyrolysis oil 404, O2 that was previously dissolved in the pyrolysis oil404, and potentially air that was present in the containment vessel 402 prior to loading the pyrolysis oil 404 or that entered the interior of the containment vessel 402 as the dry ice 408 was introduced. As the dry ice 408 sublimes and increases the pressure within the interior of the containment vessel 402, a portion 414 of the gaseous headspace 412 that contains purged O2 and gaseous CO2 exits the interior of the containment vessel 402, which reduces the amount of O2 present within the interior of the containment vessel 402 (e.g., dissolved within the pyrolysis oil 404 and / or present within the gaseous headspace 412) over time. In certain embodiments, the purged flow of O2 and CO2 gas 414 traverses an installed, dedicated pipe (e.g., a purge line) of the containment vessel 402 that fluidly connects the gaseous headspace 412 with the exterior of the containment vessel 402, while in other embodiments, a pipe may be temporarily introduced through an access port or hatch of the containment vessel and temporarily disposed within the gaseous headspace 412 for the degassing process. It may be appreciated that, regardless of how the flow of purged O2 and CO2 gas 414 exits the interior of the containment vessel 402, it is generally desirable for the interior of the containment vessel 402 to be sealed during and after the degassing process to prevent exposure of the pyrolysis oil 404 or the gaseous headspace 412 to additional atmospheric O2. In some embodiments, this may involve using a bubbler or another suitable device that enables a oneway flow of the purged O2 and CO2 gas 414 from the gaseous headspace 412 of the containment vessel 402 to the atmosphere, while preventing or blocking the reverse flow of atmospheric gases into the containment vessel 402.

[0034] FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a system 500 for degassing of pyrolysis oil 504 during loading of a containment vessel 502, in accordance with step 206 of the method 200 of FIG. 2. More specifically, the illustrated example of the containment vessel 502 is a transport containment vessel (e.g., a road tanker) that is coupled to a truck 506 fortransport, while in other examples, the containment vessel 502 may be associated with a railroad car or ocean liner for transport or may be a stationary tank for storage. The embodiment of the system illustrated in FIG. 5 includes an inert gas source 508 that provides a supply or flow of an inert gas 510, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3. The embodiment of the system illustrated in FIG. 5 includes a mixing chamber 512 (also referred to herein as a degassing chamber) that receives the flow of an inert gas 510 and a supply or flow of pyrolysis oil 504. The flow of an inert gas 510 is introduced at or near the bottom of the mixing chamber 512 and bubbles up through the pyrolysis oil 504 to displace O2 dissolved therein, and then the mixture of O2 and inert gas 514 is purged from the mixing chamber 512. After exiting the mixing chamber 512, the stabilized pyrolysis oil 516 is loaded (e.g., pumped, drained) into the interior volume of the containment vessel 502 for storage and / or transport. In some embodiments, prior to loading the stabilized pyrolysis oil 516, atmospheric O2 present within the gaseous headspace 518 of the containment vessel 502 may be removed (e.g., degassed using the flow of inert gas 510, sequestered by an oxygen scavenging material as discussed below) prior to loading the stabilized pyrolysis oil 516 to ensure that atmospheric O2 present within the gaseous headspace 518 does not have the opportunity to dissolve into the stabilized pyrolysis oil 516 and promote gum formation. In some embodiments, a bubbler or another suitable device may be used that enables a one-way flow of the gaseous headspace 518 from the interior volume of the containment vessel 502 to the atmosphere to equilibrate pressure as the stabilized pyrolysis oil is loaded, while preventing or blocking the reverse flow of atmospheric gases into the containment vessel 502.

[0035] FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of an example of a method 600 for capturing and sequestering O2 from the gaseous headspace of a containment vessel to stabilize the pyrolysis oil during transport and / or storage. The method 600 begins with the step 602 of pyrolyzing MPWto yield pyrolysis oil, and the step 604 of loading the pyrolysis oil into a containment vessel, which proceed as discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. The method 600 includes the step 606 of contacting the gaseous headspace of the containment vessel with an oxygen scavenging material to reduce an oxygen content of the gaseous headspace before, during, and / or after loading the pyrolysis oil to yield stabilized pyrolysis oil. The method 600 concludes with the step 608 of removing the stabilized pyrolysis oil from the containment vessel after storage and / or transport, in which the stabilized pyrolysis oil has substantially less dissolved O2 and substantially fewer gum impurities when compared to pyrolysis oil (e.g. as formed in step 602) that has been stored and / or transported without the O2 removal step 606.

[0036] FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a system 700 for removing O2 from a containment vessel 702 before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil 704, in accordance with step 606 of the method 600 of FIG. 6. More specifically, the illustrated example of the containment vessel 702 is a transport containment vessel (e.g., a road tanker) that is coupled to a truck 706 for transport, while in other examples, the containment vessel 702 may be associated with a railroad car or ocean liner for transport or may be a stationary tank for storage. For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, the containment vessel 702 includes cartridge holders 708 (e.g., 708A, 708B) positioned within the gaseous headspace 712 of the containment vessel 702, above the level of the pyrolysis oil 704. The cartridge holders 708 are designed to receive removable cartridges 710 (e.g., 710A, 710B) that contain an O2 scavenging material, and include suitable openings for the gaseous headspace 712 to contact the removable cartridges 710. While two cartridge holders 708 and two cartridges 710 are illustrated for the embodiment of FIG. 7, in other embodiments, the containment vessel 702 may include any suitable number of cartridge holders 708 and cartridges 710 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more),depending on the size of the containment vessel, the duration in which the pyrolysis oil 704 will reside in the containment vessel for storage and / or transport, a dissolved O2 content of the pyrolysis oil, an amount of O2 that can be sequestered by each cartridge, among other factors. The O2 scavenging material of the removable cartridges 710 interacts with (e.g., chemically reacts with, adsorbs, absorbs, or otherwise sequesters) O2 present within the gaseous headspace 712 of the containment vessel 702, diminishing the O2 content of the gaseous headspace 712 over time. Moreover, since the pyrolysis oil 704 exchanges dissolved gases with the gaseous headspace 712 over time, the dissolved O2 content of the pyrolysis oil 704 also decreases over time, stabilizing the pyrolysis oil 704 and limiting or eliminating gum formation during storage and / or transport.

[0037] For the embodiment of the system 700 illustrated in FIG. 7, the cartridge holders 708 are installed via access hatches 714 (e.g., 714A, 714B) positioned at or near the top (e.g., within the upper 5% to 15% of the vertical height) of the containment vessel 702. The access hatches 714 enable an operator to access the cartridge holders 708 to remove and replace the cartridges 710 before resealing the interior volume of the containment vessel 702. For example, in some embodiments, the operator may install fresh cartridges 710 into the containment vessel 702 a predetermined time (e.g., 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day) before the pyrolysis oil 704 is loaded, such that the cartridges 710 have sufficient time to substantially decrease the O2 content of the gaseous headspace 712 prior to loading. In other cases, the operator may install fresh cartridges 710 into the containment vessel 702 during loading of the pyrolysis oil 704 and / or during the storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil 704. In some embodiments, the spent cartridges 710 that are removed from the containment vessel 702 may be renewed or regenerated, for example, by treating the spent cartridges with one or more chemical reagents (e.g., an acid or base) and / or one or more physical processes (e.g., heating and / or placing under vacuum).

[0038] FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a system 800 for removing O2 from a containment vessel 802 before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil 704, in accordance with step 606 of the method 600 of FIG. 6. More specifically, the illustrated example of the containment vessel 802 is a transport containment vessel (e.g., a road tanker) that is coupled to a truck 806 for transport, while in other examples, the containment vessel 802 may be associated with a railroad car or ocean liner for transport or may be a stationary tank for storage. For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8, the containment vessel 802 includes a buoyant cartridge holder 808 that contains removable cartridges 810 having an O2 scavenging material, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 7. More specifically, the buoyant cartridge holder 808 is positioned within the gaseous headspace 812 of the containment vessel 802, floating at or near the top of the pyrolysis oil 804. The O2 scavenging material of the removable cartridges 810 interacts with (e.g., chemically reacts with, adsorbs, absorbs, or otherwise sequesters) O2 present within the gaseous headspace 812 of the containment vessel 802, diminishing the O2 content of the gaseous headspace 812 over time. Moreover, since the pyrolysis oil 804 exchanges dissolved gases with the gaseous headspace 812 over time, the dissolved O2 content of the pyrolysis oil 804 also decreases over time, stabilizing the pyrolysis oil 804 and limiting or eliminating gum formation during storage and / or transport.

[0039] For the embodiment of the system 800 illustrated in FIG. 8, the buoyant cartridge holder 808 is illustrated as including three removable cartridges 810, while in other embodiments, the buoyant cartridge holder 808 may be designed to contain any suitable number of removable cartridges 810 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more), depending on the size of the containment vessel, the duration in which the pyrolysis oil 804 will reside in the containment vessel for storage and / or transport, a dissolved O2 content of the pyrolysis oil, an amount of O2 that can be sequestered byeach cartridge, among other factors. In some embodiments, the buoyant cartridge holder 808 may be loaded with fresh removable cartridges 810 and placed within the interior volume of the containment vessel 802 a predetermined amount of time (e.g., 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day) before the pyrolysis oil 804 is loaded, such that the cartridges 810 have sufficient time to substantially decrease the O2 content of the gaseous headspace 812 prior to loading. Once the pyrolysis oil 804 is loaded, the buoyant cartridge holder 808 floats on the pyrolysis oil 804 to reduce the O2 content of the gaseous headspace 812 throughout storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil 804. In some embodiments, the buoyant cartridge holder 808 and / or the removable cartridges 810 are removed from the interior volume of the containment vessel 802 after the pyrolysis oil 804 has been removed. In some embodiments, the spent cartridges 810 that are removed from the containment vessel 802 may be renewed or regenerated, for example, by treating the spent cartridges 810 with one or more chemical reagents (e.g., an acid or base) and / or one or more physical processes (e.g., heating and / or placing under vacuum).

[0040] FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a system 900 for removing O2 from a containment vessel 902 before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil 904, in accordance with step 606 of the method 600 of FIG. 6. More specifically, the illustrated example of the containment vessel 902 is a transport containment vessel (e.g., a road tanker) that is coupled to a truck 906 for transport, while in other examples, the containment vessel 902 may be associated with a railroad car or ocean liner for transport or may be a stationary tank for storage. For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, the containment vessel 902 includes an external cartridge holder 908 that contains removable cartridges 910 having an O2 scavenging material, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 7. The illustrated system 900 functions similarly to the systems 800 and 700 discussed above, except that the external cartridge holder 908 and theremovable cartridges 910 are disposed outside of the internal volume of the containment vessel 902. For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8, the removable cartridges 910 are in fluid communication with the gaseous headspace 912 of the containment vessel 902 via at least two flow paths or pipes that enable the gaseous headspace 912 to passively cycle through the removable cartridges 910, which decreases the O2 content of the gaseous headspace 912 over time and stabilizes the pyrolysis oil 904 throughout storage and / or transport. It may be appreciated that the external cartridge holder 908 provides easier access for the operator to replace the cartridges 910 that other embodiments. In certain embodiments, the system 900 includes isolation valves 914 (e.g., 914A, 914B) that enable the operator to fluidly isolate the external cartridge holder 908 from the interior volume of the containment vessel 902, such that the operator can limit exposure of the interior volume of the containment vessel to atmospheric O2 as the cartridges 910 are accessed and replaced.

[0041] FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a method 1000 in which a controller conditionally activates an oxygen scavenging system of the containment vessel to remove and sequester O2 from the interior of the containment vessel to stabilize the pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport. The method 1000 includes the step 1002, in which the controller determines that an O2 content of the gaseous headspace of a containment vessel containing pyrolysis oil is greater than a predetermined threshold value or that a predetermined amount of time has elapsed since a pump or fan of the oxygen scavenging system was last activated. The method 1000 includes the step 1004, in which, in response to one or more of the conditions of step 1002 being satisfied, the controller provides suitable a control signal to activate the pump or fan of the oxygen scavenging system to draw a gas flow from the headspace of the containment vessel and direct the gas flow to an oxygen scavenging material to generate an oxygen-depleted gas flow,and the oxygen-depleted gas flow is directed into the containment vessel to displace oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil and / or present in the gaseous headspace of the containment vessel.

[0042] For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, the method 1000 includes the step 1006, in which the controller provides a suitable control signal to deactivate the pump or fan of the oxygen scavenging system in response to determining that the O2 content of the gaseous headspace of the containment vessel is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold value or determining that a second predetermined amount of time has passed since activating the oxygen scavenging system. As indicated by the arrow 1008, the controller then returns to step 1002 and monitors the O2 content within the gaseous headspace and / or the amount of time that has passed since the last activation of the pump or fan of the oxygen scavenging system to determine when next to activate the pump or fan of the oxygen scavenging system.

[0043] FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of a system 1100 for removing O2 from a containment vessel 1102 before, during, and / or after loading of the containment vessel with pyrolysis oil 1104, in accordance with the method 1000 of FIG. 10. More specifically, the illustrated example of the containment vessel 1102 is a transport containment vessel (e.g., a road tanker) that is coupled to a truck 1106 for transport, while in other examples, the containment vessel 1102 may be associated with a railroad car or ocean liner for transport or may be a stationary tank for storage. For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11, the system 1100 includes a pump or fan 1108, an O2 sensor 1110 positioned within the gaseous headspace 1112 of the containment vessel 1102, an external cartridge holder 1114 having one or more cartridges 1116 with an O2 scavenging material, and a controller 1118.

[0044] For the embodiment of the system 1100 illustrated in FIG. 11, the controller 1118 includes a memory 1120 (e.g., a random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), asolid-state disk (SSD), or other suitable memory or storage device) that stores processorexecutable instructions that implement the method 1000 of FIG. 10. The controller 1118 includes a processor 1122 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), one or more co-processing units) that executes the instructions stored in the memory 1120 to implement the method 1000 of FIG. 10. The controller 1118 further includes a clock 1124 that enables the controller to determine how much time has passed between different control actions. For the illustrated embodiment, the controller 1118 is communicatively connected to the O2 sensor 1110 to receive measurements of the O2 content in the gaseous headspace 1112 of the containment vessel 1102, and communicatively connected to the pump or fan 1108 to provide activation and deactivation control signals during operation.

[0045] For the embodiment of the system 1100 illustrated in FIG. 11, the controller 1118 may be configured to monitor the O2 content in the gaseous headspace 1112 of the containment vessel 1102 before, during, and / or after loading the pyrolysis oil 1104, and conditionally provide control signals to activate the pump or fan 1108 when the O2 content is greater than a predetermined threshold value or when a predetermined amount of time has passed since the pump or fan 1108 was last activated. When activated, the pump or fan 1108 draws in a portion of the gaseous headspace 1112 and drives it through the removable cartridges 1116 of the cartridge holder 1114 to decrease or eliminate the O2 content, and the resulting Ch-depleted gas stream is then directed into a lower portion of the containment vessel 1102 (e.g., into or near the bottom of the pyrolysis oil 1104, when present). When the containment vessel 1102 is loaded, the Ch-depleted gas stream may bubble through and degas the pyrolysis oil 1104, displacing Ch dissolved in the pyrolysis oil into the gaseous headspace 1112 and stabilizing the pyrolysis oil during storage and / or transport. The system 1100 may also be activated to achieve a desired predetermined Ch content in thegaseous headspace 1112 prior to loading of the pyrolysis oil 1104. Once the controller 1118 determines that the O2 content within the gaseous headspace 1112 is below the predetermined threshold value or that a predetermined amount of time has elapsed since activating the pump or fan 1108, the controller 1118 provides control signals to deactivate the pump or fan 1108, as discussed above.EXAMPLES

[0047] Example 1: In a first experimental example, four sample bottles were loaded with fresh pyrolysis oil. Dry ice was added to three of the sample bottles, while no dry ice was added to the control sample bottle. The dry ice was allowed to sublime, and the sample bottles were sealed for four weeks. At the conclusion of the four weeks, the three sample bottles to which the dry ice was added demonstrated high transmission, which indicates low gum formation, and no gum was visible at the bottom of the sample bottles. In contrast, the control sample to which no dry ice was added demonstrated a lower transmission and gum was clearly visible at the bottom of the control sample bottle.

[0048] Example 2: In a second experimental example, four Schott bottles were loaded with 400 milliliters of fresh pyrolysis oil, and the gaseous headspace above the pyrolysis oil was atmospheric air. One or more bags containing an O2 scavenging material were added to three of the sample bottles and the sample bottles sealed, while the control sample bottle was sealed without the O2 scavenging material. After three weeks, the sample bottles having the O2 scavenging material demonstrated no visible gum disposed at the bottom of the sample bottles, while the control sample bottle had a black bottom as a result of substantial gum formation.

[0049] Example 3: In a third experimental example, pyrolysis oil was added to two sample bottles. One or more bags containing an O2 scavenging material were added to one of the samplebottles and the sample bottle sealed, while the control sample bottle was sealed without the O2 scavenging material. The dry gum content of the sample bottle and the control sample bottle was then determined at half-week intervals over a five-week period of time, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 12. FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the dry gum content of these samples in part- per-million-by-weight (ppmw) as a function of time. The line 1202 corresponds to the control sample bottle, while the line 1204 corresponds to the sample bottle that included the O2 scavenging material. As illustrated, the sample bottle that included the O2 scavenging material demonstrated substantially lower gum formation compared to the control sample bottle.

[0050] Other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the foregoing figures, detailed description, and examples. It should be understood, however, that the figures, detailed description, and examples, while indicating specific examples of the disclosure, are given by way of illustration only and are not meant to be limiting. Additionally, it is contemplated that changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description. In further examples, features from specific examples may be combined with features from other examples. For example, features from one example may be combined with features from any of the other examples. In further examples, additional features may be added to the specific examples described herein.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method, comprising: loading pyrolysis oil into an internal volume of a containment vessel; and reducing an oxygen content within the internal volume of the containment vessel to inhibit formation of gum impurities during storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil, wherein reducing the oxygen content comprises contacting the pyrolysis oil with gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil into the internal volume of the containment vessel to purge oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, to purge oxygen from a gaseous headspace within the internal volume, or a combination thereof, wherein the gaseous CO2 is formed via sublimation of solid CO2.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the oxygen content comprises purging a gaseous headspace within the internal volume with the gaseous CO2 before, during, and after loading the pyrolysis oil.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the oxygen content comprises delivering the gaseous CO2 into the pyrolysis oil within the internal volume to purge oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, wherein the gaseous CO2 subsequently purges oxygen from a gaseous headspace within the internal volume.

4. The method of claim 3, comprising: disposing the solid CO2 in a container that is disposed outside of the internal volume and in fluid communication with the internal volume, wherein the container is configured to sublime the solid CO2 to generate the gaseous CO2 as the inert gas flow delivered to the internal volume to purge the oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil and to purgethe oxygen from the gaseous headspace within the internal volume.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the oxygen content comprises contacting the pyrolysis oil with the solid CO2 before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil into the internal volume of the containment vessel, wherein the solid CO2 sublimes to generate the gaseous CO2 that purges oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, purges oxygen from a gaseous headspace within the internal volume, or a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the oxygen content comprises contacting a gaseous headspace within the internal volume with an oxygen scavenging material before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the oxygen content comprises disposing an oxygen scavenging material within the internal volume before, during, or after loading the pyrolysis oil, wherein the oxygen scavenging material is configured to float on top of the pyrolysis oil after loading.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the oxygen content comprises contacting a gaseous headspace of the internal volume with an oxygen scavenging material disposed outside of the internal volume and in fluid communication with the gaseous headspace of the internal volume.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein, after reducing the oxygen content, the pyrolysis oil contains less than 0.3 part per million by weight (ppmw) of the gum impurities after the storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil for up to five weeks.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis oil contains between 60 weight percent (wt. %) and 90 wt.% less of the gum impurities after the storage and / or transport of the pyrolysis oil compared to the same pyrolysis oil that is stored and / or transported in thesame manner but without reducing the oxygen content within the internal volume.

11. A system, comprising: a containment vessel having an internal volume configured to be loaded with pyrolysis oil for storage and / or transport, wherein the containment vessel comprises an isotank or the containment vessel of a tanker truck, tanker barge, or railway tanker; and a container disposed outside of the containment vessel and in fluid communication with the internal volume of the containment vessel, wherein the container is configured to receive and sublime solid carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate a flow of gaseous CO2 that is delivered to the internal volume of the containment vessel to reduce an oxygen content in the internal volume before, during, or after the pyrolysis oil is loaded into the internal volume of the containment vessel.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the flow of gaseous CO2 is configured to purge oxygen dissolved in the pyrolysis oil, to purge oxygen from an atmosphere within the internal volume, or a combination thereof.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein the containment vessel comprises an oxygen scavenging material in fluid communication with a gaseous headspace within the internal volume of the containment vessel, wherein the oxygen scavenging material is configured to sequester oxygen from the gaseous headspace before, during, or after the pyrolysis oil is loaded into the internal volume of the containment vessel.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the oxygen scavenging material is disposed within a removable cartridge disposed within a cartridge holder positioned within the internal volume or outside of the internal volume of the containment vessel.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the cartridge holder is configured to be loaded into the containment vessel prior to loading the pyrolysis oil and configured to float on top of the pyrolysis oil after loading to enable the removable cartridge to contact the gaseous headspace within the internal volume of the containment vessel.

Images