Cordless power tool system

Abstract

A concrete installation system includes a battery pack having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a battery charger; a compacting tool configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN for at least 25% of a charge time duration; a concrete vibrator configured to vibrate with a vibration frequency of at least 170 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5 mm for at least 50% of the charge time duration; and a screed configured to cause a beam to have an acceleration of at least 25 m / s2 for at least 50% of the charge time duration.

Description

CORDLESS POWER TOOL SYSTEMCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority’ to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 622,475, filed January 18, 2024, titled "‘Cordless Power Tool System,’" which is hereby incorporated by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] Power tools for construction projects (e.g., involving concrete) can include rammers and plate compactors for compacting and preparing a surface for receiving concrete, screeds for smoothing and settling concrete, concrete vibrators for vibrating and removing air pockets from concrete, and core drills for drilling holes into concrete. These tools traditionally have been powered by gasoline or petrol engines, or have been electrically powered via a cord connected to a generator or a mains electrical outlet.SUMMARY

[0003] An aspect of the present patent application provides a concrete installation system comprising: a plurality of battery' packs each including a battery' pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, a plurality of battery cells disposed in the cell holder subassembly, and a battery pack interface, each battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a battery charger configured to recharge at least one of the plurality of battery packs from a state of charge where the plurality of battery packs reached a cutoff threshold to a full state of charge within a charge time duration; a compacting tool configured to compact a surface in order to prepare the surface for receiving wet concrete, the compacting tool including a tool housing, an output member, and an electric motor configured to be powered by a first battery pack of the plurality of the battery packsand to drive the output member, wherein the compacting tool is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN for a duration of a first discharge cycle of the first battery pack from the full state of charge to when the first battery pack reaches a first cutoff threshold, the first discharge cycle being at least 25% of the charge time duration; a concrete vibrator configured to vibrate the wet concrete to remove bubbles, the concrete vibrator including a vibrating head with a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the rotating shaft including an eccentric mass that has an eccentric axis offset from a shaft axis, an electric motor configured to be powered by a second battery pack of the plurality of battery packs and to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates, wherein the vibrating head is configured to vibrate with a vibration frequency of at least 170 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5 mm for a duration of a second discharge cycle of the second battery pack from the full state of charge to when the second battery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold, the second discharge cycle being at least 50% of the charge time duration; and a screed configured to smooth a surface of the wet concrete, the screed including a base, a beam removably connected to the base, a frame assembly mounted to the base via a vibration dampening mechanism, an electric motor configured to be powered by a third battery pack of the plurality of battery packs, and an eccentric vibration mechanism configured to be driven by the electric motor to cause the base and the beam to vibrate, wherein the screed is configured to cause the beam to have an acceleration of at least 25 m / s2for a duration of a third discharge cycle of the third battery pack from the full state of charge to when the third battery pack reaches a third cutoff threshold, the third discharge cycle being at least 50% of the charge time duration.

[0004] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0005] In an aspect, the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

[0006] In an aspect, the compacting tool comprises a plate compactor.

[0007] In an aspect, the compacting tool comprises a rammer.

[0008] In an aspect, the system includes a core drill configured to drill holes in the concrete after dry ing.

[0009] In an aspect, the compacting tool is configured to continuously run using four or fewer of the plurality of battery7packs, wherein one of the four or fewer of the plurality of battery7packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the remaining of the four or fewer of the plurality of battery7packs are being recharged.

[0010] In an aspect, the concrete vibrator is configured to continuously run using two battery7packs, wherein one of the two battery packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the other of the two battery packs is being recharged.

[0011] In an aspect, the screed is configured to continuously run using two battery7packs, wherein one of the two battery7packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the other of the two battery7packs is being recharged.

[0012] In an aspect, each battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity7of at least 10 Ah.

[0013] In an aspect, a ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

[0014] In an aspect, each cell in the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

[0015] In an aspect, the battery pack has a temperature threshold and the battery pack is configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed the temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0016] In an aspect, the temperature threshold is 70°C.

[0017] In an aspect, the each of the first, second, and third cutoff thresholds are a state of charge voltage cutoff threshold and wherein the battery pack is configured to reach the state of charge voltage cutoff threshold before reaching the temperature threshold when operating with the compacting tool, the concrete vibrator, and the screed.

[0018] In an aspect, the first, second, and third cutoff thresholds are the same.

[0019] In an aspect, the system includes a prior generation battery pack having a second batten- pack interface that is different from the battery' pack interface and that is configured to be provide power to one or more prior generation power tools, and an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to couple with the second battery' pack interface, and a second adapter interface configured to provide power from the second battery pack to the compactor, the concrete vibrator, and the screed.

[0020] In an aspect, the cells of the plurality of battery packs are pouch cells and the prior generation battery pack includes cylindrical cells.

[0021] In an aspect, the prior generation battery' pack, when fully' charged, has a stored energy between 100 Wh and 300 Wh.

[0022] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a rammer tool comprising: a tool housing; a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing; a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a battery' pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, wherein the battery pack has a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L. and wherein the compacting foot is configured toapply at least 4.2 strokes per kJ of battery pack energy' over a discharge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0023] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0024] In an aspect, the stored energy' is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

[0025] In an aspect, the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah.

[0026] In an aspect, a ratio of the energy of the battery' pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

[0027] In an aspect, the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy' during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0028] In an aspect, the battery pack is configured so that a temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0029] In an aspect, the temperature threshold is 70°C.

[0030] In an aspect, the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle.

[0031] In an aspect, the reciprocating drive transmission is configured to be driven by the electric motor at a motor speed of between 3000 rpm and 4000 rpm of an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

[0032] In an aspect, the compacting foot is configured to exert an average compacting force of at least 10 kN of an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0033] In an aspect, the battery cells comprise a plurality of pouch cells.

[0034] In an aspect, the pouch cells are arranged in at least three rows connected in series.

[0035] In an aspect, each of the plurality’ of cells have an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhm.

[0036] In an aspect, the battery' housing has a total pack volume in a range of 4.8 to 6.5 L, a width in a range of 15 cm to 17 cm, a height in a range of 12 cm to 13 cm, and a length in a range of 27 cm to 29 cm.

[0037] In an aspect, the electric motor includes a sealed housing surrounding a stator and a rotor therein.

[0038] In an aspect, the electric motor is passively cooled by ambient air surrounding the sealed housing.

[0039] In an aspect, the rammer tool is configured to compact an area having a linear distance of at least 250 meters over the discharge cycle with an impact rate of at least 600 beats per minute.

[0040] In an aspect, the rammer tool is configured to compact an area having a linear distance of at least 200 meters over the discharge cycle of the battery pack with an impact rate of at least 670 beats per minute.

[0041] In an aspect, the compacting foot is configured to apply impacts to the surface at an average force of at least 10 kN as the battery' pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy of the battery pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0042] In an aspect, the rammer tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 0.4 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0043] In an aspect, the rammer tool is configured to have compact an area having a length of at least 6.5 m per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0044] In an aspect, the compacting foot is configured to exert an average force of at least 10 kN at a substantially constant speed between 3200 to 3700 RPM, and the substantiallyconstant speed is maintained over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0045] In an aspect, the rammer tool is configured to maintain the constant speed for at least 15 minutes.

[0046] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a rammer tool system comprising: a rammer tool including a tool housing, a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing, a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface, an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a first batten- pack including a first battery pack interface and a plurality of pouch cells received in a cell holder subassembly, the first battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a second batten- pack including a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface, and a plurality of cylindrical cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the second battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy between 100 Wh and 300 Wh; a first tool interface electrically coupleable to the rammer tool, the first tool interface configured to mate with the first batten- pack interface to deliver power from the first battery pack to the electric motor but not mateable with the second batten’ pack interface; and an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to mate with the second batten' pack interface to couple the second battery pack to the adapter, and a second adapter interface configured to be coupled to the first tool interface such that the adapter enables the second batten- pack to deliver power from the second battery pack to the electric motor.

[0047] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0048] In an aspect, the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ

[0049] In an aspect, when the first battery pack is coupled to the first tool interface, the rammer tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 15 minutes while a temperature of the first battery pack cells remains below 70° C over a full discharge cycle of the first batten,' pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0050] In an aspect, when the second battery pack is coupled to the second tool interface and the third interface of the adapter is coupled to the first tool interface, the rammer tool is configured have a runtime of at least 6 minutes while a temperature of the cells of the second battery pack remains below 70° C over a full discharge cycle of the second battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the second battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0051] In an aspect, the rammer tool system includes a first set of non-handheld power equipment, wherein the first battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

[0052] In an aspect, the rammer tool system includes a second set of handheld power tools, wherein the second battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

[0053] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a rammer tool comprising: a tool housing extending along a first axis at a first acute angle to a work surface, the housing including a top end portion and a bottom end portion; a compacting foot movably coupled to the bottom end portion of the tool housing; a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a battery receptacle coupled to thetop end portion of the tool housing, the battery' receptacle configured to receive a battery pack in a sliding manner along a second axis that is transverse to the first axis and that is at a second acute angle of between 5 and 45 degrees relative to the work surface; a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery7pack housing and a battery' pack interface extending along a battery' pack axis, wherein the battery' pack interface is configured to be removably coupled to the battery' pack receptacle by sliding the battery pack housing along the second axis.

[0054] In an aspect, the electric motor has a sidewall extending between the top end portion and the bottom end portion, the electric motor being coupled to the sidewall and disposed at least partially outside the housing.

[0055] In an aspect, the electric motor is fully' sealed.

[0056] In an aspect, the second axis is generally perpendicular to the first axis.

[0057] In an aspect, the first acute angle is greater than 45 degrees.

[0058] In an aspect, the battery receptacle includes a first rail extending along the second axis and the battery pack interface includes a first groove configured to receive the first rail as the battery pack is coupled to the battery' pack receptacle.

[0059] Another aspect provided by the present patent application includes a compactor tool comprising: a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibrating mechanism; and a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly' received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery’ pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L. wherein the plate is configured to apply at least 60strokes per kJ of battery pack energy7over a discharge cycle of the battery7pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0060] In an aspect, the compactor tool system includes a first set of non-handheld power equipment, wherein the first battery7pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

[0061] In an aspect, the compactor tool system includes a second set of handheld power tools, wherein the second battery7pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

[0062] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0063] In an aspect, the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

[0064] In an aspect, the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah.

[0065] In an aspect, a ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

[0066] In an aspect, the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0067] In an aspect, the battery pack is configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0068] In an aspect, the temperature threshold is 70°C.

[0069] In an aspect, the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle.

[0070] In an aspect, the vibrating mechanism is configured to be driven by the electric motor at a motor speed of between 2000 rpm and 4000 rpm of an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0071] In an aspect, the plate is configured to exert an average compacting force of at least10 kN of an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

[0072] In an aspect, the cells comprise a plurality7of pouch cells.

[0073] In an aspect, the plurality7of pouch cells are arranged in series.

[0074] In an aspect, each of the plurality' of cells has an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms.

[0075] In an aspect, the electric motor includes a sealed housing surrounding a stator and a rotor therein.

[0076] In an aspect, the electric motor is passively cooled by ambient air surrounding the sealed housing.

[0077] In an aspect, the vibrating mechanism comprises a counter-weight rotatably coupled to the electric motor to cause the plurality of strokes on the plate and cause a forward movement of the plate along a linear axis.

[0078] In an aspect, wherein the compactor tool is configured to compact an area of at least 0. 1 m2of clear stone over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

[0079] In an aspect, the compactor tool is configured to apply the plurality of strokes at a forward speed of at least 20 m / min.

[0080] In an aspect, the electric motor is operable at a low speed with a runtime of at least 20 minutes for the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

[0081] In an aspect, the low speed is approximately 2900 RPM.

[0082] In an aspect, the electric motor is operable at a high speed with a runtime of at least 18 minutes for the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

[0083] In an aspect, the high speed is approximately 3520 RPM.

[0084] In an aspect, the plate is configured to compact an area of at least 0.1 m2of clear stone per kJ of battery pack energy' over a discharge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0085] In an aspect, the compactor tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 0.6 seconds per kJ of battery' pack energy' over a discharge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to when the battery' pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0086] In an aspect, a compacting foot is configured to apply compacting force to the surface at an average force at least 15 kN with a vibration frequency of at least 80 Hz as the battery' pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy of the battery' pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0087] In an aspect, the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality of strokes at a stroke frequency' of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery' pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the plate can maintain the speed of between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a full discharge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold w'ithout a temperature of the cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0088] In an aspect, the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the compactor tool has a runtime of at least 20 minutes over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery’ pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells in the battery pack exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0089] In an aspect, the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the compactor tool can compact at least 0.1 m2of clear stone over a full discharge cycle of the batten- pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery' pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells in the battery' pack exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0090] Another aspect provided by the present patent application includes a compactor tool system comprising: a first battery' pack operable at a first nominal voltage and having a first battery' pack housing, a plurality of first battery cells received in a cell holder subassembly in the battery pack housing, and a first battery' pack interface, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy' to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a second battery pack operable at a second nominal voltage and having a second battery pack housing, a plurality of second battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, and a second battery pack interface that is different than the first battery pack interface; a compactor tool including a tool housing, a plate, and an electric motor configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; a first tool interface electrically coupleable to the compactor tool, the first tool interface configured to mate with the first battery pack interface to deliver power from the first battery' pack to the electric motor and not mateable with the second battery pack interface; an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to mate with the second battery pack interface to couple the second battery pack to the adapter, and a second adapter interface configured to be coupled to the first tool interface such that the adapter enables the second battery’ pack to deliver power to the electric motor; when the first battery pack is coupled to the first tool interface, the compactor tool is configured have a runtime of at least 18 minutes while a temperature of thefirst battery cells remain below 70° over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the first battery pack reaches a first cutoff threshold, and when the second battery pack is coupled to the first adapter interface and the second adapter interface is coupled to the first tool interface, the compactor tool is configured have a runtime of at least 7 minutes while a temperature of the second battery cells remains below 70° over a full discharge cycle of the second battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the second battery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold.

[0091] Another aspect provided by the present patent application includes a concrete vibrator system comprising: a vibrating head including a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the shaft including an eccentric mass that is and offset from the shaft axis; an electric motor configured to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates; a power unit including a battery receptacle and a control module; a battery pack coupleable to the battery receptacle and configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the vibrating head has a runtime of at least 3.5 minutes per kJ of battery energy in a no-load water test as the battery pack is continuously discharged over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0092] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0093] In an aspect, the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

[0094] In an aspect, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least190 mins for a 38 mm vibrating head.

[0095] In an aspect, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 5.5 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy7for a 38 mm vibrating head.

[0096] In an aspect, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 160 mins for a 50 mm vibrating head.

[0097] In an aspect, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 5 seconds per kJ of battery7pack energy for a 50 mm vibrating head.

[0098] In an aspect, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 100 mins for a 59 mm vibrating head.

[0099] In an aspect, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 3 seconds per kJ of battery7pack energy for a 59 mm vibrating head.

[0100] In an aspect, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime over the over the discharge cycle in a no-load water test discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 450 kg*mins.

[0101] In an aspect, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery7pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.3 kg*min / kJ.

[0102] In an aspect, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery7pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.3 kg*sec / kJ for a 38 mm vibrating head.

[0103] In an aspect, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery7pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.4 kg*sec / kJ for a 50 mm vibrating head.

[0104] In an aspect, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery' pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.2 kg*sec / kJ for a 59 mm vibrating head.

[0105] In an aspect, the vibrating head has one of: (a) a diameter of between 36 mm and 42 mm and a runtime of at least 190 minutes in a no load water test over a full discharge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold; (b) a diameter of between 48 mm and 52 mm and a runtime of at least 160 minutes in the no load water test over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack; or (c) a diameter between 57 mm and 61 mm and a runtime of at least 100 minutes in the no load water test over the full discharge cycle of the battery' pack.

[0106] In an aspect, the electric motor is received in the head housing and the hose is configured to electrically couple the power unit to the electric motor.

[0107] In an aspect, the electric motor is received in the power unit housing and the hose comprises a flexible shaft configured to couple the electric motor to the rotating shaft in the head.

[0108] In an aspect, the vibrating head is configured to compact at least 100 m3of floorwork over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

[0109] In an aspect, the battery' pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of a state of charge of the battery' pack over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

[0110] In an aspect, a ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

[0111] In an aspect, the battery' pack is configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0112] In an aspect, the temperature threshold is 70°C.

[0113] In an aspect, the electric motor is configured to draw at least 5 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle.

[0114] In an aspect, the head has a 38 mm diameter and is configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 1.4 and 1.8 kN over an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0115] In an aspect, the head has a 50 mm diameter and is configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 2.4 and 3.1 kN over an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

[0116] In an aspect, the head has a 38 mm diameter and is configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 3.2 and 4.6 kN over an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

[0117] In an aspect, the concrete vibrator system includes a backpack configured to carry the power unit.

[0118] In an aspect, the power unit and the backpack have a combined weight of 6 kg to 7 kg.

[0119] In an aspect, the concrete vibrator system includes a floor mountable frame configured to be coupled to the power unit.

[0120] In an aspect, the power unit and the floor mountable frame have a combined weight of 4 kg to 5 kg.

[0121] In an aspect, the battery pack cells comprise pouch cells.

[0122] In an aspect, the pouch cells are arranged in series.

[0123] In an aspect, the battery cells are arranged in a cell holder subassembly having a volume between 2 L and 3 L.

[0124] In an aspect, the battery' cells are arranged in a cell holder subassembly, and a ratio of battery pack energy to cell holder subassembly volume is at least 800 kJ / L.

[0125] In an aspect, the battery cells have an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms.

[0126] In an aspect, the batten- housing has a total pack volume in the range of 4.0 L to 6.5 L.

[0127] In an aspect, a ratio of batten- pack energy to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ / L.

[0128] In an aspect, the battery- pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy- of the battery- pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0129] In an aspect, the vibrating head is configured to process a volume of concrete of at least 100 m3over a full discharge cycle of the battery- pack from a full state of charge to when the battery- pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0130] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a vibrating screed tool for leveling and smoothing a working material comprising: a base; a beam removably connected to the base; a frame assembly- mounted to the base; a housing coupled to the frame assembly; an electric motor received in the housing; an eccentric vibration mechanism configured to be driven by the electric motor to cause the base and the beam to vibrate; and a battery pack configured to configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy- to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the vibrating screed tool configured to be vibrated by the eccentric vibration mechanism with a base acceleration of at least 25 m / s2with a runtime of at least 2 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0131] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0132] In an aspect, the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

[0133] In an aspect, the battery' pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity' of at least 10 Ah.

[0134] In an aspect, a ratio of the energy of the battery' pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

[0135] In an aspect, the battery' pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy' during an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

[0136] In an aspect, the battery' pack is configured so that a temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

[0137] In an aspect, the temperature threshold is 70°C.

[0138] In an aspect, the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

[0139] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 3.7 m long and the base acceleration is approximately 40 m / s2

[0140] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.7 m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of less than approximately 7.5 m / s2.

[0141] In an aspect, the beam is L-shaped.

[0142] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 42 m / s2.

[0143] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 5.5 m / s2.

[0144] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 2.4m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 48 m / s2

[0145] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 2.4m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.9 m / s2.

[0146] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 3.1m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 31 m / s2.

[0147] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.1m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4 m / s2.

[0148] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 3.7m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 39 m / s2.

[0149] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.7m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 7.2 m / s2

[0150] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 4.3m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 42 m / s2.

[0151] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 4.3m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 5.8 m / s2.

[0152] In an aspect, the beam is wedge-shaped with a cross section that is trapezoidal.

[0153] In an aspect, the base acceleration is greater than 25 m / s2.

[0154] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein a handle vibration acceleration is less than 6 m / s2.

[0155] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is at least 26 m / s2.

[0156] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.8 m / s2.

[0157] In an aspect, in the beam is approximately 3.1m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 31 m / s2.

[0158] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.1m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 3.1 m / s2.

[0159] In an aspect, the beam is wedge-shaped with a cross section formed by two triangles.

[0160] In an aspect, the base acceleration is greater than 25 m / s2.

[0161] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein a handle vibration acceleration is less than 6 m / s2.

[0162] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 25 m / s2.

[0163] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 3.4m / s2.

[0164] In an aspect, the beam is approximately 3.1m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 31m / s2.

[0165] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool includes a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3. Im long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.3m / s2.

[0166] In an aspect, vibration of the beam allows settling of slump concrete to a depth of up to 25 cm.

[0167] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool is configured to have a vibration frequency between 120Hz and 140Hz.

[0168] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool is configured to have a vibration frequency of approximately 131Hz.

[0169] In an aspect, the electric motor has a power output of at least 2000W.

[0170] In an aspect, the electric motor is configured to rotate the eccentric vibration mechanism over a range of 0 rpm to 8000 rpm.

[0171] In an aspect, a motor speed is adjustable.

[0172] In an aspect, the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least approximately54V.

[0173] In an aspect, the battery pack has a capacity of at least approximately lOAh.

[0174] In an aspect, the battery cells comprise pouch cells.

[0175] In an aspect, the batten- pack is configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0176] In an aspect, the temperature threshold is 70°C.

[0177] In an aspect, the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0178] In an aspect, the vibrating screed tool is configured to be vibrated by the eccentric vibration mechanism with a base acceleration of at least 25 m / s2 as the battery pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge to when at least 95% of the energy of the battery pack has been discharged without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0179] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a cordless drill system comprising: a drill configured to have an output power of at least 1650 Watts andincluding a housing, an electric motor, a transmission driven by an electric motor, an output spindle rotatable by the transmission, and a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle configured to receive a core drill bit for forming holes in concrete; a first battery pack configured to provide power to the electric motor, the first battery' pack including a batterypack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery- pack housing, and a plurality' of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the first battery' pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy- to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the drill is configured to maintain an operating speed of the electric motor between 17,000 rpm and 25,000 rpm over a discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to when the first batterypack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0180] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0181] In an aspect, the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

[0182] In an aspect, the first battery pack is operable at a first nominal voltage of at least 54V with a capacity' of at least 10 Ah

[0183] In an aspect, the first battery pack has a total pack volume of between 4 L and 10 L.

[0184] In an aspect, the first battery pack has a weight of between 5 kg and 14 kg.

[0185] In an aspect, the first battery pack has a plurality of battery cells each having an impedance of less than or equal to 3 mQ.

[0186] In an aspect, the electric motor has a weight of less than or equal to 750 kg. a diameter of at least 50 mm, and a length of between 15 mm and 100mm.

[0187] In an aspect, the cordless drill system includes a stand, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand.

[0188] In an aspect, the stand is configured to move the core drill bit in a manner similar to a drill press.

[0189] In an aspect, the plurality' of battery' cells comprise pouch cells.

[0190] In an aspect, the cordless drill system includes a first battery' pack interface electrically couplable to the drill, wherein the drill further comprises a second battery' pack interface that is different from the first battery' pack interface.

[0191] In an aspect, the first battery' pack interface is mounted on a stand, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand.

[0192] In an aspect, the cordless drill system includes a second battery pack that is different from the first battery pack and that is removably' coupleable to the second battery' pack interface to provide power to the electric motor.

[0193] In an aspect, the plurality' of battery cells of the first battery pack comprise pouch cells, and battery cells of the second battery' pack comprise standard cylindrical cells.

[0194] In an aspect, the cordless drill system includes a second power tool that is different from the drill, wherein a second battery pack is coupleable to the second power tool to provide power to the second power tool.

[0195] In an aspect, the second battery pack is operable at the first nominal voltage when coupled to the drill and is operable at a second nominal voltage that is different from the first nominal voltage when coupled to the second power tool.

[0196] In an aspect, the drill is configured to form at least 12 holes with a diameter between 35 mm and 45 mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0197] In an aspect, the drill is configured to form at least 8 holes with a diameter between 70mm and 80mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battenpack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery7pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0198] In an aspect, the drill is configured to form at least 7 holes with a diameter between 95mm and 105mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery7pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0199] In an aspect, the drill is configured to continuously form holes in concrete as the first battery7pack is discharged from a full state of charge to when at least 95% of the energy of the first battery pack has been discharged w ithout a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0200] In an aspect, the drill is configured to form at least 12 holes having a diameter of 38mm in concrete block over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0201] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a cordless power tool system comprising: a drill assembly including a drill housing, a first electric motor received in the drill housing, a transmission received in the drill housing and driven by the motor, an output spindle rotatable by the transmission, a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle, a first battery pack interface, and a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface; a second power tool that is different from the drill assembly, the second power tool including a power tool housing, a second electric motor received in the power tool housing, and a third battery7pack interface that is substantially similar to the second battery pack interface; a first battery pack removably coupleable to the first batterypack interface to provide power to the first motor, but not coupleable to the second battery pack interface or the third batten- pack interface, the first battery pack operable at a first nominal voltage, and including a plurality of first battery7cells; and a second battery7pack removably coupleable to the second battery7pack interface to provide power to the first motor and removably coupleable to the third battery pack interface to provide power to the second motor, but not coupleable to the first battery7pack interface, the second battery pack operable at a second nominal voltage that is substantially equal to the first nominal voltage, and including a plurality7of second battery7cells.

[0202] In an aspect, the cordless power tool system includes a first set of nonhandheld power equipment, each including a fourth battery pack interface that is substantially similar to the first battery pack interface, wherein the first battery7pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to the fourth battery pack interface of each of first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

[0203] In an aspect, second power tool is part of a second set of handheld power tools, each having a fifth battery pack interface that is substantially similar to the second battery pack interface and the third battery7pack interface, wherein the second battery7pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to the fifth battery7pack interface of each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

[0204] In an aspect, the cordless power tool system includes a third set of power tools, each having a sixth battery pack interface, wherein the second battery pack is coupleable to the sixth battery pack interface and operable at a third nominal voltage that is different from the second nominal voltage when coupled to the sixth battery pack interface.

[0205] In an aspect, the second battery pack is configured to automatically change between operating at the second nominal voltage when coupled to the second battery pack interface or the third battery pack interface and operating at the third nominal voltage when coupled to the sixth battery' pack interface.

[0206] In an aspect, the cordless power tool system includes a third battery' pack coupleable to the sixth battery' pack interface, but not couplable to the first, second, or third battery' pack interfaces, the second battery' pack operable at the third nominal voltage but not at the second nominal voltage.

[0207] In an aspect, the plurality' of first battery cells comprise pouch cells.

[0208] In an aspect, the first battery pack interface electrically is couplable to the drill, wherein the drill further comprises a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery' pack interface.

[0209] In an aspect, the first battery pack interface is mounted on a stand, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand.

[0210] In an aspect, the second battery pack is different from the first battery pack and that is removably coupleable to the second battery pack interface to provide power to the brushless electric motor.

[0211] In an aspect, the battery' cells of the first battery pack comprise pouch cells, and battery cells of the second battery pack comprise standard cylindrical cells.

[0212] In an aspect, the second battery pack is coupleable to the second power tool to provide power to the second power tool.

[0213] In an aspect, the second battery pack is operable at the first nominal voltage when coupled to the drill and is operable at a second nominal voltage that is different from the first nominal voltage when coupled to the second power tool.

[0214] In an aspect, the drill is configured to form at least 12 holes with a diameter between 35 mm and 45 mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery7pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0215] In an aspect, the drill is configured to form at least 8 holes with a diameter between 70mm and 80mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery' pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery' pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0216] In an aspect, the drill is configured to form at least 7 holes with a diameter between 95mm and 105mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery7pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0217] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a battery pack, configured to provide electrical power to an electric motor, the battery pack comprising: a battery pack housing; a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah, wherein the battery pack, when fully charged, has a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy to the volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of the stored energy of the battery cells from a full state of charge without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0218] In an aspect, the battery' pack is configured to reach a voltage cutoff threshold before reaching the temperature threshold.

[0219] Another aspect of the present patent application includes a battery pack, configured to provide electrical power to an electric motor, the battery pack comprising: abattery pack housing; a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah, wherein the battery pack, when fully charged, has a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy to the volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the battery' pack is configured to discharge a continuous current of at least 80 amps from a full state of charge until a voltage cutoff threshold without a temperature of the battery' cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0220] Another aspect of the present patent application includes battery pack, configured to provide electrical power to an electric motor, the battery pack comprising: a battery pack housing; a cell holder subassembly' received in the battery pack housing, a plurality of battery7cells received in the cell holder subassembly, wherein the battery7pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah, wherein the battery pack, when fully charged, has a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy to the volume of the cell holder subassembly7of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the battery7pack is configured to output a power of at least 1 100 Watts per liter of the volume of the cell holder assembly from a full state of charge until a voltage cutoff threshold without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0221] In an aspect, the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

[0222] In an aspect, the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

[0223] In an aspect, a ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

[0224] In an aspect, the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

[0225] In an aspect, the batten- pack is configured so that a temperature of the battencells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0226] In an aspect, the temperature threshold is 70°C.

[0227] In an aspect, the cells comprise a plurality7of pouch cells.

[0228] In an aspect, the plurality7of pouch cells are arranged in series.

[0229] In an aspect, each of the plurality7of cells has an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms.

[0230] Another aspect of the present patent application provides a method of installing concrete comprising: (1) providing a plurality7of battery' packs each including a battery' pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, a plurality of battery' cells disposed in the cell holder subassembly, and battery pack interface, each battery pack, when fully charged having an energy7of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy7to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; (2) providing a battery charger configured to recharge at least one of the plurality7of battery packs from a state of charge where the plurality of battery7packs reached a cutoff threshold to a full state of charge within a charge time duration; (3) compacting a surface in order to receive wet concrete by: a. coupling one of the battery packs to a compacting tool; b. actuating the compacting tool to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN over a first discharge cycle of the coupled battery' pack from a full state of charge to when the coupled battery7pack reaches a first cutoff threshold; c. at the end of the first discharge cycle, removing the coupled battery pack from the compacting tool, coupling the removed battery pack to the charger to recharge the removed battery pack, and coupling another of the battery packs to the compacting tool; and d. repeating steps (3)b and (3)c until the surface has been compacted to a desired amount, wherein steps (3)b and (3)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using five or fewer of the battery packs; (4) pouring wet concrete onto the surface; (5) vibrating the wetconcrete to remove bubbles by: a. coupling one of the battery packs to a concrete vibrator; b. actuating the concrete vibrator to drive a vibrating head with a vibration frequency of at least 170 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5 mm during a second discharge cycle of the coupled battery pack from the full state of charge to when the coupled battery7pack reaches a second cutoff threshold; c. at the end of the second discharge cycle, removing the coupled battery pack from the concrete vibrator, coupling the removed battery pack to the charger to recharge the removed battery7pack, and coupling another of the battery' packs to the concrete vibrator; and d. repeating steps (5)b and (5)c until the wet concrete has been vibrated to a desired amount, wherein steps (5)b and (5)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using three or fewer battery packs; and (6) smoothing the wet concrete by: a. coupling one of the battery packs to a screed; b. actuating the screed to drive a vibrating beam with an acceleration of at least 25 m / s2during a third discharge cycle of the coupled battery pack from the full state of charge when the coupled battery' pack reaches a third cutoff threshold; c. at the end of the third discharge cycle, removing the coupled battery pack from the screed, coupling the removed battery pack to the charger to recharge the removed battery pack, and coupling another of the battery packs to the screed; and d. repeating steps (6)b and (6)c until the wet concrete has been smoothed to a desired amount, wherein steps (6)b and (6)c may be repeatedly performed w ithout interruption using two or few er battery packs. Each of the aspects described above and in the following description can be used in any combination of one or more of these aspects, as will be understood to one of ordinary skill in the art. The details of one or more variations of the subject matter described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. While certain features of the currently disclosed subjectmater are described for illustrative purposes in relation to particular implementations, it should be readily understood that such features are not intended to be limiting.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0231] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, show certain aspects of the subject mater disclosed herein and, together with the description, help explain some of the principles associated with the disclosed implementations. In the drawings,

[0232] Figures 1 A and IB illustrate an example power tool system with a plurality of tools of differing voltage / power requirements and different interfaces powered with batery packs having differing voltages and interfaces;

[0233] Figure 2A illustrates an example concrete installation system;

[0234] Figure 2B illustrates an example concrete installation method;

[0235] Figure 2B1 shows a rear end view of a batery pack in accordance with an embodiment of the present patent application;

[0236] Figure 2B2 shows a left side view of the batery pack;

[0237] Figure 2B3 shows a front end view of the batery pack;

[0238] Figure 2B4 shows a right side view of the batery pack;

[0239] Figure 2B5 shows a top elevational view of the baten’ pack;

[0240] Figure 2B6 shows a botom elevational view of the baters’ pack;

[0241] Figures 2B7-2B14 show various perspective views of the batery pack;

[0242] Figures 2B16A-2B16C illustrate volumetric sizes of an example batery pack;

[0243] Figures 2B29 and 2B30 show a perspective view and a front view, respectively, of batery cell holder collection straps of a batery cell module;

[0244] Figures 2B31 and 2B32 show a front view and a perspective view, respectively, of a batery cell holder of the batery cell module, wherein the batery cellholder is injection molded around the battery7cell holder collection straps of Figures 2B29 and 2B30;

[0245] Figures 2B33 and 2B34 show perspective views of the battery cell holder, wherein Figure 2B33 shows the battery7cell holder before one or more gap pads are installed / disposed in the battery7cell holder and Figure 2B34 shows the battery7cell holder after the one or more gap pads are installed / disposed in the battery cell holder;

[0246] Figure 2B35 shows an exploded view of the battery cell holder, battery cells, and one or more gap pads (e.g., that are configured to be installed / disposed on each side of each battery cell) of the battery' cell module, wherein Figure 2B35 shows the battery' cell holder before the battery7cells and the one or more gap pads are installed / disposed in the battery' cell holder;

[0247] Figure 2B36 shows a front view of the battery cell holder with the battery7cells, and the one or more gap pads installed / disposed therein, wherein Figure 2B36 also shows the battery7cell tabs;

[0248] Figure 2B37 shows a perspective view of the battery7cell holder with the battery cells and the gap pads installed / disposed therein, wherein Figure 2B37 also shows a thermistor connection, and also shows an end gap pad and an end insulated layer before the end gap pad and the end insulating layer are installed / disposed at the ends of the battery cell holder, wherein the end insulating layer is installed / disposed at the end of the battery cell holder that has the battery cell tabs;

[0249] Figure 2B38 shows a front view of a battery cell module of the battery pack, wherein the battery cell module includes the battery cell holder, the battery cells with their battery cell tabs, all the gap pads, and the end insulating layer;

[0250] Figure 2B39 shows a perspective view of a module holder of the battery7pack, wherein the module holder is configured to receive one or more battery cell modules, Figure2B39 also shows one battery cell module before that batten- cell module is installed / disposed in the module holder;

[0251] Figure 2B40 shows a perspective view of the module holder with one battery cell module installed / disposed therein, Figure 2B40 also shows a first end member of the module holder before the first end member is attached to the module holder;

[0252] Figure 2B41 shows a perspective view of the module holder with one battencell module installed / disposed therein and one end member attached to the module holder, and before two more batten- cell modules are installed / disposed therein, Figure 2B41 also shows that each battery cell module is disposed in reverse order / direction with respect to its adjacent battery cell modules;

[0253] Figures 2B42 and 2B43 show a front view and a perspective view of the module holder with three battery' cell modules installed / disposed therein, wherein Figures B42 and B43 show the module holder before a second end member of the module holder is attached to the module holder;

[0254] Figures 2B44 and 2B45 show a side view and a perspective view of the module holder with three battery' cell modules installed / disposed therein, wherein Figures 2B44 and 2B45 show the module holder after the first and the second end member is attached to the module holder;

[0255] Figure 2B46 shows a (top down) cross-sectional view of the module holder with three battery cell modules installed / disposed therein, wherein Figure 2B46 shows the module holder after the first end member and the second end member are attached to the module holder;

[0256] Figure 3A and Figure 3B depict examples of temperature measurements of the battery pack;

[0257] Figures 3C1 and 3C2 shows examples of specifications of battery packs;

[0258] Figure 4A illustrates a charger for a batten- pack;

[0259] Figure 4B illustrates a batten- pack coupled to a charger;

[0260] Figures 5A and 5Bdepicts example motor performance characteristics for select power tools;

[0261] Figure 6 illustrates a side-sectional view of a rammer;

[0262] Figure 7 is a cross-section through the rammer of Figure 6;

[0263] Figure 8 illustrates an example drive mechanism for the rammer;

[0264] Figure 9 depicts a table of example performance data for an example rammer;

[0265] Figure 10 depicts an example configuration of a rammer tool with improved ergonomics;

[0266] Figure 11 A shows a plate compactor illustrated in a front perspective view;

[0267] Figure 1 IB shows a rear view of a plate compactor;

[0268] Figure 11C shows a side view of a plate compactor;

[0269] Figure 1 ID shows a rear perspective view of a plate compactor;

[0270] Figure 1 IE depicts a table of performance data for an example plate compactor operated at a low speed and at a high speed;

[0271] Figure 12A illustrates a rear view of an example concrete vibrator to be worn on the back;

[0272] Figure 12B illustrates a side view of an example concrete vibrator to be worn on the back;

[0273] Figure 12C illustrates a rear perspective view of an example concrete vibrator to be worn on the back;

[0274] Figure 12D illustrates a perspective view of an example floor-mounted concrete vibrator;

[0275] Figure 12E is a table of example performance data for concrete vibrators with various head diameters;

[0276] Figure 12F is a table of example weights for concrete vibrators with various head diameters;

[0277] Figure 13A-1 shows a front perspective view of a screed tool;

[0278] Figure 13A-2shows a rear perspective view of a screed tool;

[0279] Figure 13B shows a rear perspective view of another embodiment of a screed tool;

[0280] Figure 13C depicts an exploded view of a portion of a screed tool;

[0281] Figures 13D-13F show examples of beam cross-sections;

[0282] Figure 13G shows a top perspective view of a battery and motor cover for a screed tool;

[0283] Figure 13H shows a bottom view of a battery and motor cover for a screed tool;

[0284] Figure 131 illustrates a side sectional view of the base and portions of the electric motor and drive system for a screed tool;

[0285] Figure 13 J illustrates an embodiment of a vibrating screed tool;

[0286] Figure 13K illustrates example placement of accelerometers on a base of a screed tool for testing purposes;

[0287] Figure 13L illustrates example placement of accelerometers on a batten' housing of a screed tool for testing purposes;

[0288] Figure 13M illustrates example placement of accelerometers on a handle of a screed tool for testing purposes;

[0289] Figure 14A illustrates a table of measurements of acceleration of an example beam for a vibrating screed tool;

[0290] Figure 14B illustrates a chart of measurements of acceleration of an example beam for a vibrating screed tool;

[0291] Figure 14C illustrates examples of measurements of acceleration of an example L-shaped beams for a vibrating screed tool;

[0292] Figure 14D illustrates examples of measurements of acceleration of an example beam design with a trapezoidal shape;

[0293] Figure 14E illustrates examples of measurements of acceleration of an example beam design that has a double-triangle shape;

[0294] Figure 15A illustrates an example core drill that may optionally be combined with a stand;

[0295] Figure 15B illustrates an example core drill without a stand; and

[0296] Figure 15C provides example performance metrics for a cordless drill operating at different speeds.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONL _ Incorporation by Reference

[0297] Additional details of embodiments of various battery packs, chargers, adaptors, interfaces, and power tools considered within the scope of the present disclosure can be found in at least the following commonly owned patent applications and patents: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 622,460, filed January 18, 2024, titled “BATTERY PACKS, BATTERY PACK CHARGERS, BATTERY PACK INTERFACES AND ADAPTORS OF A CORDLESS POWER TOOL SYSTEM;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62 / 636,395, 62 / 853,694, 62 / 636,568, 63 / 359,940, 63 / 533,751, 63 / 533,754, 63 / 533,755, 63 / 533,758, 63 / 578,008; U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 114,121; U.S. Patent No. 9,406,915; European Patent Application Nos. EP22202110.7, EP22194105.7,EP23163288.6, and EP23192793.0; PCT Patent Application Nos. PCT / EP2022 / 074710,PCT / EP2023 / 072939, PCT / EP2023 / 072638, and PCT / EP2023 / 072679; and U.K. Patent Application Nos. GB2112789.9, GB2209009.6, and GB2218350.3. The disclosures of each of the above applications and patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.II. Power Tool System

[0298] Figures 1 A and IB illustrate an example power tool system 10 with a plurality of tools 11. 18, 22 of differing voltage / power requirements and different interfaces powered with battery' packs having differing voltages and interfaces. The present disclosure contemplates that the power tools disclosed in detail herein can be powered via different battery packs (optionally with an interface adaptor where needed) to allow the power tools (generally of higher voltage, e g., at least 54V or 60V or up to at least 90V) to be powered by a battery pack that may provide a single matching voltage (e.g., at least 54V or 60V or up to at least 90V) or by a battery' pack that may provide two or more different voltages (e.g., 18V / 36V, 18V / 54V, 20V / 40V, or 20V / 60V). In the illustrated example, the system 10 may include a set of first power tools 11 (e.g., a cordless drill, impact driver, reciprocating saw, circular saw, grinder, nailer, etc.), each operable at a first, relatively low operating voltage (e.g., at least 18V or 20 V or up to 40V), and including a first battery' pack interface A).

[0299] The system 10 also may include a set of second power tools 18 (e.g., a cordless circular saw, rotary hammer, vacuum, drill, impact wrench, etc.), each operable at a second, relatively high operating voltage (e.g., at least 54V or 60V or up to at least 90V) and having a second battery pack interface B that is different from the first battery pack interface A. The system 10 also may include a set of third power tools 22 (e.g., a screed, drill, plate compactor, rammer, concrete vibrator, concrete saw, etc ), each operable at a third, relatively high operating voltage (e.g., at least 54V or 60V or up to at least 90V) and having a third battery pack interface that is different from the first and second battery pack interfaces A andB. In some implementations, the third high operating voltage is substantially equal to the second high operating voltage. A difference between the second power tool 18 and the third power tool 2012 may be an amount of power required for operation of the tool, during the normal course of operation of the tool. For example, the second power tool 18 may have lower power requirements than the third power tool 22. The system further may include a first battery pack 12 operable at a relatively low first rated voltage (e.g., 18V or 20V or up to at least 40V) that generally matches the first operating voltage. The first battery pack 12 has a first tool interface A that is electrically and mechanically couplable to the first battery pack interface A of the first power tool 11 in order to deliver power to the first power tool 11 at the first operating voltage, but that is not electrically and mechanically coupleable to the second battery pack interface B of the second power tool 18 or to the third battery pack interface C of the third power tools 22.

[0300] The system also may include one or more second battery packs 16, each selectively operable at the first rated voltage (e g., at 18V or 20V or up to at least 40V) or at a second rated voltage (e.g., 54V or 60V or up to at least 90V) that generally matches the second operating voltage. The second battery pack 16 tool includes a second tool interface A / B that is mechanically and electrically couplable to the first battery interface A of the first power tool 11 and / or to the second battery pack interface B of the second power tool 18. When coupled to the first battery pack interface A of the first power tool 2001, the second battery pack is operable at the first rated voltage. When coupled to the second battery pack interface B of the second power tool 18, the second battery pack is operable at the second rated voltage. The system also may include a third battery pack 20 that is operable at a relatively high third rated voltage (e.g., 54V or 60V or up to at least 90V) that generally matches the third operating voltage of the third power tool 22. The third battery pack 20 has a third tool interface C that is electrically and mechanically couplable to the third batterypack interface C of the third power tool 22 in order to deliver power to the third power tool22 at the third operating voltage, but that is not electrically and mechanically coupleable to the second battery7pack interface B of the second power tool 18 or to the first battery pack interface A of the first power tools 11.

[0301] The system 10 also may include an adaptor 26 that is configured to electrically couple the second battery' pack 16 to the third power tool 22. The adaptor includes a first adaptor interface B that is configured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to the second tool interface B of the second battery' pack 16. The first adaptor interface B may be similar to the second battery pack interface B of the second power tool 18. The adaptor 26 also includes a second adaptor interface C that is configured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to the third battery pack interface C of the third power tool 22. The second adaptor interface C may be similar to the third tool interface CC of the third battery7pack 20. The adaptor 26 enables the second battery' pack 16 to provide electrical power to the third power tool 2012 as an alternative to the third battery7pack 20.

[0302] The system 10 may' also include a charger (or battery pack charger) 14 is configured to be electrically and mechanically couplable to battery pack 16 and to be able to charge the battery pack 16. Similarly, charger 24 can be included in a system to provide charging via adaptor 26 or to third battery pack 2010, either of which can then be used to run third power tool 22. Further details of embodiments of a charger 14 are described with reference to Figure 6. In some implementations, the first power tool 11, the second power tool 2008, the first battery pack 2002, the second battery pack 2006, and the first charger 14 may be part of a power tool system on sale prior to the earliest priority date of this patent application and / or may be part of a system disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,406,915. which is incorporated by reference. An example system in accordance with this system is alsodescribed in commonly owned U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 114.121, filed February 24,2023, which is incorporated by reference.III. Concrete Installation System and Method

[0303] Figure 2A illustrates an example concrete installation system 30. The present disclosure describes power tools for concrete installation and construction that can be cordless, balanced, and achieve high performance with ease of operator use. In the embodiments described herein, the power tools may include, but are not limited to rammers, plate compactors, concrete screeds, concrete vibrators, and core drills. Rammers 31 and plate compactors 32 can be used for compacting and preparing a surface for receiving concrete, concrete vibrators 33 can be used for vibrating and removing air pockets from concrete, screeds 34 can be used for smoothing and settling concrete, and core drills can be used for drilling holes into concrete. The present disclosure provides embodiments and improvements to such tools and power equipment (among others) and / or improved power systems (e.g., batteries and battery7packs), motors, control modules, and chargers that have improved performance, particularly when used for demanding work such as with concrete.

[0304] The present disclosure describes various power tools and battery' packs that can be used in various combinations as a concrete installation system. An example concrete installation system, shown in Figure 2A, can be powered by, for example, battery7packs 20 and / or the battery packs 16 used in conjunction with the adaptors 26. The battery packs 20 can each include a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, a plurality7of battery cells disposed in the cell holder subassembly, and a battery pack interface. The cell holder subassembly, also called a core of the battery pack, generally' refers to a cavity' that receives battery cells including any spaces or spacers between the battery cells.

[0305] In an embodiment, each batten- pack may have a voltage of at least 54V and a capacity- of at least lOAh. When fully charged (i. e. , the battery pack and its cells are at a full state of charge), each battery pack may have a stored energy- of at least 1900 kJ, a ratio of stored energy- to a cell holder subassembly volume of at least 800 kJ / L, a ratio of the stored energy to total battery- pack volume of at least 400 kJ / L, and a ratio of the stored energy- to a battery- pack box volume of at least 300 kJ / L. In some embodiments throughout the present disclosure, the battery packs may include a plurality- of battery packs having a voltage of between approximately 54V and 90V, a capacity7of between approximately lOAh and 20Ah, and, when fully charged, a stored energy- of between approximately 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ, a ratio of stored energy to cell holder subassembly volume between approximately- 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L, a ratio of stored energy- to total battery- pack volume between approximately 400 kJ / L and 600 kJ / L, and a ratio of stored energy to battery7pack box volume between approximately 300 kJ / L and 400 kJ / L Energy7, stored energy, and energy7density7, as used in this patent application, refers to the energy-, stored energy, and energy- density7of the battery pack and battery cells when the battery pack and battery- cells are fully charged to their full capacity and / or state of charge. A battery charger 24 can be included and configured to recharge at least one of the battery packs from a state of charge where the battery7pack reached a cutoff threshold to a full state of charge within a charge time duration, as described in further detail below.

[0306] The concrete installation system 30 can include a compacting tool (e.g., rammer 31, plate compactor 32, etc.) configured to compact a surface in order to prepare the surface for receiving wet concrete, the compacting tool including a tool housing, an output member, and an electric motor configured to be powered by a first battery pack of the plurality of the battery packs and to drive the output member, wherein the compacting tool is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN for a duration of a first dischargecycle of the first battery' pack from the full state of charge to when the first battery pack reaches a first cutoff threshold, the first discharge cycle being at least 25% of the charge time duration.

[0307] A concrete vibrator 33 can be configured to vibrate the wet concrete to remove bubbles, the concrete vibrator can include a vibrating head with a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the shaft including an eccentric mass that has an eccentric axis offset from the shaft axis, an electric motor configured to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates; and, wherein the vibrating head is configured to vibrate with a vibration frequency of at least 170 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5 mm for a duration of a second discharge cycle of the second battery pack from the full state of charge to when the second battery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold, the second discharge cycle being at least 50% of the charge time duration.

[0308] A screed 34 can be configured to smooth a surface of the wet concrete, the screed including a base, a beam removably connected to the base, a frame assembly mounted to the base via a vibration dampening mechanism, an electric motor configured to be powered by a third battery pack of the battery packs, and an eccentric vibration mechanism configured to be driven by the electric motor to cause the base and the beam to vibrate, wherein the beam has an acceleration of at least 25 m / s2for a duration of a third discharge cycle of the third battery pack from the full state of charge to when the third battery pack reaches a third cutoff threshold, the third discharge cycle being at least 50% of the charge time duration.

[0309] Figure 2B illustrates an example concrete installation method. The concrete installation system described above (and in combination with other power tools described herein) can be used as a method of installing concrete. Such a method can include the following steps (which need not necessarily be performed in the order recited below):(1) At 40, a plurality of battery packs is provided, each including a battery- pack housing, a cell holder assembly received in the batten- pack housing, a plurality- of batterycells disposed in the cell holder subassembly, and battery pack interface, each battery- pack having an energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy- to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L.(2) At 50, a battery- charger is provided and is configured to recharge at least one of the battery- packs from a state of charge where the battery- packs reached a cutoff threshold to a full state of charge within a charge time duration.(3) At 60, a surface is compacted in order to receive wet concrete by: a. at 61, one of the battery- packs is coupled to a compacting tool; b. at 62, the compacting tool is actuated to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN over a first discharge cycle of the coupled battery' pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a first cutoff threshold; c. at 63, at the end of the full discharge cycle, one of the coupled battery packs is removed from the compacting tool, the removed battery pack is coupled to the charger to recharge the removed battery pack, and another of the battery' packs is coupled to the compacting tool; and d. at 64, repeating steps (3)b and (3)c until the surface has been compacted to a desired amount, wherein steps (3)b and (3)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using five or fewer of the battery packs;(4) At 70, wet concrete is poured onto the surface.(5) At 80, the wet concrete is vibrated to remove bubbles by: a. at 81, one of the battery packs is coupled to a concrete vibrator; b. at 82, the concrete vibrator is actuated to drive a vibrating head with a vibration frequency of at least 170 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5mm during a second discharge cycle of the coupled battery- pack from the full state of charge to when the coupled battery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold; c. at 83, at the end of the second discharge cycle, the coupled batterypacks are removed from the concrete vibrator, the removed battery- packs are coupled to the charger to recharge the removed battery- packs, and another of the battery- packs is coupled to the concrete vibrator; and d. at 84, repeating steps (5)b and (5)c until the wet concrete has been vibrated to a desired amount, wherein steps (5)b and (5)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using three or fewer battery packs; and(6) At 90, the wet concrete is smoothed by: a. at 91, one of the battery- packs is coupled to a screed; b. at 92, the screed is actuated to drive a vibrating beam with an acceleration of at least 25 m / s2during a third discharge cycle of the coupled batterypack from the full state of charge when the coupled battery pack reaches a third cutoff threshold: c. at 93, at the end of the third discharge cycle, one of the battery packs is removed from the screed, the removed battery pack is coupled to the charger to recharge the one of the battery packs, and another of the battery packs is coupled to the screed; and d. at 94, repeating steps (6)b and (6)c until the wet concrete has been smoothed to a desired amount, wherein steps (6)b and (6)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using two or fewer battery packs.

[0310] In some embodiments, the compacting tool can be a plate compactor or a rammer. The compacting tool can be configured to continuously run using four or fewer of the plurality of battery packs, where one of the four or fewer the battery- packs is coupled toand powering the compacting tool, while the remaining of the four or fewer battery packs are being recharged.

[0311] Also, in various embodiments, the concrete vibrator can be configured to continuously run using two battery' packs, where one of the two battery packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the other of the two battery packs is being recharged. Similarly, the screed can be configured to continuously run using two battery' packs, where one of the two battery packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the other of the two battery packs is being recharged.

[0312] In various embodiments, each battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity7of at least 10 Ah. A ratio of the energy of the battery7pack to a total pack volume of the battery' pack housing can be at least 400 kJ per liter. Each cell in the battery7pack can be configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy7during an entirety of the discharge cycle. The battery7pack can have a temperature threshold and the battery' pack can be configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed the temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle. The temperature threshold can be 70°C. Each of the first, second, and third cutoff thresholds can be a state of charge voltage cutoff threshold and wherein the battery pack can be configured to reach the state of charge voltage cutoff threshold before reaching the temperature threshold when operating with the compacting tool, the concrete vibrator, and the screed. In some embodiments, the first, second, and third cutoff thresholds can be the same.

[0313] In some embodiments, a prior generation battery pack can have a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface and that is configured to be provide power to one or more prior generation power tools, and an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to couple with the second battery pack interface, and a second adapter interface configured to provide power from the second battery pack tothe compactor, the concrete vibrator, and the screed. The cells of the battery packs can be pouch cells and the prior generation battery pack can include cylindrical cells. The prior generation battery7pack can have an energy between 100 Wh and 300 Wh.IV. Battery Pack

[0314] Referring to FIGS. B1-B14, in an embodiment of the third battery pack 20 is described in further detail and labeled as battery pack 100. The battery pack 100 may include a housing 102, which may provide a protective cover for the power source contained within the housing 102, such as one or more rechargeable battery' cells, electronics, and other components. The housing 102 may include alternate configurations for creating the housing. For example, a top / upper housing portion 103 and a bottom / lower housing portion 105 may be coupled / joined together at a horizontal parting line to form the housing 102. In another embodiment, two (left and right) side portions may be coupled / joined together at a vertical parting line to form the housing 102. The housing 102 may be constructed of plastic or other suitable material for the application. Along with the two sides, the housing 102 may also include a front and a back. Regardless of the structure, the housing 102 forms an interior / intemal / inner cavity 104. Other configurations for forming the housing 102 are contemplated and encompassed by the present patent application.

[0315] The battery pack 100 may be a rechargeable battery pack. The battery pack 100 may be generally configured to power tools from the set of third power tools 22. The battery pack 100 may be rechargeable using the battery charger 24 after being used as a power source for the set of third power tools 22. Also, the present disclosure contemplates that other powered devices may be utilized with the disclosed battery pack, interfaces and may be considered other types of power tools. Examples of such powered devices that may be considered power tools can include lights, lasers, dust extractors, radios, speakers, heated garments, etc.

[0316] The batery pack 100 may be "slide-type" baten' pack that is coupled or connected by sliding into or onto corresponding engagement portions of the power tool or the charger. For example, the housing 102 of the batery' pack 100 may include an interface 106 (i.e., interface C) for mechanically and electrically coupling with a corresponding batery' pack interface C of an electrical device, for example, the power tool 22. In an illustrated example embodiment, the interface 106 may include a rail and groove system including a pair of rails 108 and a pair of grooves 110. The rail and groove system can be configured for a sliding connection of the batery' pack 100 with the power tool or the charger. The power tool 22 or the charger 2014 may include corresponding rails and grooves to mechanically connect the batery pack 100 and the power tool / charger together. Other types of interfaces are contemplated and encompassed by the present patent application. The structure of the batery pack connection to the power tool or the charger is not particularly limited and a wide variety of batery' pack connection mechanisms know n in the art also may be advantageously utilized with the present teachings.

[0317] The interface 106 of the batery' pack 100 may also include a latch system 700 for fixing the batery pack 100 to the electrical device. The latch system 700 and / or the rail and groove system (including the pair of rails 108 and the pair of grooves 110) may form a connection mechanism that is configured for physically / mechanically coupling the batery pack 100 to the power tool or the charger. The interface 106 of the battery pack 100 also may include a batery pack tool terminal block 114 including a plurality of batery terminals for transmiting current and signals between the batery pack 100 and the power tool 2012 and / or the charger 2014.

[0318] Referring also to FIGS. B29-B46, the batery’ pack 100 may include one or more battery cell modules 200. The batery cell module 200 may include contacts 202. The contacts 202 may’ include batery’ cell holder collection straps 202. The batery cell module200 may also include a battery cell holder 204 that is injection molded around the battery' cell holder collection straps 202. For example, FIGs. B29-B30 show various views of the battery cell holder collection straps 202 of the battery cell module 200. FIGs. B31-B34 show various views of the battery cell holder 204 of the battery cell module 200, the battery cell holder collection straps 202 being fixedly held in place by the battery7cell holder 204. In some embodiments, the battery' cell module 200 can be laser welded to battery cell holder 204.

[0319] As described below, the nature of the battery' cell holder 204 and use of the battery' cell holder 204 within a module holder and a cell holder subassembly, the battery' cell holder 204 may be referred to and described as a battery' cell holder that is modular or a modular cell holder.

[0320] In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. B32, six battery' cell holder collection straps 202i, 2022, 202s, 2024, 202s and 2026 are shown. The number of the battery cell holder collection straps may vary. Each of the battery cell holder collection straps 202 may' be made of a metal, electrically conductive material, as is well know n in the art. The battery' cell holder collection straps 202i and 202e may be referred to as end battery cell holder collection straps and may include their respective tangs 206 that protrude outwardly away from the battery cell holder 204. Each of the battery cell holder collection straps 202i, 2022, 202?, 2024, 202s, and 202e may include a contact region 208. As will be explained in detail in discussions below, an end of a cell tab of a pouch battery cell or ends of cell tabs of adjacent pouch battery' cells may be folded to connect to an associated contact region 208. Each of the battery cell holder collection straps 202 may also include an opening 210 and thinner portions 212 to enable the battery cell holder 204 to be injection molded around the battery cell holder collection straps 202. When the battery cell holder 204 is injection molded around the battery cell holder collection straps 202. openings 214 may be formed between portions of the battery cell holder 204 and the battery cell holder collection straps 202. These openings 214may be configured to allow the end(s) of the cell tab(s) of pouch battery' cell(s) to extend therethrough so as to be folded to connect to their associated contact region. In some embodiments, individual parts can be inset molded (e g., by a connecting frame and then cut off afterwards).

[0321] The battery' cell holder 204 includes a base 204B, a pair of opposing side walls 204si and 204s2 extending perpendicularly to the base 204B, and a front wall 204F extending perpendicularly to the base 204B and the pair of opposing side walls 204si and 204s2. The front wall 204F may include the wall that is injection molded around the battery' cell holder collection straps 202. The front wall 204F of the battery' cell holder 204 may also be referred to as front collection wall. The front wall 204F, the base 204B and the pair of opposing side walls 204s i and 204s2 of the battery cell holder 204 may together fonn / define an internal cavity 218 in which battery cells 220 are received. Two (or more) gap pads 222 may be disposed in the internal cavity 218 and may be positioned along or adjacent to the pair of opposing side walls 204si and 204s2. The gap pads may include foam. Alternatively, a foam material may' be used in place of the gap pads 222.

[0322] FIG. B33 shows the battery cell holder 204 before the gap pads 222 are installed / disposed in the battery cell holder 204 and FIG. B34 shows the battery cell holder 204 after the gap pads 222 are installed / disposed in the battery cell holder 204. The battery' cell holder 204 may have a length LMCH along a longitudinal axis LA-LA, a width WMCH along a first transverse axis FTA-FTA that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis LA-LA, and a height HMCH along a second transverse axis STA-STA that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis LA-LA and the first transverse axis FTA-FTA.

[0323] FIG. B35 shows an exploded view of the battery cell holder 204, a plurality of battery cells 230. and gap pad 234 (e.g.. that are configured to be installed / disposed on each side of each battery cell 230) of the battery cell module 200. FIG. B35 shows the battery cellholder 204 before the batery cells 230 and the gap pads 234 are installed / disposed in the batery cell holder 204. The gap pads 234f may be disposed at an end of the batery cell holder 204 after the battery cells 230 and the gap pads 234 are installed / disposed in the batery cell holder 204. FIG. B36 shows a front view of the batery cell holder 204 with the batery7cells 230, and the gap pads 234 installed / disposed therein. FIG. B35 shows the batery' cell module 200 resting on the base 204B of the battery cell module 200, while FIG. B36 shows the batery' cell module 200 turned to its side (i.e., resting on the side walls 204si of the batery' cell holder 204).

[0324] FIG. B37 shows a perspective view of the batery cell holder 204 with the batery cells 230 and the gap pads 222, 234 installed / disposed therein. FIG. B37 also shows a thermistor connection 248, an end gap pad 228 and an end insulating layer 232 before the end gap pad 228 and the end insulating layer 232 are installed / disposed at the ends of the batery' cell holder 200. The end insulating layer 232 is installed / disposed at the end of the battery cell holder 204 that has the batery cell tabs. FIG. B38 shows a front view of the batery cell module 200 of the batery pack. The batery cell module 200 includes the batery cell holder 204, the batery' cells 230 with their batery cell tabs, the batery’ cell holder collection straps 202, all the gap pads 222, 234, 226, and the end insulating layer 232.

[0325] As shown in FIG. B37, the gap pad 234F may form the top wall 204TW and the gap pad 234f may form the back wall 204BW of the batery' cell holder 204. The insulating layer 232 may be positioned on the front collection wall 204F. The gap pads 222 may generally be soft, confonnable thermal pads that provide effective thermal interfaces between heat sinks and electronic devices, accommodating for uneven surfaces, air gaps, and rough surface textures. An insulating material or gap pad 234 may be positioned between two adjacent pouch batery cells 230. The insulating material may be thennally insulating, thermally conductive (e.g.. to conduct heat away from unwanted locations), or thermallyabsorptive, between two adjacent pouch battery cells 230. The insulating material may also have compression properties to allow two adjacent pouch battery cells 230 to expand during charge and / or discharge of the cells 230. The insulating material may be, for example, a polyurethane or silicone gap pads of the closed or open cell variety, or a ceramic textile.

[0326] The battery' cell holder 204 may include an opening 216 that is configured to enable a thermistor connection 248. An opening 224 of the gap pad 222 may be aligned with the opening 216 of the side wall 204s2 so as to facilitate the thermistor connection.

[0327] In the illustrated embodiment, referring to FIGs. B35-B38, five pouch battery' cells 230i, 2302, 2303, 2304, and 230s are shown. The number of the pouch battery cells 230 may vary'. The pouch battery cells 230 are shown in a back-to-back or opposed to each other. Each of the pouch battery cells 230 may' include a pouch case.

[0328] The first pouch battery cell 230i may include a first (positive) cell tab 236a+and a second (negative) cell tab 236b". The second pouch battery cell 2302 may7include a first (positive) cell tab 238a+and a second (negative) cell tab 238b". The third pouch battery cell 2303 may7include a first (positive) cell tab 240a+and a second (negative) cell tab 240b’. The fourth pouch battery cell 2304 may similarly include a first (positive) cell tab 242a+and a second (negative) cell tab 242b’. The fifth pouch battery7cell 230> may include a first (positive) cell tab 244a+and a second (negative) cell tab 244b’.

[0329] In the context of the present disclosure, the tabs / taps of the same cell are considered aligned in a row (and are adjacent to each other) and the tabs of different cells are aligned are in a column. Furthermore, the tabs of adjacent cells that are aligned in a column are denoted as adjacent tabs. In other words, the positive tab 236a+of the first pouch battery cell 230i is adjacent to the negative tab 236b’ of the first pouch battery cell 230i in a first direction, and the positive tab 238a1of the second pouch battery cell 2302 is adjacent to the negative tab 238b’ of the second pouch battery cell 2302 in the first direction. Also, thepositive tab 236a+of the first pouch battery cell 230i is adjacent to the negative tab 238b" of the second pouch battery cell 2302 in a second direction (generally perpendicular to the first direction) and the negative tab 236b" of the first pouch battery cell 230i is adjacent to the positive tab 238a+of the second pouch battery cell 2302in the second direction. The positive tab 236a+of the first pouch battery cell 230, 230i is not considered adjacent to the positive tab 238a+of the second pouch battery cell 2302 and the negative tab 236b' of the first pouch battery cell 230i is not considered adjacent to the negative tab 238b' of the second pouch battery cell 2302. Although not detailed here, the cell tabs of the rest of the pouch battery' cells are ordered in the same manner.

[0330] The ends of the cell tabs are folded to connect to an associated metallic pad. Specifically, the first (positive) cell tab 244a+of the fifth battery cell 230s (the most positive cell tab once all of the battery cells of the set of battery cells 230 are connected in series) is folded to overlap the metallic pad 202e. The second (negative) cell tab 236b' of the first battery cell 230i (the most negative cell tab once all of the battery' cells of the set of battery' cells 230 are connected in series) is folded to overlap the metallic pad 202i.

[0331] The second (negative) cell tab 242b" of the fourth battery cell 2304 and the first (positive) cell tab 240a+of the third battery cell 230? are folded to overlap the metallic pad 2024. The second (negative) cell tab 238b’ of the second battery cell 2302 and the first (positive) cell tab 236a+of the first battery cell 230i are folded to overlap the metallic pad2022. The first (positive) cell tab 238a+of the second battery cell 2302 and the second (negative) cell tab 240b" of the thrrd battery cell 230s are folded to overlap the metallic pad2023. The first (positive) cell tab 242a+of the fourth battery cell 2304 and the second(negative) cell tab 244b’ of the fifth battery cell 230s are folded to overlap the metallic pad2025.

[0332] Once all of the battery' cells 230 are connected in series, the battery cell module 200 includes positive battery' cell module terminal 246+and negative battery cell module terminal 246‘.

[0333] The battery pack 100 may include a cell holder subassembly 250. FIGs. B44- B46 show perspective views of the assembled cell holder subassembly 250 of the battery' pack 100. As will be clear from the discussions in detail below, the cell holder subassembly 250 may be received in the internal cavity' 104 of the housing 102 of the battery' pack 100. The cell holder subassembly 250 may also include a module(s) holder or battery' cell module(s) holder 252. The module holder 252 may be configured to receive one or more battery' cell modules 200 (2001, 2002, 200s).

[0334] FIG. B39 shows a first battery cell module 200i before it is installed / disposed in the module holder 252, while FIG. B40 shows the first battery cell module 200i after it is installed / disposed in the module holder 252. FIG. B41 shows the first battery cell module2001 after it is installed / disposed in the module holder 252 and a second battery' cell module2002 and a third battery cell module 2003 before they are installed / disposed in the module holder 252. FIG. B41 also shows that each battery’ cell module 200 is disposed in reverse order / directi on with respect to its adjacent battery cell modules 200. This reverse order / directi on orientation of the adjacent battery cell modules is explained in detail below and can be observed by looking at battery cell tabs 246+and 246’ of each battery cell module 200 and thermistor connection 248 of each battery cell module 200. FIGs. B42 and B43 show with three battery cell modules 200 (200i, 2002, 200s) installed / disposed in the module holder 252.

[0335] The module holder 252 may be configured to receive three battery’ cell modules 200 therein. That is, the module holder 252 of the cell holder subassembly 250 may include three locations 253 (2531, 2532, 253s) for receiving a battery cell module 200. Eachbattery cell module receiving location 2532 (2531. 2532, 253s) may be configured to receive one of the battery cell modules 200 (200i, 2002, 200s). The number of the battery cell modules 200 received in the cell holder subassembly 250 may vary. The number of battery cell module receiving locations 253in the cell holder subassembly 250 may vary in accordance with the number of battery' cell modules 200 in the cell holder subassembly 250.

[0336] The module holder 252 includes a base 252B and two opposing side walls 252si and 252s2 that form an interior space / storage space 254 that is configured to receive a set of battery' cell modules 200. The module holder 252 may have a length dimension LCHS along a longitudinal axis CHL-CHL, a width dimension Wens along a first transverse axis CHT1-CHT1 that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis CHL-CHL, and a height dimension Hens along a second transverse axis CHT2-CHT2 that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis CHL-CHL and the first transverse axis CHT1-CHT1. The two side walls 252si and 252s2 extend along the longitudinal axis CHL-CHL of the module holder 252.

[0337] The base 252B may' have a length dimension Lens along the longitudinal axis CHL-CHL of the module holder 252 and a width dimension Wens along the first transverse axis CHT1-CHT1 of the module holder 252. The width dimension Wens of the base 252B may be same as the length dimension LMCH of the battery' cell module 200. Each side wall 252si, 252s2 may have a length dimension Lens along the longitudinal axis CHL-CHL of the module holder 252 and a height dimension Hens along the second transverse axis CHT2-CHT2 of the module holder 252. The height dimension Hens of each side wall 252si, 252s2 may be the same as the width dimension WMCH of the battery cell module 200.

[0338] The length dimension of each side wall 252si, 252s2 may be the same as the length dimension of the base 252B. The length dimension of each side wall 252si, 252s2 may be different from the length dimension of the base 252B. The length dimension of each side wall 252si. 252S2 and / or the length dimension of the base 252B may be the same as the lengthdimension LCHS of the module holder 252. The length dimension of each side wall 252s i,252S2 and / or the length dimension of the base 252B may be at least equal to a sum of the height dimension HMCH (as the battery cell modules 200 are received on their sides in the module holder 252) of each battery' cell module 200 being received in the module holder 252. For example, when three battery' cell modules 200, having the same height dimension are being received in the module holder 252, the length dimension of the base 252B and / or the length dimension of each side wall 252si, 252s2 may be configured to be equal to three times the height dimension HMCH of the battery cell module 200. When one or more partition walls are received by the module holder 252, the length dimension of the base 252B and / or the length dimension of each side wall 252si, 252s2 may be configured to be equal to a sum of a thickness dimension of each partition wall being received and a height dimension HMCH of each battery cell module 200 being received.

[0339] The two side walls 252si, 252s2 of the module holder 252 may be separated from each other by7a separation distance along the first transverse axis CHTi-CHTi of the module holder 252. The separation distance may be equal to at least the length dimension LMCH of the battery' cell module 200 being received.

[0340] The base 252B and the two side walls 252si, 252s2 of the module holder 252 may be integrally formed. The base 252B and the two side walls 252si, 252s2 of the module holder 252 may form a single piece assembly. The base 252B and the two side walls 252si, 252S2 of the module holder 252 may be molded (e.g., injection molded) together. The base 252B and the two side walls 252si, 252s2 of the module holder 252 may be made of a plastic material, a hard plastic material or other materials that are configured to support the weight of the battery cell modules 200 being received in the module holder 252.

[0341] The cell holder subassembly 250 may include two opposing end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 that extend perpendicular to the base 252B and the two side walls 252si, 252s2 andthat extend along the first transverse axis CHTi-CHTi of the module holder 252. The two end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 may be configured to be removably connected to the two side walls 252si, 252S2.

[0342] FIG. B40 shows one of the two opposing end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 of the cell holder subassembly 250 before it is attached to the module holder 252, while FIG. B41 shows one of the two opposing end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 of the cell holder subassembly 250 after it is attached to the module holder 252. FIGs. B42 and B43 show the cell holder subassembly 250 before the other of the two opposing end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 is attached to the module holder 252. FIGs. B44-B46 show the cell holder subassembly 250 after two opposing end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 are attached to the module holder 252.

[0343] Each end wall 252EWI, 252EW2 may include flange portions 256 at their ends 258. The flange portions 256 are configured to extend along the longitudinal axis CHL-CHL of the cell holder subassembly 250 to overlap with end portions 260 of the two side walls 252si, 252s2. The flange portions 256 may be optional. Each side wall 252si, 252S2 may include aligning members 262 that protrude therefrom and may be configured to be received in a corresponding openings 264 of the end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 SO as to align the end walls 252EWI, 252F.W2 with respect to the side walls 252si, 252s2. The end walls 252F.WI, 252F.W2 may include fastener openings / holes 266 in a pattern corresponding to fastener openings / holes 268 of the side walls 252si, 252s2. Mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws, etc.) 270 may be inserted through the fastener openings / holes 266, 268 after they are aligned, for connecting the end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 to the side walls 252si, 252s2.

[0344] Referring to FIG. B39-B46, the cell holder subassembly 250 may include one or more partition walls 292 that extend parallel to the two end walls 252EWI, 252EW2 and along the first transverse axis CHTi-CHTi of the cell holder subassembly 250. The one or more partition walls 292 may be configured to be removably connected to the two side walls252si, 252S2. When installed, the one or more partition walls 292 may be configured to divide the interior storage space 254 of the cell holder subassembly 250 into two or more storage spaces 254i, 2542. Each of the two or more storage spaces 254i, 2542 may be configured to receive one or more of the set of battery cell modules 200.

[0345] In the illustrated embodiment, only one partition wall 292 is shown. This partition wall 292 separates the internal storage space 254 of the cell holder subassembly 250 into a first storage space 254i and a second storage space 2542. In the illustrated embodiment, the first storage space 254i receives a single battery cell module 200, while the second storage space 2542 may be configured to receive two battery' cell modules 200.

[0346] In another embodiment, the cell holder subassembly 250 may be configured to receive two partition walls 292 that are configured to separate the internal storage space 254 of the cell holder subassembly' 250 into three storage spaces. Each storage space may be configured to receive one battery' cell module 200. The partition wall 292 is optional.

[0347] The partition wall 292 may' include end portions 294 (e g., ridges, etc.) that are configured to slide into and out of mating grooves or end receiving portions 296 disposed on the side wall 252si, 252s2to removably or slidably connect the partition wall 292 to the cell holder subassembly 250. In another embodiment, the partition wall 292 may be integrally molded with the base 252B and the two side walls 252si, 252s2 of the module holder 252.

[0348] The partition wall 292 may include an aligning member 298 that protrudes away from the partition wall 292 and extends along the second transverse axis CHT2-CHT2 of the module holder 252 (when the partition wall 292 is installed in the cell holder subassembly 250).

[0349] Referring to FIG. B39-B46, when received in the module holder 252 / cell holder subassembly 250. each battery cell module 200 may be configured to be positioned to be parallel to the first transverse axis CHT1-CHT1 of the module holder 252 / cell holdersubassembly 250. The battery cell module 200 may be configured to be positioned on its side as the battery cell module 200 is being disposed in the module holder 252.

[0350] The battery cell module 200 may include a plurality of battery cells 230 that are stacked in the battery cell module 200 along the longitudinal axis CHL-CHL of the cell holder subassembly 250. Each battery7cell 230 of the battery7cell module 200 may be in a plane that is parallel to the first transverse axis CHTi-CHTi of the cell holder subassembly 250.

[0351] Referring to FIGs. B41, B43 and B45, the battery cell module tabs 246+and 246" of each battery cell module 200 may be disposed to be offset by 180 degrees with respect to its adjacent battery' cell modules 200. The battery7cell module tabs 246+and 246" of each battery cell module 200 may be configured to face away from the base 252B and may be disposed in a plane that is parallel to the base 252B of the module holder 252. It can also be seen from these figures that the thermistor connection 248 of each battery7cell module 200 is disposed to be offset by 180 degrees with respect to its adjacent battery' cell modules 200. Referring to FIGs. B43 and B45, the thermistor connection 248 and the battery cell module tabs 246+and 246" for each battery' cell module 200 (200i, 2002, 2OO3) may be disposed on their opposing sides / ends. Also, the thermistor connection 248 of the first battery' cell module 200t may be disposed to be offset by 180 degrees with respect to the thermistor connection 248 of the second battery7cell modules 2002 and the thermistor connection 248 of the second battery cell module 2002 may be disposed to be offset by 180 degrees with respect to the thermistor connection 248 of the thrrd battery cell modules 200s. Similarly, the battery cell module tabs 246 and 246’ of the first battery cell module 2001 may be disposed to be offset by 180 degrees with respect to the battery cell module tabs 246+and 246’ of the second battery cell modules 2002 and the battery cell module tabs 2461and 246‘ of the third batterycell module 2OO2 may be disposed to be offset by 180 degrees w ith respect to the battery cell module tabs 246 and 246’ of the second battery cell modules 2003.

[0352] FIG. B46 shows an elevation (top down) cross-sectional view of the cell holder subassembly 250 with three battery cell modules 200 installed / disposed therein. As shown in FIG. B46, each battery' cell module 200 may include five battery cells 230. The number of battery cells 230 in the battery cell module 200 may vary. A person of ordinary' skill in the art would readily appreciate that the plurality' of battery' cells 230 disposed in the battery' cell module 200 may include more or fewer pouch battery' cells, depending upon the requirements of the battery' pack or an associated tool platform.

[0353] The battery' cells 230 in the battery' cell module 200 may be pouch battery' cells. The type / configuration of battery cells 230 in the battery cell module 200 may vary'. A person of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate that the type of battery cells 230 disposed in the battery' cell module 200 may include other battery cell types / configuration, depending upon the requirements of the battery pack or an associated tool platform.

[0354] Referring also to FIGs. B16A-B16C, the volumetric size of the battery pack 100 may include multiple different manners of expression. Referring to FIG. B16A, there is shown a ‘‘box” for holding a battery pack which may represent a measure of expressing (or defining) a volume of the battery' pack 100 (e.g., a “box’’ volume). As used herein, the box volume may mean the smallest rectangular box that will fit the battery pack 100, as expressed in cubic units (e.g., liters (L)). Such a box may have a width dimension (W), a length dimension (L) and a height dimension (H). In an example embodiment, a box may have a width dimension approximately 150 mm to 250 mm (e.g.. approximately 160 mm, 192 mm, 230 mm. or 221 mm) a length dimension of approximately 250mm to 350 mm (e.g., approximately 283 mm or 204 mm), and a height dimension of approximately 125 mm to 150 mm (e.g., approximately 127 mm. 130 mm, 146 mm, or 149 mm). Such a battery pack wouldhave a box volume of approximately 5L to 10L (e.g., approximately 5.7L, 7. IL, 9.7L, or9.8L).

[0355] Referring to FIG. B16B, there is shown a battery pack housing of a battery7pack 100 which may represent another measure of expressing (or defining) a volume of the battery7pack 100 (e.g., a total pack volume). As used herein, the total pack volume means the amount of three-dimensional (3D) space the entire battery7pack 100 takes up, including the battery7pack interface that is a part of the battery' pack 100, as expressed in cubic units (e.g., liters (L)). The total pack volume may be measured using a displacement method, which measures a volume of water displaced when an entire, sealed battery' pack 100 is submerged in water. In an example embodiment, a total pack volume may be approximately 4L to 8L (e.g., approximately 4.3 L, 5.3L, 7.3L, or 7.4L). Other measurement means also may be used.

[0356] Referring to FIG. B16C, there is shown a cell holder subassembly7250 of the battery pack 100 which may represent another measure of expressing (defining) a volume of the battery pack 100 (e.g., a cell holder subassembly volume). In general, the cell holder subassembly houses the battery cells. That is, the battery cells of the battery pack are disposed in the cell holder subassembly. As used herein, the cell holder subassembly volume means the amount of 3D space taken up by the cell holder subassembly, as expressed in cubic units (e.g., liters (L)). The volume of the cell holder subassembly may be measured using a displacement method, which measures a volume of water displaced when an entire sealed cell holder subassembly is submerged in water. In an example embodiment, a cell holder subassembly volume may be approximately 2L to 4L (e.g., approximately 2L, 2.7L, or 3.7L).

[0357] The set of battery packs may have or be defined by a plurality of parameters or characteristics, including but not limited to nominal voltage, operating voltage, capacity.rated current, impedance, power, power density, energy, energy density , discharge rate, current draw, and weight of the batten- cells and the battery pack.

[0358] Nominal voltage refers to the electromotive force provided by the battery pack or cell. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the voltage may refer to the voltage of a battery7cell or battery' pack at fifty' percent (50%) of its state of charge (SOC). For a Li-ion battery' cell, this may be between approximately 3.6 V and about 3.7 V. In a battery' pack, the nominal voltage depends upon the number of cells, and whether they are connected in series or parallel. When cells are connected in series their voltage is additive. For example, in an embodiment, the battery pack 100 may have at least 15 battery' cells connected in series, each having a nominal voltage of at least 3.6V, with the battery' pack having a nominal voltage of at least 54V.

[0359] For a battery cell, the operating voltage generally refers to a voltage range the battery cell manufacturer suggest operating the battery cell for safety and reliability purposes (e g., for Li-ion battery' cells using an open circuit, i.e., unloaded, the operating voltage range may be 2.75 volts to 4.2 volts per cell). For a battery pack, the operating voltage generally refers to the DC voltage range at which the battery pack is designed by the battery pack manufacturer to operate (also sometimes referred to as controlled voltage) for safety and reliability' purposes. For example, a battery pack having Li-ion battery cells advertised as a 60V battery pack may have an operating voltage range of 41.25V to 63V. Also, a battery pack having Li-ion battery cells advertised as a 60V battery pack, with an operating voltage of 41.25V to 63 V, may have a nominal voltage of approximately 54V.

[0360] The rated current is the maximum continuous current whereby the cell can achieve approximately full discharge to an undervoltage condition without reaching the cell manufacturer's recommended temperature limit. The maximum cell current is the maximuminstantaneous current measured upon applying an approximately 5 milliOhm short across a cell.

[0361] Capacity refers to the charge stored in a battery7cell or battery back and may be measured in Ampere Hours or Amp Hours (Ah). If a battery cell has, for example, a capacity7of 1 Ah, this indicates that the battery7cell will be able to continuously provide a current of 1 Amp for 1 hour. When a set of battery cells is connected in series, the voltage of the connected set of cells is additive, but the capacity of the connected set of cells does not change. When a set of battery cells is connected in parallel, the voltage of the connected cells is the same, but the capacity of the cells is additive. For example, two battery7cells, each having a nominal voltage of 3.6 V and a capacity of 1 Ah, when connected in series will have a combined nominal voltage of 7.2 V and a combined capacity of 1 Ah and when connected in parallel will have a combined nominal voltage of 3.6 V and a combined capacity of 2 Ah.

[0362] Impedance, measured in milliohms or mOhm, refers to a combination of the ohmic resistance, inductive resistance, and capacitive reactance of a battery pack or battery7cell. In an embodiment, impedance may be measured by the following procedure - with a fully charged (100% state of charge) battery cell conditioned to room temperature, a first load of 0. 1 A is applied to discharge the battery cell for 10 seconds followed by a 10 A load to discharge the battery cell for 1 second. This discharge loading sequence is cycled 3 times. During the 3rd cycle, measure the battery cell voltage and the battery cell current at the conclusion of the 0.1 A step which is defined as VI and II. Next measure voltage and current at the conclusion of the 10 A step which is defined as V2 and 12. Using the data values collected, apply the equation: Impedance = (V2-VI) / (I2-H). This procedure can be repeated at other levels of battery charge such as 50% state of charge to further characterize the battery cell impedance. In the battery packs of the present application, the battery cells may have an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhm. When battery cells are connected in series, theirimpedance is additive. In certain embodiments, battery packs in accordance with the present disclosure may have an impedance of less than 80 mOhm at a 100% state of charge and less than or equal to 70 mOhm (e.g., less than or equal to 65 mOhm) at higher currents (e.g., >60A).

[0363] Power, measured in Watts, refers to the time rate of doing work and is equal to the product of the nominal applied voltage and the amount of current being draw n from the battery7cell or battery' pack, according to the following equation:Power (W) = current (A) x nominal voltage (V)

[0364] The power of a battery' pack - expressed in Watts - is equal to the power of a battery' cell multiplied by the number of battery cells in a series-coupled string of battery7cells multiplied by the number of strings in parallel per block of cells multiplied by the number of blocks of cells coupled in series.

[0365] Power can be determined from the 10A DC constant current resistance procedure referred to in the impedance equation above when multiplied by the value for rated constant current of the cell or battery' pack. This room temperature value for impedance may be used when calculating the power density of the battery pack or cell from its maximum rated constant current where it can reliably deliver a full or nearly full discharge. The room temperature volumetric power density is then further defined by dividing the power by the volume of the cell or battery. Herein, the power density is referred to by this definition.

[0366] However, impedance and power can be measured alternatively by other techniques as well which may include a variation of temperatures and test conditions, but ty pically rely upon constant current (galvanostatic), constant voltage (potentiostatic). constant resistance, or constant power techniques applied to the cell or battery pack. The constant resistance technique is provided as the basis for defining the peak power density from a volumetric characterization referred to later in this application. The constant resistancetechnique used for the peak power density of battery' cells measured and provided in this application have specifically been collected using a highly stable electronic load. In those tests, the peak power is determined from either the cell or battery pack peak current near 100% SOC. In some instances, for defining cell peak power density, a constant 5 milliohm resistance was used for the measurement and then this can be extrapolated to scale values for the battery pack power density. In other instances, another constant resistance value (e.g., 8 milliohm) was applied to the battery' pack directly for making peak power density calculations. This calculation used the max current (IMAX) multiplied by the Voltage of the cell or battery at this condition divided its respective volume, according to the(J MAX * ^) / / Volume in units ofW / mL or W / cm3. It is known that these peak power densities may not be a reliable or a safe method of operating the battery' for extended or repeated use. However, this measurement can be made reliably for a single instance to understand the maximum limit of volumetric peak power density that is achievable for the battery.

[0367] The impedance of the battery' may also be measured by various techniques that include both DC and AC methodologies. The DC resistance when measured with a time1 millisecond or at an AC frequency of 1 kHz is commonly applied to generate a battery and cell characterization and provide a substantially similar value so are therefore referred to interchangeably. The impedance at 1 kHz can be reduced by the cell formfactor and typically, larger cells have lower AC impedance at 1 kHz while the opposite may' be true for smaller cells. However, power density and peak power density can be maximized by reducing this value for all formfactors. Some cell formfactors, such as pouch battery cells (also sometimes referred to as pouch-type battery' cells or simply as pouch cells), having a pouch with many electrode tabs connecting the cell terminals reduce this resistive contribution measured at 1 kHz. It is a defining feature of this patent application to use cells and their correspondingbatery packs with impedance measured at 1 kHz with minimal or optimized values in order to maximize the power density or corresponding batery packs. The impedance of the baterycan also be affected by whether the cells are connected in series, parallel, or a combination of the two. In some constructions of batery- packs with formfactors, such as pouch batery cells, the AC 1kHz impedance can be measured < 6 milliohms to achieve the maximum power density- of this patent application. In an example embodiment, the AC 1kHz impedance (ACIR) of the batery' cell is less than approximately 3.1 milliohms. In some embodiments, using the 1 kHz ACIR method, the average impedance of a cell may be 1.5 mQ and a maximum impedance of a cell may be 3.0 mQ, and, using the 100% SOC method and 10A DCIR, the average impedance of a cell may be 4.0 mQ and a maximum impedance of a cell may be 5.0 mQ, and, using the 50% SOC , method and 10A DCIR, the average impedance of a cell may be 3.5 mQ and a maximum impedance of a cell may' be 4.5 mQ. Examples of the results of these tests on example cells in accordance with the present disclosure may be summarized in the following table:

[0368] Power density of a batery pack is the rate of energy flow (power) per unit volume expressed in Wats (W) per cubic unit (e.g.. cubic centimeters (cm3)). Power (W) is calculated based on a rated cell current of the batery cells used in the battery pack 100 and an assumed average cell voltage. As used herein, the assumed average cell voltage is approximately 3.6 V per cell under this current load. As used herein, the rated cell cunent isthe maximum continuous current whereby a single battery cell can achieve full discharge to undervoltage condition without reaching the battery cell manufacturer’s recommended temperature limit. This power calculation in Watts (W) is then multiplied by the appropriate number of cells as determined by the battery pack configuration, power pack (W) = power cell (W) x (number of cells / string) x (number of strings in parallel / block) x (number of blocks in series)

[0369] Power density of a battery pack is equal to the power of the pack - expressed in Watts - divided by a volume - expressed in cm3. power density pack = power pack (W) / volume (cm3)

[0370] Another battery pack characteristic related to power density is peak power density. As used herein, the peak power density of a battery pack is the rate of peak energy flow (power) per unit volume. Peak power per cell is derived by multiplying the measured maximum, momentary - or instantaneous - current of the specified battery cells used in the battery pack at full charge and room temperature under a short circuit load of approximately 5 milliohm and the measured voltage of the battery cell at the time of measuring the maximum momentary current. This power calculation in Watts (W) is then multiplied by the appropriate number of cells as determined by the battery pack configuration to determine the peak power of the battery pack. The peak power of the battery pack is then divided by the volume of the battery pack to calculate the peak power density, as expressed in Watts (W) per cubic unit (e.g., cubic centimeters (cm3)).

[0371] For purposes of determining peak power density - as described throughout this specification, also consider the following. The peak power of a battery cell - expressed in Watts - is equal to the maximum cunent of the battery cell - expressed in Amperes - multiplied by the voltage of the battery cell at the maximum current of the battery cell - expressed in Volts.peak power cell (W) = maximum current cell (A) x voltage at maximum current cell(V)

[0372] The peak power of a batten- pack - expressed in Wats - is equal to the peak power of a batery7cell multiplied by the number of batery7cells in a series-coupled string of batery7cells multiplied by the number of blocks of cells coupled in series. peak power pack (W) = peak power cell (W) x (number of cells / string) x (number of blocks in series)

[0373] Peak Power Density7of a batery7cell or batery7pack is equal to the peak power of the pack - expressed in Watts - divided by a volume - expressed in cm3. peak power density7pack = peak power pack (W) / volume (cm3)

[0374] Energy of a batery7cell or batery pack refers to the total amount of electric energy that may be stored in a battery cell or batery7pack when the batery7cell or batery pack is fully charged. Energy is a way of quantifying the amount of power that a batery7can provide over a period of time. A batery7pack with a greater amount of energy can provide more power over a greater time duration. Batery cell and batery7pack energy can be expressed in Wat-hours (Wh) or kilo-Joules (kJ) and generally is the product of the capacity (e.g., Ah rating) and nominal voltage (V) of the battery cell or batery7pack.Energy (Wh) = voltage (V) * capacity (Ah) Energy (kJ) = 3.6 * voltage (V) * capacity (Ah)

[0375] The batery packs of the present disclosure are configured such that all or almost all (e.g., at least 95%) of the energy in the batery pack may be substantially discharged, or a certain amount of work may be performed, or a certain motor speed or current may be maintained without the batery pack before reaching a cutoff threshold, such as a temperature threshold (to inhibit batery pack overheating), a current threshold (to prevent damage to batery pack components), or a voltage cutoff threshold (to inhibit overdischarge of the battery7cells). Examples of a voltage cutoff threshold where the power / current is cut off can include 2.75V / cell loaded (during the application) and / or 3.2V / cell unloaded (48V OCV). Examples of a temperature cutoff threshold to inhibit overheating, for example, are 70°C on the cells and / or if MOSFETs in the batten' pack reach 125°C.

[0376] The batten- packs of the present disclosure also have a high amount of power and energy density and a high amount of stored power and energy. In various embodiments, when fully charged, the stored energy of the battery7pack can be, for example, at least 1900 kJ (e.g., approximately 1900 kJ to 4000 kJ), the energy density relative to box volume may be at least 300 kJ / L (e.g., approximately 300 kJ / L to 400 kJ / L), the energy7density7relative to total pack volume may be at least 400 kJ / L (e.g., approximately 400 kJ / L to 600 kJ / L), and the energy density relative to cell holder subassembly volume may be at least 800 kJ / L (e.g., approximately 800 kJ / L to 1200 kJ / L). Energy, stored energy7, and energy density, as used in this disclosure, refers to the energy, stored energy, and energy' density of the battery pack and battery cells when the battery pack and battery' cells are fully charged to their full capacity and / or state of charge.

[0377] The high power and energy7density7of the battery cell and thermal management material selection allows for a highly power and energy dense battery that, in some embodiments, does not overheat under high power applications up to 80A continuous current draw at room temperature on a new battery pack. Figure 3A and Figure 3B depict examples of temperature measurements of the battery pack. Consistent with numerous embodiments here, the battery packs are able to resist overheating. Examples of the ability7of such battery packs to not overheat are shown by the plots of temperature measurements in Figure 3A with plot 360 (at 80A) and Figure 3B with plot 370 (at 100A). The multiple traces represent example measurements at varying locations on or in the battery pack. The time thebatery pack is providing power is indicated by the electrical current traces 361, 371 going from 0 to a nominal value and then back to zero when off. As shown, the battery pack (under both current conditions) does not prematurely shut down, and can provide energy until the current is requested to be turned off.

[0378] Examples of specifications of batery packs that are w ithin the scope of the present disclosure are provided in Figs. 3C1 and 3C2.

[0379] In another example embodiment, the batery7pack 100 may have a maximum rated voltage of approximately 63V (i.e., a nominal voltage of approximately 54V), a capacity of approximately 10 ampere-hours (Ah), and an impedance of less than or equal to approximately 3 milliohms. The weight of the batery pack 100 may be approximately 5.27 kgs. In determining a volume of the batery pack 100, a method is to determine the smallest rectangular box the batery7pack 100 will fit. As illustrated in FIG. 16A, such a box wnuld be approximately 159.5 mm in width, approximately' 126.5 mm in height, and approximately 282.6 mm in length. As such, one volumetric measurement of the batery' pack 100 w'ould be approximately 5701.95 Liters (L).

[0380] Table 1 -3 below show various characteristics of the battery cells and / or batery pack. For example, these characteristics may include volume types (box volume, total pack volume, cell holder subassembly volume) and the corresponding volumes, voltages (e.g., voltage at maximum batery cell current, nominal batery cell voltage, nominal batery pack voltage), currents (e.g., rated batery cell current, maximum battery cell current), capacity, power, power densities, energy densities, etc.Table 1Table 2Table 3

[0381] In some implementations, the battery packs (including but not limited to, e.g., multi-voltage capable battery packs) may be able to sustain a continuous power to the electric motor to maintain a continuous power output from the electric motor that is very close to the maximum power output of the electric motor. For example, for the rammer, a continuous power output of between 1500 and 2500 Watts through substantially full discharge (e.g., at least 95%) of the battery pack (e.g., which can be at least 15 minutes). For the plate compactor, the continuous power output can be 3800W for substatntially full discharge (e.g., at least 95%) of the battery pack (e.g., which can be at least 7-8 minutes. Similarly, for the core drill and screed, the variable voltage battery pack can sustain power levels of approximately 4300 Watts continuously for substantially full discharge (e.g., at least 95%) of the battery pack. This is something that may not be possible from conventional battery packs, as the cells would overheat.

[0382] In some implementations of the present patent application, a battery pack may undergo a discharge cycle from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold. In some implementations, the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold based on one or parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, power, energy', state of charge, amount of discharge, or a fault condition of the battery pack. For example, in some implementations, the cutoff threshold may be a state of charge at which most (e.g., at least 95%) of the energy' of the battery' pack has been discharged without the battery' pack shutting down prematurely (e.g., due to a temperature, current, or power exceeding a threshold value). For example, in an embodiment, the battery pack may reach a state of charge w'hen the voltage of each cell, which is initially charged to a maximum voltage (e.g., 3.6V per cell), drops to a voltage threshold (e.g., 2.75V per cell) at which most of the energy' has been drained from the cell. Such a cutoff voltage may be selected, e.g., to prolong the life of battery cells, as cell manufacturers may recommend against discharging 100% of the energy in the cells. In other example implementations, the cutoff threshold may be a temperature threshold of the battery' cells or other electronic components in the battery pack. For example, a battery pack may' reach a cutoff threshold if a temperature of the battery' cells exceeds a threshold value (e.g., 70°C) or a temperature of MOSFETs in the battery pack exceeds a threshold value (e.g., 125°C). Other cutoff thresholds such as current draw exceeding a value may also be used in accordance with the present disclosure. The battery' packs of the present disclosure may have larger capacity, be more compact, have greater energy and energy density, have greater power and power density, and may have greater runtime at higher current levels for a given amount of energy than existing battery packs.V. Charger

[0383] Figure 4A illustrates an example charger for a battery pack. Figure 4B illustrates a battery pack coupled to a charger. The present patent application provides acharger or battery7pack charger 400 that is configured to be electrically and mechanically connectable to a battery' pack 406 and to be able to charge the battery pack 406. Charger 400 may be configured for charging the battery' pack 406 (e.g., being a rechargeable DC power supply) with an AC power supply / source.

[0384] The battery' packs described above may be charged using the battery' charger 400 in order to reduce the amount of time needed to fully recharge the battery' pack. When coupled to the charger 400, the battery' pack may request or the charger may provide an amount of charging current that may vary in accordance with one or more parameters of the battery pack, such as battery' pack ty pe, cell ty pe, battery' pack temperature, cell temperature, state of charge, etc. For example, in some embodiments, the battery charger can provide or the battery pack can request a charging rate or an amount of current based on a sensed temperature of the cells in the battery pack. The table below shows an example embodiment, in which the charger executes a multi-stage charging algorithm over given a range of battery' cell temperatures (examples of five of these ranges are shown below). For example, when the battery cell temperature is very' cold (T <= 2 °C) the algorithm indicates that the battery pack will not be charged . When the cell temperature is warmer (2°C < T < 12°C) the charger may execute two rates or current levels depending on the stage or state of charge (e.g., 6.44 amps during a first stage, 4 amps during a second stage). In an example, such as the one below, the charger will not provide current to charge the battery' and / or the battery pack will not request a charging current if the temperature exceeds a maximum temperature threshold (e g., 57 °C < T). This multi-level, multi-stage charging algorithm may reduce or optimize an amount of time needed to recharge the battery' pack, e.g., as listed below. The charging algorithm may have fewer or more temperature bands, fewer or more stages, may use other parameters such as temperature, current, power, and state of charge, and may7be executed in the battery pack, in the charger, or both.

[0385] The amount of time it would take to charge a 1 OAh battery pack if the battery pack received the charge currents in the chart and stayed in the temperature band for the duration of the charge.VI. Motor

[0386] Figures 5 A and 5B depicts example motor performance characteristics for select power tools of the present disclosure. The electric motor may be any type of electric motor including an induction motor, a universal motor, a brushed permanent magnet directed- current (PMDC) motor, a brushless direct-current (BLDC) motor, etc. A BLDC motor may be electronically communicated using a series of Hall sensors or using a known sensorless commutation scheme and may be an outer-rotor or an inner-rotor motor.

[0387] The rammer and the plate compactor are provided with an outer-rotor BLDC motor, an example of which is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 236,586 filed August 22. 2023, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The electric motor includes a stator including a plurality of coils and a rotor including a plurality of permanent magnets disposed around the stator and driving a rotor shaft. The electric motor further includes a first end cap and a second end cap, which mate together to form a substantially water-sealed and / or air-sealed enclosure around the rotor and the stator. The first end cap also provides mounting platfonn for the electric motor to be externally mounted on the housing of the rammer and on a side wall of the plate compactor. The first end cap is fastened to thehousing and / or wall via a series of fasteners. The housing and / or wall may include an opening sized to receive a portion (see, e.g., Fig. 6A of U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 236,586) of the first end cap therein, such that the portion of the first end cap sits against the wall and / or housing around the opening. The second end cap includes a cover that seals all the electronics and wires coming out of the electric motor.

[0388] The electric motor can have a height in the range of approximately 10 cm to 12 cm and an outer maximum diameter in the range of approximately 18 cm to 22 cm. The weight of the electric motor can be less than at most 17 lbs, preferably at most 15 lbs.Further, the second end cap can include a slanted outer profile, so the diameter of the electric motor is greatest at the first end cap. The slanted (conical) shape of the second end cap helps keep the center of gravity of the electric motor closer to the first end cap than the cover.

[0389] In the case of the rammer, the electric motor can be mounted behind the housing at a location such that a vertical plane intersecting the bottom end of the rammer passes through the electric motor and the battery pack. The conical shape of the electric motor, combined with the low profile of the electric motor in relation to its height, ensures that the electric motor does not significantly adversely affect the center of gravity of the rammer. Compared to conventional rammers, the center of gravity of the rammer is located more forward, which helps with the forward movement of the rammer.

[0390] Additionally, in the rammer, the battery pack is mounted on a slanted surface located above a control housing. The terminal block that connects to the battery pack is located on the control housing at a distal end of the slanted surface. The control housing houses a control module that regulates supply of power from the battery pack to the electric motor. Figs. 38-39 of U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 236,586 is a block diagram of the control module. Figs. 40-45 of U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 236,586 depicts an example of such a control module. The control module is coupled to the battery terminal block toreceive battery power as well as thermistor and other control signals. The control module provides three phase voltage signals to the electric motor via a cord. The cord extends outside the main housing of the rammer, from a lower end of the control housing to the electric motor and is received into the electric motor via a sealed receptacle.

[0391] In the plate compactor, the electric motor is mounted to a side w all of the plate compactor, w ith the main body of the electric motor received within an inner cavity of the plate compactor. The control module and battery terminal block are similar to the rammer.

[0392] The screed and the core drill use an inner-rotor BLDC motor, an example of which is described in US Patent No. 11,241,781, which is hereby incorporated by reference. This is an overall smaller motor and is capable of delivering less pow er, at levels suitable for the screed and the core drill.VII. Rammer

[0393] Figure 6 illustrates a side-sectional view of a rammer. Electric rammer 600 can include a primary housing 602 and a reciprocating leg portion 610 which can be coupled to a compacting foot 612. The compacting foot 612 can be adapted for compacting soil, hardcore, asphalt or any other material S to be compacted. The reciprocating leg portion can include a reciprocating mechanism (shown in Figure 7) which is arranged to drive the compacting foot up and down along the longitudinal axis A-A of the tool. The rammer can include a handle 604 by which a user can maneuver the rammer, and a battery pack 606 for powering the electric motor of the rammer (located on the primary housing 602).

[0394] Figure 7 is a cross-section along axis A-A through the rammer of Figure 6 and shows the reciprocating mechanism 700 located within the primary housing 602 and reciprocating leg portion 610. The reciprocating mechanism 700 can include a connecting rod 716 which is connected between an eccentric drive wheel 736 which is driven by an electric motor (not shown in the figure). The connecting rod 716 can be configured to movea reciprocating piston 732 between a retracted position where a first end 720 of the reciprocating piston 732 is moved towards the primary' housing 602 and an extended position where the first end 720 of the reciprocating piston 732 is moved away from the primary' housing 602.

[0395] The connecting rod 716 and the reciprocating piston 732 can be arranged to move along the longitudinal axis A-A within a piston cylinder 728. The piston cylinder 728 receives and guides the movement of the reciprocating piston 732 when moving along the longitudinal axis A-A. The distal end 718 of the piston cylinder 728, located away from the primary' housing 602, can be connected to the compacting foot 612 such that movement of the reciprocating mechanism 700 results in movement of the compacting foot 612.

[0396] In some examples, the reciprocating piston 732 can be coupled to a spring assembly7comprising a first spring 724 and a second spring 726. When the rammer 600 is not operational, the reciprocating mechanism 700 rests in the position as shown in Figure 7. This position is dependent on the weight of the rammer and the balance of the upper and lower springs 724 and 726 of the spring assembly. The first spring 724 acts in opposition to movement of the reciprocating piston 732 away from the compacting foot 612 and towards the retracted position. In this way, the first spring 724 urges the reciprocating piston 732 to towards the compacting foot 612 and the extended position. The second spring 726 acts in opposition to movement of the reciprocating piston 732 towards the compacting foot 612 and towards the extended position. In this way, the second spring 726 urges the reciprocating piston 732 away from the compacting foot 612 and towards the retracted position.

[0397] The arrangement of springs 724 and 726 in Figure 7 is merely one example. Rammers may in general use any suitable arrangement of one or more biasing elements (e.g., springs, elastomers, dampers, etc.) to control movement of the reciprocating piston 732.

[0398] The up and down movement of the reciprocating piston 732 along the A-A axis due to rotation of the electric motor driving the eccentric drive wheel 736 causes the first and second springs 724, 726 alternately expand and compress. Accordingly, the compacting foot 612 reciprocates up and down so as to provide a compacting force to the surface to which the rammer is applied.

[0399] The reciprocating leg portion 610 (comprising the piston cylinder 728 and spring assembly) and the reciprocating foot 612 form a lower mass assembly 750 which reciprocates with respect to an upper mass assembly 760. The upper mass assembly 760 can be formed by the remaining components of the rammer 600 in the primary housing 602 (e.g., its motor, eccentric wheel drive, battery pack, etc.). In other words, the lower mass assembly 750 includes those parts of the rammer connected to end 710 of the connecting rod 716 and which therefore move in a reciprocal motion relative to the upper mass assembly 760. The upper mass assembly 760 is in some examples includes all the other components which are not part of the lower mass assembly 750.

[0400] Figure 8 illustrates an example drive mechanism for the rammer. As shown in Figures 7 and 8, the connecting rod 71 is connected between the reciprocating piston 732 and the eccentric drive wheel 736. The eccentric drive wheel 736 is part of a drive mechanism 724 which is shown in cross-section in Figure 8. The drive mechanism 724 is arranged to generate the reciprocating movement of the lower mass assembly 750 with respect to the upper mass assembly 760. The drive mechanism 724 is rotatably coupled to a drive shaft 726 of an electric motor 704. In the example shown in Figure 8, motor 704 is directly coupled to the eccentric drive wheel 736. In other examples, a transmission (e.g., one or more gears) is provided between the electric motor 704 and the eccentric drive wheel736.

[0401] In some examples, the eccentric drive wheel 736 may be coupled to the drive shaft 726 of the electric motor 704 via a pinion gear mounted on the drive shaft 726 which is arranged to engage with a toothed outer surface (not shown) of the eccentric drive wheel 736 so as to rotate the drive wheel. Further details about an example rammer can be found in PCT Patent Application No. PCT / EP2023 / 072939, which is incorporated by reference.

[0402] Figure 9 depicts a table of example performance data for an example rammer in accordance with the present patent application. Various embodiments of the present disclosure can provide a rammer with improved performance. In some embodiments, a rammer tool can include a tool housing; a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing; a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the compacting foot is configured to apply at least 4.2 strokes per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0403] In some embodiments, a rammer tool can include a tool housing, a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing, a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface, an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission, a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the batters’ pack housing, and a plurality of battery cellsreceived in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, where the compacting foot is configured to apply impacts to the surface at an average force at least 10 kN as the battery' pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy' of the battery' pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0404] In some embodiments, a rammer tool can include a tool housing, a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing, a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface, an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission, and a battery' pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing and a plurality7of battery cells received a cell holder subassembly in the battery pack housing, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy7of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, where the rammer tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 0.4 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0405] In some embodiments, a rammer tool can include a tool housing, a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing, a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface, an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission, and a battery' pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly7received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery7pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cellholder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, where the rammer tool is configured to have compact an area having a length of at least 6.5 m per kJ of batten- pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0406] Some embodiments can include those where the rammer tool has a substantially constant motor speed over a full discharge cycle. For example, one embodiment of a rammer tool can include a tool housing; a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing; a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing and a plurality of battery cells received in the battery pack housing, the battery' pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, where the compacting foot is configured to exert an average force of at least 10 kN at a substantially constant speed between 3200 to 3700 RPM, and where the substantially constant speed is maintained over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0407] In some embodiments, the rammer tool can be configured to maintain the constant speed for at least 15 minutes, for example, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, etc.

[0408] In various embodiments, the battery pack can have a nominal voltage of at least 54 V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah. The ratio of the stored energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack can be at least 400 kJ per liter. The battery’ pack can be configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety of the discharge cycle. The battery pack can be configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle. Thetemperature threshold can be 70°C. The electric motor can be configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety' the discharge cycle. The reciprocating drive transmission can be configured to be driven by the electric motor at a motor speed of between 3000 rpm and 4000 rpm of an entirety of the discharge cycle. The compacting foot can be configured to exert an average compacting force of at least 10 kN of an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0409] In some embodiments, the battery cells can include pouch cells. The pouch cells can be arranged in at least three strings of series-connected cells connected in series, can be arranged in a cell holder subassembly having a volume between 2L and 4L. The cells can each have an impedance less than or equal to 5 mOhm.

[0410] In some embodiments, the electric motor can include a sealed housing surrounding a stator and a rotor therein. The electric motor can be passively cooled by ambient air surrounding the sealed housing.

[0411] The present disclosure also contemplates rammer tools that may be configured to operate at multiple speeds. For example, a '‘low-speed’’ operation can cause the rammer tool to be configured to compact an area having a linear distance of at least 250 meters over the discharge cycle with an impact rate of at least 600 beats per minute.

[0412] Similarly, for “high-speed” operation, the rammer tool can be configured to compact an area having a linear distance of at least 200 meters over the discharge cycle of the battery pack with an impact rate of at least 670 beats per minute.

[0413] In some embodiments, the rammer tool can be part of a system that can include for example, multiple types of battery packs and interfaces that allow battery pack selection and / or use of other tools with one or more of the battery packs. For example, a rammer tool including a tool housing, a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing, a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface, an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drivetransmission: a first battery' pack including a first battery' pack interface and a plurality of pouch cells received in a cell holder subassembly, the first battery' pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a second battery pack including a second battery' pack interface that is different from the first battery' pack interface, and a plurality' of cylindrical cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the second battery' pack having a stored energy between 100 Wh and 300 Wh; a first tool interface electrically coupleable to the rammer tool, the first tool interface configured to mate with the first battery' pack interface to deliver power from the first battery pack to the electric motor but not mateable with the second battery pack interface; and an adapter including a first adapter configured to mate with the second battery' pack interface to couple the second battery pack to the adapter, and a second adapter interface configured to be coupled to the first tool interface such that the adapter enables the second battery' pack to deliver power from the second battery' pack to the electric motor.

[0414] Accordingly, when the first battery’ pack is coupled to the first tool interface, the rammer tool can be configured have a runtime of at least 15 minutes while a temperature of the cells in the first battery pack remains below' 70°C over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold, and when the second battery pack is coupled to the second tool interface and the third interface of the adapter is coupled to the first tool interface, the rammer tool is configured have a runtime of at least 6 minutes while a temperature of the cells of the second battery pack remains below 70°C over a full discharge cycle of the second battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the second battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0415] Embodiments of such a system can also include, for example, a first set of non-handheld power equipment, wherein the first battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

[0416] As another example, the system can include a second set of handheld power tools, wherein the second battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

[0417] Figure 10 depicts an example configuration of a rammer tool with improved ergonomics. In some embodiments, a rammer can be configured to have improved ergonomics that may, for example, make the rammer tool easier to handle for a user, can make the insertion or removal of a battery pack easier, etc.

[0418] In some embodiments, a rammer tool can include a tool housing extending along a first axis at a first acute angle 1020 to a work surface, the housing including a top end portion and a bottom end portion; a compacting foot movably coupled to the bottom end portion of the tool housing; a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a battery receptacle coupled to the top end portion of the tool housing, the battery receptacle configured to receive a battery pack in a sliding manner along a second axis that is transverse to the first axis and that is at a second acute angle 1010 of between 5 and 45 degrees relative to the work surface; a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing and a battery pack interface extending along a battery pack axis, wherein the battery pack interface is configured to be removably coupled to the battery pack receptacle by sliding the battery pack housing along the second axis. Examples of specific angles 1010 caninclude, for example, approximately 10°, 20°, 30°, or 40°. Also, while the present disclosure shows the longitudinal axis of the rammer being at an angle 1020 of approximately 74°, this is an example and other angles possible, for example, between 45 and 90°. The angle of the battery receptacle enables a user to insert and remove a battery7pack more easily, with gravity7assisting when the battery7pack is inserted and an angled surface acting as a ramp to assist when removing the battery7pack.

[0419] In some embodiments, the size / shape of the handle can provide an aperture configured to allow direct (e.g., along a substantially straight line) access to the battery7receptacle for the battery7pack. For example, as shown by the arrow, the battery pack can be inserted over (without interference) a distal portion of the handle.

[0420] In other embodiments, the rammer can be configured through various means to have a center of gravity that is more towards the front of the rammer than for conventional designs. This can have the effect of improved forward "jumps" during operation, which can speed the use of the tool. In some such embodiments, the electric motor 1030 can have generally7tapered shape such that the center of mass of the electric motor is more towards the front of the rammer. In particular, the motor housing can have a first diameter 1031 where the electric motor is mounted to the rammer. The housing can also have a second diameter1032 that is smaller than the first diameter. The difference in the diameters results in the tapered shape shown and contributes to the more forw ard center of gravity. In some embodiments, the housing can generally have a '‘low-profile” shape, specifically that height1033 of the motor housing is less than the first diameter. For example, the first diameter can be approximately 20 cm and the height can be between 12 and 14 cm.

[0421] In some embodiments, the electric motor can have a sidewall extending between the first end portion and the second end portion, the electric motor being coupled tothe sidewall and disposed at least partially outside the housing. The electric motor can also be fully sealed.VIII. Plate Compactor

[0422] Figure 11 A shows a plate compactor illustrated in a front perspective view. Also shown is a similar plate compactor 1101 having rear view (Figure 1 IB), side view (Figure 11C), and rear perspective view (Figure 1 ID). The features described below for plate compactor 1100 similarly apply to the design shown in Figure 11B-1 ID, as well as other substantially equivalent embodiments. Plate compactor 1100 can include a main body 1102 and a vibrating plate portion (or plate) 1110. Compacting plate 1110 is adapted for compacting soil, gravel, sand, silt or any other material to be compacted. The plate compactor also comprises a handle 1108 by which a user can maneuver the compactor, an electric motor, and a battery pack for powering the electric motor of the compactor. The electric motor 1104 is configured to drive a vibration generation mechanism 1120, such as an exciter with an eccentric mass, that is rigidly coupled to compacting plate 1110. The vibration generation mechanism causes the plate 1110 to move in a reciprocating manner. The electric motor 1104 is operatively connected to the vibration generation mechanism via an intermediate drive mechanism (such as a belt, chain, gearbox, etc).

[0423] The compactor shown in Figure 11 A may comprise an input unit 1140, an electric motor 1104, a power supply 1106. a handle 1108. and an electronic control module 1130. According to an embodiment, motor 1104 is received in motor housing of the main body 1102. Motor 1104 may be any type of motor and may be powered by an appropriate power source 1106 (e.g.. a battery).

[0424] According to an embodiment, compactor 1100 further includes a user operable switch (also referred to as a trigger or power switch) and a control module 1130 (also referred to as an electronic control module, or a motor control module). Motor control module 1130,in an embodiment, may include a controller or control circuit and electronic switching components for regulating the supply of power from the power supply 1106 to motor 1104. The control module 1130 is disposed within the housing of the main body of the compactor 1100. Though it should be understood that depending on the power tool shape and specifications, electronic control module 1130 may be disposed at any location within or on the compactor.

[0425] Control module 1130 may also integrally include components to support a user operated input unit 1140 (also referred to as an input unit 1140) for receiving user function selections, such as an ON / OFF signal, variable-speed signal, and forward-reverse signal.

[0426] The control module 1130 and motor 1104 are located on the main body 1102, whereas the input unit 1140 may be located on the handle 1108 of the compactor 1100. Between the main body 1130 and input unit 1140 there is provided an interface 1112 for coupling and decoupling the input unit to the main body. The interface 1112 is accessible to a user and may be coupled or decoupled manually by the user.

[0427] There is provided an input unit 1 140 for providing control inputs to the compactor 1100. The input unit comprises one or more input mechanisms for actuation by a user in order to control the operation parameters of the compactor 1100. In an embodiment, input unit 1140 may include a user operable ON / OFF power switch. However, other input mechanisms such as a variable-speed trigger, a touch-sensor, a capacitive-sensor, a speed dial, etc. may also be utilized. In an embodiment, an ON / OFF signal is generated upon initial actuation of the user operable switch 1141. Based on the input signals from input unit 1140, the controller and electronic switching components of the control module 1130 modulate and regulate the supply of power to motor 1104.

[0428] A power source is provided to power the compactor 1100. In an embodiment, motor 1104 may be an electric motor and the power supply 1106 may be a battery7, for example a replaceable battery7pack for a plate compactor. In order to drive the electric motor, the control module comprises control logic configured to control a power switch circuit which provides voltage and current from the power supply 1106 to the electric motor 1104 under the control of the control logic. The power switch circuit can be closed by switch 1141 on the input unit 1140. Further details about an example embodiment of a compactor can be found in US provisional application number US 63 / 578,008, filed August 22, 2023, titled “A Power Tool with Detachable Input Unit,” which is incorporated by reference.

[0429] Figure 1 IE depicts a table of performance data for an example plate compactor operated at a low speed and at a high speed. In some embodiments, a compactor tool can include a tool housing; a plate movably7coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibrating mechanism; and a battery7pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery' pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery7pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy' to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the plate is configured to apply at least 60 strokes per kJ of battery pack energy7over a discharge cycle of the battery7pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold. As used herein, a "stroke” is a whole oscillatory movement of the operative part of the tool, for example, of the plate for the compactor tool. This is generally not the same as the RPM of the electric motor.

[0430] In some embodiments, a compactor tool can include a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in avibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibrating mechanism; and a batten- pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a batten- pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of batten- cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, w-hen fully charged, having a stored energy- of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy- to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the plate is configured to compact an area of at least 0. 1 m2of clear stone per kJ of battery- pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0431] In some embodiments, a compactor tool can include a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibrating mechanism; and a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality- of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy- to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the compactor tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 0.6 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0432] In some embodiments, a compactor tool can include a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibrating mechanism; and a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in thebattery pack housing, and a plurality of battery7cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy' to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the compacting foot is configured to apply compacting force to the surface at an average force at least 15 kN with a vibration frequency of at least 80 Hz as the battery' pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy' of the battery' pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0433] In some embodiments, a compactor tool can include a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibrating mechanism; and a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality7of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy7to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; wherein the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 1 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality7of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the plate can maintain the speed of between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a full discharge cycle of the battery7pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0434] In some embodiments, a compactor tool can include a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibratingmechanism; and a battery' pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a batten- pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy' to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality' of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the compactor tool has a runtime of at least 20 minutes over a full discharge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery' pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells in the battery' pack exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0435] In some embodiments, a compactor tool can include a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; and a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery' pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery' cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver cunent to the electric motor so that the compactor tool can compact at least 0. 1 m2of clear stone over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to a stateof charge where a voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells in the battery' pack exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0436] In some embodiments, a first battery pack operable at a first nominal voltage and having a first battery pack housing, a plurality of first battery cells received in a cell holder subassembly in the battery' pack housing, and a first battery' pack interface, the battery' pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a second battery pack operable at a second nominal voltage and having a second battery' pack housing, a plurality' of second battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, and a second battery' pack interface that is different than the first battery pack interface; a compactor tool including a tool housing, a plate, and an electric motor configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; a first tool interface electrically coupleable to the compactor tool, the first tool interface configured to mate with the first battery pack interface to deliver power from the first battery' pack to the electric motor and not mateable with the second battery pack interface; an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to mate with the second battery pack interface to couple the second battery pack to the adapter, and a second adapter interface configured to be coupled to the first tool interface such that the adapter enables the second battery pack to deliver power to the electric motor; when the first battery pack is coupled to the first tool interface, the compactor tool is configured have a runtime of at least 18 minutes while a temperature of the first battery cells remain below 70° over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the first battery pack reaches a first cutoff threshold, and when the second battery pack is coupled to the first adapter interface and the second adapter interface is coupled to the first tool interface, the compactor tool is configured have a runtime of at least 7 minutes while a temperature of the second battery cells remains below 70° over a full discharge cycleof the second battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the second battery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold.

[0437] The compactor tool system can include a first set of non-handheld power equipment, where the first battery7pack can be configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment. The compactor tool system can also include a second set of handheld power tools, where the second battery7pack can be configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

[0438] Any of the following features can be included in any of the compactor tool embodiments, in any combination.

[0439] The battery pack can have a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah. The ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing can be at least 400 kJ per liter. The battery pack can be configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety of the discharge cycle. The battery pack can be configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle. The temperature threshold can be 70°C.

[0440] The electric motor can be configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle. The vibrating mechanism can be configured to be driven by the electric motor at a motor speed of between 2000 rpm and 4000 rpm of an entirety of the discharge cycle. The plate can be configured to exert an average compacting force of at least 10 kN of an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0441] The cells can include pouch cells. The pouch cells can be arranged in series. The cells can each have an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms. The electric motorcan include a sealed housing surrounding a stator and a rotor therein. The electric motor can be passively cooled by ambient air surrounding the sealed housing. The vibrating mechanism can include a counter-weight rotatably coupled to the electric motor to cause the plurality of strokes on the plate and cause a forward movement of the plate along a linear axis. The compactor tool can be configured to compact an area of at least 0. 1 m2of clear stone over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack. The compactor can be configured to apply the plurality of strokes at a nominal forward speed of at least 20 m / min.

[0442] The compactor tool can be configured to have the electric motor operable at a low speed with a runtime of at least 20 minutes for the full discharge cycle of the battery pack. The low speed can be approximately 2900 RPM.

[0443] The compactor tool can be configured to have wherein the electric motor is operable at a high speed with a runtime of at least 18 minutes for the full discharge cycle of the battery pack. The high speed can be approximately 3520 RPM.IX. Concrete Vibrator

[0444] Figure 12A illustrates a rear view of an example concrete vibrator to be worn on the back. Figure 12B illustrates a side view of an example concrete vibrator to be worn on the back. Figure 12C illustrates a rear perspective view of an example concrete vibrator to be worn on the back. Figure 12D illustrates a perspective view of an example floor-mounted concrete vibrator. The upper right, upper left, lower left diagrams depict embodiments of concrete vibrators that can be worn as backpacks. The lower right diagram depicts a concrete vibrator designed to rest on a floor. Reference numbers are the same for common elements, though various embodiments may have some differing details.

[0445] The concrete vibrator 1200 can include a main housing 1212a and a vibrating head 1204. For the backpack embodiments, main housing 1212a can be connected to harness1208 for mounting on a user’s back. Conversely, for the floor mounted embodiment, main housing 1212b comprises a floor mounted frame 1210 configured to rest on a floor surface.

[0446] The concrete vibrator 1200 can comprise any suitable form for housing components of the concrete vibrator 1200. As mentioned, the main housing 1212a can be a back mounted harness 1208 or the main housing 1212b is a floor mounted frame. In other examples, the main housing 1212b can be any suitable shape or size and mountable on any suitable surface. For example, the main housing 1212b can be mountable on a vehicle e.g., a floor of a truck or mountable on a wall or other vertical surface. For the purposes of conciseness, hereinafter the main housing 1212a, 1212b as show n will be generally referred to using the reference number 1212 (unless otherwise specified) to indicate the main housing 1212a or 1212b of the concrete vibrator 1200 irrespective of the type or form of the concrete vibrator 1200.

[0447] The vibrating head 1204 can be connected to the main housing 1212 via an electrical hose 1206. The electrical hose 1206 can include at least one electrical wire and electrically connects a power source mounted in or on the main housing 1212 with at least one electrical component in the vibrating head 1204. The electrical hose 1206 can be durable and flexible. This means that the vibrating head 1204 can be used remotely from the main housing 1212 while still being powered from the power source mounted in the main housing 1212. The electrical hose 1206 in some examples can include an outer sheath configured to protect the internal electrical wires from caustic or corrosive materials and other mechanical damage.

[0448] The power source mounted in or on the main housing 1212 can be any suitable power source configured to provide electrical power to the vibrating head 1204. For example, the power source can be one or more battery packs 1205. In the example of Figures 12A and 12D, the one or more battery packs are mounted in the main housing 1212a suchthat the main housing surrounds and protects the batery packs. In the example of Figures12B and 12C, a batery pack 1205 is mounted on the main housing such that at least a portion of batery' pack 1205 is exposed to the environment. Additionally, or alternatively, the power source can be a main power source (e.g., wall or building power or a generator).

[0449] In some examples, such as the examples shown in Figs. 12A, 12C and 12D, the vibrating head 1204 is a vibrating tool which comprises an electric motor (not shown) and is configured to drive an oscillating mass (not shown) to cause the vibrating head 1204 to vibrate. The electric motor can be, for example, any of various ty pes of electric motors such as induction motors, brushed DC motors, brushless DC motors, etc.

[0450] The vibrating head can include a cylindrical outer housing, a connector at the distal end for the hose and cable, an electric motor (in this case an induction motor, but can be any type of electric motor), a vibrating shaft rotatably driven by the electric motor, and a nosepiece at the distal end of the housing. The vibrating shaft includes a portion w ith an eccentric or unbalanced mass that causes the head to vibrate when the shaft rotates.

[0451] Embodiments of the vibrating head can have several diameters, for example, 38 mm, 50 mm, 59 mm, etc. The vibrating head can be used with a variety of lengths of hose, for example, 2m, 3m, 5m, 6m, etc.

[0452] In an alternative embodiment, such as the concrete vibrator 1200B shown in figure 12B, the electric motor 1207 can be mounted in or on the main housing and remote from the vibrating head 1204B. The motor 1207 can be coupled to the vibrating shaft within the vibrating head 1204B via a flexible shaft in the hose 1206B.

[0453] In use, the user inserts the vibrating head 1204 into a wet concrete mix that has been poured at a worksite. The user grips electrical hose 1206 with one or both hands as required. As the vibrating head 1204 vibrates, the air bubbles in the wet concrete mix rise up in the wet cement mix and are expelled. The vibrating head 1204 is connected via theelectrical hose 1206 and is remote from the main housing 1212a and therefore the main housing 1212a does not interfere with the user’s operation of the vibrating head 1204. For example, mounting the power source in or on the main housing 1212a means that the vibrating head 1204 is lighter and easier to manipulate. Further details about an example embodiment of a concrete vibrator can be found in PCT Patent Application numbers PCT / EP2023 / 072679, PCT / EP2023 / 072638 and PCT / EP2023 / 084389, which are incorporated by reference.

[0454] Figure 12E is a table of example performance data for concrete vibrators with various head diameters. Figure 12F is a table of example weights for concrete vibrators with various head diameters. Embodiments of the concrete vibrator can manifest at least one or more of the following performance metrics. Weight of the power unit, Battery voltage (e.g., 54V-90V), capacity (e.g., 10-20 Ah), energy (e.g., 540 to 1800 Wh), cell impedance (e.g., =<5 mOhm), and size / volume, and being configured to use pouch cells.

[0455] Other performance metrics can include vibration amplitude and frequency - the vibrating head moves like a pendulum fixed at the distal end with an amplitude and frequency of vibration. The amplitude can be measured at the distal end or at the midpoint of the head. In order to mimic gasoline or petrol powered concrete vibrators, the amplitude at the midpoint can be designed to be >0.50 mm, and the frequency can be designed to be >190 Hz (e.g., -200 Hz).

[0456] Another performance metric can include runtime. For example, the disclosed high-voltage battery enables a much longer runtime than conventional batteries. One reason is that this battery is configured to have the cells run cooler and the battery does not shut down for overtemperature as frequently. Also, this battery allows the ability to get more of the total amount of energy stored in a cell during a discharge cycle (e.g., at least 90% of thebattery capacity ). In some cases, runtime can be measured using a water test. There are two types of water tests - no load and loaded.

[0457] For a no-load water test, the head of the concrete vibrator is placed in a water bath and clamped at its distal end. The power unit is turned on and the time is measured until the battery is fully discharged. The no-load water test (as used herein) is a standardized test in accordance with DIN-ISO 62841 -2-12 - Part 3. 102 “normal load - load obtained when the tool is operated continuously, the hose and vibrator bottle be attached to the tool as for normal use. During the operation the vibrator bottle is immersed centrally in a container filled with an amount of water corresponding to at least 50 times the volume of the vibrator bottle. The dimensions of the container are such that the diameter is about 50% of the height of the water inside the container. The height of the container such that no water can splash out during the test.”

[0458] Several embodiments of concrete vibrators are described below with some performance metrics as shown in Figures 12E and 12F.

[0459] A concrete vibrator system can include a vibrating head including a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the shaft including an eccentric mass that is and offset from the shaft axis; an electric motor configured to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates; a power unit including a battery receptacle and a control module: a battery pack coupleable to the battery receptacle and configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the vibrating head has a runtime of at least 3.5 minutes per kJ of battery energy in a no-load water test as the battery pack is continuouslydischarged over a discharge cycle of the batery pack from a full state of charge to when the batery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0460] In some embodiments, a vibrating head including a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the shaft including an eccentric mass offset from the shaft axis; an electric motor configured to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates; a power unit including a battery receptacle and a control module; a baten pack coupleable to the batery receptacle and configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the batten- pack including a batten- pack housing and a plurality of battencells received in the batery pack housing, the batery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy' of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the battery pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy' of the batery pack without a temperature of the batery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0461] In an embodiment, a vibrating head including a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the rotating shaft including an eccentric mass offset from a shaft axis; an electric motor configured to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates; a power unit including a battery receptacle and a control module; and a batery pack configured to be coupled to the batery' pack receptacle to provide power to the electric motor, wherein the batery’ pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54 V, an energy of at least 1900 kJ, and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of a cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the vibrating head has a vibration frequency of at least 190 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5 mm, and wherein the vibrating head is configured to process a volume of concrete of at least 100 m3over a full discharge cycle of the batery pack from a full state of charge to when the batery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0462] In some embodiments, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 190 mins for a 38 mm vibrating head, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 5.5 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy for a 38 mm vibrating head, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 160 mins for a 50 mm vibrating head, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 5 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy for a 50 mm vibrating head, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 100 mins for a 59 mm vibrating head, the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 3 seconds per kJ of battery' pack energy for a 59 mm vibrating head, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime over the over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test discharge cycle in the no load water test is at least 450 kg*mins, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.3 kg*min / kJ, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.3 kg*sec / kJ for a 38 mm vibrating head, a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery' pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.4 kg*sec / kJ for a 50 mm vibrating head, or a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.2 kg*sec / kJ for a 59 mm vibrating head.

[0463] In some embodiments, the vibrating head can have one of: (a) a diameter of between 36 mm and 42 mm and a runtime of at least 190 minutes in a no load water test over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold; (b) a diameter of between 48 mm and 52 mm and a runtime of at least 160 minutes in the no load water test over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack; or (c) a diameter between 57 mm and 61 mm and aruntime of at least 100 minutes in the no load water test over the full discharge cycle of the batery pack.

[0464] In some embodiments, the electric motor is received in the head housing and the hose can be configured to electrically couple the power unit to the electric motor. The electric motor can be received in the power unit housing and the hose comprises a flexible shaft configured to couple the electric motor to the rotating shaft in the head. The vibrating head can be configured to compact at least 100 m3of floorwork over the full discharge cycle of the batery' pack. The batery pack can be configured to discharge at least 95% of a state of charge of the batery' pack over the full discharge cycle of the batery pack. A ratio of the energy of the batery' pack to a total pack volume of the batery pack housing can be at least 400 kJ per liter. The batery' pack can be configured so that the temperature of the batery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety' of the discharge cycle. The temperature threshold can be 70°C. The electric motor can be configured to draw at least 5 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle. The head has a 38 mm diameter and can be configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 1.4 and 1.8 kN over an entirety of the discharge cycle. The head has a 50 mm diameter and can be configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 2.4 and 3. 1 kN over an entirety of the discharge cycle. The head has a 38 mm diameter and can be configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 3.2 and 4.6 kN over an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

[0465] In some embodiments, the concrete vibrator system can include a backpack configured to carry the power unit. The power unit and the backpack have a combined weight of 6 kg to 7 kg. A floor mountable frame configured to be coupled to the power unit. The power unit and the floor mountable frame can have a combined weight of 4 kg to 5 kg.

[0466] In some embodiments, the battery pack cells comprise pouch cells. The pouch cells can be arranged in series. The batery cells can be arranged in a cell holder subassemblyhaving a volume between 2 L and 3 L. The battery cells can be arranged in a cell holder subassembly, and a ratio of battery' pack energy to cell holder subassembly volume is at least 800 kJ / L. The battery cells can have an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms. The battery housing can have a total pack volume in the range of 4.0 L to 6.5 L. A ratio of battery' pack energy to a total pack volume of the battery' pack housing can be at least 400 kJ / L.X. Screed

[0467] Figure 13A shows a front perspective view of an example screed tool 1300. Figure 13B shows a rear perspective view of the screed tool of Figure 13 A. The screed tool 1300 (or screed or vibrating screed tool) is a device utilized typically in construction projects to smooth and / or settle freshly poured (wet) or partially dried working materials such as concrete or cement. The screed generally comprises an eccentric mass that is rotated by an electric motor to cause vibratory motion in a beam that is pulled across the surface of the working material. In certain embodiments, the predominant motion of the beam may be lateral or side-to-side. Due to the viscosity' of the working material, vibrations may be transferred from the beam down into the working material. This action can cause air pockets in the working material to be removed so that the working material settles in a more homogenous state. While the beam is vibrated, a user pushes or pulls the beam across a work surface, which also smooths the surface by spreading out the working material to remove lumps.

[0468] As shown in Figures 13A-1 and 13A-2, in an example, the screed tool 1300 includes a housing 1302, a base 1310 coupled to the housing 1302, a frame assembly 1306 pivotably coupled to the base 1310, and an interface 1308 (similar to interface 106 described above) coupled to the frame assembly 1306 and configured to receive the battery pack 100 described above. The frame assembly 1306 includes a pair of legs 1306a, 1306b pivotably coupled to the base 1310, a cross bar 1307 connecting the two legs 1306a, 1306b, and a pairof arms 1309a, 1309b telescopically received in the legs 1306a, 1306b. The arms 1309a,1309b may be retained in a desired position relative to the legs 1306a, 1306b by a keyed connection 1311a (e.g., a set screw that is loosened or tightened using a hex wrench) as shown in Figs. 13A-1 and 13A-2, or alternatively by a keyless connection 131 lb (e.g., an over-center latch or keyless clamp) as shown in the embodiment of Fig. 13B. Keyless connection 1311b can also be included in combination with any of the screed embodiments as described herein (e.g., for ones with different beams as described below). A pair of handle grips 1342a, 1342b are coupled to the arms 1309a, 130b for controlling operation of the screed tool 1300. The frame assembly 1306 may optionally include a kickstand 1305 to stabilize the screed tool 1300 when not in use. A cable 1342c can connect the handle grips 1342a or 1342b to the power source (e.g., battery pack 100). Housing 1302 can receive a cable pull from the handle grips to throttle an electric motor. The housing can be formed of any material including, but not limited to plastic, metal or a composite material.

[0469] Figure 13C depicts an exploded view of a portion of a screed tool 1300. In some embodiments, base 1310 supports the components of the tool. The 1310 base can include an internal off-center / eccentric rotation member 1312 to generate vibration. In an embodiment, the base 1310 can have downward extending projections or lips 1314 that connect to and support a with a fastener 1315 that secures the beam 1301 to the base 1310. The frame assembly 1306 can be mounted to base 1310 by a vibration dampener 1316 to isolate vibration between the vibrating base 1310 and the frame assembly 1306. Housing 1302 can be also supported on frame assembly 1306 via a second set of vibration dampeners 1346. The lower end of the frame assembly 1306 can be connected to base 1310 of screed tool 1300 via a vibration dampening mechanism 1318. A simplified depiction of a rectangular beam 1301 is provided in Figure 13C where such beams can be fastened to the base 1310 to receive the vibratory motion provided by eccentric rotation member 1312.

[0470] Figures 13D-13F show examples of beam cross-sections. In various embodiments, the beam can have different cross sections, for example the depicted “L- shaped,” 1320 “double triangle,” 1322 or “triangle rectangle” 1324 cross-sections. The performance of screeds with these cross sections are discussed below.

[0471] Figure 13G shows a top perspective view of housing 1302 for a screed tool. Figure 13H shows a bottom view of housing 1302 for a screed tool. In an example embodiment, the housing 1302 may include a battery interface holder 1330 and a motor housing 1332. The battery' interface holder 1330 and the motor housing 1332 can be connected with a tube 1334 (e.g., composed of rubber or another insulating material for receiving electrical connectors or wires) and can interface at the motor housing via a plate 1336.

[0472] The power source can be removably supported by housing 1302 at one end of the housing 1302. In an embodiment, the power source can be a battery (e.g., battery' pack 100) that includes one or more cells. Electrical energy from the battery' can be used to supply power to the electric motor. The battery’ may be of any desired ty pe, such as rechargeable and / or disposable. In the particular example provided, the battery' is a rechargeable unit that can be removable from, and insertable into, an interface 1308in the housing 1302.

[0473] Figure 131 illustrates a side sectional view of the base 1310 and portions of the electric motor and drive system for a screed tool 1300. As shown, screed tool 1300 can include motor 1350 surrounded by motor housing 1351. Motor 1350 can include stator 1352 and rotor 1353. Motor output shaft 1354 can be configured to engage transmission 1355 at transmission input gear 1356, which is then coupled to transmission output gear 1357. Transmission output gear 1357 can be connected to tool input shaft 1358. Support damper 1359 and coupling damper 1360 can be included to reduce vibrations. Tool output shaft 1361 can be connected to coupling damper 1360 and drive eccentric mass 1362 to create thedesired movement of base 1363 and beam 1364 (the example shown being and “L-shaped"’ beam). Eccentric mass 1362 can be protected by eccentric mass cover 1365.

[0474] In some embodiments, the electric motor can have a weight of between 700 and 800 grams, a volume of between 140 and 180 cm3, operating at between 20,000 and 25,000 RPM, with between 7 and 9 in-lbs of torque. Further details about an example embodiment of a screed can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63 / 533,751, 63 / 533,754, 63 / 533,755, 63 / 533,758, which are incorporated by reference.

[0475] Figure 13J illustrates an embodiment of a vibrating screed tool. The vibrating screed tool 1300 can be used for leveling and smoothing a working material (e.g., wet concrete or cement). The vibrating screed tool can include a base 1371, a beam 1372 removably connected to the base, a frame assembly 1373 mounted to the base (e.g., via a vibration dampening mechanism 1374), a housing 1375 coupled to the frame assembly, an electric motor received in the housing, an eccentric vibration mechanism configured to be driven by the electric motor to cause the base and the beam to vibrate, and a battery pack 100 configured to configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor. The battery pack 100 can include a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of a cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, where the vibrating screed tool configured to be vibrated by the eccentric vibration mechanism with a base acceleration of at least 25 m / s2with a runtime of at least 2 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold. Handle 1377 is also shown attached to frame assembly 1373. An example coordinate system is also shown where X and Y are generally horizontal (X being the forward direction and Y being the lateral direction), and Z is vertical.

[0476] In another embodiment, a vibrating screed tool 1300 for leveling and smoothing a working material can include a base, a beam removably connected to the base, a frame assembly mounted to the base (e.g., via a vibration dampening mechanism), a housing coupled to the frame assembly, an electric motor received in the housing, an eccentric vibration mechanism configured to be driven by the electric motor to cause the base and the beam to vibrate, a battery pack 100 configured to configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack 100 including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery' cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack 100, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy' to a volume of a cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L. The vibrating screed tool can be configured to be vibrated by the eccentric vibration mechanism with a base acceleration of at least 25 m / s2as the battery pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge to when at least 95% of the energy of the battery pack has been discharged without a temperature of the battery' cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0477] Figure 13K illustrates example placement of accelerometers on a base of a screed tool for testing purposes. Figure 13L illustrates example placement of accelerometers on a battery housing of a screed tool for testing purposes. Figure 13M illustrates example placement of accelerometers on a handle of a screed tool for testing purposes. Vibration of the base and the beam can be sensed by attaching accelerometers used to measure acceleration in the vibrating screed tool. Accelerometers (shown circled and with arrows) can be located, for example, at two locations on the base 1380 (“right” 1381 and "left” 1382), the battery housing 1383, and the handle 1384. In the examples provided for the vibrating screed tool, the right / left are users perspective when standing behind the machine and holding the handle. Also, the measurements are “hand-arm weighted.” meaning that they wereobtained while a user was grasping the vibrating screed tool. The present disclosure describes examples of accelerations of different beams. While the accelerometers are depicted as being affixed to the base of the screed tool, it is understood that because the base is rigidly connected to the beam that the two of them have a substantially similar acceleration.

[0478] Any variations of the disclosed embodiments of the vibrating screed tool can include any of the features described below and herein. In some embodiments, the battery7pack can have a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah. A ratio of the energy of the battery7pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing can be at least 400 kJ per liter. The battery pack can be configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety7of the discharge cycle. The battery pack can be configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle. The temperature threshold can be 70°C. The electric motor can be configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety of the discharge cycle.

[0479] Figure 14A illustrates a table of measurements of acceleration of an example beam for a vibrating screed tool. Figure 14B illustrates a chart of measurements of acceleration of an example beam for a vibrating screed tool. As shown in the table and chart, the beam can be approximately 3.7 m long and the base acceleration can be approximately 40 m / s2. Additionally, vibrations to a user (e.g., at a handle) can also be important in terms of the performance of the device. As such, some embodiments further can comprise a handle and the beam can be approximately 3.7 m long. Here, the vibrating screed tool can be configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of less than approximately 7.5 m / s2.

[0480] Figure 14C illustrates examples of measurements of acceleration of an example L-shaped beams for a vibrating screed tool. As shown in the table, the beams can have varying lengths. Such beams can, for example, have a base acceleration greater than 30 m / s2and / or a handle acceleration of less than 8 m / s2.

[0481] In some embodiments, L-shaped beam can be approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration can be approximately 42 m / s2. In this example and several that follow, the stated value of the base acceleration is obtained by averaging the left and right values at the base. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, where the beam can be approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool can be configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 5.5 m / s2. In this example and several that follow, the stated value of the handle acceleration is obtained by averaging measurements taken at low, mid, and high locations of the right side of the handle (where the measured vibrations are found to be highest).

[0482] In some embodiments, the beam can be approximately 2.4m long, and the base acceleration can be approximately 48 m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, where the beam can be approximately 2.4m long and the vibrating screed tool can be configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.9 m / s2.

[0483] In some embodiments, the beam can be approximately 3. Im long, and the base acceleration can be approximately 31 m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, where the beam can be approximately 3.1m long and the vibrating screed tool can be configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4 m / s2.

[0484] In some embodiments, the beam can be approximately 3.7m long, and the base acceleration can be approximately 39 m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.7m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 7.2 m / s2.

[0485] In some embodiments, the beam is approximately 4.3m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 42 m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 4.3m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 5.8 m / s2.

[0486] Figure 14D illustrates examples of measurements of acceleration of an example beam design with a trapezoidal shape. The next several examples describe ones where the beam is wedge-shaped with a cross section that is trapezoidal, for example the “triangle-rectangle” shape. An example of such a beam may be a Multivibe® beam, sold by Jlin Corporation of Paducah, Kentucky7. Such beams can, for example, have a base acceleration greater than 25 m / s2and / or a handle vibration acceleration of less than 6 m / s2.

[0487] In some embodiments, the beam can be approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is greater than 25 m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, where the beam can be approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool can be configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.8 m / s2.

[0488] In some embodiments, the beam can be approximately 3.1m long, and the base acceleration can be approximately731 m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, wherein the beam can be approximately73.1m long and the vibrating screed tool can be configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.6 m / s2.

[0489] Figure 14E illustrates examples of measurements of acceleration of an example beam design that has a double-triangle shape. Another beam design can include one where the beam is wedge-shaped with a cross section formed by two triangles, e.g., the “double-triangle” shape. An example of such a beam may be an MBW® beam, sold by M-B- W, Inc. of Slinger, Wisconsin. Such beams can, for example, have a base acceleration greater than 25 m / s2and / or a handle vibration acceleration of less than 6 m / s2.

[0490] In some embodiments, the beam is approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 25 m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 3.4m / s2.

[0491] In some embodiments, the beam can be approximately 3. Im long, and the base acceleration can be approximately 31m / s2. Some embodiments can further comprise a handle, wherein the beam can be approximately 3.1m long and the vibrating screed tool can be configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.3m / s2.

[0492] The disclosed configurations of the vibrating screed tool can also result in particular performances when utilized to smooth or settle concrete. For example, the improved acceleration of the vibrating beam can facilitate use with slump concrete (e.g., concrete which is partially dried and therefore harder to smooth / settle). In various embodiments, the vibration of the beam can allow the settling of slump concrete to a depth of up to 25 cm.

[0493] In some embodiments, the vibrating screed tool can be configured to have a vibration frequency between 120Hz and 140Hz, or of approximately 131Hz.

[0494] In some embodiments, the electric motor can be configured for various power outputs or to provide a range of rotational speeds of the eccentric vibration mechanism. For example, the electric motor can have a power output of at least 2000W. Also, the electric motor can be configured to rotate the eccentric vibration mechanism over a range of 0 rpm to 8000 rpm. While the motor speed can be fixed to be a particular value, in some embodiments the motor speed can be adjustable.

[0495] The performance of the vibrating screed tool can also be a function of the battery pack. The battery pack can have a nominal voltage of at least approximately 54V. The battery pack can have a capacity of at least approximately 10 Ah. The battery pack can include pouch cells.

[0496] The battery pack can be configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle. Thetemperature threshold can be 70°C. The electric motor can be configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety' of the discharge cycle.XI. Core drill

[0497] Figure 15A illustrates an example core drill that may optionally be combined with a stand. Figure 15B illustrates an example core drill without a stand (e.g., handheld). A core drill (also referred to herein as a ‘’cordless drill” or “drill”) can be utilized to drill holes of varying diameters in a material (e.g. concrete).

[0498] Embodiments of the pow er tool 1502 being a core drill can include, an electric motor (w hich may be a brushless motor), a transmission to control the speed of the cutting tool 1532 affixed to the core drill, a chuck in a nose portion 1526 to affix the cutting tool 1532 to the core drill or core drill housing 1524, a handle 1505 for grasping by a user, a power switch 1503 such as a trigger or button to start or stop the core drill, etc.

[0499] In some embodiments, the cordless drill system can include a stand 1500, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand. The stand can be configured to move the core drill bit in a manner similar to a drill press. In other embodiments, for example as shown in the right of Figure 155 A, the core drill can be handheld.

[0500] While the depicted example of power tool 1502 is a core drill, other devices can be similarly mounted to power tool stand 1500. The power tool stand 1500 is arranged to receive a removeable power tool 1502. The removeable power tool 1502 can be mounted and secured in the power tool stand 1500 as required by the user. The term “removeable’' refers to the function of the removeable power tool 1502 being selectively removeable coupleable from the power tool stand 1500. In other words, the removeable power tool 1502 is not permanently fixed to the power tool stand 1500.

[0501] The power tool stand 1500 comprises a base 1504 and a projecting frame 1506 fixed to the base 1504. A power tool carriage 1508 is moveably mounted on the projecting frame 1506 and moveable along a longitudinal axis A-A of the projecting frame 1506. By moving the power tool carriage 1508 along the projecting frame 1506, the distance between the power tool carriage 1508 and the base 1504 can be varied.

[0502] The power tool carriage 1508 is optionally moveably coupled to projecting frame 1506 via a carriage mechanism (not shown). In some less preferred examples (not shown in the Figs), the pow er tool carriage 1508 is fixed with respect to the projecting frame 1506 and does not move with respect to the power tool carriage 1508.

[0503] The projecting frame 1506 is substantially upright. In some examples, the power tool stand 1500 can be used in the orientation as shown and, in this case, the projecting frame 1506 will remain substantially upright positioned on a workpiece surface of a workpiece. The stand can be configured to move the core drill bit in a manner similar to a drill press.

[0504] However, in some other examples, the power tool stand 1500 can be used in a substantially horizontal orientation. In this case, the projecting frame 1506 will be substantially horizontal. Indeed, the power tool stand 1500 may be used in any orientation as required and the position of the projecting frame 1506 will be adjusted accordingly.

[0505] The projecting frame 1506 is a single post projecting up from the base 1504. However, in other examples the projecting frame 1506 can optionally comprise a plurality of posts (not shown) projecting up from the base 1504 and the power tool camage 1508 may be mounted on the plurality of posts. The projecting frame 1506 is mounted perpendicular to the plane of the base 1504 at a coupling 1510. The plane of the base 1504 can be substantially parallel with the plane of a workpiece.

[0506] In some examples, the coupling 1510 optionally comprises a pivot connection and the projecting frame 1506 is pivotable with respect to the base 1504. In this way. the projecting frame 1506 can be angled with respect to a normal axis of the plane of a workpiece 918.

[0507] The coupling 1510 comprises a screw fastener 1512 threaded through arcuate slots 1514 in a pair of projecting plates 1516 fixed to the base 1504. The screw fastener 1512 is screwed into the projecting frame 1506 or into a reciprocal fastening nut 1518 on the opposite side of the projecting frame 1506. When the screw fastener 1512 and reciprocal fastening nut 1518 are tightened against the projecting plates 1516 and the projecting frame 1506, frictional forces keep the projecting frame 1506 fixed with respect to the base 1504. Other fastening mechanisms e.g., clips, clamps, or any other suitable means can be used to fix projecting frame 1506 with respect to the base 1504.

[0508] The pair of projecting plates 1516 each comprises an arcuate slot 1514 and form a yoke for receiving a portion of the projecting frame 1506 between the projecting plates 1516. The yoke as shown in Fig. 15 is optional and other pivot connections can be provided. For example, a single projecting plate 1516 can be used to couple the base 1504 to the projecting frame 1506. In some examples, the arcuate slot 1514 optionally comprises a plurality of indexing positions (not shown) for positioning the reciprocal fastening nut 1518 and the screw fastener 1512 at predetermined positions along the arcuate slot 1514.

[0509] Optionally, the projecting plates 1516 comprise an inclination scale (not shown) to indicate the angle of the projecting frame 1506 with respect to the plane of the base 1504. In some examples, the projecting frame 1506 can be arranged to pivot between 0 to 60 degrees from a normal axis perpendicular to the base 1504. In another example, the projecting frame can pivot from -15 degrees to +45 degrees, in 15 degree increments, withrespect to a normal axis perpendicular to the base 1504. In other examples, the projecting frame 1506 can pivot any angle with respect to a normal axis perpendicular to the base 1504.

[0510] In some examples, the projecting frame 1506 is alternatively permanently- fixed with respect to the base 1504. In this case the projecting frame 1506 cannot be adjusted with respect to the base 1504. For example, projecting frame 1506 is welded to base 1504 in the upright position as shown.

[0511] In some examples, the projecting frame 1506 can be pivotable with respect to base 1504 such that the longitudinal axis A-A of the projecting frame 1506 can be positioned parallel with the plane of the base 1504. This can be useful for transporting the power tool stand 1500 to the work site.

[0512] In some examples, the projecting frame 1506 comprises a reinforced cross- sectional shape for increasing rigidity of the projecting frame 1506. The projecting frame 1506 can optionally comprise an I-beam cross-sectional shape in some examples.

[0513] In some examples, the base 1504 comprise one or more fixing bolts 1520 for anchoring the base 1504 of the power tool stand 1500 to the workpiece. Base 1504 can include four fixing bolts 1520 located at each comer of the base 1504. In some examples, there can be additional or fewer fixing bolts 1520 for anchoring the base 1504 to the workpiece as required.

[0514] The fixing bolts 1520 allow the power tool stand 1500 to be securely fastened to a workpiece surface in a horizontal plane, a vertical plane, or an inclined surface. For example a user may using the fixing bolts 1520 to anchor the power tool stand 1500 to a floor or a wall before operation.

[0515] When the user anchors the base 1504 to a vertical surface such as a wall (not shown), the user may disassemble the power tool stand 1500 and remove the projecting frame1506 from the base 1504. Once the user has anchored the base 1504 to the wall, the user may then reattach the projecting frame 1506 back on the base 1504.

[0516] The base 1504 optionally comprises wheels 1522 for transporting the power tool stand 1500 to the worksite. The wheels 1522 are mounted on the base 1504 such that the wheels 1522 do not project beyond an engaging surface 1534 of the base 1504. The engaging surface 1534 is arranged to abut the workpiece surface 920. Accordingly, the wheels 1522 do not touch the workpiece surface when the engaging surface 1534 abuts the workpiece surface. In some examples, the wheels 1522 are optionally removeable. This means the user can remove the wheels 1522 when placing the power tool stand 1500 in tight spaces on a wall or a floor.

[0517] The base 1504 can optionally further comprise one or more stand handles (not shown) for also assisting transportation and handling. The user can optionally grasp the stand handle mounted on the base 1504 and the projecting frame 1506 in order to move the power tool stand 1500 into position. Further details about an example embodiment of a core drill can be found in PCT application numbers PCT / EP2022 / 074708 and PCT / EP2022 / 074710, US patent application numbers 17 / 929,172 and 17 / 929,161 , and European patent application numbers EP23163287.8, EP23163289.4, EP23163288.6, and WO2023036766 which are incorporated by reference.

[0518] Figure 15C provides example performance metrics for a cordless drill operating at different speeds. In some embodiments, a cordless drill system can have a drill configured to have an output power of at least 1650 Watts and including a housing, an electric motor, a transmission driven by an electric motor, an output spindle rotatable by the transmission, and a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle configured to receive a core drill bit for forming holes in concrete; a first battery pack configured to provide power to the electric motor, the first battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holdersubassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery7cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the first battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of a cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the drill is configured to maintain an operating speed of the electric motor between 17,000 rpm and 25,000 rpm over a discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to when the first battery' pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the battery7cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0519] In some embodiments, a cordless drill system can have a drill configured to have an output power of at least 1650 Watts and including a housing, an electric motor, a transmission driven by an electric motor, an output spindle rotatable by the transmission, and a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle configured to receive a core drill bit for forming holes in concrete; and a first battery7pack configured to provide power to the electric motor, the first battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality' of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the first battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy7of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of a cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the drill is configured to continuously form holes in concrete as the first battery pack is discharged from a full state of charge to when at least 95% of the energy of the first battery' pack has been discharged without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

[0520] Another example of an embodiment of a cordless drill system can include a drill configured to have an output power of at least 1650 Watts and including a housing, an electric motor received in the housing, a transmission driven by an electric motor, an output spindle rotatable by the transmission, and a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle; a core drill bit coupleable to the tool bit holder and configured to form holes in concrete; and afirst battery pack configured to provide power to the electric motor, the first battery' pack including a housing and a plurality of battery' cells received in a cell holder subassembly in the battery pack housing, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy' to a volume of a cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the drill can be configured to form at least 12 holes having a diameter of 38mm in concrete block over a full discharge cycle of the first battery' pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the battery' pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0521] In some embodiments, the first battery' pack can be operable at a first nominal voltage of at least 54V with a capacity' of at least 10 Ah, can have a total pack volume of between 4 L and 10 L, can have a weight of between 5 kg and 14 kg, and can include a plurality of battery' cells each having an impedance of less than or equal to 3 m . The electric motor can have a weight of less than or equal to 750 kg, a diameter of at least 50 mm, and a length of between 15 mm and 100mm.

[0522] Some embodiments of the cordless drill system can have variations of battery' configurations. For example, the battery' cells can include pouch cells. The drill can include a first battery’ pack interface electrically couplable to the drill, with a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface. The first battery pack interface can be mounted on a stand, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand. The cordless drill system can include a second battery pack that is different from the first battery pack and that is removably coupleable to the second battery pack interface to provide power to the electric motor. The battery cells of the first battery pack comprise pouch cells, and battery cells of the second battery pack comprise standard cylindrical cells. The cordless drill system can include a second power tool that is different from the drill, wherein the second battery pack is coupleable to the second power tool to provide power to the second power tool. The second battery pack can be operable at the first nominal voltagewhen coupled to the drill and can be operable at a second nominal voltage that is different from the first nominal voltage when coupled to the second power tool.

[0523] The performance of the cordless drill system can also be a function of the battery configuration or state. For example, the drill can be configured to form at least 12 holes with a diameter between 35 mm and 45 mm, at least 8 holes with a diameter between 70mm and 80mm, and / or at least 7 holes with a diameter between 95mm and 105mm in aged concrete (e.g., 2 years) over a full discharge cycle of the first batten- pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

[0524] Another example of an embodiment of a cordless power tool system (the system including more than just a drill) can include: a drill assembly including a drill housing, a first electric motor received in the drill housing, a transmission received in the drill housing and driven by the motor, an output spindle rotatable by the transmission, a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle, a first battery pack interface, and a second battery7pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface; a second power tool that is different from the drill assembly, the second power tool including a power tool housing, a second electric motor received in the power tool housing, and a third battery pack interface that is substantially similar to the second battery7pack interface; a first battery7pack removably coupleable to the first battery pack interface to provide power to the first motor, but not coupleable to the second battery pack interface or the third battery pack interface, the first battery pack operable at a first nominal voltage, and including a plurality7of first battery cells; and a second battery pack removably coupleable to the second battery pack interface to provide power to the first motor and removably coupleable to the third battery pack interface to provide power to the second motor, but not coupleable to the first battery pack interface,the second battery pack operable at a second nominal voltage that is substantially equal to the first nominal voltage, and including a plurality of second battery' cells.

[0525] The prior embodiment can be augmented by including other equipment or power tools. For example, the cordless power tool system can include a first set of nonhandheld power equipment, each including a fourth battery7pack interface that is substantially similar to the first battery' pack interface, wherein the first battery7pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to the fourth battery' pack interface of each of first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

[0526] In some embodiments, the second power tool can be part of a second set of handheld power tools, each having a fifth battery pack interface that is substantially similar to the second battery pack interface and the third battery' pack interface, wherein the second battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to the fifth battery' pack interface of each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

[0527] In further embodiments, the cordless power tool system can include a third set of power tools, each having a sixth battery7pack interface, wherein the second battery' pack is coupleable to the sixth battery pack interface and operable at a third nominal voltage that is different from the second nominal voltage when coupled to the sixth battery pack interface. The second battery pack can be configured to automatically change between operating at the second nominal voltage when coupled to the second battery pack interface or the third battery pack interface and operating at the third nominal voltage when coupled to the sixth battery pack interface.

[0528] In some embodiments, the cordless power tool system can include a third battery pack (e.g., one with a 20V output) coupleable to the sixth battery pack interface, butnot couplable to the first, second, or third batten- pack interfaces, the second battery pack operable at the third nominal voltage but not at the second nominal voltage.XII. Other tools

[0529] While the present disclosure contemplates tools useful for working concrete (e.g., screeds, rammers, drills, plate compactors, and concrete vibrators), other tools can be added into any of the disclosed systems. Such tools can include, for example, masonry saws, rotary hammers, j ackhammers, nailers, saws, impact drivers, hammerdrills, etc.

[0530] The present application discloses various numerical quantities (e g., energy in kJ) based on example test data (e g., a runtime or a current). The present application also discloses various ratios, sums, differences, products, averages, or other arithmetic operations on the disclosed numerical quantities. Even if not explicitly calculated in this application, other calculations or arithmetic operations on the quantities disclosed herein (e.g., other ratios, sums, differences, products, averages, etc.) based on the provided data may also be calculated and are within the scope of this present application, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Claims based on this disclosure that may include such contemplated calculations or arithmetic operations are within the scope of the present application.

[0531] Example embodiments have been provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and to fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail.Numerous modifications may be made to the example implementations described above.These and other implementations are within the scope of this application.

[0532] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.

[0533] Phrases such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’ may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features. The term “and / or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and / or B are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items. For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A. B, and / or C are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone. C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.” Use of the term “based on.”above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible.

[0534] The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, computer programs and / or articles depending on the desired configuration. Any methods or the logic flows depicted in the accompanying figures and / or described herein do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. The implementations set forth in the foregoing description do not represent all implementations consistent -with the subject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent with aspects related to the described subject matter. Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and / or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein. The implementations described above can be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and / or combinations and subcombinations of further features noted above. Furthermore, above described advantages are not intended to limit the application of any issued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all of the advantages.

[0535] When an element or layer is referred to as being '‘on,” “engaged to,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected, or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between.” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0536] Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections should not be limited by these tenns. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Tenns such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.

[0537] Terms of degree such as “generally,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and “about” may be used herein when describing the relative positions, sizes, dimensions, or values of various elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections. These terms mean that such relative positions, sizes, dimensions, or values are within the defined range or comparison (e.g., equal or close to equal) with sufficient precision as would be understood by one of ordinary7skill in the art in the context of the various elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections being described. For example, when referring to a numerical value, the terms “generally,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and “about” may mean ±5% to 10% of a recited value or such other percentage or value as would be understood to one of ordinary skill in the art. In this way, the present disclosure contemplates various advantageous configurations of and describes their performance in a way that allows a person of skill to ascertain the scope of protection of the claimed subject matter. However, it is also understood that such measurements, by their nature, are not always exactly reproducible and that some variation is to be expected. Thus, the above is intended to provide a reasonable range about various measured quantities without rendering the present disclosure to be unclear or indefinite. Furthermore, measurements of manufactured devices may vary due tosome variations in the physical device dimensions themselves. In this way, the terms“generally,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and “about” may also apply to physical dimensions, when appropriate and as understood by one of ordinary' skill in the art.

[0538] Section headings shall not limit or characterize the invention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. Further, the description of a technology' in the “Background” is not to be construed as an admission that technology7is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary7” to be considered as a characterization of the invention(s) set forth in issued claims. Furthermore, any reference to this disclosure in general or use of the word “invention” in the singular is not intended to imply any limitation on the scope of the claims set forth below. Multiple inventions may be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claims issuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define the invention(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A concrete installation system comprising: a plurality' of battery packs each including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, a plurality of battery cells disposed in the cell holder subassembly, and a battery pack interface, each battery' pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a battery' charger configured to recharge at least one of the plurality' of battery packs from a state of charge where the plurality7of battery' packs reached a cutoff threshold to a full state of charge within a charge time duration; a compacting tool configured to compact a surface in order to prepare the surface for receiving wet concrete, the compacting tool including a tool housing, an output member, and an electric motor configured to be powered by a first battery pack of the plurality' of the battery packs and to drive the output member, wherein the compacting tool is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN for a duration of a first discharge cycle of the first battery pack from the full state of charge to when the first battery pack reaches a first cutoff threshold, the first discharge cycle being at least 25% of the charge time duration; a concrete vibrator configured to vibrate the wet concrete to remove bubbles, the concrete vibrator including a vibrating head with a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the rotating shaft including an eccentric mass that has an eccentric axis offset from a shaft axis, an electric motor configured to be powered by a second battery pack of the plurality of battery packs and to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates, wherein the vibrating head is configured to vibrate with a vibration frequency of at least 170 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5 mm for a duration of a seconddischarge cycle of the second batten- pack from the full state of charge to when the second batery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold, the second discharge cycle being at least 50% of the charge time duration; and a screed configured to smooth a surface of the wet concrete, the screed including a base, a beam removably connected to the base, a frame assembly mounted to the base via a vibration dampening mechanism, an electric motor configured to be powered by a third baten- pack of the plurality of batery packs, and an eccentric vibration mechanism configured to be driven by the electric motor to cause the base and the beam to vibrate, wherein the screed is configured to cause the beam to have an acceleration of at least 25 m / s2for a duration of a third discharge cycle of the third batery pack from the full state of charge to when the third batery pack reaches a third cutoff threshold, the third discharge cycle being at least 50% of the charge time duration.

2. The concrete installation system of claim 1, wherein the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

3. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 or 2. wherein the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

4. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the compacting tool comprises a plate compactor.

5. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the compacting tool comprises a rammer.

6. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising a core drill configured to drill holes in the concrete after drying.

7. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the compacting tool is configured to continuously run using four or fewer of the plurality of battery packs, wherein one of the four or fewer of the plurality of battery packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the remaining of the four or fewer of the plurality of battery packs are being recharged.

8. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 7. wherein the concrete vibrator is configured to continuously run using two battery packs, wherein one of the two battery’ packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the other of the two battery packs is being recharged.

9. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 8. wherein the screed is configured to continuously run using two battery packs, wherein one of the two battery packs is coupled to and powering the compacting tool, while the other of the two battery packs is being recharged.

10. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 9, wherein each battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah.

11. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 10, wherein a ratio of the energy of the battery’ pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

12. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 11, wherein each cell in the battery’ pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

13. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the battery pack has a temperature threshold and the battery pack is configured so that the temperature of thebattery cells does not exceed the temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

14. The concrete installation system of claim 13, wherein the temperature threshold is 70°C.

15. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the each of the first, second, and third cutoff thresholds are a state of charge voltage cutoff threshold and wherein the battery pack is configured to reach the state of charge voltage cutoff threshold before reaching the temperature threshold when operating with the compacting tool, the concrete vibrator, and the screed.

16. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the first, second, and third cutoff thresholds are the same.

17. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising a prior generation battery pack having a second battery7pack interface that is different from the battery pack interface and that is configured to be provide power to one or more prior generation power tools, and an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to couple with the second battery' pack interface, and a second adapter interface configured to provide power from the second battery' pack to the compactor, the concrete vibrator, and the screed.

18. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the cells of the plurality' of battery packs are pouch cells and the prior generation battery pack includes cylindrical cells.

19. The concrete installation system of one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the prior generation battery pack, when fully charged, has a stored energy between 100 Wh and 300 Wh.

20. A rammer tool comprising: a tool housing; a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing; a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a batten- pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battenpack including a batten- pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the batten- pack housing, and a plurality7of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, wherein the batten- pack has a stored energy7of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy7to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the compacting foot is configured to apply at least 4.2 strokes per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

21. The rammer tool of claim 20, wherein the ratio of stored energy' to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

22. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 21, wherein the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

23. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 22, wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah.

24. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 23, wherein a ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

25. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 24, wherein the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy7during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

26. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 25, wherein the battery pack is configured so that a temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

27. The rammer tool of claim 26, wherein the temperature threshold is 70°C.

28. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 27, wherein the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle.

29. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 28, wherein the reciprocating drive transmission is configured to be driven by the electric motor at a motor speed of between 3000 rpm and 4000 rpm of an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

30. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 29, wherein the compacting foot is configured to exert an average compacting force of at least 10 kN of an entirety of the discharge cycle.

31. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 30, wherein the battery cells comprise a plurality of pouch cells.

32. The rammer tool of claim 31, wherein the pouch cells are arranged in at least three rows connected in series.

33. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 32, wherein each of the plurality7of cells have an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhm.

34. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 33, wherein the battery housing has a total pack volume in a range of 4.8 to 6.5 L, a width in a range of 15 cm to 17 cm, aheight in a range of 12 cm to 13 cm, and a length in a range of 27 cm to 29 cm.

35. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 34, wherein the electric motor includes a sealed housing surrounding a stator and a rotor therein.

36. The rammer tool of claim 35, wherein the electric motor is passively cooled by ambient air surrounding the sealed housing.

37. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 36, wherein the rammer tool is configured to compact an area having a linear distance of at least 250 meters over the discharge cycle with an impact rate of at least 600 beats per minute.

38. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 37, wherein the rammer tool is configured to compact an area having a linear distance of at least 200 meters over the discharge cycle of the battery pack with an impact rate of at least 670 beats per minute.

39. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 38, wherein the compacting foot is configured to apply impacts to the surface at an average force of at least 10 kN as the battery pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy of the battery pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

40. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 39, wherein the rammer tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 0.4 seconds per kJ of battery’ pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

41. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 40, wherein the rammer tool is configured to have compact an area having a length of at least 6.5 m per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

42. The rammer tool of any of claims 20 to 41, wherein the compacting foot is configured to exert an average force of at least 10 kN at a substantially constant speed between 3200 to 3700 RPM, and wherein the substantially constant speed is maintained over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

43. The rammer tool of claim 42, the rammer tool configured to maintain the constant speed for at least 15 minutes.

44. A rammer tool system comprising: a rammer tool including a tool housing, a compacting foot movably coupled to the tool housing, a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface, an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a first battery pack including a first battery pack interface and a plurality of pouch cells received in a cell holder subassembly, the first battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a second battery pack including a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface, and a plurality of cylindrical cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the second battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy between 100 Wh and 300 Wh;a first tool interface electrically coupleable to the rammer tool, the first tool interface configured to mate with the first battery pack interface to deliver power from the first battery' pack to the electric motor but not mateable with the second battery pack interface; and an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to mate with the second battery' pack interface to couple the second battery pack to the adapter, and a second adapter interface configured to be coupled to the first tool interface such that the adapter enables the second battery pack to deliver power from the second battery' pack to the electric motor.

45. The rammer tool system of claim 44, wherein the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

46. The rammer tool system of claim 44, wherein the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ47. The rammer tool system of claim 44 or 45, wherein when the first batteiy pack is coupled to the first tool interface, the rammer tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 15 minutes while a temperature of the first batteiy pack cells remains below 70° C over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

48. The rammer tool system of one of claims 44 to 46, wherein when the second battery pack is coupled to the second tool interface and the third interface of the adapter is coupled to the first tool interface, the rammer tool is configured have a runtime of at least 6 minutes while a temperature of the cells of the second battery pack remains below 70° C over a full discharge cycle of the second battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the second battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

49. The rammer tool system of any of claims 44 to 48, further comprising a first set of non-handheld power equipment, wherein the first battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

50. The rammer tool system of any of claims 44 to 49, further comprising a second set of handheld power tools, wherein the second battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

51. A rammer tool comprising: a tool housing extending along a first axis at a first acute angle to a work surface, the housing including a top end portion and a bottom end portion; a compacting foot movably coupled to the bottom end portion of the tool housing; a reciprocating drive transmission configured to move the compacting foot to cause a striking impact to a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the reciprocating drive transmission; a battery receptacle coupled to the top end portion of the tool housing, the battery receptacle configured to receive a battery pack in a sliding manner along a second axis that is transverse to the first axis and that is at a second acute angle of between 5 and 45 degrees relative to the work surface; a battery pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing and a battery pack interface extending along a batterypack axis, wherein the battery pack interface is configured to be removably coupled to the battery pack receptacle by sliding the battery- pack housing along the second axis.

52. The rammer tool of claim 51, wherein the electric motor has a sidewall extending between the top end portion and the bottom end portion, the electric motor being coupled to the sidewall and disposed at least partially outside the housing.

53. The rammer tool of claim 51, wherein the electric motor is fully sealed.

54. The rammer tool of claim 51, wherein the second axis is generally perpendicular to the first axis.

55. The rammer tool of claim 51, wherein the first acute angle is greater than 45 degrees.

56. The rammer tool of claim 55, wherein the battery7receptacle includes a first rail extending along the second axis and the battery pack interface includes a first groove configured to receive the first rail as the battery7pack is coupled to the battery7pack receptacle.

57. A compactor tool comprising: a tool housing; a plate movably coupled to the tool housing; a vibrating mechanism configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; an electric motor configured to drive the vibrating mechanism; and a battery7pack configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery7pack including a battery7pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery7pack housing, and a plurality7of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery7pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy7of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L,wherein the plate is configured to apply at least 60 strokes per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

58. The compactor tool system of claim 57, further comprising a first set of non-handheld power equipment, wherein the first battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

59. The compactor tool system of any of claims 57 to 58, further comprising a second set of handheld power tools, wherein the second batten’ pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

60. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 59, wherein the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

61. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 60, wherein the stored energy’ is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

62. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 61, wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah.

63. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 62, wherein a ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

64. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 63, wherein the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

65. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 64, wherein the battery pack is configured so that the temperature of the battery' cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

66. The compactor tool of claim 65, wherein the temperature threshold is 70°C.

67. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 66, wherein the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle.

68. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 67, wherein the vibrating mechanism is configured to be driven by7the electric motor at a motor speed of between 2000 rpm and 4000 rpm of an entirety of the discharge cycle.

69. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 68, wherein the plate is configured to exert an average compacting force of at least 10 kN of an entirety' of the discharge cycle.

70. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 69, wherein the cells comprise a plurality of pouch cells.

71. The compactor tool of claim 70, wherein the plurality of pouch cells are arranged in series.

72. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 71, wherein each of the plurality of cells has an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms.

73. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 72, wherein the electric motor includes a sealed housing surrounding a stator and a rotor therein.

74. The compactor tool of claim 73, wherein the electric motor is passively cooled by ambient air surrounding the sealed housing.

75. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 74, wherein the vibrating mechanism comprises a counter-weight rotatably coupled to the electric motor to cause the plurality of strokes on the plate and cause a forward movement of the plate along a linear axis.

76. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 75, wherein the compactor tool is configured to compact an area of at least 0. 1 m2of clear stone over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

77. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 76, wherein the compactor tool is configured to apply the plurality of strokes at a forw ard speed of at least 20 m / min.

78. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 77, wherein the electric motor is operable at a low speed with a runtime of at least 20 minutes for the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

79. The compactor tool of claim 78, wherein the low speed is approximately 2900 RPM.

80. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 79, wherein the electric motor is operable at a high speed with a runtime of at least 18 minutes for the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

81. The compactor tool of claim 80, wherein the high speed is approximately 3520 RPM.

82. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 81, wherein the plate is configured to compact an area of at least 0. 1 m2of clear stone per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

83. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 82, wherein the compactor tool is configured to have a runtime of at least 0.6 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy' over adischarge cycle of the battery' pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

84. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 83, wherein a compacting foot is configured to apply compacting force to the surface at an average force at least 15 kN with a vibration frequency of at least 80 Hz as the battery’ pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy of the battery pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

85. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 84, wherein the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the plate can maintain the speed of between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

86. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 85, wherein the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the compactor tool has a runtime of at least 20 minutes over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells in the battery pack exceeding a temperature threshold.

87. The compactor tool of any of claims 57 to 86, wherein the plate is configured to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN, at a motor speed between 2000 and 4000 RPM over a plurality7of strokes at a stroke frequency of between 70 Hz and 120 Hz, and wherein the battery pack is configured to deliver current to the electric motor so that the compactor tool can compact at least 0.1 m2of clear stone over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the battery7pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the cells in the battery7pack exceeding a temperature threshold.

88. A compactor tool system comprising: a first battery pack operable at a first nominal voltage and having a first battery pack housing, a plurality7of first battery cells received in a cell holder subassembly in the battery7pack housing, and a first battery pack interface, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy7to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L; a second battery7pack operable at a second nominal voltage and having a second battery7pack housing, a plurality7of second battery7cells received in the cell holder subassembly, and a second battery7pack interface that is different than the first battery pack interface; a compactor tool including a tool housing, a plate, and an electric motor configured to drive the plate in a vibrating manner to compact a surface; a first tool interface electrically coupleable to the compactor tool, the first tool interface configured to mate with the first battery pack interface to deliver power from the first battery pack to the electric motor and not mateable with the second battery pack interface;an adapter including a first adapter interface configured to mate with the second batery pack interface to couple the second batery pack to the adapter, and a second adapter interface configured to be coupled to the first tool interface such that the adapter enables the second batery pack to deliver power to the electric motor; when the first battery' pack is coupled to the first tool interface, the compactor tool is configured have a runtime of at least 18 minutes while a temperature of the first batten- cells remain below 70° over a full discharge cycle of the first batery' pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the first battery' pack reaches a first cutoff threshold, and when the second batery pack is coupled to the first adapter interface and the second adapter interface is coupled to the first tool interface, the compactor tool is configured have a runtime of at least 7 minutes while a temperature of the second batery cells remains below 70° over a full discharge cycle of the second batery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where a voltage of the second batery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold.

89. A concrete vibrator system comprising: a vibrating head including a head housing and a rotating shaft received in the head housing, the shaft including an eccentric mass that is and offset from the shaft axis; an electric motor configured to drive the rotating shaft so that the vibrating head vibrates; a power unit including a batery receptacle and a control module; a batery pack coupleable to the batery receptacle and configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the batery pack including a batery' pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the batery pack housing, and a plurality of batery' cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the batery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy ofat least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the vibrating head has a runtime of at least 3.5 minutes per kJ of battery7energy in a no-load water test as the battery pack is continuously discharged over a discharge cycle of the battery7pack from a full state of charge to when the battery7pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

90. The concrete vibrator system of claim 89, wherein the ratio of stored energy7to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

91. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 92, wherein the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

92. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 93, wherein the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 190 mins for a 38 mm vibrating head.

93. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 94, wherein the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 5.5 seconds per kJ of battery7pack energy for a 38 mm vibrating head.

94. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 93, wherein the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 160 mins for a 50 mm vibrating head.

95. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 94, wherein the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 5 seconds per kJ of battery7pack energy for a 50 mm vibrating head.

96. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 95, wherein the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 100 mins for a 59 mm vibrating head.

97. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 96, wherein the runtime over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 3 seconds per kJ of battery' pack energy for a 59 mm vibrating head.

98. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 97, wherein a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime over the over the discharge cycle in a no-load water test discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 450 kg*mins.

99. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 97, wherein a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.3 kg*min / kJ.

100. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 97, wherein a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.3 kg*sec / kJ for a 38 mm vibrating head.

101. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 97, wherein a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery' pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.4 kg*sec / kJ for a 50 mm vibrating head.

102. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 97, wherein a product of a weight of the vibrating head and the runtime per kJ of battery pack energy over the discharge cycle in the no-load water test is at least 0.2 kg*sec / kJ for a 59 mm vibrating head.

103. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 102, wherein the vibrating head has one of: (a) a diameter of between 36 mm and 42 mm and a runtime of at least 190 minutes in a no load water test over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold; (b) a diameter of between 48 mm and 52 mm and a runtime of at least 160 minutes in the noload water test over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack; or (c) a diameter between 57 mm and 61 mm and a runtime of at least 100 minutes in the no load water test over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

104. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 103, wherein the electric motor is received in the head housing and the hose is configured to electrically couple the power unit to the electric motor.

105. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 104, wherein the electric motor is received in the power unit housing and the hose comprises a flexible shaft configured to couple the electric motor to the rotating shaft in the head.

106. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 105, wherein the vibrating head is configured to compact at least 100 m3of floorwork over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

107. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 106, wherein the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of a state of charge of the battery pack over the full discharge cycle of the battery pack.

108. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 107, wherein a ratio of the energy' of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

109. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 108, wherein the battery pack is configured so that the temperature of the battery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

110. The concrete vibrator system of claim 109, wherein the temperature threshold is70°C.

111. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 110, wherein the electric motor is configured to draw at least 5 amps over an entirety the discharge cycle.

112. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 111, wherein the head has a 38 mm diameter and is configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 1.4 and 1.8 kN over an entirety of the discharge cycle.

113. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 111, wherein the head has a 50 mm diameter and is configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 2.4 and 3.1 kN over an entirety of the discharge cycle.

114. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 111, wherein the head has a 38 mm diameter and is configured to vibrate with a centrifugal force of between 3.2 and 4.6 kN over an entirety of the discharge cycle.

115. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 114, further comprising a backpack configured to carry the power unit.

116. The concrete vibrator system of claim 115, wherein the power unit and the backpack have a combined weight of 6 kg to 7 kg.

117. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 116, further comprising a floor mountable frame configured to be coupled to the power unit.

118. The concrete vibrator system of claim 117, wherein the power unit and the floor mountable frame have a combined weight of 4 kg to 5 kg.

119. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 118, wherein the battery pack cells comprise pouch cells.

120. The concrete vibrator system of claim 119, wherein the pouch cells are arranged in series.

121. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 120, wherein the battery cells are arranged in a cell holder subassembly having a volume between 2 L and 3 L.

122. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 120, wherein the battery cells are arranged in a cell holder subassembly, and a ratio of battery pack energy to cell holder subassembly volume is at least 800 kJ / L.

123. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 122, wherein the battery cells have an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms.

124. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 123, wherein the battery housing has a total pack volume in the range of 4.0 L to 6.5 L.

125. The concrete vibrator system of one of claims 89 to 124, wherein a ratio of battery pack energy to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ / L.

126. The concrete vibrator system of claim 89, wherein the battery pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge at least 95% of the energy of the battery pack without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

127. The concrete vibrator system of claim 89, wherein the vibrating head is configured to process a volume of concrete of at least 100 m3over a full discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

128. A vibrating screed tool for leveling and smoothing a working material comprising: a base; a beam removably connected to the base; a frame assembly mounted to the base; a housing coupled to the frame assembly; an electric motor received in the housing; an eccentric vibration mechanism configured to be driven by the electric motor to cause the base and the beam to vibrate; and a battery pack configured to configured to provide electrical power to the electric motor, the battery pack including a battery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing, and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the battery pack, when fully charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, wherein the vibrating screed tool configured to be vibrated by the eccentric vibration mechanism with a base acceleration of at least 25 m / s2with a runtime of at least 2 seconds per kJ of battery pack energy over a discharge cycle of the battery pack from a full state of charge to when the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

129. The vibrating screed tool of claim 128, wherein the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

130. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 or 129, wherein the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

131. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 or 130. wherein the battery’ pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah.

132. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 131, a ratio of the energy of the batery pack to a total pack volume of the batery7pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

133. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 132, wherein the batery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

134. The vibrating screed tool of any of claim 128 to 133, wherein the battery pack is configured so that a temperature of the batery cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

135. The vibrating screed tool of claim 134, wherein the temperature threshold is 70°C.

136. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 135, wherein the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

137. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 136, wherein the beam is approximately 3.7 m long and the base acceleration is approximately 40 m / s2.

138. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.7 m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of less than approximately 7.5 m / s2.

139. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 138, wherein the beam is L-shaped.

140. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 139, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 42 m / s2.

141. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 5.5 m / s2.

142. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 141, wherein the beam is approximately 2.4m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 48 m / s2.

143. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 2.4m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.9 m / s2.

144. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 143, wherein the beam is approximately 3. Im long, and the base acceleration is approximately 31 m / s2.

145. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.1m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4 m / s2.

146. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 145, wherein the beam is approximately 3.7m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 39 m / s2.

147. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 138, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.7m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 7.2 m / s2.

148. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 147. wherein the beam is approximately 4.3m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 42 m / s2.

149. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 4.3m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 5.8 m / s2.

150. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 149, wherein the beam is wedge- shaped with a cross section that is trapezoidal.

151. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 150, wherein the base acceleration is greater than 25 m / s2.

152. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein a handle vibration acceleration is less than 6 m / s2.

153. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 152, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is at least 26 m / s2.

154. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.8 m / s2.

155. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 154, wherein the beam is approximately 3.1m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 31 m / s2.

156. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3. Im long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 3.1 m / s2.

157. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 156. wherein the beam is wedge- shaped with a cross section formed by two triangles.

158. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 157, wherein the base acceleration is greater than 25 m / s2.

159. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein a handle vibration acceleration is less than 6 m / s2.

160. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 159, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 25 m / s2.

161. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 138, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 1.8m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 3.4m / s2.

162. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 161, wherein the beam is approximately 3.1m long, and the base acceleration is approximately 31m / s2.

163. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 137, further comprising a handle, wherein the beam is approximately 3.1m long and the vibrating screed tool is configured to provide a handle vibration acceleration of approximately 4.3m / s2.

164. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 163, wherein the vibration of the beam allows settling of slump concrete to a depth of up to 25cm.

165. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 164, wherein the vibrating screed tool is configured to have a vibration frequency between 120Hz and 140Hz.

166. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 165. wherein the vibrating screed tool is configured to have a vibration frequency of approximately 131Hz.

167. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 166, wherein the electric motor has a power output of at least 2000W.

168. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 167, wherein the electric motor is configured to rotate the eccentric vibration mechanism over a range of 0 rpm to 8000 rpm.

169. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 168, wherein a motor speed is adjustable.

170. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 169, wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least approximately 54V.

171. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 165, wherein the batten' pack has a capacity of at least approximately lOAh.

172. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 171, wherein the battery7cells comprise pouch cells.

173. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 172, wherein the battery pack is configured so that the temperature of the battery7cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

174. The vibrating screed tool of claim 173, wherein the temperature threshold is 70°C.

175. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 174, wherein the electric motor is configured to draw at least 30 amps over an entirety of the discharge cycle.

176. The vibrating screed tool of any of claims 128 to 175, wherein the vibrating screed tool is configured to be vibrated by the eccentric vibration mechanism with a base acceleration of at least 25 m / s2 as the battery pack is continuously discharged from a full state of charge to discharge to when at least 95% of the energy of the battery pack has been discharged without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

177. A cordless drill system comprising: a drill configured to have an output pow er of at least 1650 Watts and including a housing, an electric motor, a transmission driven by7an electric motor, an output spindlerotatable by the transmission, and a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle configured to receive a core drill bit for forming holes in concrete; a first battery pack configured to provide power to the electric motor, the first batterypack including a battery- pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the battery- pack housing, and a plurality- of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, the first battery- pack, when fully- charged, having a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy- to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the drill is configured to maintain an operating speed of the electric motor between 17,000 rpm and 25,000 rpm over a discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to when the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

178. The cordless drill system of claim 177, wherein the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

179. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 178, wherein the stored energy is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

180. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 179, wherein the first battery pack is operable at a first nominal voltage of at least 54V with a capacity of at least 10 Ah181. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 180, wherein the first battery pack has a total pack volume of between 4 L and 10 L.

182. The cordless drill system of any- of claims 177 to 181, wherein the first battery- pack has a weight of between 5 kg and 14 kg.

183. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 182, wherein the first battery pack has a plurality of battery cells each having an impedance of less than or equal to 3 mQ.

184. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 183, wherein the electric motor has a weight of less than or equal to 750 kg, a diameter of at least 50 mm, and a length of between 15 mm and 100mm.

185. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 184, further comprising a stand, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand.

186. The cordless drill system of claiml 85, wherein the stand is configured to move the core drill bit in a manner similar to a drill press.

187. The cordless drill system of claim 177 to 186, wherein the plurality of batten cells comprise pouch cells.

188. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 187, further comprising a first battery7pack interface electrically couplable to the drill, wherein the drill further comprises a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery' pack interface.

189. The cordless drill system of claim 188, wherein the first battery pack interface is mounted on a stand, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand.

190. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 189. further comprising a second battery pack that is different from the first battery pack and that is removably coupleable to the second battery pack interface to provide power to the electric motor.

191. The cordless drill system of claim 190, wherein the plurality of battery cells of the first battery pack comprise pouch cells, and battery cells of the second battery pack comprise standard cylindrical cells.

192. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 187, further comprising a second power tool that is different from the drill, wherein a second battery pack is coupleable to the second power tool to provide power to the second power tool.

193. The cordless drill system of claim 192, wherein the second battery pack is operable at the first nominal voltage when coupled to the drill and is operable at a second nominal voltage that is different from the first nominal voltage when coupled to the second power tool.

194. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 193, wherein the drill is configured to form at least 12 holes with a diameter between 35 mm and 45 mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

195. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 194, wherein the drill is configured to form at least 8 holes with a diameter between 70mm and 80mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

196. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 195, wherein the drill is configured to form at least 7 holes with a diameter between 95mm and 105mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first batten- pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

197. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 196, wherein the drill is configured to continuously form holes in concrete as the first battery pack is discharged from a full state of charge to when at least 95% of the energy of the first battery pack has been discharged without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

198. The cordless drill system of any of claims 177 to 197, wherein the drill is configured to form at least 12 holes having a diameter of 38mm in concrete block over a full discharge cycle of the first battery7pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

199. A cordless power tool system comprising: a drill assembly including a drill housing, a first electric motor received in the drill housing, a transmission received in the drill housing and driven by the motor, an output spindle rotatable by the transmission, a tool bit holder coupled to the output spindle, a first battery pack interface, and a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface; a second power tool that is different from the drill assembly, the second power tool including a power tool housing, a second electric motor received in the power tool housing, and a third battery pack interface that is substantially similar to the second battery7pack interface; a first battery7pack removably coupleable to the first battery7pack interface to provide power to the first motor, but not coupleable to the second battery pack interface or the third battery7pack interface, the first battery7pack operable at a first nominal voltage, and including a plurality7of first battery cells; and a second battery pack removably coupleable to the second battery7pack interface to provide power to the first motor and removably coupleable to the third battery pack interface to provide power to the second motor, but not coupleable to the first battery pack interface, the second battery pack operable at a second nominal voltage that is substantially equal to the first nominal voltage, and including a plurality7of second battery cells.

200. The cordless power tool system of claim 199, further comprising a first set of nonhandheld power equipment, each including a fourth batery pack interface that is substantially similar to the first battery' pack interface, wherein the first batery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to the fourth batery' pack interface of each of first set of non-handheld power equipment to provide power to the first set of non-handheld power equipment.

201. The cordless power tool system of one of claims 199 to 200, the second power tool is part of a second set of handheld power tools, each having a fifth battery pack interface that is substantially similar to the second batery pack interface and the third batery pack interface, wherein the second battery pack is configured to be removably and selectively coupleable to the fifth batery' pack interface of each of the second set of handheld power tools to provide power to the second set of handheld power tools.

202. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 201, further comprising a third set of power tools, each having a sixth batery pack interface, wherein the second batery pack is coupleable to the sixth battery pack interface and operable at a third nominal voltage that is different from the second nominal voltage when coupled to the sixth battery pack interface.

203. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 202, wherein the second batery pack is configured to automatically change between operating at the second nominal voltage when coupled to the second battery pack interface or the third batery pack interface and operating at the third nominal voltage when coupled to the sixth batery pack interface.

204. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 203, further comprising a third batery pack coupleable to the sixth batery' pack interface, but not couplable to the first.second, or third battery' pack interfaces, the second battery' pack operable at the third nominal voltage but not at the second nominal voltage.

205. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 204, wherein the plurality of first battery cells comprise pouch cells.

206. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 205, wherein the first battery pack interface electrically is couplable to the drill, wherein the drill further comprises a second battery pack interface that is different from the first battery pack interface.

207. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 206, wherein the first battery pack interface is mounted on a stand, wherein the drill is configured to be removably coupleable to the stand.

208. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 207, wherein the second battery7pack is different from the first battery' pack and that is removably coupleable to the second battery pack interface to provide power to the brushless electric motor.

209. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 208, wherein the battery cells of the first battery' pack comprise pouch cells, and battery cells of the second battery pack comprise standard cylindrical cells.

210. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 209, wherein the second battery pack is coupleable to the second power tool to provide power to the second power tool.

211. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 210, wherein the second battery pack is operable at the first nominal voltage when coupled to the drill and is operableat a second nominal voltage that is different from the first nominal voltage when coupled to the second power tool.

212. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 211, wherein the drill is configured to fonn at least 12 holes with a diameter between 35 mm and 45 mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

213. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 212, wherein the drill is configured to form at least 8 holes with a diameter between 70mm and 80mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

214. The cordless power tool system of any of claims 199 to 213, wherein the drill is configured to form at least 7 holes wi th a diameter between 95mm and 105mm in aged concrete over a full discharge cycle of the first battery pack from a full state of charge to a state of charge where the voltage of the first battery pack reaches a cutoff threshold.

215. A battery pack, configured to provide electrical power to an electric motor, the battery pack comprising: a battery pack housing; a cell holder subassembly received in the battery pack housing; and a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly; wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah, wherein the battery pack, when fully charged, has a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy' to the volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, andwherein the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of the stored energy of the battery cells from a full state of charge without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

216. The battery pack of claim 215, wherein the battery’ pack is configured to reach a voltage cutoff threshold before reaching the temperature threshold.

217. A battery pack, configured to provide electrical power to an electric motor, the battery pack comprising: a battery pack housing; a cell holder subassembly received in the battery’ pack housing, a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly, wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah, wherein the battery pack, when fully charged, has a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy’ to the volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the battery pack is configured to discharge a continuous current of at least 80 amps from a full state of charge until a voltage cutoff threshold without a temperature of the battery cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

218. A battery pack, configured to provide electrical power to an electric motor, the battery pack comprising: a battery pack housing: a cell holder subassembly received in the battery’ pack housing, a plurality of battery cells received in the cell holder subassembly,wherein the battery pack has a nominal voltage of at least 54V and a capacity of at least 10 Ah, wherein the battery pack, when fully charged, has a stored energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of the stored energy to the volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L, and wherein the battery' pack is configured to output a power of at least 1100 Watts per liter of the volume of the cell holder assembly from a full state of charge until a voltage cutoff threshold without a temperature of the battery' cells exceeding a temperature threshold.

219. The battery pack of one of claims 215 or 218, wherein the ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly is between approximately 800 kJ / L and 1200 kJ / L.

220. The battery pack of any of claims 215 to 218, wherein the stored energy’ is between 1900 kJ and 4000 kJ.

221. The battery pack of any of claims 215 to 218, wherein a ratio of the energy of the battery pack to a total pack volume of the battery pack housing is at least 400 kJ per liter.

222. The battery' pack of any of claims 217to 218, wherein the battery pack is configured to discharge at least 95% of its energy during an entirety7of the discharge cycle.

223. The battery pack of any of claims 215 to 218, wherein the battery pack is configured so that a temperature of the battery' cells does not exceed a temperature threshold during an entirety of the discharge cycle.

224. The battery pack of claim 223, wherein the temperature threshold is 70°C.

225. The battery pack of any of claims 215 to 218, wherein the cells comprise a plurality of pouch cells.

226. The batery pack of any of claims 215 to 218, wherein the plurality of pouch cells are arranged in series.

227. The batery pack of any of claims 215 to 218, wherein each of the plurality of cells has an impedance of less than or equal to 5 mOhms.

228. A method of installing concrete comprising:(1 ) providing a plurality of batery packs each including a batery pack housing, a cell holder subassembly received in the batery pack housing, a plurality of batery cells disposed in the cell holder subassembly, and batery pack interface, each batery pack, when fully charged having an energy of at least 1900 kJ and a ratio of stored energy to a volume of the cell holder subassembly of at least 800 kJ / L:(2) providing a batery charger configured to recharge at least one of the plurality of batery’ packs from a state of charge where the plurality of batery packs reached a cutoff threshold to a full state of charge within a charge time duration;(3) compacting a surface in order to receive wet concrete by: a. coupling one of the battery packs to a compacting tool; b. actuating the compacting tool to exert a compacting force of at least 10 kN over a first discharge cycle of the coupled batery pack from a full state of charge to when the coupled battery' pack reaches a first cutoff threshold; c. at the end of the first discharge cycle, removing the coupled batery pack from the compacting tool, coupling the removed batery pack to the charger to recharge the removed batery pack, and coupling another of the batery packs to the compacting tool; andd. repeating steps (3)b and (3)c until the surface has been compacted to a desired amount, wherein steps (3)b and (3)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using five or fewer of the battery packs;(4) pouring wet concrete onto the surface;(5) vibrating the wet concrete to remove bubbles by: a. coupling one of the batteiy packs to a concrete vibrator; b. actuating the concrete vibrator to drive a vibrating head with a vibration frequency of at least 170 Hz and a median vibration amplitude of at least 0.5 mm during a second discharge cycle of the coupled battery pack from the full state of charge to when the coupled battery pack reaches a second cutoff threshold; c. at the end of the second discharge cycle, removing the coupled battery pack from the concrete vibrator, coupling the removed battery pack to the charger to recharge the removed battery pack, and coupling another of the battery packs to the concrete vibrator; and d. repeating steps (5)b and (5)c until the wet concrete has been vibrated to a desired amount, wherein steps (5)b and (5)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using three or fewer battery packs; and(6) smoothing the wet concrete by: a. coupling one of the battery packs to a screed; b. actuating the screed to drive a vibrating beam with an acceleration of at least 25 m / s2during a third discharge cycle of the coupled battery pack from the full state of charge when the coupled battery pack reaches a third cutoff threshold; c. at the end of the third discharge cycle, removing the coupled battery pack from the screed, coupling the removed battery pack to the charger to recharge the removed batteiy pack, and coupling another of the battery packs to the screed; andd. repeating steps (6)b and (6)c until the wet concrete has been smoothed to a desired amount, wherein steps (6)b and (6)c may be repeatedly performed without interruption using two or fewer battery' packs.

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