Novel muscle-specific promoters
Muscle-specific promoters with enhanced enhancer regions address the inefficiencies of current gene therapy by increasing expression specificity and safety in muscle cells, enhancing therapeutic efficacy for muscle disorders.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/074646
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-25
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Current gene therapy for muscle disorders faces challenges in achieving efficient transgene delivery to muscles, leading to high doses that trigger adverse immune responses and off-target toxicity, limiting its effectiveness.
Development of muscle-specific promoters with enhanced transcriptional activity, comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, utilizing enhancer elements such as hCKM206E, hCKM106E, and MEF2 motif, to improve gene expression specificity and reduce the need for high doses.
The muscle-specific promoters enhance gene expression in muscle cells, reducing adverse immune responses and off-target toxicity, thereby improving the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for muscle-related diseases.
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Abstract
Description
NOVEL MUSCLE-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 074031, filed January 25, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 1. Reference to Sequence Listing Submitted Electronically
[0002] This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing as an XML file entitled “098A002WO02_SL” created on January 16, 2025 and having a size of 61, 863 bytes.2. Field
[0003] The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology, particularly to molecular biology, gene expression regulation, gene therapy, and medicine. More specifically, genetically engineered muscle-specific promoters and their applications are provided herein.3. Background
[0004] Muscle disorders comprise a spectrum of hereditary or non-hereditary diseases characterized by elevated overall morbidity and mortality arising from skeletal muscle and cardiac dysfunction. To date, effective treatment for these disorders remains lacking. Gene therapy, apromising modality that delivers therapeutic genes to specific cells or tissues, holds considerable therapeutic potential. While adeno-associated viral vectors are widely utilized tools in gene therapy, achieving efficient transgene delivery to muscles remains a challenging task. Low muscle expression necessitates high dose, which results in adverse immune response and off-target toxicity, significantly constraining the application of such therapies.
[0005] As such, to enhance the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for muscle disorders, there is an urgent need for developing muscle-specific promoters with strong transcriptional activities. Compositions and methods disclosed herein address this need and provide related advantages.4. Summary
[0006] Provided herein are nucleic acids comprising a muscle-specific promoter comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif, having nucleotide sequences that are at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 6-13, respectively. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two, three, four, five, six, or seven enhancer elements.
[0007] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises two or three hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises at least one enhancer element selected from the group consisting of hDes68E, hDes78E, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises one, two, three, or four hDes68E.
[0008] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region has three hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35.
[0009] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and one hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0010] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E, one hDes68E, and one hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0011] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and one sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0012] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and four hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0013] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and four hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0014] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and three hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43.
[0015] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and two hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0016] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and two hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45.
[0017] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises sE and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three sE and one MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : sE, MEF2 motif, sE and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39.
[0018] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106ER and one hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hDes68ER, hCKM106ER, hCKM106ER, and hCKM106ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0019] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the enhancer region comprises at least two hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has three hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.
[0020] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids provided herein comprise a muscle-specific promoter comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region is any othe enhancer region described herein, and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86; wherein P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, and sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific core promoter is sP86.
[0021] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters provided herein have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30.
[0022] In some embodiments, provided herein are skeletal muscle-specific promoters.
[0023] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids provided herein further comprise a transgene operably linked to the promoter. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the therapeutic protein is selected from the group consisting of survival motor neuron (SMN) , fukutin-related protein (FKRP) , follistatin (FST) , neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) , dystrophin, tafazzin, myotubularin, merosin, α-1, 4-glucosidase, calpain 3, dysferlin, α-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, γ-sarcoglycan, poly (A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) , and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform B (LAMP2B) .
[0024] In some embodiments, provided herein are vectors comprising the nucleic acid described herein. In some embodiments, the vector is a DNA vector or an RNA vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid, a recombinant retroviral vector, a recombinant lentiviral vector, arecombinant adenoviral vector, or a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
[0025] In some embodiments, provided herein are AAV vectors comprising the nucleic acid described herein. In some embodiments, the AAV is of a serotype of AAV1, AAV2, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV12, AAVrh74, AAVhu. 32, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the viral genome of the AAV comprises, from 5’ to 3’ : a first ITR, the promoter, the transgene, a poly A tail, and a second ITR.
[0026] In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the nucleic acid described herein or the vectors described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0027] In some embodiments, provided herein are method of enhancing the expression level of a transgene in a muscle cell, comprising transfecting to the muscle cell an effective amount of the nucleic acid described herein, or the vector described herein, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the transgene operably linked to the promoter.
[0028] In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the nucleic acid described herein, or the vector described herein in enhancing the expression level of a transgene in a muscle cell, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the transgene operably linked to the promoter.
[0029] In some embodiments, provided herein are method for treating a muscle-related disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid described herein, the vector described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein to the subject; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for the muscle-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the nucleic acid described herein, the vector described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein in treating a muscle-related disease or condition; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for the muscle-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the nucleic acid described herein, the vector described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0030] In some embodiments, the muscle-related disease or condition can be sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, an ion channel disease, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, or arthritis. In some embodiments, the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the muscle-related disease or condition is Duchenne MD (DMD) , Becker MD (BMD) , congenital MD, myotonic MD (Steinert’s disease) , oculopharyngeal MD (OMD) , or limb-girdle MD (LGMD) . In some embodiments, the muscle-related disease or condition is DMD or BMD.
[0031] In some embodiments, provided herein are kits comprising the nucleic acid described herein or the vector described herein.5. Brief Description of Drawings
[0032] FIG. 1 provides diagrams illustrating the structural design of muscle-specific promoters tMCK, thCKM, thCKMs and thMD.
[0033] FIG. 2 provides in vitro luciferase assay results showing the transcriptional activities of skeletal muscle-specific promoters thCKM, thCKMs and thMD in skeletal muscle cells.
[0034] FIG. 3 provides in vivo imaging in mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thCKM, thCKMs and thMD, showing their transcriptional activities in vivo.
[0035] FIG. 4 provides quantification of luciferase activities in different skeletal muscle tissues collected from mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thCKM, thCKMs and thMD, showing the transcriptional activity of these promoters in various skeletal muscle tissues.
[0036] FIG. 5 provides quantification of luciferase activities in different non-skeletal muscle tissues collected from mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thCKM, thCKMs and thMD, showing the transcriptional activity of these promoters in various non-skeletal muscle tissues.
[0037] FIG. 6 provides diagrams illustrating the structural design of muscle-specific promoters thMD, thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR, L34, S24, S33, S32 and S22.
[0038] FIG. 7 provides in vitro luciferase assay results showing the transcriptional activities of promoters thMD, thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR, L34, S24, S33, S32, and S22 in HEK293T (non-skeletal muscle cells) and C2C12 (skeletal muscle cells) .
[0039] FIG. 8 provides in vivo imaging in mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thMD, thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR, L34, S24, S33, S32, and S22, showing their transcriptional activities in vivo.
[0040] FIG. 9 provides quantification of luciferase activities in different skeletal muscle tissues collected from mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thMD, thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR, and L34, showing the transcriptional activity of these promoters in various skeletal muscle tissues.
[0041] FIG. 10 provides quantification of luciferase activities in different non-skeletal muscle tissues collected from mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thMD, thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR, and L34, showing the transcriptional activity of these promoters in various non-skeletal muscle tissues.
[0042] FIG. 11 provides diagrams illustrating the structural design of muscle-specific promoters thMD, thMD-sP86, hME2-sE and hME2-sE-sP86.
[0043] FIG. 12 provides in vivo imaging in mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thMD, thMD-sP86, hME2-sE and hME2-sE-sP86, showing their transcriptional activities in vivo.
[0044] FIG. 13 provides quantification of luciferase activities in different skeletal muscle tissues collected from mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thMD and thMD-sP86, showing the transcriptional activity of these promoters in various skeletal muscle tissues.
[0045] FIG. 14 provides quantification of luciferase activities in different non-skeletal muscle tissues collected from mice injected with AAVs carrying luciferase gene driven by promoters thMD and thMD-sP86, showing the transcriptional activity of these promoters in various non-skeletal muscle tissues.6. Detailed Description
[0046] Provided herein are novel, genetically engineered promoters with high transcriptional activity and high specificity for muscle cells (e.g., skeletal muscle cells) . Expression cassettes containing such promoters, nucleic acids comprising such promoters or expression cassettes, vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) comprising such nucleic acids, and compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) comprising such nucleic acids or vectors are also provided herein. Methods of uses of the compositions disclosed herein for muscle specific expression of a transgene (e.g., a transgene that encodes a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or disorder) are also provided. Therapeutic methods for treating a muscle-related disease or condition, e.g., muscular dystrophy (MD) , are also provided.
[0047] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. 6.1 Definitions
[0048] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0049] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0050] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include “A and B, ” “A or B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0051] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0052] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid, ” as used interchangeably herein mean polymers of nucleotides of any length and include DNA, RNA, hybrids of DNA and RNA, and analogs of DNA and RNA. Such analogs can be generated using, for example, modified nucleotides or nucleotide analogs, which include, but are not limited to, inosine or tritylated bases. Nucleic acids or polynucleotides can be single-stranded or double-stranded or contain both single-stranded and double-stranded portions, or contain triple-stranded portions. In some embodiments, nucleic acids provided herein are double-stranded DNA.
[0053] The terms “peptide, ” “polypeptide, ” “protein, ” as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0054] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percentage identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For example, percent sequence identity values may be generated using the sequence comparison computer program BLAST.
[0055] In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-1000 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0056] As one of skill in the art would understand, as used herein, for the purpose of determining percent sequence identity, a uridine nucleoside in an RNA molecule is considered equivalent to a thymidine nucleoside in a DNA molecule. Therefore, an RNA equivalent can be considered to have 100%sequence identity to a DNA polynucleotide if the RNA equivalent and DNA polynucleotide differ from one another only by the substitution of uridine nucleosides in the RNA equivalent with thymidine nucleosides in the DNA polynucleotide.
[0057] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a nucleic acid or a protein with particular sequence features (the “reference nucleic acid” or “reference protein” ) refer to a different nucleic acid or protein having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) nucleotide or amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid variant or a protein variant can have at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity as compared to the reference nucleic acid or reference protein. A variant of a nucleic acid or a protein typically maintains the basic structural and functional features of the reference nucleic acid or reference protein.
[0058] As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a region of DNA that encodes a protein. A gene can include regulatory regions and a protein-coding region. In some embodiments, a gene includes two or more introns and three or more exons, wherein each intron forms an intervening sequence between two exons. As used herein, the term “RNA equivalent” of a gene refers to an RNA polynucleotide that corresponds to a DNA polynucleotide that encodes the gene, such as an RNA transcript obtainable by transcription of a DNA polynucleotide that contains the gene.
[0059] As used herein, the term “transgene” refers to a gene to be transferred or delivered for expression in a target cell using molecular and genetic techniques. A transgene can encode a product of interest, such as a therapeutic protein. Transgenes can also encode peptides, enzymes, or RNAs. RNA molecules that can be encoded by a transgene include miRNAs, shRNA, tRNA, dsRNA, ribosomal RNA, catalytic RNAs, or antisense RNAs. A transgene can be an exogenous copy of an endogenous gene of the target cell. A transgene can also be heterologous to the target cell. In some embodiments, the endogenous gene of the target cell is mutated, silenced, or otherwise dysfunctional, and the transgene provides a functional copy to remedy the lack of function of the endogenous gene in the target cell. In some embodiments, the transgene can encode a therapeutic protein.
[0060] As used herein, the term “therapeutic protein” refers to a protein known to or designed to have a therapeutic effect on a target subject (e.g., a mammal or a human) . Therapeutic proteins can be used to treat various diseases or disorders in the target subject. Therapeutic proteins can be naturally occurring proteins, or they can be artificially produced through genetic engineering techniques.
[0061] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, acDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein iftranscription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0062] As used herein, the term “promoter” is a nucleic acid sequence enabling the initiation of the transcription of a gene in a messenger RNA, such transcription being initiated with the binding of an RNA polymerase on or nearby the promoter. Examples of other transcription regulatory elements are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185(Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990) . The promoter is a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter. Promoters can be cell-type specific or tissue specific, meaning that the promoter preferably, including exclusively, initiates gene transcription within particular types of cells or tissues of an organism. The selective activity of the promoter ensures that the associated gene is expressed only in the specific cells or tissues. A promoter can comprise a core promoter and an enhancer region.
[0063] As used herein, a “core promoter” refers to the nucleic acid segment (e.g., 50–100 bp) that provides the binding site for RNA polymerase and other transcriptional factors to initiate the transcription. Core promoters can contain the transcription starting site. A core promoter is the basal component of a promoter, or a promoter region, which can also comprise an enhancer region.
[0064] As used herein, an “enhancer” or “enhancer element” is regulatory nucleic acid sequence that can be located either adjacent to or at a considerable distance from the core promoter. An “enhancer region” can be a continuous nucleic acid sequence that contains one or more enhancer elements. An enhancer region can optionally contain spacer sequence between enhancer elements.
[0065] As used herein with reference to sequence elements in nucleic acid molecules, the term “operably linked” means that these sequence elements (e.g., a core promoter, an enhancer element, and a coding sequence) are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a transcribable polynucleotide molecule ifthe promoter modulates transcription of the transcribable polynucleotide molecule of interest in a cell. Additionally, two portions of a transcription regulatory element (e.g., two enhancer elements of an enhancer region) are operably linked to one another ifthey are joined such that the transcription-activating functionality of one portion is not adversely affected by the presence of the other portion. Two transcription regulatory elements may be operably linked to one another by way of a linker nucleic acid (e.g., an intervening non-coding nucleic acid) or may be operably linked to one another with no intervening nucleotides present.
[0066] As used herein, the term “expression cassette” refers to a distinct and continuous component of a nucleic acid (e.g., a vector) , which includes regulatory sequences that can control the expression of a nucleotide sequence potentially carried by the expression cassette. The regulatory sequences include, for example, transcriptional initiation (promoter) and termination sequences, enhancer, intron, origin of replication sites, polyadenylation sequences, peptide signal and chromatin insulator elements. Regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) . Simply put, the expression cassette directs the host cell’s machinery to make RNA and protein (s) encoded by the nucleotide sequence contained in the cassette. Thus, expression in cells from different organisms or species, such as bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammalian cells, requires different regulatory sequences. Expression cassette can be “empty, ” which can contain a multiple cloning site (MCS) for inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding a transgene sequence. The expression cassette can be loaded, which contains at least one transgene sequence.
[0067] As used herein, the term “cloning site” refers to a nucleic acid sequence containing a restriction site for restriction endonuclease-mediated cloning by ligation of a nucleic acid containing compatible cohesive or blunt ends, a region of nucleic acid serving as a priming site for PCR-mediated cloning of insert DNA by homology and extension “overlap PCR stitching” , or a recombination site for recombinase-mediated insertion of target nucleic acids by recombination-exchange reaction, or mosaic ends for transposon mediated insertion of target nucleic acids, as well as other techniques common in the art. A “multiple cloning site” or “MCS, ” as used herein and understood in the art, refers to a short segment of DNA on a vector which contains multiple cloning sites to allow the insertion of a transgene sequence.
[0068] As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a vehicle for delivering a gene of interest into a host cell. A vector can be a viral vector, such as an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a lentiviral vector, and the like. A vector can also be a non-viral vector, such as a lipid-based nanoparticle, a polymer nanoparticle, a naked nucleic acid, and the like. When the gene of interest encodes an exogenous protein to be expressed in a prokaryote or eukaryote cell, the vector can be referred to as an “expression vector. ” Examples of such expression vectors are disclosed in, e.g., WO 1994 / 11026, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Expression vectors described herein contain a polynucleotide sequence as well as, e.g., additional sequence elements used for the expression of proteins and / or the integration of these polynucleotide sequences into the genome of a mammalian cell. Certain vectors that can be used for the expression of transgenes described herein include plasmids that contain regulatory sequences, such as promoter and enhancer regions, which direct gene transcription. Other useful vectors for expression of transgenes contain polynucleotide sequences that enhance the rate of translation of these genes or improve the stability or nuclear export of the mRNA that results from gene transcription. These sequence elements include, e.g., 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) , and polyadenylation signal site to direct efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector. The expression vectors described herein can also contain a polynucleotide encoding a marker for selection of cells that contain such a vector. Examples of a suitable marker include genes that encode resistance to antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, or nourseothricin.
[0069] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture containing a therapeutic agent to be administered to a subject, such as a mammal, e.g., a human, in order to prevent, treat or control a particular disease or condition affecting or that may affect the subject.
[0070] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions and / or dosage forms, which are suitable for contact with the tissues of a subject, such as a mammal (e.g., a human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response and other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0071] As used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition (e.g., muscular dystrophy) , the term “treat” refer to an action that prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or disorder being treated. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable.
[0072] As used herein, the term “muscle-related disease or disorder” refers to a pathological condition that primarily affects the muscles in the body. These diseases or disorders can be inherited (genetic) or acquired (non-genetic) and can have various causes and manifestations.
[0073] The term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. A subject can be a mammal. A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition.
[0074] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be any compound, for example, a transgene, a vector, a peptide, or a virus. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0075] The terms “effective amount, ” “therapeutically effective amount, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount that is capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject. The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects. The exact amount required varies from subject to subject, depending on the age, weight, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the judgment of the clinician, and the like. An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
[0076] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0077] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) .
[0078] Suitable methods and materials for the practice and / or testing of embodiments of the disclosure are described below. Such methods and materials are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. Other methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used. For example, conventional methods well known in the art to which the disclosure pertains are described in various general and more specific references, including, for example, Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2001; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing Associates, 1992 (and Supplements to 2000) ; Ausubel et al., SHORT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: A COMPENDIUM OF METHODS FROM CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 4th ed., Wiley&Sons, 1999; he disclosures of which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. 6.2 Compositions
[0079] Provided herein are muscle-specific promoters comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter. Expression cassettes comprising muscle-specific promoters provided herein are also provided, which can further comprise a transgene for muscle-specific expression. Nucleic acids and vectors containing such expression cassettes are also provided, which can be used in,for example, delivering a transgene of interest to a muscle cell. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the nucleic acids or vectors disclosed herein are also provided, which can be used in, for example, gene therapy for muscle-related diseases and disorders. 6.2.1 Muscle-specific promoters
[0080] The muscle-specific promoters provided herein comprise an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. 6.2.1.1 The enhancer region
[0081] The enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif are all muscle-specific enhancer elements. Table I: Exemplary Enhancer Elements
[0082] In some embodiments, hCKM206E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, hCKM206E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, hCKM206E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, hCKM206E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, hCKM206E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, hCKM206E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, hCKM206E has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0083] In some embodiments, hCKM106E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, hCKM106E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, hCKM106E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, hCKM106E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, hCKM106E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, hCKM106E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, hCKM106E has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0084] In some embodiments, hCKM106ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, hCKM106ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, hCKM106ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, hCKM106ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, hCKM106ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, hCKM106ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, hCKM106ER has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0085] In some embodiments, hDes68E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, hDes68E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, hDes68E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, hDes68E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, hDes68E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, hDes68E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, hDes68E has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0086] In some embodiments, hDes68ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, hDes68ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, hDes68ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, hDes68ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, hDes68ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, hDes68ER has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, hDes68ER has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0087] In some embodiments, hDes78E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, hDes78E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, hDes78E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, hDes78E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, hDes78E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, hDes78E has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, hDes78E has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0088] In some embodiments, sE has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, sE has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, sE has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, sE has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, sE has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, sE has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, sE has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0089] In some embodiments, MEF2 motif has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, MEF2 motif has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, MEF2 motifhas a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, MEF2 motif has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, MEF2 motifhas a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, MEF2 motifhas a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, MEF2 motifhas the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0090] Provided herein are muscle-specific promoters having an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or at least seven enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two, three, four, five, six, or seven enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements.
[0091] In some embodiments, each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is hCKM106ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer element is MEF2 motif.
[0092] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif.
[0093] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE.
[0094] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E.
[0095] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E.
[0096] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE.
[0097] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2 motif.
[0098] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER.
[0099] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM206E.
[0100] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 2 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 3 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 4 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 5 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 6 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises 7 enhancer elements, wherein the enhancer element is hCKM106E.
[0101] The enhancer elements of enhancer region can be operably linked in any order, for examples, in an enhancer region comprising 8 different enhancer elements, e.g., one hCKM206E, one hCKM106E, one hCKM106ER, one hDes68E, one hDes68ER, one hDes78E, one sE, and one MEF2 motif, from 5’ to 3’ , the enhancer elements can be operably linked as hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif, or the enhancer elements can be operably linked as hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, MEF2 motif, and sE, etc., with 8! combinations in total.
[0102] In some embodiments of the muscle-specific promoter provided herein, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises one hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises an enhancer element selected from the group consisting of hDes68E, hDes78E, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises sE.
[0103] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35.
[0104] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two or three hCKM106E and one to four hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and four hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and three hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and two hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and one hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and four hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and three hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and two hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and one hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises at least one enhancer element selected from the group consisting of hDes68E, hDes78E, and sE. The enhancer elements can be operably linked in different sequences from 5’ to 3’ .
[0105] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and one hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0106] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E, one hDes68E, and one hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E and hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0107] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and one sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0108] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and four hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 41. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0109] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and four hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0110] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and three hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.
[0111] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and two hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0112] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and two hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45.
[0113] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises sE and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three sE and one MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : sE, MEF2 motif, sE and sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39.
[0114] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises hCKM106ER or hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106ER and one hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hDes68ER, hCKM106ER, hCKM106ER, and hCKM106ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 40. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0115] In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM206E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. The enhancer region can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34. Table II: Exemplary Enhancer Region 6.2.1.2 The core promoter
[0116] The muscle-specific promoters provided herein comprise an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter. In some embodiments, the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the core promoter is sP86. Table III: Exemplary Core Promoters
[0117] In some embodiments, P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, P87 has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0118] In some embodiments, sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, sP86 has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 6.2.1.3 Exemplary promoters
[0119] Provided herein are muscle-specific promoters comprising an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region can be any enhancer region disclosed herein, and the core promoter can be any core promoter disclosed herein. All permutations of the disclosed enhancer regions and the core promoters and all combinations of the same are expressly contemplated herein. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region is selected from the group consisting of thCKM, thCKMs, thMD, thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR, L34, S24, S33, S32, and S22. In some embodiments, the enhancer region is thMD2. In some embodiments, the enhancer region is hME2-sE. In some embodiments, the enhancer region is thMDR. In some embodiments, the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the core promoter is sP86.
[0120] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprise at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, and sE; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86.
[0121] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes78E; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86.
[0122] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86.
[0123] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106E or sE; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86.
[0124] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently sE or MEF2; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86.
[0125] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently hCKM106ER or hDes68ER; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86.
[0126] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises at least two hCKM206E; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM206E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM206E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86.
[0127] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises at least two hCKM106E; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86.
[0128] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises two or three hCKM106E and one to four hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises hDes78E. In some embodiments, the enhancer region further comprises sE.
[0129] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and one hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and one hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E and hDes68E.
[0130] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E, one hDes68E, and one hDes78E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E, one hDes68E, and one hDes78E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E and hDes78E.
[0131] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and one sE; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and one sE; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, and sE.
[0132] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and two hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and two hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E.
[0133] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and three hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and three hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes68E.
[0134] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and four hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and four hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E, and hDes68E.
[0135] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and four hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and four hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E and hDes68E.
[0136] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and two hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and two hDes68E; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E.
[0137] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises sE and MEF2 motif; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises sE and MEF2 motif; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three sE and one MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : sE, MEF2 motif, sE and sE.
[0138] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises hCKM106ER or hDes68ER; and wherein the core promoter is P87. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoters comprise an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein: the enhancer region comprises hCKM106ER or hDes68ER; and wherein the core promoter is sP86. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106ER and one hDes68ER. In some embodiments, the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked enhancer elements from 5’ to 3’ : hDes68ER, hCKM106ER, hCKM106ER, and hCKM106ER. Table IV: Exemplary Promoters
[0139] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0140] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0141] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0142] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0143] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0144] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0145] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0146] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0147] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.
[0148] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0149] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.
[0150] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0151] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0152] In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter provided herein has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. The promoter can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30. 6.2.1.4 Expression Cassettes and transgenes
[0153] Provided herein are also expression cassettes comprising a promoter disclosed herein operably linked to a transgene. The promoter can be any muscle-specific promoter disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the promoter can be those disclosed in Table IV or variants thereof. In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein further comprise additional cis-regulatory elements such as introns, UTRs, and / or polyadenylation (polyA) sequences.
[0154] Transgenes
[0155] In some embodiments, expression cassettes provided herein further comprise a promoter disclosed herein operably linked to a transgene. The transgene can be targeted for muscle expression. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for treating a muscle-related disease or disorder.
[0156] Generally, the transgene will find use with respect to a given disease or disorder in a subject where the subject’s native gene, corresponding to the transgene, is defective in providing the correct gene product, or correct amounts of the gene product. The transgene can then provide a copy of a gene that is defective in the subject.
[0157] Generally, the transgene disclosed herein restores protein function to a subject having a genetic mutation (s) in the corresponding native gene. In embodiments, the transgene encodes the heavy and light chains of a therapeutic antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes for an RNA for performing genomic engineering, such as genome editing via homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a therapeutic RNA, such as a shRNA, artificial miRNA, or element that influences splicing.
[0158] In some embodiments, the transgene carried in the expression cassettes disclosed herein encodes a therapeutic protein, which can be survival motor neuron (SMN) , fukutin-related protein (FKRP) , follistatin (FST) , neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) , dystrophin, tafazzin, myotubularin, merosin, α-1, 4-glucosidase, calpain 3, dysferlin, α-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, γ-sarcoglycan, poly (A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) , or lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform B (LAMP2B) . In some embodiments, the transgene encodes SMN. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes FKRP. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes NT-3. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes dystrophin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes tafazzin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes myotubularin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes merosin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesα-1, 4-glucosidase. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes calpain 3. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes dysferlin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesα-sarcoglycan. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesβ-sarcoglycan. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesγ-sarcoglycan. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes PABPN1. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes LAMP2B.
[0159] In some embodiments, the transgene has identical nucleotide sequence to the endogenous gene encoding the protein of interest (e.g., the therapeutic protein) . As used herein, the term “endogenous” describes a molecule (e.g., a nucleic acid) that is found naturally in a particular organism (e.g., a human) or in a particular location within an organism (e.g., an organ, a tissue, or a cell, such as a human cell) . In some embodiments, the transgene is codon-optimized for its target subject (e.g., a human) . As used herein, “codon optimization” refers a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence in accordance with the principle that the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons (e.g., codons that code for the same amino acid) in coding DNA is biased in different species. Such codon degeneracy allows an identical polypeptide to be encoded by a variety of nucleotide sequences. Sequences modified in this way are referred to herein as “codon-optimized. ” This process may be performed on any of the sequences described in this specification to enhance expression or stability. Codon optimization can be performed in a manner known in the art, such as that described in,e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 7,561,972, 7,561,973, and 7,888,112, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, the sequence surrounding the translational start site can be converted to a consensus Kozak sequence according to known methods. See, e.g., Kozak et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (20) : 8125-8148, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0160] Introns
[0161] In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein further comprise at least one intron or a fragment or derivative thereof. As used herein, the term “intron” refers to a region within the coding region of a gene, the nucleotide sequence of which is not translated into the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein. The term intron also refers to the corresponding region of the RNA transcribed from a gene. In some embodiments, a gene, for example, can contain at least one intron, which forms the intervening sequence between two exons. Introns are transcribed into pre-mRNA, but are removed during processing, and are not included in the mature mRNA.
[0162] In some embodiments, the at least one intron can enhance expression of a transgene. Non-limiting examples of introns include, MVM (67-97 bps) , F. IX truncated intron 1 (300 bps) , β-globin SD / immunoglobulin heavy chain splice acceptor (250 bps) , adenovirus splice donor / immunoglobin splice acceptor (500 bps) , SV40 late splice donor / splice acceptor (19S / 16S) (180 bps) , and hybrid adenovirus splice donor / IgG splice acceptor (230 bps) .
[0163] In some embodiments, the intron can be 100-500 nucleotides in length. The intron may have a length of 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490 or 500 nucleotides. The intron may have a length between 80-100, 80-120, 80-140, 80-160, 80-180, 80-200, 80-250, 80-300, 80-350, 80-400, 80-450, 80-500, 200-300, 200-400, 200-500, 300-400, 300-500, or 400-500 nucleotides.
[0164] Untranslated Regions (UTRs)
[0165] In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein further comprise UTRs. In some embodiments, a wildtype UTR of a gene is transcribed but not translated. Generally, the 5′ UTR starts at the transcription start site and ends at the start codon and the 3′UTR starts immediately following the stop codon and continues until the termination signal for transcription.
[0166] Features typically found in abundantly expressed genes of specific target organs can be engineered into UTRs to enhance the stability and protein production. In some embodiments, the viral genome encoding a transgene described herein comprises a Kozak sequence. While not wishing to be bound by theory, wild-type 5’ UTRs include features that play roles in translation initiation. Kozak sequences, which are commonly known to be involved in the process by which the ribosome initiates translation of many genes, are usually included in 5’ UTRs. Kozak sequences have the consensus CCR (A / G) CCAUGG, where R is a purine (adenine or guanine) three bases upstream of the start codon (ATG) , which is followed by another ‘G’ .
[0167] While not wishing to be bound by theory, wild-type 3’ UTRs are known to have stretches of adenosines and uridines embedded therein. These AU rich signatures are particularly prevalent in genes with high rates of turnover. Introduction, removal or modification of 3’ UTR AU rich elements (AREs) can be used to modulate the stability of polynucleotides. When engineering specific polynucleotides, e.g., payload regions of viral genomes, one or more copies of an ARE can be introduced to make polynucleotides less stable and thereby curtail translation and decrease production of the resultant protein. Likewise, AREs can be identified and removed or mutated to increase the intracellular stability and thus increase translation and production of the resultant protein.
[0168] In some embodiments, the 3’ UTR of the viral genome can include an oligo (dT) sequence for templated addition of a poly-A tail.
[0169] Any UTR from any gene known in the art can be incorporated into the viral genome of the AAV vector. These UTRs, or portions thereof, can be placed in the same orientation as in the gene from which they were selected, or they can be altered in orientation or location. In some embodiments, the UTR used in the viral genome of the AAV vector can be inverted, shortened, lengthened, or made with one or more other 5’ UTRs or 3’ UTRs known in the art. In some embodiments, the viral genome of the AAV vector comprises at least one artificial UTR, which is not a variant of a wildtype UTR. In some embodiments, the viral genome of the AAV vector comprises UTRs which have been selected from a family of transcripts whose proteins share a common function, structure, feature, or property.
[0170] Polyadenylation (polyA) Sequence
[0171] In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein further comprise at least one polyA sequence. The viral genome of the AAV vector can comprise a polyA sequence between the 3’ end of the transgene coding sequence and the 5′ end of the 3’ UTR. In some embodiments, the polyA signal region is positioned 3’ relative to the nucleic acid comprising the transgene.
[0172] In some embodiments, the polyA signal region comprises a length of about 100-600 nucleotides, e.g., about 100-500 nucleotides, about 100-400 nucleotides, about 100-300 nucleotides, about 100-200 nucleotides, about 200-600 nucleotides, about 200-500 nucleotides, about 200-400 nucleotides, about 200-300 nucleotides, about 300-600 nucleotides, about 300-500 nucleotides, about 300-400 nucleotides, about 400-600 nucleotides, about 400-500 nucleotides, or about 500-600 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the polyA signal region comprises a length of about 100 to 150 nucleotides, e.g., about 127 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the polyA signal region comprises a length of about 450 to 500 nucleotides, e.g., about 477 nucleotides. 6.2.2 Nucleic Acids and Vectors
[0173] Provided herein are also nucleic acids comprising the muscle-specific promoters disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acids comprising a muscle-specific promoter comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the core promoter is P87 or sP86. In some embodiments, nucleic acids disclosed herein comprise an expression cassette disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a transgene operably linked to the muscle-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a protein of interest, e.g., a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or disorder.
[0174] Also provided herein are vectors comprising a nucleic acid disclosed herein. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can comprise a muscle-specific promoter comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif. In some embodiments, the core promoter is P87 or sP86. In some embodiments, nucleic acids disclosed herein comprise an expression cassette disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a transgene operably linked to the muscle-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a protein of interest, e.g., a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or disorder.
[0175] The vectors can comprise DNA, RNA, or a combination of DNA and RNA. When vectors comprising a DNA sequence are disclosed herein, vectors comprising an RNA equivalent of the DNA sequence are also are deemed disclosed herein. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein are single-stranded. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein are double-stranded. In some embodiments, viral vectors can be used for delivery of transgenes to an area of interest. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are recombinant viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are altered such that they are replication-deficient in humans. Viral vectors that can be used in methods described herein include adenovirus, AAV, lentivirus, helper-dependent adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, poxvirus, hemagglutinin virus of Japan (HVJ) , alphavirus, vaccinia virus, and retrovirus vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors are hybrid vectors, e.g., an AAV vector placed into a “helpless” adenoviral vector. In some embodiments, provided herein are viral vectors comprising a viral capsid from a first virus and viral envelope proteins from a second virus.
[0176] In some embodiments, the viral vectors used in the methods described herein are adenovirus based viral vectors. The recombinant adenovirus can be a first-generation vector, with an El deletion, with or without an E3 deletion, and with the expression cassette inserted into either deleted region. The recombinant adenovirus can be a second-generation vector, which contains full or partial deletions of the E2 and E4 regions. A helper-dependent adenovirus retains only the adenovirus inverted terminal repeats and the packaging signal (phi) . The transgene is inserted between the packaging signal and the 3’ ITR, with or without stuff er sequences to keep the artificial genome close to wild-type size of approx. 36 kb. An exemplary protocol for production of adenoviral vectors may be found in Alba et al., 2005, Gene Therapy 12: S18-S27, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0177] In some embodiments, the viral vectors used in the methods described herein are lentivirus based viral vectors. Four plasmids are used to make the construct: Gag / pol sequence containing plasmid, Rev sequence containing plasmids, Envelope protein containing plasmid (i.e., VSV-G) , and Cis plasmid with the packaging elements and the transgene gene. For lentiviral vector production, the four plasmids are co-transfected into cells (i.e., HEK293 based cells) , whereby polyethylenimine or calcium phosphate can be used as transfection agents, among others. The lentivirus is then harvested in the supernatant. Exemplary protocols for production of lentiviral vectors may be found in Lesch et al., 2011, Gene Therapy 18: 531-538, and Ausubel et al., 2012, Bioprocess Int. 10 (2) : 32-43, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
[0178] In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are herpes simplex virus-based viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are MLV based viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -based vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are lentivirus-based viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are alphavirus-based viral vectors. Alphavirus vectors include semliki forest virus (SFV) and sindbis virus (SIN) . In some embodiments, alphavirus vectors provided herein are recombinant, replication-defective alphaviruses.
[0179] In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein comprise components that influence binding or targeting to cells. In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein comprise components that influence the localization of the polynucleotide (e.g., the transgene) within the cell after uptake. In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein comprise components that can be used as detectable or selectable markers, e.g., to detect or select for cells that have taken up the polynucleotide.
[0180] A selectable marker may comprise a gene sequence or a protein or polypeptide encoded by a gene sequence expressed in a host cell that allows for the identification, selection, and / or purification of the host cell from a population of cells that may or may not express the selectable marker. In some embodiments, the selectable marker provides resistance to survive a selection process that would otherwise kill the host cell, such as treatment with an antibiotic. In some embodiments, an antibiotic selectable marker may comprise one or more antibiotic resistance factors, including but not limited to neomycin resistance (e.g., neo) , hygromycin resistance, kanamycin resistance, and / or puromycin resistance.
[0181] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can comprise a selectable marker including, but not limited to, β-lactamase, luciferase, β-galactosidase, or any other reporter gene as that term is understood in the art, including cell-surface markers, such as CD4 or the truncated nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) (for GFP, see WO 96 / 23810; Heim et al., Current Biology 2: 178-182 (1996) ; Heim et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) ; or Heim et al., Science 373: 663-664 (1995) ; forβ-lactamase, see WO 96 / 30540) ; the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise luciferase. In some embodiments, a selectable marker can comprise a fluorescent protein. A fluorescent protein as herein described may comprise any fluorescent marker including but not limited to green, yellow, and / or red fluorescent protein (GFP, YFP, and / or RFP) . In some embodiments, a payload construct encoding a selectable marker may comprise a human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tag. 6.2.2.1 AAVs
[0182] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein are AAV vectors. As understood in the art, an“Adeno-Associated Virus” or “AAV” is a small, non-enveloped virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae. It is a single-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 4.7 kilobases in length, characterized by its ability to establish latent infections in host cells. An AAV’s genome typically contains two open reading frames encoding the proteins responsible for replication (Rep) and the structural protein of the capsid (Cap) . The open reading frames are flanked by two Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR) sequences, which serve as the origin of replication of the viral genome. The wild-type AAV viral genome comprises nucleotide sequences for two open reading frames, one for the four non-structural Rep proteins (Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, Rep40, encoded by Rep genes) and one for the three capsids, or structural, proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, encoded by capsid genes or Cap genes) . The Rep proteins are important for replication and packaging, while the capsid proteins are assembled to create the protein shell of the AAV, or AAV capsid. Alternative splicing and alternate initiation codons and promoters result in the generation of four different Rep proteins from a single open reading frame and the generation of three capsid proteins from a single open reading frame. VP1 is the full-length capsid sequence, while VP2 and VP3 are shorter components of the whole. Together, the three capsid proteins assemble to create the AAV capsid protein. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the AAV capsid protein typically comprises a molar ratio of 1: 1: 10 of VP1: VP2: VP3. As used herein, an “AAV serotype” is defined primarily by the AAV capsid. In some instances, the ITRs are also specifically described by the AAV serotype (e.g., AAV2 / 9) .
[0183] In some embodiments, AAV vectors provided herein are recombinant vectors. As used herein the term “recombinant AAV” or “rAAV” refers to a modified or engineered version of naturally occurring AAV.
[0184] An AAV typically requires a co-helper (e.g., adenovirus) to undergo productive infection in cells. In the absence of such helper functions, the AAV virions essentially enter host cells and establish latent infection.
[0185] AAV vectors have been investigated for delivery of gene therapeutics because of several unique features. Non-limiting examples of the features include (i) the ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells; (ii) a broad host range for infectivity, including human cells; (iii) wild-type AAV has not been associated with any disease and has not been shown to replicate in infected cells; and(iv) the non-integrative nature in a host chromosome thereby reducing potential for long-term genetic alterations. Moreover, infection with AAV vectors has minimal influence on changing the pattern of cellular gene expression (Stilwell and Samulski et al., Biotechniques, 2003, 34, 148, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) .
[0186] The viral genome of the AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be single-stranded or self-complementary. The size of the vector genome can be small, medium, large or the maximum size. In some embodiments, the AAV vector used in the present disclosure is a single strand vector (ssAAV) . In some embodiments, the AAV vectors can be self-complementary AAV vectors (scAAVs) . See, e.g., US7,465,583. scAAV vectors contain both DNA strands that anneal together to form double stranded DNA. By skipping second strand synthesis, scAAVs allow for rapid expression in the cell. In some embodiments, the AAV vector used in the present disclosure is a scAAV.
[0187] Typically, AAV vectors for delivery of a transgene can be recombinant viral vectors which are replication defective as they lack sequences encoding functional Rep and Cap proteins within the viral genome. In some cases, the defective AAV vectors may lack most or all coding sequences and essentially only contain one or two AAV ITR sequences and a payload sequence.
[0188] As used herein, the term “an inverted terminal repeat, ” or “ITR” is a palindromic nucleic acid that is about 120 nucleotides to about 250 nucleotides in length and capable of forming a hairpin. The term “ITR” includes the site of the viral genome replication that can be recognized and bound by a parvoviral protein (e.g., Rep78 / 68) . An ITR can be from any AAV. An ITR includes a replication protein binding element (RBE) and a terminal resolution sequence (TRS) . The term “ITR” includes wildtype ITR and its variants (e.g., a wildtype ITR can be altered by insertion, deletion, truncation, or missense mutations, as long as the ITR functions to mediate virus packaging, replication, integration, and / or provirus rescue, and the like) . The “5’ ITR” is intended to mean the parvoviral ITR located at the 5’ boundary of the nucleic acid molecule; and the term “3’ ITR” is intended to mean the parvoviral ITR located at the 3’ boundary of the nucleic acid molecule.
[0189] In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises at least one ITR region. The AAV vectors of the present disclosure comprise a viral genome with at least one ITR region and a transgene region. In some embodiments, the viral genome has two ITRs. These two ITRs flank the transgene region at the 5’ and 3’ ends. In some embodiments, the ITR functions as an origin of replication comprising a recognition site for replication. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises a sequence region which can be complementary and symmetrically arranged. In some embodiments, the ITR incorporated into a viral genome described herein can be comprised of a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence or a recombinantly derived polynucleotide sequence.
[0190] The ITRs can be derived from the same serotype as the capsid, selected from any of the known serotypes. The ITR can be of a different serotype than the capsid. In some embodiments, the AAV vector has more than one ITR. In a non-limiting example, the AAV vector has a viral genome comprising two ITRs. In some embodiments, the ITRs are of the same serotype as one another. In another embodiment, the ITRs are of different serotypes. Non-limiting examples include zero, one or both of the ITRs having the same serotype as the capsid. In some embodiments both ITRs of the viral genome of the AAV vector are AAV2 ITRs.
[0191] Independently, each ITR can be about 100 to about 150 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises 100-180 nucleotides in length, e.g., about 100-115, about 100-120, about 100-130, about 100-140, about 100-150, about 100-160, about 100-170, about 100-180, about 110-120, about 110-130, about 110-140, about 110-150, about 110-160, about 110-170, about 110-180, about 120-130, about 120-140, about 120-150, about 120-160, about 120-170, about 120-180, about 130-140, about 130-150, about 130-160, about 130-170, about 130-180, about 140-150, about 140-160, about 140-170, about 140-180, about 150-160, about 150-170, about 150-180, about 160-170, about 160-180, or about 170-180 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises about 120-140 nucleotides in length, e.g., about 130 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITRs are 140-142 nucleotides in length, e.g., 141 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises 125-135 nucleotides in length, e.g., 130 nucleotides in length. Non-limiting examples of ITR length are 102, 130, 140, 141, 142, 145 nucleotides in length, and those having at least 95%identity thereto.
[0192] In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises one or more filler sequences. The filler sequence can be a wildtype sequence or an engineered sequence. A filler sequence can be a variant of a wild-type sequence. In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises one or more filler sequences in order to have the length of the viral genome be the optimal size for packaging. For illustrative purposes, in some embodiments, the viral genome is a single stranded (ss) viral genome and comprises one or more filler sequences that, independently or together, have a length about between 0.1 kb-3.8 kb; in some embodiments, the viral genome is a self-complementary (sc) viral genome and comprises one or more filler sequences in order to have the length of the viral genome be about 2.3 kb.
[0193] In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises one or more filler sequences between one of more regions of the viral genome. In some embodiments, the filler region can be located before a region such as, but not limited to, a transgene region, an ITR, a promoter region, an intron region, an enhancer region, a polyadenylation signal sequence region, and / or an exon region. In some embodiments, the filler region can be located after a region such as, but not limited to, a payload region, an ITR, a promoter region, an intron region, an enhancer region, a polyadenylation signal sequence region, and / or an exon region.
[0194] The filler sequence can be located 3′ to the 5′ ITR sequence. The filler sequence can be located 5′ to a promoter sequence. The filler sequence can be located 3′ to the polyadenylation signal sequence. The filler sequence can be located 5′ to the 3′ ITR sequence. The filler sequence can be located between two intron sequences. The filler sequence can be within an intron sequence.
[0195] The filler sequence can be located after the 5′ITR. The filler sequence can be located after the promoter region. The filler sequence can be located after the transgene region. The filler sequence can be located after the intron region. The filler sequence can be located after the enhancer region. The filler sequence can be located after the polyadenylation signal sequence region. The filler sequence can be located before the promoter region. The filler sequence can be located before the transgene region. The filler sequence can be located before the intron region. The filler sequence can be located before the enhancer region. The filler sequence can be located before the polyadenylation signal sequence region. The filler sequence can be located before the 3′ ITR.
[0196] In some embodiments, for example, the AAV vectors provided herein comprise an ITR region and an expression cassette. For example, in some embodiments, the viral genome provided herein comprises two AAV ITR sequence and an expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette comprises a muscle-specific promoter disclosed herein and a transgene. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter comprises an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif, and wherein the core promoter comprises P87 or sP86.
[0197] The expression cassette can further comprise any elements commonly known in the art, such as an intron region, a Kozak sequence, etc. In some embodiments, for example, the AAV vectors provided herein comprise a first ITR region, a muscle-specific promoter disclosed herein, atransgene, a polyA signal region, and a second ITR region.
[0198] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors disclosed herein can be introduced into mammalian cells. In some embodiments, AAV vectors can be modified to enhance the efficiency of delivery. Such modified AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be packaged efficiently and can be used to successfully infect the target cells at high frequency and with minimal toxicity. Methods for producing and / or modifying AAV vectors are disclosed in the art such as pseudotyped AAV vectors (International Patent Publication Nos. WO200028004; WO200123001; WO2004112727; WO 2005005610 and WO 2005072364, the content of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) . 6.2.2.2 AAV serotype
[0199] AAV vectors of the present disclosure can comprise or be derived from any natural or recombinant AAV serotype. According to the present disclosure, the AAV vectors can utilize or be based on a serotype or include a peptide selected from any of the following: AAV1, AAV2, AAV2.5, AAV2G9, AAV3, AAV3a, AAV3b, AAV3-3, AAV4, AAV4-4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV6.1, AAV6.2, AAV6.1.2, AAV7, AAV7.2, AAV8, AAV9, AAV9.11, AAV9.13, AAV9.16, AAV9.24, AAV9.45, AAV9.47, AAV9.61, AAV9.68, AAV9.84, AAV9.9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, and any other AAV now known or later discovered. See, e.g., Fields et al. VIROLOGY, 4th ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996. Additional AAV serotypes and clades have been identified recently. See, e.g., Gao et al. J. Virol. 78: 6381 (2004) ; Moris et al. Virol. 33: 375 (2004) .
[0200] Additionally, the AAV vectors can also utilize or be based on a serotype or include a peptide selected from any of the following VOY101, VOY201, AAVPHP. B (PHP. B) , AAVPHP. A(PHP. A) , AAVG2B-26, AAVG2B-13, AAVTH1.1-32, AAVTH1.1-35, AAVPHP. B2 (PHP. B2) , AAVPHP. B3 (PHP. B3) , AAVPHP. N / PHP. B-DGT, AAVPHP. B-EST, AAVPHP. B-GGT, AAVPHP. B-ATP, AAVPHP. B-ATT-T, AAVPHP. B-DGT-T, AAVPHP. B-GGT-T, AAVPHP. B-SGS, AAVPHP. B-AQP, AAVPHP. B-QQP, AAVPHP. B-SNP (3) , AAVPHP. B-SNP, AAVPHP. B-QGT, AAVPHP. B-NQT, AAVPHP. B-EGS, AAVPHP. B-SGN, AAVPHP. B-EGT, AAVPHP. B-DST, AAVPHP. B-DST, AAVPHP. B-STP, AAVPHP. B-PQP, AAVPHP. B-SQP, AAVPHP. B-QLP, AAVPHP. B-TMP, AAVPHP. B-TTP, AAVPHP. S / G2A12, AAVG2A15 / G2A3 (G2A3) , AAVG2B4 (G2B4) , AAVG2B5 (G2B5) , PHP. S, AAV16.3, AAV24.1, AAV27.3, AAV42.12, AAV42-1b, AAV42-2, AAV42-3a, AAV42-3b, AAV42-4, AAV42-5a, AAV42-5b, AAV42-6b, AAV42-8, AAV42-10, AAV42-11, AAV42-12, AAV42-13, AAV42-15, AAV42-aa, AAV43-1, AAV43-12, AAV43-20, AAV43-21, AAV43-23, AAV43-25, AAV43-5, AAV44.1, AAV44.2, AAV44.5, AAV223.1, AAV223.2, AAV223.4, AAV223.5, AAV223.6, AAV223.7, AAV1-7 / rh. 48, AAV1-8 / rh. 49, AAV2-15 / rh. 62, AAV2-3 / rh. 61, AAV2-4 / rh. 50, AAV2-5 / rh. 51, AAV3.1 / hu. 6, AAV3.1 / hu. 9, AAV3-9 / rh. 52, AAV3-11 / rh. 53, AAV4-8 / r11.64, AAV4-9 / rh. 54, AAV4-19 / rh. 55, AAV5-3 / rh. 57, AAV5-22 / rh. 58, AAV7.3 / hu. 7, AAV16.8 / hu. 10, AAV16.12 / hu. 11, AAV29.3 / bb. 1, AAV29.5 / bb. 2, AAV106.1 / hu. 37, AAV114.3 / hu. 40, AAV127.2 / hu. 41, AAV127.5 / hu. 42, AAV128.3 / hu. 44, AAV130.4 / hu. 48, AAV145.1 / hu. 53, AAV145.5 / hu. 54, AAV145.6 / hu. 55, AAV161.10 / hu. 60, AAV161.6 / hu. 61, AAV33.12 / hu. 17, AAV33.4 / hu. 15, AAV33.8 / hu. 16, AAV52 / hu. 19, AAV52.1 / hu. 20, AAV58.2 / hu. 25, AAVA3.3, AAVA3.4, AAVA3.5, AAVA3.7, AAVC1, AAVC2, AAVC5, AAV-DJ, AAV-DJ8, AAVF3, AAVF5, AAVH2, AAVrh. 72, AAVhu. 8, AAVrh. 68, AAVrh. 70, AAVpi. 1, AAVpi. 3, AAVpi. 2, AAVrh. 60, AAVrh. 44, AAVrh. 65, AAVrh. 55, AAVrh. 47, AAVrh. 69, AAVrh. 45, AAVrh. 59, AAVhu. 12, AAVH6, AAVLK03, AAVH-1 / hu. 1, AAVH-5 / hu. 3, AAVLG-10 / rh. 40, AAVLG-4 / rh. 38, AAVLG-9 / hu. 39, AAVN721-8 / rh. 43, AAVCh. 5, AAVCh. 5R1, AAVcy. 2, AAVcy. 3, AAVcy. 4, AAVcy. 5, AAVCy. 5R1, AAVCy. 5R2, AAVCy. 5R3, AAVCy. 5R4, AAVcy. 6, AAVhu. 1, AAVhu. 2, AAVhu. 3, AAVhu. 4, AAVhu. 5, AAVhu. 6, AAVhu. 7, AAVhu. 9, AAVhu. 10, AAVhu. 11, AAVhu. 13, AAVhu. 15, AAVhu. 16, AAVhu. 17, AAVhu. 18, AAVhu. 20, AAVhu. 21, AAVhu. 22, AAVhu. 23.2, AAVhu. 24, AAVhu. 25, AAVhu. 27, AAVhu. 28, AAVhu. 29, AAVhu. 29R, AAVhu. 31, AAVhu. 32, AAVhu. 34, AAVhu. 35, AAVhu. 37, AAVhu. 39, AAVhu. 40, AAVhu. 41, AAVhu. 42, AAVhu. 43, AAVhu. 44, AAVhu. 44R1, AAVhu. 44R2, AAVhu. 44R3, AAVhu. 45, AAVhu. 46, AAVhu. 47, AAVhu. 48, AAVhu. 48R1, AAVhu. 48R2, AAVhu. 48R3, AAVhu. 49, AAVhu. 51, AAVhu. 52, AAVhu. 54, AAVhu. 55, AAVhu. 56, AAVhu. 57, AAVhu. 58, AAVhu. 60, AAVhu. 61, AAVhu. 63, AAVhu. 64, AAVhu. 66, AAVhu. 67, AAVhu. 14 / 9, AAVhu. t 19, AAVrh. 2, AAVrh. 2R, AAVrh. 8, AAVrh. 8R, AAVrh. 10, AAVrh. 12, AAVrh. 13, AAVrh. 13R, AAVrh. 14, AAVrh. 17, AAVrh. 18, AAVrh. 19, AAVrh. 20, AAVrh. 21, AAVrh. 22, AAVrh. 23, AAVrh. 24, AAVrh. 25, AAVrh. 31, AAVrh. 32, AAVrh. 33, AAVrh. 34, AAVrh. 35, AAVrh. 36, AAVrh. 37, AAVrh. 37R2, AAVrh. 38, AAVrh. 39, AAVrh. 40, AAVrh. 46, AAVrh. 48, AAVrh. 48.1, AAVrh. 48.1.2, AAVrh. 48.2, AAVrh. 49, AAVrh. 51, AAVrh. 52, AAVrh. 53, AAVrh. 54, AAVrh. 56, AAVrh. 57, AAVrh. 58, AAVrh. 61, AAVrh. 64, AAVrh. 64R1, AAVrh. 64R2, AAVrh. 67, AAVrh. 73, AAVrh. 74, AAVrh8R, AAVrh8R A586R mutant, AAVrh8R R533A mutant, AAAV, BAAV, caprine AAV, bovine AAV, AAVhE1.1, AAVhEr1.5, AAVhER1.14, AAVhEr1.8, AAVhEr1.16, AAVhEr1.18, AAVhEr1.35, AAVhEr1.7, AAVhEr1.36, AAVhEr2.29, AAVhEr2.4, AAVhEr2.16, AAVhEr2.30, AAVhEr2.31, AAVhEr2.36, AAVhER1.23, AAVhEr3.1, AAV2.5T, AAV-PAEC, AAV-LK01, AAV-LK02, AAV-LK03, AAV-LK04, AAV-LK05, AAV-LK06, AAV-LK07, AAV-LK08, AAV-LK09, AAV-LK10, AAV-LK11, AAV-LK12, AAV-LK13, AAV-LK14, AAV-LK15, AAV-LK16, AAV-LK17, AAV-LK18, AAV-LK19, AAV-PAEC2, AAV-PAEC4, AAV-PAEC6, AAV-PAEC7, AAV-PAEC8, AAV-PAEC11, AAV-PAEC12, AAV-2-pre-miRNA-101, AAV-8h, AAV-8b, AAV-h, AAV-b, AAV SM 10-2, AAV Shuffle 100-1, AAV Shuffle 100-3, AAV Shuffle 100-7, AAV Shuffle 10-2, AAV Shuffle 10-6, AAV Shuffle 10-8, AAV Shuffle 100-2, AAV SM 10-1,AAV SM 10-8, AAV SM 100-3, AAV SM 100-10, BNP61 AAV, BNP62 AAV, BNP63 AAV, AAVrh. 50, AAVrh. 43, AAVrh. 62, AAVrh. 48, AAVhu. 19, AAVhu. 11, AAVhu. 53, AAV4-8 / rh. 64, AAVLG-9 / hu. 39, AAV54.5 / hu. 23, AAV54.2 / hu. 22, AAV54.7 / hu. 24, AAV54.1 / hu. 21, AAV54.4R / hu. 27, AAV46.2 / hu. 28, AAV46.6 / hu. 29, AAV128.1 / hu. 43, true type AAV (ttAAV) , UPENN AAV 10, Japanese AAV 10 serotypes, AAV CBr-7.1, AAV CBr-7.10, AAV CBr-7.2, AAV CBr-7.3, AAV CBr-7.4, AAV CBr-7.5, AAV CBr-7.7, AAV CBr-7.8, AAV CBr-B7.3, AAV CBr-B7.4, AAV CBr-E1, AAV CBr-E2, AAV CBr-E3, AAV CBr-E4, AAV CBr-E5, AAV CBr-e5, AAV CBr-E6, AAV CBr-E7, AAV CBr-E8, AAV CHt-1, AAV CHt-2, AAV CHt-3, AAV CHt-6.1, AAV CHt-6.10, AAV CHt-6.5, AAV CHt-6.6, AAV CHt-6.7, AAV CHt-6.8, AAV CHt-P1, AAV CHt-P2, AAV CHt-P5, AAV CHt-P6, AAV CHt-P8, AAV CHt-P9, AAV CKd-1, AAV CKd-10, AAV CKd-2,AAV CKd-3, AAV CKd-4, AAV CKd-6, AAV CKd-7, AAV CKd-8, AAV CKd-B1, AAV CKd-B2,AAV CKd-B3, AAV CKd-B4, AAV CKd-B5, AAV CKd-B6, AAV CKd-B7, AAV CKd-B8, AAV CKd-H1, AAV CKd-H2, AAV CKd-H3, AAV CKd-H4, AAV CKd-H5, AAV CKd-H6, AAV CKd-N3, AAV CKd-N4, AAV CKd-N9, AAV CLg-F1, AAV CLg-F2, AAV CLg-F3, AAV CLg-F4, AAV CLg-F5, AAV CLg-F6, AAV CLg-F7, AAV CLg-F8, AAV CLv-1, AAV CLv1-1, AAV Clv1-10,AAV CLv1-2, AAV CLv-12, AAV CLv1-3, AAV CLv-13, AAV CLv1-4, AAV Clv1-7, AAV Clv1-8, AAV Clv1-9, AAV CLv-2, AAV CLv-3, AAV CLv-4, AAV CLv-6, AAV CLv-8, AAV CLv-D1, AAV CLv-D2, AAV CLv-D3, AAV CLv-D4, AAV CLv-D5, AAV CLv-D6, AAV CLv-D7,AAV CLv-D8, AAV CLv-E1, AAV CLv-K1, AAV CLv-K3, AAV CLv-K6, AAV CLv-L4, AAV CLv-L5, AAV CLv-L6, AAV CLv-M1, AAV CLv-M11, AAV CLv-M2, AAV CLv-M5, AAV CLv-M6, AAV CLv-M7, AAV CLv-M8, AAV CLv-M9, AAV CLv-R1, AAV CLv-R2, AAV CLv-R3,AAV CLv-R4, AAV CLv-R5, AAV CLv-R6, AAV CLv-R7, AAV CLv-R8, AAV CLv-R9, AAV CSp-1, AAV CSp-10, AAV CSp-11, AAV CSp-2, AAV CSp-3, AAV CSp-4, AAV CSp-6, AAV CSp-7, AAV CSp-8, AAV CSp-8.10, AAV CSp-8.2, AAV CSp-8.4, AAV CSp-8.5, AAV CSp-8.6, AAV CSp-8.7, AAV CSp-8.8, AAV CSp-8.9, AAV CSp-9, AAV. hu. 48R3, AAV. VR-355, AAV3B, AAV4, AAV5, AAVF1 / HSC1, AAVF11 / HSC11, AAVF12 / HSC12, AAVF13 / HSC13, AAVF14 / HSC14, AAVF15 / HSC15, AAVF16 / HSC16, AAVF17 / HSC17, AAVF2 / HSC2, AAVF3 / HSC3, AAVF4 / HSC4, AAVF5 / HSC5, AAVF6 / HSC6, AAVF7 / HSC7, AAVF8 / HSC8, and / or AAVF9 / HSC9 and variants thereof.
[0201] The genomic sequences of various serotypes of AAV, as well as the sequences of the native ITRs, Rep proteins, and capsid subunits are known in the art. Such sequences may be found in the literature or in public databases such as GenBank. See, e.g., GenBank Accession Numbers NC_002077, NC_001401, NC_001729, NC_001863, NC_001829, NC_001862, NC_000883, NC_001701, NC_001510, NC_006152, NC_006261, AF063497, U89790, AF043303, AF028705, AF028704, J02275, J01901, J02275, X01457, AF288061, AH009962, AY028226, AY028223, AY631966, AX753250, EU285562, NC_001358, NC_001540, AF513851, AF513852 and AY530579; the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for teaching AAV nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. See also, e.g., Bantel-Schaal et al. J. Virol. 73: 939 (1999) ; Chiorini et al. J. Virol. 71: 6823 (1997) ; Chiorini et al. J. Virol. 73: 1309 (1999) ; Gao et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11854 (2002) ; Moris et al. Virol. 33: 375 (2004) ; Muramatsu et al. Virol. 221: 208 (1996) ; Ruffing et al. J. Gen. Virol. 75: 3385 (1994) ; Rutledge et al. J. Virol. 72: 309 (1998) ; Schmidt et al. J. Virol. 82: 8911 (2008) ; Shade et al. J. Virol. 58: 921 (1986) ; Srivastava et al. J. Virol. 45: 555 (1983) ; Xiao et al. J. Virol. 73: 3994 (1999) ; Pulicherla et al., Molecular Therapy, 19 (6) : 1070-1078 (2011) ; US 6,156,303; US20030138772; US20150159173; US 7,198,951; US9,475,845; US20140359799; US9, 233, 131; US20150376607; US9, 163, 261; US20150376240; US20160017295; US20150238550; US20150315612; US9,238,800; US9,193,769; US7,427,396; US9,624,274; S20150159173; US20160017005; US8,734,809; WO 00 / 28061, WO 99 / 61601, WO 98 / 11244; WO1998011244; WO2014144229; WO2005033321; WO2015168666; WO2015121501; WO2015038958; WO2016049230; WO2016065001; WO2017100671; WO2017058892; the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein forteaching AAV nucleic acid and amino acid sequences.
[0202] In some embodiments, the transgene can be delivered to an area of interest using an AAV of a serotype of AAV1, AAV2, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV12, AAVrh74, AAVhu. 32 or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, AAV9 can be used. In some embodiments, AAV1 can be used. In some embodiments, AAV2 can be used. In some embodiments, AAV8 can be used. In some embodiments, AAVrh74 can be used. 6.2.3 Methods of production
[0203] The nucleic acids and vectors (e.g., AAVs) disclosed herein can be produced using any methods known in the art. AAVs, or other expression vectors to be used in methods disclosed herein for gene therapy can be produced using any methods known in the art.
[0204] General Viral Production Process
[0205] Cells for the production of AAV, e.g., rAAV, can comprise, in some embodiments, mammalian cells (such as HEK293 cells) and / or insect cells (such as Sf9 cells) . In various embodiments, AAV production includes processes and methods for producing AAV vectors which can contact a target cell to deliver a transgene. In some embodiments, the viral vectors are AAV vectors such as recombinant AAV vectors.
[0206] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a vector comprising a viral genome of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a cell comprising a viral genome of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell, a mammalian cell (e.g., a HEK293 cell) , or an insect cell (e.g., an Sf9 cell) .
[0207] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of making a viral genome. The method comprising providing a nucleic acid encoding a viral genome described herein and a backbone region suitable for replication of the viral genome in a cell, e.g., a bacterial cell (e.g., wherein the backbone region comprises one or both of a bacterial origin of replication and a selectable marker) , and excising the viral genome from the backbone region, e.g., by cleaving the nucleic acid molecule at upstream and downstream of the viral genome. In some embodiments, the viral genome comprising a promoter operably linked to nucleic acid comprising a transgene, will be incorporated into an AAV vector produced in the cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell, a mammalian cell (e.g., a HEK293 cell) , or an insect cell (e.g., an Sf9 cell) .
[0208] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of making a recombinant AAV vector of the present disclosure, the method comprising (i) providing a host cell comprising a viral genome described herein and incubating the host cell under conditions suitable to enclose the viral genome in a capsid protein, thereby making the recombinant AAV vector. In some embodiments, the method comprises prior to step (i) , introducing a first nucleic acid comprising the viral genome into a cell. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises a second nucleic acid encoding the capsid protein. In some embodiments, the second nucleic acid is introduced into the host cell prior to, concurrently with, or after the first nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell, amammalian cell (e.g., a HEK293 cell) , or an insect cell (e.g., an Sf9 cell) .
[0209] In various embodiments, methods are provided herein of producing AAV vectors by (a) contacting a viral production cell with one or more viral packaging constructs encoding at least one AAV capsid protein, and one or more expression constructs encoding: a transgene, and a modulatory nucleic acid; (b) culturing the viral production cell under conditions such that at least one AAV vector is produced, and (c) isolating the AAV vector from the production stream.
[0210] In these methods, a viral packaging construct can encode at least one structural protein and / or at least one non-structural protein. The structural protein can include any of the native or wild type capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and / or VP3, or a chimeric protein thereof. The non-structural protein can include any of the native or wild type Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, and / or Rep40 proteins or a chimeric protein thereof.
[0211] In some embodiments, contacting occurs via transient transfection, viral transduction, and / or electroporation.
[0212] In some embodiments, the viral production cell is selected from a mammalian cell and an insect cell. In some embodiments, the insect cell includes a Spodopterafrugiperda insect cell. In some embodiments, the insect cell includes an Sf9 insect cell. In some embodiments, the insect cell includes an Sf21 insect cell.
[0213] Also provided are AAV vectors produced according to the methods described herein.
[0214] In various embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition with one or more acceptable excipients.
[0215] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors can be produced by contacting a viral production cell (e.g., an insect cell or a mammalian cell) with at least one viral packaging construct encoding at least one capsid protein and at least one transgene expression construct. The viral production cell can be contacted by transient transfection, viral transduction, and / or electroporation. The viral production cell can be cultured under conditions such that at least one AAV vector is produced, isolated (e.g., using temperature-induced lysis, mechanical lysis and / or chemical lysis) and / or purified (e.g., using filtration, chromatography, and / or immunoaffinity purification) .
[0216] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors are produced in an insect cell (e.g., Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell) using a method described herein. As a non-limiting example, the insect cell is contacted using viral transduction which can include baculoviral transduction.
[0217] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors are produced in a mammalian cell (e.g., HEK293 cell) using a method described herein. As a non-limiting example, the mammalian cell is contacted using multiplasmid transient transfection (such as triple plasmid transient transfection) .
[0218] In some embodiments, a process of the present disclosure includes production of viral particles in a viral production cell using a viral production system which includes at least one viral packaging construct and at least one transgene expression construct. The at least one viral packaging construct and at least one transgene expression construct can be co-transfected (e.g., dual transfection, triple transfection) into a viral production cell. The transfection is completed using standard molecular biology techniques known and routinely performed by a person skilled in the art. The viral production cell provides the cellular machinery necessary for expression of the proteins and other biomaterials necessary for producing the AAV vectors, including Rep proteins which replicate the payload construct and Cap proteins which assemble to form a capsid that encloses the replicated payload constructs. The resulting AAV vector is extracted from the viral production cells and processed into a pharmaceutical preparation for administration.
[0219] In various embodiments, once administered, an AAV vector disclosed herein can, without being bound by theory, contact a target cell and enter the cell, e.g., in an endosome. The AAV vectors, e.g., those released from the endosome, can subsequently contact the nucleus of the target cell to deliver the transgene construct. The transgene construct can be delivered to the nucleus of the target cell wherein the transgene can be expressed.
[0220] In some embodiments, the process for production of viral particles utilizes seed cultures of viral production cells that include one or more baculoviruses (e.g., a Baculoviral Expression Vector (BEV) or a baculovirus infected insect cell (BIIC) that has been transfected with a viral packaging construct and a transgene expression construct) .
[0221] In some embodiments, large scale production of AAV vectors utilizes a bioreactor. Without being bound by theory, the use of a bioreactor can allow for the precise measurement and / or control of variables that support the growth and activity of viral production cells such as mass, temperature, mixing conditions (impellor RPM or wave oscillation) , CO2 concentration, O2 concentration, gas sparge rates and volumes, gas overlay rates and volumes, pH, Viable Cell Density (VCD) , cell viability, cell diameter, and / or optical density (OD) . In some embodiments, the bioreactor is used for batch production in which the entire culture is harvested at an experimentally determined time point and AAV vectors are purified. In some embodiments, the bioreactor is used for continuous production in which a portion of the culture is harvested at an experimentally determined time point for purification of AAV vectors, and the remaining culture in the bioreactor is refreshed with additional growth media components.
[0222] In various embodiments, AAV viral particles can be extracted from viral production cells in a process which includes cell lysis, clarification, sterilization and purification. Cell lysis includes any process that disrupts the structure of the viral production cell, thereby releasing AAV vectors. In some embodiments, cell lysis can include thermal shock, chemical, or mechanical lysis methods. Clarification can include the gross purification of the mixture of lysed cells, media components, and AAV vectors. In some embodiments, clarification includes centrifugation and / or filtration, including but not limited to depth end, tangential flow, and / or hollow fiber filtration.
[0223] In various embodiments, the end result of viral production is a purified collection of AAV vectors which include two components: (1) a transgene expression construct (e.g., a recombinant AAV vector genome construct) and (2) a viral capsid.
[0224] In some embodiments, a viral production system or process of the present disclosure includes steps for producing baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) using Viral Production Cells (VPC) and plasmid constructs. In some embodiments, a viral production system or process of the present disclosure includes steps for producing AAV vectors using Viral Production Cells (VPC) and baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) .
[0225] Viralpackaging constructs
[0226] In various embodiments, the viral production system of the present disclosure includes one or more viral packaging constructs that can be transfected / transduced into a viral production cell. In some embodiments, a viral packaging construct or a transgene expression construct of the present disclosure can be a bacmid, also known as a baculovirus plasmid or recombinant baculovirus genome. In some embodiments, the viral expression includes a protein-coding nucleotide sequence and at least one expression control sequence for expression in a viral production cell. In some embodiments, the viral expression includes a protein-coding nucleotide sequence operably linked to least one expression control sequence for expression in a viral production cell. In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct contains parvoviral genes under control of one or more promoters. Parvoviral genes can include nucleotide sequences encoding non-structural AAV replication proteins, such as Rep genes which encode Rep52, Rep40, Rep68, or Rep78 proteins. Parvoviral genes can include nucleotide sequences encoding structural AAV proteins, such as Cap genes which encode VP1, VP2, and VP3 proteins.
[0227] Viral packaging constructs of the present disclosure can include any compound or formulation, biological or chemical, which facilitates transformation, transfection, or transduction of a cell with a nucleic acid. Exemplary biological viral packaging constructs include plasmids, linear nucleic acid molecules, and recombinant viruses including baculovirus. Exemplary chemical vectors include lipid complexes. Viral packaging constructs are used to incorporate nucleic acid sequences into virus replication cells in accordance with the present disclosure. (O’ Reilly et al., BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION VECTORS: A LABORATORY MANUAL. Oxford University Press, 1994. ) ; Maniatis et al., eds. MOLECULAR CLONING. CSH Laboratory, NY, N. Y. (1982) ; and Philiport and Scluber, eds. LIPOSOMES AS TOOLS IN BASIC RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY. CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995) , the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as related to viral packaging constructs and uses thereof.
[0228] In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct is an AAV expression construct which includes one or more nucleotide sequences encoding non-structural AAV replication proteins, structural AAV capsid proteins, or a combination thereof.
[0229] In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct of the present disclosure can be a plasmid vector. In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct of the present disclosure can be a baculoviral construct.
[0230] The present disclosure is not limited by the number of viral packaging constructs employed to produce AAV vectors. In some embodiments, one, two, three, four, five, six, or more viral packaging constructs can be employed to produce AAV vectors in viral production cells in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a viral packaging construct can be used for the production of an AAV vectors in insect cells. In some embodiments, modifications can be made to the wild type AAV sequences of the capsid and / or rep genes, for example to improve attributes of the viral particle, such as increased infectivity or specificity, or to enhance production yields.
[0231] In some embodiments, a VP-coding region encodes one or more AAV capsid proteins of a specific AAV serotype. The AAV serotypes for VP-coding regions can be the same or different. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region can be codon optimized. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for a mammal cell. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for an insect cell. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for a Spodopterafrugiperda cell. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for Sf9 or Sf21 cell lines.
[0232] Viral production of the present disclosure describes processes and methods for producing a AAV vector that contacts a target cell to deliver a transgene expression construct, e.g., a recombinant AAV vector, which includes a nucleotide encoding a transgene of interest. The viral production cell can be selected from any biological organism, including prokaryotic (e.g., bacterial) cells, and eukaryotic cells (e.g., insect cells, yeast cells and mammalian cells) .
[0233] Mammalian Cells
[0234] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be produced in a viral production cell that includes a mammalian cell. Viral production cells can comprise mammalian cells such as A549, WEH1, 3T3, 10T1 / 2, BHK, MDCK, COS 1, COS 7, BSC 1, BSC 40, BMT 10, VERO, W138, HeLa, HEK293, HEK293T (293T) , Saos, C2C12, L cells, HT1080, Huh7, HepG2, C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa cells, KB cells, BHK and primary fibroblast, hepatocyte, and myoblast cells derived from mammals. Viral production cells can include cells derived from any mammalian species including, but not limited to, human, monkey, mouse, rat, rabbit, and hamster or cell type, including but not limited to fibroblast, hepatocyte, tumor cell, cell line transformed cell, etc.
[0235] AAV viral production cells commonly used for production of recombinant AAV vectors include, but is not limited to other mammalian cell lines as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,156,303, 5,387,484, 5,741,683, 5,691,176, 6,428,988 and 5,688,676; U.S. patent application 2002 / 0081721, and International Patent Publication Nos. WO 00 / 47757, WO 00 / 24916, and WO 96 / 17947, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties insofar as they do no conflict with the present disclosure.
[0236] In some embodiments, the AAV viral production cells are trans-complementing packaging cell lines that provide functions deleted from a replication-defective helper virus, e.g., HEK293 cells or other Ea trans-complementing cells. In some embodiments, the packaging cell line 293-10-3 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-2361) may be used to produce the AAV vectors, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,010, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as related to the 293-10-3 packaging cell line and uses thereof. In some embodiments, of the present disclosure a cell line, such as a HeLA cell line, for trans-complementing E1 deleted adenoviral vectors, which encoding adenovirus Ela and adenovirus E1b under the control of a phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter can be used for AAV vector production as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,394, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as related to the HeLa cell line and uses thereof.
[0237] In some embodiments, AAV vectors are produced in mammalian cells using a multiplasmid transient transfection method (such as triple plasmid transient transfection) . In some embodiments, the multiplasmid transient transfection method includes transfection of the following three different constructs: (i) a transgene expression construct, (ii) a Rep / Cap construct (parvoviral Rep and parvoviral Cap) , and (iii) a helper construct. In some embodiments, the triple transfection method of the three components of AAV vector production can be utilized to produce small lots of virus for assays including transduction efficiency, target tissue (tropism) evaluation, and stability. In some embodiments, the triple transfection method of the three components of AAV vector production can be utilized to produce large lots of materials for clinical or commercial applications.
[0238] Insect Cells
[0239] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure may be produced in a viral production cell that includes an insect cell. Growing conditions for insect cells in culture, and production of heterologous products in insect cells in culture are well-known in the art, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,059, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as related to the growth and use of insect cells in viral production.
[0240] Any insect cell which allows for replication of parvovirus and which can be maintained in culture can be used in accordance with the present disclosure. AAV viral production cells commonly used for production of recombinant AAV vectors include, but is not limited to, Spodoptera frugiperda, including, but not limited to the Sf9 or Sf21 cell lines, Drosophila cell lines, or mosquito cell lines, such as Aedes albopictus derived cell lines. Use of insect cells for expression of heterologous proteins is well documented, as are methods of introducing nucleic acids, such as vectors, e.g., insect-cell compatible vectors, into such cells and methods of maintaining such cells in culture. See, for example, METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, ed. Richard, Humana Press, N J (1995) ; O’ Reilly et al., BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION VECTORS, A LABORATORY MANUAL, Oxford Univ. Press (1994) ; Samulski et al., J. Vir. 63: 3822-8 (1989) ; Kajigaya et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4646-50 (1991) ; Ruffing et al., J. Vir. 66: 6922-30 (1992) ; Kimbauer et al., Vir. 219: 37-44 (1996) ; Zhao et al., Vir. 272: 382-93 (2000) ; and Samulski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,059, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as related to the use of insect cells in viral production.
[0241] Baculovirus-Production Systems
[0242] In some embodiments, processes of the present disclosure can include production of AAV vectors or viral vectors in a baculoviral system using a viral packaging construct and a transgene expression construct. In some embodiments, the baculoviral system includes Baculovirus expression vectors (BEVs) and / or baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) . In some embodiments, a viral packaging construct or a transgene expression construct of the present disclosure can be a bacmid, also known as a baculovirus plasmid or recombinant baculovirus genome. In some embodiments, aviral packaging construct or a transgene expression construct of the present disclosure can be polynucleotide incorporated by homologous recombination (transposon donor / acceptor system) into a bacmid by standard molecular biology techniques known and performed by a person skilled in the art. Transfection of separate viral replication cell populations produces two or more groups (e.g. two, three) of baculoviruses (BEVs) , one or more group which can include the viral packaging construct (Expression BEV) , and one or more group which can include the payload construct (Payload BEV) . The baculoviruses may be used to infect a viral production cell for production of AAV vectors or viral vector.
[0243] In some embodiments, the process includes transfection of a single viral replication cell population to produce a single baculovirus (BEV) group which includes both the viral packaging construct and the payload construct. These baculoviruses can be used to infect a viral production cell for production of AAV vectors or viral vector. In some embodiments, BEVs are produced using a Bacmid Transfection agent, such as Promega HD, WFI water, or ThermoFisher II Reagent. In some embodiments, BEVs are produced and expanded in viral production cells, such as an insect cell.
[0244] In some embodiments, the method utilizes seed cultures of viral production cells that include one or more BEVs, including baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) . The seed BIICs have been transfected / transduced / infected with an Expression BEV which includes a viral packaging construct, and also a transgene expression BEV which includes a transgene expression construct. BEVs for producing AAV vectors in insect cells, including but not limited to Spodopterafrugiperda (Sf9) cells, provide high titers of viral vector product.
[0245] In some embodiments, a genetically stable baculovirus can be used to produce a source of the one or more of the components for producing AAV vectors in invertebrate cells. In some embodiments, defective baculovirus expression vectors are maintained episomally in insect cells. In such embodiments, the corresponding bacmid vector is engineered with replication control elements, including but not limited to promoters, enhancers, and / or cell-cycle regulated replication elements. In some embodiments, stable viral producing cells permissive for baculovirus infection are engineered with at least one stable integrated copy of any of the elements necessary for AAV replication and vector production including, but not limited to, the entire AAV genome, Rep and Cap genes, Rep genes, Cap genes, each Rep protein as a separate transcription cassette, each VP protein as a separate transcription cassette, the AAP (assembly activation protein) , or at least one of the baculovirus helper genes with native or non-native promoters.
[0246] In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced in insect cells (e.g., Sf9 cells) . In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced in mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced using triple transfection. In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced by triple transfection in mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced by triple transfection in HEK293 cells. 6.3 Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0247] The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions for delivering a transgene described herein to a subject, including a human subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprises any of the nucleic acids or vectors described herein. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise any vector disclosed herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition comprises any of the AAV vectors described herein. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise any AAV vectors disclosed herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0248] Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein, e.g., AAV vectors, are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to any other animal, e.g., to non-human animals, e.g., non-human mammals. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and / or perform such modification with merely ordinary, ifany, experimentation. Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and / or other primates; mammals, including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs, mice, and / or rats; and / or birds, including commercially relevant birds such as poultry, chickens, ducks, geese, and / or turkeys.
[0249] In some embodiments, compositions are to be administered to humans.
[0250] Pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present disclosure can be prepared, packaged, and / or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and / or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” refers to a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and / or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-halfor one-third of such a dosage. Examples of a unit dose form include an ampoule, a vial, a prefilled syringe, or a cartridge.
[0251] The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and / or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, ifnecessary and / or desirable, dividing, shaping and / or packaging the product into a desired single-or multi-dose unit.
[0252] Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and / or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the disclosure will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and / or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
[0253] The AAV vectors of the disclosure can be formulated using one or more excipients to: (1) increase stability; (2) increase cell transfection or transduction; (3) permit the sustained or delayed release; (4) alter the biodistribution (e.g., target the viral particle to specific tissues or cell types) ; (5) increase the translation of encoded protein in vivo; (6) alter the release profile of encoded protein in vivo and / or (7) allow for regulatable expression of the payload.
[0254] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can include, without limitation, saline, lipidoids, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymers, lipoplexes, core-shell nanoparticles, peptides, proteins, cells transfected with viral vectors (e.g., for transplantation into a subject) , nanoparticle mimics and combinations thereof. Further, the viral vectors of the present disclosure can be formulated using self-assembled nucleic acid nanoparticles.
[0255] The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure can include one or more excipients, each in an amount that together increases the stability of the AAV vector, increases cell transfection or transduction by the viral particle, increases the expression of viral particle encoded protein, and / or alters the release profile of AAV vector encoded proteins. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use for humans and for veterinary use.
[0256] Excipients, which, as used herein, include, but are not limited to, any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Various excipients for formulating pharmaceutical compositions and techniques for preparing the composition are known in the art (see REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott, Williams&Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006; the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) . The use of a conventional excipient medium may be contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure, except insofar as any conventional excipient medium may be incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component (s) of the pharmaceutical composition.
[0257] The pharmaceutical compositions of AAV vectors disclosed herein can include cations or anions. In some embodiments, the formulations include metal cations such as, but not limited to, Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Mg+, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can include polymers or polynucleotides complexed with a metal cation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,265,389 and 6,555,525, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) .
[0258] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are liquid compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are frozen compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are lyophilized compositions or reconstituted lyophilized compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be formulated in various dosage forms for administration, such as intra-articular administration. 6.4 Methods and Uses
[0259] The nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., the AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be introduced into muscle cells in intro or in vivo for expressing a transgene. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of delivering to a muscle cell or tissue any of the above-described nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., the AAV vectors) , comprising contacting the cell or tissue with the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., the AAV vectors) or contacting the cell or tissue with any of the described compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions. The method of delivering the AAV vectors to a cell or tissue can be accomplished in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
[0260] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides administration and / or delivery methods for nucleic acids and vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) , encoding a transgene disclosed herein, for enhancing the expression level of the transgene, especially in muscle. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides administration and / or delivery methods for vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) , encoding a transgene disclosed herein, for the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of diseases or disorders. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides administration and / or delivery methods for vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) , encoding a transgene disclosed herein, for treating, preventing, or ameliorating a muscle-related disease or condition. Exemplary muscle-related diseases and conditions can be treated with methods disclosed herein include sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, ion channel diseases, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, and arthritis. In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat sarcopenia. In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat MD.Exemplary MD include, for example, Duchenne MD (DMD) , Becker MD (BMD) , congenital MD,myotonic MD (Steinert’s disease) , oculopharyngeal MD (OMD) , and limb-girdle MD (LGMD) . In some embodiments, methods provided herein can treat DMD. In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat BMD.
[0261] In some embodiments, transgenes to be delivered in methods disclosed herein can encode a molecule that provides therapeutic benefit for a muscle-related disease or disorder, such as those disclosed above. In some embodiments, the transgene can be survival motor neuron (SMN) , fukutin-related protein (FKRP) , follistatin (FST) , neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) , dystrophin, tafazzin, myotubularin, merosin, α-1, 4-glucosidase, calpain 3, dysferlin, α-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, γ-sarcoglycan, poly (A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) , or lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform B (LAMP2B) . In some embodiments, the transgene encodes SMN. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes FKRP. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes NT-3. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes dystrophin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes tafazzin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes myotubularin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes merosin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesα-1, 4-glucosidase. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes calpain 3. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes dysferlin. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesα-sarcoglycan. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesβ-sarcoglycan. In some embodiments, the transgene encodesγ-sarcoglycan. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes PABPN1. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes LAMP2B.
[0262] Following transduction of target cells, the expression of the protein product is enhanced by employing such muscle-specific expression cassettes. Such enhancement can be measured by the following non-limiting list of determinations such as 1) protein titer by assays known to the skilled person, not limited to sandwich ELISA, Western Blot, histological staining, and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS) ; 2) protein activity, by assays such as binding assays, functional assays, enzymatic assays and / or substrate detection assays; and / or 3) serum half-life or long-term expression; and / or (4) detection of mRNA encoding the therapeutic protein of the transgene. Enhancement of transgene expression may be determined as efficacious and suitable for human treatment (Hintze et al., Biomarker Insights 2011: 669-78) . Assessment of the quantitative and functional properties of a transgene using such in vitro and in vivo cellular, blood and tissue studies have been shown to correlate to the efficacy of certain therapies, and are utilized to evaluate response to gene therapy treatment of the transgene with the vectors described herein.
[0263] The nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein also can facilitate deliver, in particular, targeted delivery, of transgenes operably linked to the regulatory sequences described herein, including but not limited to oligonucleotides, drugs, imaging agents, inorganic nanoparticles, liposomes, antibodies to target cells or tissues. The nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein also can facilitate delivery, in particular, targeted delivery, of non-coding DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotides to target tissues.
[0264] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of delivering to a subject, including a mammalian subject, any of the above-described nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , or pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, systemic delivery is desired. In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering the above-described nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , or pharmaceutical compositions intravenously. In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering the above-described nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , or pharmaceutical compositions subcutaneously. In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering the above-described nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , or pharmaceutical compositions intramuscularly. In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering the above-described nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , or pharmaceutical compositions intraperitoneally. In some embodiments, local delivery to an area of interest is desired. In some embodiments, the above-described nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , or pharmaceutical compositions can be delivered to such an area of interest (e.g., a muscle) . Provided herein are methods of administration and / or delivery of the AAV vectors described herein to such an area of interest. Methods of administration further include, but are not limited to, intradermal, epidural, and by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous or mucosal linings (e.g., intranasal, oral mucosa, rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc. ) .
[0265] The amount of a therapeutic agent (e.g., rAAV carrying a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein) that will be effective can be determined by standard clinical techniques. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. For any agent used in the methods disclosed herein, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma can be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
[0266] The dosage and frequency will typically vary according to factors specific for each patient depending on the specific therapeutic or prophylactic agents administered, the severity and type of disease, the route of administration, as well as age, body weight, response, and the past medical history of the patient, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient’s circumstances. Suitable regimens can be selected by one skilled in the art by considering such factors and by following, for example, dosages reported in the literature and recommended in the Physician's Desk Reference (56th ed., 2002) .
[0267] In some embodiments, the vector or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a muscle tissue of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the vector or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a skeletal muscle tissue of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the vector or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, quadriceps, triceps brachii, and diaphragm of a subject in need thereof. The subject can have a muscle-related disease or condition. The subject can be at risk of developing a muscle-related disease or condition. The subject can be a human. The subject can a non-human animal. The subject can be a non-human mammal, such as a dog or a cat.
[0268] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAVs) , or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are co-administered with a secondary therapy. In some embodiments, the secondary therapy comprises a therapeutic for muscle-related disease (e.g., sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathies, distal myopathies, myotonic syndrome, ion channel diseases, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathies, other muscle disorders, or arthritis) or any other appropriate therapy for treating the symptoms of the condition. Any convenient therapy can be utilized. 6.5 Kits and device
[0269] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a variety of kits for conveniently and / or effectively carrying out methods of the present disclosure. Typically, kits will comprise sufficient amounts and / or numbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject (s) and / or to perform multiple experiments.
[0270] Any of the pharmaceutical compositions or vectors of the present disclosure may be comprised in a kit. In some embodiments, kits can further include reagents and / or instructions for creating and / or synthesizing compounds and / or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, kits can also include one or more buffers. In some embodiments, kits of the disclosure can include components for making protein or nucleic acid arrays or libraries and thus, may include, for example, solid supports.
[0271] In some embodiments, kit components can be packaged either in aqueous media or in lyophilized form. The container means of the kits will generally include at least one vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe or other container means, into which a component can be placed, and suitably aliquoted. Where there is more than one kit component, (labeling reagent and label may be packaged together) , kits can also generally contain second, third or other additional containers into which additional components may be separately placed. In some embodiments, kits can also comprise a second container means for containing sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffers and / or other diluents. In some embodiments, various combinations of components can be comprised in one or more vials. Kits of the present disclosure can also typically include means for containing compounds and / or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, and any other reagent containers in close confinement for commercial sale. Such containers can include injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which desired vials are retained.
[0272] In some embodiments, kit components are provided in one and / or more liquid solutions. In some embodiments, liquid solutions are aqueous solutions, with sterile aqueous solutions being particularly used. In some embodiments, kit components can be provided as dried powder (s) . When reagents and / or components are provided as dry powders, such powders can be reconstituted by the addition of suitable volumes of solvent. In some embodiments, it is envisioned that solvents can also be provided in another container means.
[0273] In some embodiments, kits can include instructions for employing kit components as well the use of any other reagent not included in the kit. Instructions can include variations that may be implemented. 6.6 Exemplified Embodiments
[0274] Embodiment 1: A nucleic acid comprising a muscle-specific promoter comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif, having nucleotide sequences that are at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 6-13, respectively.
[0275] Embodiment 2: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises two, three, four, five, six, or seven enhancer elements.
[0276] Embodiment 3: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises two or three hCKM106E.
[0277] Embodiment 4: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 3, wherein the enhancer region further comprises at least one enhancer element selected from the group consisting of hDes68E, hDes78E, and sE.
[0278] Embodiment 5: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 4, wherein the enhancer region comprises one, two, three, or four hDes68E.
[0279] Embodiment 6: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 3, wherein the enhancer region has three hCKM106E.
[0280] Embodiment 7: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 6, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35.
[0281] Embodiment 8: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and one hDes68E.
[0282] Embodiment 9: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 8, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E and hDes68E.
[0283] Embodiment 10: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 9, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0284] Embodiment 11: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E, one hDes68E, and one hDes78E.
[0285] Embodiment 12: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 11, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E and hDes78E.
[0286] Embodiment 13: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 12, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0287] Embodiment 14: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 4, wherein the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and one sE.
[0288] Embodiment 15: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 14, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, and sE.
[0289] Embodiment 16: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 15, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0290] Embodiment 17: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and four hDes68E.
[0291] Embodiment 18: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 17, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E, and hDes68E.
[0292] Embodiment 19: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 18, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0293] Embodiment 20: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and four hDes68E.
[0294] Embodiment 21: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 20, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E and hDes68E.
[0295] Embodiment 22: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 21, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0296] Embodiment 23: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and three hDes68E.
[0297] Embodiment 24: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 23, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes68E.
[0298] Embodiment 25: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 24, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43.
[0299] Embodiment 26: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and two hDes68E.
[0300] Embodiment 27: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 26, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E.
[0301] Embodiment 28: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 27, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0302] Embodiment 29: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and two hDes68E.
[0303] Embodiment 30: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 29, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E.
[0304] Embodiment 31: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 30, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45.
[0305] Embodiment 32: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises sE and MEF2 motif.
[0306] Embodiment 33: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 32, wherein the enhancer region comprises three sE and one MEF2 motif.
[0307] Embodiment 34: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 33, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : sE, MEF2 motif, sE and sE.
[0308] Embodiment 35: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 34, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39.
[0309] Embodiment 36: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein: the enhancer region comprises hCKM106ER or hDes68ER.
[0310] Embodiment 37: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 36, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106ER and one hDes68ER.
[0311] Embodiment 38: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 37, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’ : hDes68ER, hCKM106ER, hCKM106ER, and hCKM106ER.
[0312] Embodiment 39: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 38, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0313] Embodiment 40: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two hCKM206E.
[0314] Embodiment 41: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 40, wherein the enhancer region has three hCKM206E.
[0315] Embodiment 42: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 41, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.
[0316] Embodiment 43: The nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 42, wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86; wherein P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, and sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0317] Embodiment 44: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 43, wherein the core promoter is P87.
[0318] Embodiment 45: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 43, wherein the core promoter is sP86.
[0319] Embodiment 46: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0320] Embodiment 47: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0321] Embodiment 48: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0322] Embodiment 49: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0323] Embodiment 50: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0324] Embodiment 51: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0325] Embodiment 52: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0326] Embodiment 53: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0327] Embodiment 54: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25.
[0328] Embodiment 55: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0329] Embodiment 56: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27.
[0330] Embodiment 57: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0331] Embodiment 58: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0332] Embodiment 59: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0333] Embodiment 60: The nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 59, wherein the promoter is a skeletal muscle-specific promoter.
[0334] Embodiment 61: The nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 60, further comprising a transgene operably linked to the promoter.
[0335] Embodiment 62: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 61, wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0336] Embodiment 63: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 62, wherein the therapeutic protein is selected from the group consisting of survival motor neuron (SMN) , fukutin-related protein (FKRP) , follistatin (FST) , neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) , dystrophin, tafazzin, myotubularin, merosin, α-1, 4-glucosidase, calpain 3, dysferlin, α-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, γ-sarcoglycan, poly (A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) , and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform B (LAMP2B) .
[0337] Embodiment 64: A vector comprising the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 63.
[0338] Embodiment 65: The vector of Embodiment 64, wherein the vector is a DNA vector or an RNA vector.
[0339] Embodiment 66: The vector of Embodiment 64, wherein the vector is a plasmid, arecombinant retroviral vector, a recombinant lentiviral vector, a recombinant adenoviral vector, or a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
[0340] Embodiment 67: The vector of Embodiment 66, wherein the vector is an AAV vector.
[0341] Embodiment 68: The vector of Embodiment 67, wherein the AAV is of a serotype of AAV1, AAV2, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV12, AAVrh74, AAVhu. 32, or a mixture thereof.
[0342] Embodiment 69: The vector of Embodiment 67 or 68, wherein the viral genome of the AAV comprises, from 5’ to 3’ : a first ITR, the promoter, the transgene, a poly A tail, and a second ITR.
[0343] Embodiment 70: A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 62, or the vector of any one of Embodiments 64 to 69, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0344] Embodiment 71: A method of enhancing the expression level of a transgene in a muscle cell, comprising transfecting to the muscle cell an effective amount of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 60, or the vector of any one of Embodiments 64 to 69, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the transgene operably linked to the promoter.
[0345] Embodiment 72: Use of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 60, or the vector of any one of Embodiments 64 to 69 in enhancing the expression level of a transgene in a muscle cell, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the transgene operably linked to the promoter.
[0346] Embodiment 73: A method for treating a muscle-related disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 60, the vector of any one of Embodiments 64 to 69, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 70 to the subject; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for the muscle-related disease or condition.
[0347] Embodiment 74: Use of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 60, the vector of any one of Embodiments 64 to 69, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 70 in treating a muscle-related disease or condition; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for the muscle-related disease or condition.
[0348] Embodiment 75: Use of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 60, the vector of any one of Embodiments 64 to 69, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 70 for the preparation of a medicament for treating a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0349] Embodiment 76: The method of use of any one of Embodiments 73 to 75, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, an ion channel disease, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, or arthritis.
[0350] Embodiment 77: The method of Embodiment 76, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia.
[0351] Embodiment 78: The method of Embodiment 76, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is MD, wherein the MD is Duchenne MD (DMD) , Becker MD (BMD) , congenital MD, myotonic MD (Steinert’s disease) , oculopharyngeal MD (OMD) , or limb-girdle MD (LGMD) .
[0352] Embodiment 79: The method of Embodiment 78, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is DMD or BMD.
[0353] Embodiment 80: A kit comprising the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 60 or the vector of any one of Embodiments 64 to 69.
[0354] Embodiment 81: The kit of Embodiment 80, further comprising instructions for using the kit. 6.7 Experimental
[0355] The examples provided below are for purposes of illustration only, which are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but rather, should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein. 6.7.1 Example 1: Screening for humanized skeletal-muscle specific promoters
[0356] Methods:
[0357] Step 1. Construction of expression vectors containing a muscle-specificpromoter. To prepare the expression vectors with muscle-specific promotors depicted in FIG. 1, polynucleotides containing relevant promoter elements were synthesized, digested and ligated into the luciferase-expressing ssAAV plasmid. Cloned plasmids with the inserted promoters were confirmed by sequencing.
[0358] Step 2. Screening in vitro for skeletal muscle-specificpromoters. The cloned plasmids prepared in Step 1 were transfected into C2C12 cells, a mouse myoblast cell line. Cells were cultured for 24 h after transfection, collected, and the luciferase expression was measured. A CB promoter driven EGFP expressing plasmid served as negative control.
[0359] Step 3. Evaluation of the effect of skeletal muscle-specificpromoters in vivo:
[0360] 1) The cloned plasmids prepared in Step 1 were packaged as ssAAV9 and titrated.
[0361] 2) The viral vectors in 1) were injected into the tail veins of 6-8 week old wild-type male BALB / c mice at a dose of 2E+13 vg / kg.
[0362] 3) In vivo imaging was performed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post injection (p.i.) to measure luciferase expression.
[0363] 4) Mice were sacrificed at 6 weeks p.i., and the following organs or tissues were collected: gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, quadriceps, diaphragm, triceps, liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, and testicle. The total protein was extracted and the luciferase expression levels in the isolated tissues and organs were measured.
[0364] Results:
[0365] 1. Design of humanized skeletal muscle-specificpromoters
[0366] The mRNA of creatine kinase (MCK or CKM) is the second most abundant mRNA in skeletal muscle cells. The MCK promoter consists of a core promoter and an upstream enhancer. As shown in Table 1 and FIG. 1, a variety of muscle-specific promoters with enhanced transcriptional activity and specificity were designed and constructed, some with elements from the MCK promoter.
[0367] The human MCK core promoter (87 bp, P87) and the human MCK enhancer hCKM206E (206 bp) were selected to form the thCKM promoter with a size of 725 bp. The human MCK core promoter (87 bp) and the truncated human MCK enhancer (106 bp) were selected to form the thCKMs promoter with a size of 426 bp. The human MCK core promoter (87 bp) , truncated human desmin (Desmin) enhancer (68 bp) , and truncated human MCK enhancer (106 bp) were selected to form a thMD promoter with a size of 497 bp. The 723 bp tMCK promoter composed of the mouse MCK core promoter (87 bp) and the modified mouse MCK enhancer 2RS5 (206 bp) , a mouse skeletal muscle-specific promoter, was used as a control.
[0368] Table 1: Structure of skeletal muscle-specific promoters 2RS5: modified mouse MCK enhancer hCKM206E: human MCK enhancer hCKM106E: truncated human MCK enhancer hDes68E: truncated human Desmin enhancer Note: Information of linker sequence such as restriction enzyme sites was omitted.
[0369] 2. In vitro transcriptional activity of humanized skeletal muscle-specificpromoters
[0370] As shown in FIG. 2, luciferase expression was detected in the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12 after transfection of the ssAAV plasmid depicted in FIG. 1, but not in the vector control group, demonstrating the skeletal muscle-specific transcriptional activity of these promoters. Additionally, both thCKM and thMD showed stronger transcriptional activities than tMCK in C2C12 cells, with thCKM being the strongest (FIG. 2) .
[0371] 3. In vivo transcriptional activity of humanized skeletal muscle-specific promoters
[0372] 1) As shown in FIG. 3, 2 weeks p.i. and later, significant luciferase expression was detected in mice that received tail vein injection of ssAAV9 vector expressing luciferase driven by the four promoters shown in FIG. 1, but not in mice that received PBS control injection, demonstrating the in vivo transcriptional activity of these promoters. The thMD promoter showed the strongest transcriptional activity at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks p.i. (FIG. 3) .
[0373] 2) As shown in FIG. 4, in contrast to the control group, all four promoters depicted in FIG. 1 could activate luciferase expression in 7 skeletal muscle tissues including gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, quadriceps, triceps brachii, and diaphragm, demonstrating their transcriptional activities in these skeletal muscle lineage cells. Compared to the tMCK promoter, the thCKM promoter produced higher levels of luciferase in soleus and diaphragm muscles. Among the four promoters, the thMD promoter produced the highest level of luciferase and highest level of overall luciferase expression in all 7 skeletal muscle tissues except for diaphragm (FIG. 4) .
[0374] 3) As shown in FIG. 5, all four promoters depicted in FIG. 1 activated luciferase expression in heart, but at far lower levels compared to the expression detected in skeletal muscle cells. The thCKM promoter also activated relatively low level of expression in liver. The thMD promoter activated only minimum, if any, expression in liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, testis and liver, as compared to the control group.
[0375] In summary, the overall relative expression levels activated by thCKM and thMD promoters in skeletal muscle cells were higher than that of tMCK promoter. thMD promoter showed minimum, ifany, transcriptional activity in non-skeletal muscle tissues such as liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, and testicle, low activity in cardiomyocytes, and high activity in skeletal muscle tissues, proving that thMD was an effective and specific skeletal muscle-specific expression promoter. 6.7.2 Example 2: Optimization the enhancer of the skeletal muscle-specific promoters
[0376] Methods:
[0377] 1. Construction of expression vectors containing a muscle-specific promoter: polynucleotides having the promoter elements as depicted in FIG. 6 were synthesized, digested and ligated into the luciferase-expressing ssAAV plasmid. Cloned plasmids with the inserted promoters were confirmed by sequencing.
[0378] 2. Measuring in vitro activity of the skeletal muscle-specific promoters: the plasmids cloned in the previous steps were transfected into HEK293T or C2C12 cells and cell samples were collected at 24 h after transfection. Luciferase expression was detected.
[0379] 3. Evaluating in vivo effect of skeletal muscle-specific promoters:
[0380] 1) The cloned plasmids in the previous steps were packaged as ssAAV9 and titrated.
[0381] 2) The viral vectors in 1) were injected into the tail veins of 6–8-week-old wild-type male BALB / c mice at a dose of 2E+13 vg / kg. Ten rAAV vectors were divided into two groups for testing. thMD, thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR and L34 were the first group, and L34, S24, S33, S32 and S22 were the second group.
[0382] 3) In vivo imaging was performed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post injection (p.i. ) to measure luciferase expression.
[0383] 4) Mice were sacrificed at 6 weeks p.i., and the following organs or tissues were collected: gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, quadriceps, diaphragm, triceps, liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, and testicle. The total protein was extracted and the luciferase expression in the isolated tissues and organs was detected.
[0384] Results:
[0385] 1. Optimization of the enhancer elements:
[0386] Based on thMD, new promoters were designed by combining the core promoter with other substitute enhancer sequences (see Table 2) .
[0387] Table 2: Structure of enhancers
[0388] hCKM106E: truncated human MCK enhancer; hDes68E: truncated human Desmin enhancer; hDes78E: truncated human Desmin enhancer; sE: synthetic enhancer; hDes68ER: the reverse complement sequence of hDes68E; hCKM106ER: the reverse complement sequence of hCKM106ER.
[0389] Note: Information of linker sequence such as restriction enzyme sites was omitted.
[0390] 2. In vitro transcriptional activity of optimizedpromoters
[0391] Luciferase expression was measured after plasmids depicted in FIG. 6 were transfected into non-muscle lineage HEK293T cells and mouse myoblast cell line C2C12. As shown in FIG. 7, compared to thMD, lower levels of luciferase expression were induced by promoters thMD2, hME2-sE, sE3, L34, S24, S33, and S32 in HEK293T cells, indicating improved muscle-specificity of these promoters. Meanwhile, in C2C12 cells, higher levels of luciferase expression were induced by promoters sE3, thMDR, L34, S24, S33, S32, and S22 compared to thMD, indicating improved transcriptional activities of these promoters in muscle cells.
[0392] 3. In vivo transcriptional activity of promoters
[0393] 1) As shown in FIG. 8, compared with the control group, luciferase driven by ten different promoters was expressed effectively from 2 weeks post tail vein injection, indicating that those promoters were transcriptionally active in mice. hME2-sE and sE3 promoter showed higher transcriptional activity than thMD promoter at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks p.i., and L34 promoter showed higher transcriptional activity than thMD at 2 weeks and 4 weeks p.i.
[0394] 2) FIG. 9 shows the quantification of luciferase activities in different skeletal muscle tissues. As shown, the sE3 promoter expressed slightly higher level of luciferase than the thMD promoter in the seven skeletal muscle tissues tested; hME2-sE promoter expressed higher levels of luciferase than the thMD promoter in some tested muscle tissues, including gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, triceps brachii and diaphragm muscles; and the L34 promoter also expressed higher levels of luciferase than the thMD promoter in some tested muscle tissues, including diaphragm, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscles. Overall, promoters hME2-sE, sE3, thMDR, and L34 promoters showed higher in vivo transcriptional activity than the thMD promoter in skeletal muscle tissues.
[0395] 3) FIG. 10 shows the quantification of luciferase activities in different non-skeletal muscle tissues. As shown, overall, promoters hME2-sE promoter and thMDR showed similarly low transcriptional activity in non-skeletal muscle cells as compared to the thMD promoter.
[0396] In summary, upon optimization of the enhancer elements, skeletal muscle-specific promoters were further improved. For example, compared to thMD, hME2-sE and thMDR promoters showed higher transcriptional activities in skeletal muscle tissues with comparably high specificity. 6.7.3 Example 3: Optimization of core promoter element of skeletal muscle- specific promoters
[0397] Methods:
[0398] 1. Construction of expression vectors containing a muscle-specific promoter: polynucleotides having the promoter elements depicted in FIG. 11 were synthesized, digested and ligated with the luciferase-expressed ssAAV plasmid. Cloned plasmids were confirmed by sequencing. sP86 promoter is a synthetic sequence derived from the core promoter P87, comprising the first 28-bp MyoD1 binding motif in human gene DES, the second 13-bp MyoD1 binding motif in human gene CKM, and the third 45-bp segment from 43-87 nt of P87 sequence, from 5’ to 3’ end.
[0399] 2. In vivo effect of skeletal muscle-specific promoters:
[0400] 1) The cloned plasmids in the previous steps were packaged as ssAAV9 and titrated.
[0401] 2) The viral vectors in 1) were injected into the tail veins of 6–8-week-old wild-type male BALB / c mice at a dose of 2E+13 vg / kg.
[0402] 3) In vivo imaging was performed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post injection (p.i. ) to measure luciferase expression.
[0403] 4) Mice were sacrificed at 6 weeks p.i., and the following organs or tissues were collected: gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, quadriceps, diaphragm, triceps, liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, and testicle. The total protein was extracted and the luciferase expression in the isolated tissues and organs was measured.
[0404] Results:
[0405] In vivo transcriptional activity:
[0406] 1) As shown in FIG. 12, compared with the control group, luciferase expression driven by thMD, thMD-sP86, hME2-sE, and hME2-sE-sP86 promoters was detected from 2 weeks p.i. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks p.i. The luciferase expression driven by thMD-sP86 promoter was higher than that of thMD promoter at 2 weeks p.i., and comparable at 4 and 6 weeks p.i.
[0407] 2) FIG. 13 shows the quantification of luciferase activities in different skeletal muscle tissues. As shown, compared to the thMD promoter, the thMD-sP86 promoter expressed higher levels of luciferase in some tested tissues, such as soleus and triceps muscles, and showed higher overall expression of skeletal muscle luciferase.
[0408] 3) FIG. 14 shows quantification of luciferase activity in several non-skeletal muscle tissues. As shown, the expression driven by the thMD-sP86 promoter in tissues including liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, and testicle was comparable to that of thMD promoter. Overall, the thMD-sP86 promoter expressed slightly higher levels of luciferase in non-skeletal muscle cells than the thMD promoter.
[0409] In summary, upon optimizing the core promoter element, the skeletal muscle-specific promoters were further improved. For example, compared with thMD, thMD-sP86 promoter had higher transcriptional activities in skeletal muscle tissue with comparably high specificity.
[0410] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended that the various features described herein can be used in any combination. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0411] Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
[0412] All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as ifeach individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.
Claims
1.A nucleic acid comprising a muscle-specific promoter comprising an enhancer region operably linked to a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif, having nucleotide sequences that are at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 6-13, respectively.2.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises two, three, four, five, six, or seven enhancer elements.3.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises two or three hCKM106E.4.The nucleic acid of claim 3, wherein the enhancer region further comprises at least one enhancer element selected from the group consisting of hDes68E, hDes78E, and sE.5.The nucleic acid of claim 4, wherein the enhancer region comprises one, two, three, or four hDes68E.6.The nucleic acid of claim 3, wherein the enhancer region has three hCKM106E.7.The nucleic acid of claim 6, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 35.8.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and one hDes68E.9.The nucleic acid of claim 8, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E and hDes68E.10.The nucleic acid of claim 9, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36.11.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E, one hDes68E, and one hDes78E.12.The nucleic acid of claim 11, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E and hDes78E.13.The nucleic acid of claim 12, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37.14.The nucleic acid of claim 4, wherein the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and one sE.15.The nucleic acid of claim 14, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hCKM106E, and sE.16.The nucleic acid of claim 15, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a SEQ ID NO: 38.17.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and four hDes68E.18.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E, and hDes68E.19.The nucleic acid of claim 18, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41.20.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and four hDes68E.21.The nucleic acid of claim 20, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hDes68E and hDes68E.22.The nucleic acid of claim 21, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 42.23.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and three hDes68E.24.The nucleic acid of claim 23, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, and hDes68E.25.The nucleic acid of claim 24, wherein the enhancer region has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 43.26.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106E and two hDes68E.27.The nucleic acid of claim 26, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E.28.The nucleic acid of claim 27, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 44.29.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the enhancer region comprises two hCKM106E and two hDes68E.30.The nucleic acid of claim 29, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hCKM106E, hDes68E, hCKM106E, and hDes68E.31.The nucleic acid of claim 30, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 45.32.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises sE and MEF2 motif.33.The nucleic acid of claim 32, wherein the enhancer region comprises three sE and one MEF2 motif.34.The nucleic acid of claim 33, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: sE, MEF2 motif, sE and sE.35.The nucleic acid of claim 34, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39.36.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein: the enhancer region comprises hCKM106ER or hDes68ER.37.The nucleic acid of claim 36, wherein the enhancer region comprises three hCKM106ER and one hDes68ER.38.The nucleic acid of claim 37, wherein the enhancer region comprises the following operably linked fragments from 5’ to 3’: hDes68ER, hCKM106ER, hCKM106ER, and hCKM106ER.39.The nucleic acid of claim 38, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.40.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two hCKM206E.41.The nucleic acid of claim 40, wherein the enhancer region has three hCKM206E.42.The nucleic acid of claim 41, wherein the enhancer region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.43.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 42, wherein the core promoter is P87 or sP86; wherein P87 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, and sP86 has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.44.The nucleic acid of claim 43, wherein the core promoter is P87.45.The nucleic acid of claim 43, wherein the core promoter is sP86.46.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17.47.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 18.48.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19.49.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20.50.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21.51.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.52.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23.53.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24.54.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25.55.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26.56.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27.57.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28.58.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29.59.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30.60.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 59, wherein the promoter is a skeletal muscle-specific promoter.61.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 60, further comprising a transgene operably linked to the promoter.62.The nucleic acid of claim 61, wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or condition.63.The nucleic acid of claim 62, wherein the therapeutic protein is selected from the group consisting of survival motor neuron (SMN) , fukutin-related protein (FKRP) , follistatin (FST) , neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) , dystrophin, tafazzin, myotubularin, merosin, α-1, 4-glucosidase, calpain 3, dysferlin, α-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, γ-sarcoglycan, poly (A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) , and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform B (LAMP2B) .64.A vector comprising the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 63.65.The vector of claim 64, wherein the vector is a DNA vector or an RNA vector.66.The vector of claim 64, wherein the vector is a plasmid, a recombinant retroviral vector, arecombinant lentiviral vector, a recombinant adenoviral vector, or a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.67.The vector of claim 66, wherein the vector is an AAV vector.68.The vector of claim 67, wherein the AAV is of a serotype of AAV1, AAV2, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV12, AAVrh74, AAVhu. 32, or a mixture thereof.69.The vector of claim 67 or 68, wherein the viral genome of the AAV comprises, from 5’ to 3’: a first ITR, the promoter, the transgene, a poly A tail, and a second ITR.70.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 62, or the vector of any one of claims 64 to 69, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for a muscle-related disease or condition.71.A method of enhancing the expression level of a transgene in a muscle cell, comprising transfecting to the muscle cell an effective amount of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 60, or the vector of any one of claims 64 to 69, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the transgene operably linked to the promoter.72.Use of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 60, or the vector of any one of claims 64 to 69 in enhancing the expression level of a transgene in a muscle cell, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the transgene operably linked to the promoter.73.A method for treating a muscle-related disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 60, the vector of any one of claims 64 to 69, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 70 to the subject; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for the muscle-related disease or condition.74.Use of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 60, the vector of any one of claims 64 to 69, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 70 in treating a muscle-related disease or condition; wherein the nucleic acid comprises a transgene operably linked to the promoter, and wherein the transgene encodes a therapeutic protein for the muscle-related disease or condition.75.Use of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 60, the vector of any one of claims 64 to 69, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 70 for the preparation of a medicament for treating a muscle-related disease or condition.76.The method of use of any one of claims 73 to 75, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, an ion channel disease, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, or arthritis.77.The method of claim 76, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia.78.The method of claim 76, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is MD, wherein the MD is Duchenne MD (DMD) , Becker MD (BMD) , congenital MD, myotonic MD (Steinert’s disease) , oculopharyngeal MD (OMD) , or limb-girdle MD (LGMD) .79.The method of claim 78, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is DMD or BMD.80.A kit comprising the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 60 or the vector of any one of claims 64 to 69.81.The kit of claim 80,further comprising instructions for using the kit.
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