Dense plasma vaporizer

Abstract

The "Dense Plasma Vaporizer" is a device capable of providing massive amounts of gas developed inside the device, can develop high temperatures, and it can be resized for large or small applications according with the needs. I have mathematically proved that it has huge capabilities of developing high speeds gas particles by vaporizing metals, but is not limited to metals. The "Dense Plasma Vaporizer" has applications in: creating and spraying nano and / or sub-nano particles like individual atoms, can be used in coating super dielectrics or other objects, generates powerful thrust and can be used as airplanes engines and jet planes engines and rocket engines and is not limited to them, can be used to push cannon's projectile, and is possibly a plasma weapon that eject melted metal or hot gas to large distances, and does not limit to these applications.

Description

Dense Plasma Vaporizer

[0001] Some of the technical fields but not limited to the enumerated fields, are: electronics, electrotechnics, weapons, rocket engines, airplane engines, jet plane engines, spray devices and other coating solutions.

[0002] To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms are defined below.

[0003] Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention.

[0004] Terms such as “a”, “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration.

[0005] The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not delimit the invention, except as outlined in the claims.

[0006] The “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” main purpose is to provide high amount of gas with high speeds of gas molecules and / or provide atomization with high speeds of atoms, by vaporizing metals and / or atomize metals, but is not limited to metals, for example we can also use elements that are not metals.

[0007] The “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” is a device capable of providing massive amounts of gas and / or individual particles developed inside the device, can develop high temperatures, and it can be resized for large or small applications according with the needs.

[0008] The “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” has applications in: creating and spraying nano and / or sub-nano particles like individual atoms, can be used in coating super dielectrics or other objects, generates powerful trust and can be used as airplane engines and jet planes engines and rocket engines and is not limited to them, can be used to push cannon’s projectile, and is possibly a plasma weapon that eject melted metal or hot gas or high speed atoms to large distances, and does not limit to these applications.

[0009] I have mathematically proved that it has huge capabilities of developing high speeds gas particles by vaporizing metals, but is not limited to metals.

[0010] However, due to the maximum number of sheets accepted by WIPO, I have not implicated many details about the exploding wires and vaporization process, thus, this results in an approximative calculus.

[0011] The “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” device is a significantly modified, in geometry and principles, of a “Dense Plasma Focus” device first developed by J.W. Mather in USA and N.V. Filipov in the U.S.S.R.

[0012] Again, I have to state, the significant modifications are in geometry and principles.

[0013] According with, the “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” device consists from 2 concentric electrodes: the outer electrode is always the anodeelement 1; the inner electrode is always cathodeelement 2.

[0014] The cathode is modified by adding a metal pinelement 3, in the center and it can be detachable or not, and this acts as a gas or particle producer.

[0015] Between the electrodes there is an isolatorelement 4.

[0016] The insulator that separates the anode and the cathode may be made from a variety of materials depending on the particular application.

[0017] The anode, the cathode and metal pin my be made from a variety of materials depending on the particular application.

[0018] Optionally, according with the needs we can add 2 more elements, like inand these are: coil to reduce the speed of the ejected particleselement 4: coil to correct trajectory of particleselement 6.

[0019] Previous “Dense Plasma Focus” device first developed by J.W. Mather in USA and N.V. Filipov in the U.S.S.R. does not contain a gas and / or atomizer producer element.

[0020] This patent demonstrates a solution for adding a gas and / or atomizer producer element part of the cathode.

[0021] By adding this new element, the “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” becomes a gas and / or atomizer producer.

[0022] The cathode must always be the inner electrode, placed inside the anode.

[0023] The cathode presents a metal pin inside, best described by theelement 3.

[0024] This metal pin from the cathode (element 3) will act as gas and / or particle producer.

[0025] How it works?

[0026] In between the cathode and the anode, there will be applied a high voltage.

[0027] The electrons will flow from anode to cathode.

[0028] This will happen for a period of time, dictated by the constructor, by you.

[0029] On the road between anode and cathode there will be created a plasma filament.

[0030] The cathode ends with a metal pin that catches one end of the plasma filament.

[0031] The metal pin is a thin wire, of constructor choice.

[0032] This plasma filament will feed a large amount of electric current in one single and very small area, the metal pin from cathode.

[0033] The resistivity of the wire will oppose to this electric current.

[0034] The first layer of the metal pin will be the first to receive electrons and the first to produce heat that will be necessary to be released.

[0035] And will be released in the immediate vicinity of the layer.

[0036] When we refer to the first layer of the metal pin we understand a sheet of metal from the surface, that satisfies the constructors needs.

[0037] The first layer will reach the state of boiling, after a period of time.

[0038] The vaporization of the first metal layer will create pressure that will tend to stabilize to atmospheric pressure.

[0039] This process implicates the metal atoms to be distributed in space and push the rest of the gas outside of the cathode.

[0040] This process does not guaranty that from the vaporization process it will result only individual atoms, there will also be molecules, other pieces of melted metal, probably slow or fast neutrons, or other particles.

[0041] This expansion will generate gas from metal, also will release high temperatures, and kinetic energy will push against the cathode, and this can produce thrust, that can be used in the case of creating a jet engine for example, but not limited to this type of engine.

[0042] A very small part of this released metal gas, will be distributed inside the plasma filament.

[0043] The distributed gas from plasma filament will continue to be heated and will gain higher speeds.

[0044] Once the gas is release from cathode, outside in the open air, will interact with the surrounding environment and the negative ions will lose the extra electron received inside the plasma filament.

[0045] Also, there will be collisions between particles.

[0046] If we provide enough energy, for a long enough time, we might be able to create a gas column long enough to reach a target, and expose the target to collisions.

[0047] In the case of a spray device, the speed of the particles will have to be reduced in order not to destroy the sprayed object.

[0048] However, in the case of a plasma cannon, we hope that the number of collisions will melt the target.

[0049] Remark 1:

[0050] Question: Why is always cathode the interior electrode?

[0051] Answer:

[0052] Because the cathode is the one that receives electrons, and we can have a concentrated flow of electrons through the metal pin.

[0053] It will result in a concentrated charge in the first layer of the metal pin.

[0054] Remember that for corona discharge, if the charged object has a sharp point, the electric field strength around that point will be much higher than elsewhere.

[0055] Air near the electrode can become ionized (partially conductive), while regions more distant, do not.

[0056] Remember, the material resistivity will oppose to these electrons to enter into the wire metal pin.

[0057] The material resistivity, produces heat, enough for the vaporization to happen.

[0058] Remark 2:

[0059] If you take a good look to the applied theory and the calculated example, you will see that we also prove the fact that fusion reactions are impossible to be achieved with this device and other similar devices.

[0060] The prove is that the generated speed, which is very high, will push out from the interior of plasma filament, too fast, all the particles that can be involved in a fusion reaction.

[0061] It will prevent confining the particles inside plasma.

[0062] Also, the temperature will be very fast dropped to a level where will not favor fusion reactions, because the atoms leave the source of heating, leave the plasma.

[0063] In the process of fusion, the atoms are forced to reduce the distance between them, until the nucleus of two atoms will unite and become a single nucleus.

[0064] The process of vaporization and the process of fusion, oppose one to each other.

[0065] A new solution for a gas and / or atomizer, probably the first and the only atomizer that can be tuned to atomize layer by layer from a given metal or non-metal material.

[0066] The device is easy to reproduce and build.Fig.1

[0067] presents the main elements of the “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” device.

[0068] element 1 is the anode, an electrode where an oxidation reaction occurs, loss of electrons.

[0069] element 2 is the cathode, an electrode where a reduction reaction occurs, gain of electrons.

[0070] element 3 is the metal pin to be vaporized, is part of the cathode and is used to concentrate the flow of electrons in one single area; it will be consumed in time by transforming the metal into gas; is detachable and it can be replaced after has been consumed

[0071] element 4 is the isolator, a separator between the anode and cathode in order not to allow exchange of electrical current.Fig.2

[0072] presents the way plasma will create and propagate to metal pin.Fig.3

[0073] presents the plasma touching the metal pin.Fig.4

[0074] presents the optional coils in case we need to reduce the speed of the particles or we want to change the trajectory of the particles.

[0075] element 5 is the first coil used to reduce the speed of the particles.

[0076] element 6 is the second coil used to correct trajectory and / or reaccelerate the particles towards the target.Examples

[0077] Demonstration through example

[0078] In this demonstration we will calculate the speed of gas, resulted from the vaporization of a metal pin made from lead (plumbumfrom Latin).

[0079] Let’s write the following properties for our device, and please take in consideration the drawings presented:

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[0100] The cathode and anode are made from aluminum.

[0101] The metal pin to be vaporized is made from lead (plumbumfrom Latin).

[0102] Lead (plumbumfrom Latin) properties:

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[0110] Results:

[0111] Heat of Vaporization = 37.631 * Heat of fusion

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[0115] I propose myself, to vaporize a layer of metal in a period of time of 3 ns.

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[0117] We want to vaporize a volume of 5.5 of lead (plumbumfrom Latin) per sequence.

[0118] This volume is contained into a cylinder.

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[0127] Question: How many moles contains a volume of 5.5 of lead (plumbumfrom Latin)?

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[0129] VM= Molar volume for lead

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[0136] Let’s calculate the total heat required to atomize our volume of lead.

[0137] We assume that the current temperature of our metal equals with the deep space temperature.

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[0141] Qheat solid to liquid= the change from temperature of deep space to the temperature of liquid

[0142] Qchange state to liquid= the change from the state of solid to the state of liquid

[0143] Qheat liquid to vapor= the change in temperature from liquid to vapors

[0144] Qchange state to vapor= the change from the state of liquid to the state of vapors

[0145] Qheat vapors to atomization= the change from temperature of vapors to temperature of atomization

[0146] Qchange state to atomization= the change from the state of vapors to state of atoms

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[0152] LF= latent heat for Fusion of lead

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[0162] LV= latent heat for Vaporization of lead

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[0167] Due to a reduced documentation, I was not able to find the specific heat capacity for lead vapors, atomization point of temperature and latent heat for atomization of lead, in this regard we will use calculated values.

[0168] These values are approximated and might implicate errors.

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[0173] LA= latent heat for Atomization of lead

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[0191] Question: What is the value of the electric current, to be applied against the metal pin wire, in order to vaporize the front layer, with volume of 5.5 ?

[0192] From Joule’s heating formula we know:

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[0200] Let’s calculate the expansion volume and speed of vaporization.

[0201] We know that the liquid boils when its saturation vapor pressure reaches 1 atm, if it is in an open container, and is exposed to normal atmospheric pressure.

[0202] Also, we expect to cool down and to reach atmospheric temperature, after a period of time, not instantly.

[0203] In this case we can find:

[0204] Vexpanded= expanded volume after vaporization

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[0208] We know from a previous calculation:

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[0210] And results the following:

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[0212] This will tell us that the vaporized metal will spread through the entire interior of the cathode and then will exit from the cathode.

[0213] When the vaporized metal gets out of the cathode will not maintain a perfect trajectory due to the air that opposes.

[0214] Just for fun let’s assume nothing will oppose against the released gas that exit from the vaporizer.

[0215] Then the shape of the gas will be a cylinder of radius equal with cathode radius.

[0216] What would be the length of the non-realistic cylinder?

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[0219] Question: For a plasma weapon application, in real-life conditions, for how many times will we have to fire, in order to form a continuous gas cylinder, and to destroy a target at a distance of 20000 Km?

[0220] Question: For the case of a spray device, is not the speed of particles too high?

[0221] In this case we will implicate a coil that will reduce the speed of the atoms in order not to deteriorate the object we want to spray.

[0222] What is the density of the lead gas?

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[0225] What is the kinetic energy?

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[0229] From Newton's second law, it can be shown that work on a free (no fields), rigid (no internal degrees of freedom) body, is equal to the change in kinetic energy EKcorresponding to the linear velocity and angular velocity of that body.

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[0231] For our new example with , we want to push the rocket for a distance up in the air.

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[0234] where:

[0235] Wthrust= work of thrust

[0236] Wgravitational= work of gravitational force

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[0239] We can find the speed from energy.

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[0241] However, in our case will be:

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[0248] Remember, we are pushing up 1 meter, a rocket of 1 Kg, by exploding only 5.5µm3of metal lead (plumbumfrom Latin).

[0249] And results a speed of 1078.46 m / s and a force of 581533 newton.

[0250] The “Dense Plasma Vaporizer” has applications in: creating and spraying nano and / or sub-nano particles like individual atoms, can be used in coating super dielectrics or other objects, generates powerful trust and can be used as airplane engines and jet planes engines and rocket engines and is not limited to them, can be used to push cannon’s projectile, can be a plasma weapon that eject melted metal or hot gas or high-speed atoms to large distances, and does not limit to these applications.

Claims

A device that consists from 2 concentric electrodes separated by an isolator: the outer electrode is always the anode [Fig. 1] element 1; the inner electrode is always cathode [Fig. 1] element 2 and the cathode has a metal pin [Fig. 1] element 3 in the center and it can be detachable or not, and this acts as a gas or particle producer through vaporization; between the electrodes there is an isolator [Fig. 1] element 4; optionally, according with the needs we can add 2 more elements, like in [Fig. 4] and these are: coil to reduce the speed of the ejected particles [Fig. 4] element 5: coil to correct trajectory and / or reaccelerate the particles towards the target [Fig. 4] element 6.The elements described by claim 1, may be made from a variety of materials depending on the particular application.The elements described by claim 1, may have a variety of sizes depending on the particular application.

Images