Method of representing and processing numbers in a computer in a base-b numbering system, computer and computer network

Abstract

Proposed are a method, a computer and a computer network that utilize a method of representing and processing numbers in a computer, in which all information transmitted over a system bus to and from a processor is represented in the form of multi-bit numbers in a positional numbering system, wherein all the numbers are represented in a base-b numbering system, each digit in each bit corresponds to its own optical metastable monochromatic laser beam having a wavelength ʎ selected from a range of from ʎ 0 to ʎ b -1, the optical signal of said beam, prior to reaching the processor, is subjected to automatic wavelength selection and sent accordingly over its own optical channel with a given number already in a decimal numbering system to a converter which generates at its outlet a logical 1 in the presence of a signal, or a logical 0 in the absence of a signal, after which this signal arrives at an encoder which converts the given decimal number of the signal into an equivalent number in a binary numbering system, said number together with another similarly processed number arrives at an ALU of the processor and then a binary final number arrives at a decoder where it is converted into an equivalent number in a one-hot base-b code, an active decoder output representing a digit in a bit is converted into an optical laser signal of the corresponding level and said optical laser signal is fed to the system bus. The proposed solutions make it possible to decrease the number of bits in (data, address and command) buses and thus reduce the number of data processing operations and therefore also the machine time by increasing the information content of each bit.

Description

[0001] A method of representing and processing numbers in a computer in the b-number system, computer and information and computing network.

[0002] [1] FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0003] [2] The invention relates to computing technology.

[0004] [3] LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY

[0005] [4] There are methods used in modern computers (networks and systems), where all the initial information (numeric, text, graphic, etc.) is transformed and ultimately presented in the digital format of the positional number system (hereinafter PNS), when the same numerical sign (digit) in the number record has different values ​​depending on the place (digit) where it is located. There are binary, ternary, decimal, b-ary PNS. The main feature of the PNS is the presence of zero in each digit, and the base b can be any natural number. In modern computers, the digital format is presented in binary form (code), when each binary digit takes one of two possible values ​​- logical "0" or "1". This is due to the fact that it is most easily implemented by technical devices that have two quasi-stable (metastable) states (on / off, connected / disconnected, transistor open / closed).A well-known device [1] which describes a method for processing signals, where the digital format is presented in this way. The disadvantage of this method is the low information content of each digit and, as a consequence, to process large numbers, it is necessary to have a large number of binary digits. Modern computers are based on the classical architecture proposed in 1946 by the American mathematician John von Neumann [3], where the principle is described in which information processing in a computer is carried out in a binary PSS. The closest in functionality to the proposed invention of a computer is a computer based on ternary logic, developed by N.P. Brusentsov [4]. The described computer has insufficient information content of each digit.There are tasks for information and computing networks that are difficult or impossible to solve without organizing information communications between different computers: transferring information over long distances; sharing expensive hardware, software or information resources between several computers. Computer networks are known that represent a set of computers and other devices connected by communication lines and exchanging information between themselves, represented in binary PSS [5]. The disadvantage is the presence of multiple protocols and insufficient speed of information exchange between individual computers due to the use of only binary PSS.

[0006] [5] The closest to the proposed technical solution of information and computing networks is the network architecture of high-speed data transmission over fiber-optic lines FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), described in [6]. The topology is a double ring or mixed with the inclusion of star or tree subnets. The disadvantage of the known network is low information content due to the use of only binary PSS.

[0007] [6] To represent large numbers, it is necessary to use a wide bit depth (32, 64, 128) both for representing the numbers themselves (operands) and for representing their addresses and control commands during the processing of (logical, arithmetic, etc.) information both in the ALU and in the computer processors themselves.

[0008] [7] ESSENCE OF THE INVENTION

[0009] [8] The goal of the proposed solutions is to reduce the number of bits in the buses (data, address and commands) and thereby reduce the number of information processing operations, and therefore machine time, by increasing the information content of each bit.

[0010] [9] This goal is achieved by the fact that a method, a computer and an information and computing network are proposed, which use the proposed method of representing and processing numbers in a computer, in which all information sent via the system bus to the processor and from the processor is presented in the form of multi-digit numbers, in a positional number system, where all numbers are presented in a b-ary number system, each digit in each digit corresponds to its own optical metastable monochrome laser beam with a wavelength X, selected in the range from A 0 to A b - 1 , the optical signal of this beam, before entering the processor, is subject to automatic selection by wavelength and, depending on this, via its own separate optical channel with a conditional number already in the decimal number system, is sent to a converter, which at its output forms, in the case of a signal, a logical "1" or in the case of its absence, a logical "0",after which this signal is sent to the encoder, which converts its conventional decimal number into an equivalent number in the binary number system, which, together with another similarly processed number, is sent to the ALU of the processor, and then the binary final number is sent to the decoder, where it is converted into an equivalent number in a single-unit b-ary code, the active output of the decoder, representing the digit in the digit, is converted into an optical signal of the laser corresponding to its level, which is fed to the system bus.

[0011]

[0010] A computer is proposed that includes a processor, storage devices, input-output devices, an interface, containing lasers in the amount of b pieces as sources of optical signals, each of which emits its own wavelength X, in the range from A 0 to A Ь-1 and functions according to the above-described method.

[0012]

[0011] Also proposed is an information and computing network that includes communication channels based on fiber-optic cables, data transmission equipment, hardware and software for switching nodes, containing the above-mentioned set of devices for a computer and operating in the above-described manner.

[0013]

[0012] The method according to the proposed invention is carried out as follows.

[0014]

[0013] It is proposed to represent signals in each digit not with two levels (“0” or

[0015] « 1 »), but multi-level optical metastable, coherent, monochrome laser beams. Moreover, each level is represented by its specific length A laser beam, i.e. each digit is already represented not by a binary code, but by a b-ary code in the range from A 0 to A Ь-1. In this case, it is proposed (on the addition operation, as one of the most complex and important in the ALU of the processor), to consider the following method of processing and adding single-digit numbers A and B according to the functional diagram of Fig. 1.The number A (the first term), represented in any digit by an optical, one of b, laser signal, from the data bus (made in the form of a bundle of optical fibers, the number of which corresponds to the bit capacity of the data bus itself) is fed to the bit optical selector 1, where (using a dispersion prism or optical narrow-band filters) the optical wavelength of any (each) beam is automatically determined (selected) and, depending on the specific length, each beam through its channel through a connector (not shown in the diagram) is fed to the input of the corresponding optical signal converter 2, which converts the optical signal into a logical "1" - if it is present or a logical "0" - if it is absent, with each level being assigned a conditional ordinal number in the decimal code.Then these signals are sent to the corresponding inputs of the encoder 3, and when a logical "1" appears at one and only one of the inputs, the code of the active signal's ordinal number appears at the output, but in binary form. Then this number is written into register 4.

[0016]

[0014] The number B, the second term, is represented and transformed in the same digit in exactly the same way. Both numbers A and B in binary code are simultaneously fed to the corresponding inputs of the binary n-digit adder (the number of digits - n depends on the number of K-signal levels - b), at the output of which a number appears - the result of adding the numbers A and B and a carry (if any) to the next higher digit in the binary n-digit code. Next, this number is fed to register 4 and, in parallel, to decoder 6. If this number is an intermediate result, then it is fed from register 4 for further processing, for example, for addition with another number of the higher digit; if this number is the final result of previous actions, then, by a control signal, it is decoded (transformed) into a K- (to the power of - n) single-unit code, where K, the base of the number system, in our case is equal to b.

[0017]

[0015] As a result, one of the outputs (and only one) will be active and it will turn on the corresponding optical transmitter 7, which will provide an optical laser signal of the required level X at the output and will get to the data bus via the connector. The numbers in the remaining bits of the data bus are represented and processed in exactly the same way. Thus, the method of representing and processing information is as follows. The Ь-ary number (numbers), represented by an optical metastable, coherent laser beam of the corresponding length X and having a conventional number in the decimal number system, before getting to the processor, is converted into the corresponding number, but already in the binary number system, is processed (are processed) according to the commands of the computer operating system programs as ordinary binary numbers inherent to the computer.The result obtained in binary code, before being output to the corresponding bus in optical form, is decoded and the active corresponding bit of the already b-ary code of the decoder turns on the corresponding optical transmitter 7, which ensures the appearance of the corresponding optical signal X on the bus. The circle is closed.

[0018]

[0016] DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0019]

[0017] The implementation of the inventions is described further in accordance with the attached drawings, which are presented to explain the essence of the inventions and in no way limit the scope of the inventions. The following drawings are attached to the application:

[0020]

[0018] Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the implementation of the proposed method.

[0021] List of positions on the diagram.

[0022] 1. Optical selector

[0023] 2. Optical signal converter

[0024] 3. Encryptor

[0025] 4. Registers

[0026] 5. Binary adder

[0027] 6. Decoder

[0028] 7. Optical transmitter

[0029]

[0019] The address and command buses also operate according to this method of representing and processing information. And not only within a single computer, but also in a network of any number of computers connected together and controlled by the main server computer. The advantages of operating a computer and information-computing networks according to this method are clearly visible if a comparative analysis is carried out. For example, a conventional computer with 64-bit data and address buses can perform the operation of adding two 64-bit numbers, represented in the binary number system, sequentially byte by byte in 16 cycles - minimum. And eight bytes are needed to address these numbers. Each byte has a separate address, called byte-addressable memory. And with it (memory) two operations are carried out to execute commands to the processor: LOAD - loading (or reading); STORE - saving (or recording).The maximum number for 64-bit data and address buses is (2 to the power of 64) - 18.4 * 10 to the power of 18. To obtain the same number using the proposed method, it is sufficient to represent each digit by 16 levels (Ь=16), and the number of digits will also be 16. Since 16 to the power of 16 - will be equal to - 18.4 * 10 to the power of 18. Each digit of a hexadecimal number will be written to a 4-bit cell (register) of memory. But in this case, this cell (register) will be controlled by one bit in the address byte, and all 8 digits - by one byte. And in total, 16 bits or two bytes will be required to address 16-bit data (in each digit, a hexadecimal number). As a result, the addition operation takes 4 clock cycles. In this case, four times fewer cells will be involved in the memory.

[0030]

[0020] The proposed inventions are intended to cover various modifications and changes within the spirit and scope of the attached claims.

[0031]

[0021] SOURCES OF INFORMATION

[0032] 1. Article by Ugryumov E.P. Digital circuit engineering. Textbook for universities.

[0033] St. Petersburg. "BHV-Petersburg. 2007. Paragraph 2.8.. Adders. P. 114-1 16.

[0034] 2. Patent 6137 BY

[0035] 3. V.D. Sidorov, N.V. Strumpe. Computer hardware. Moscow, Publishing center "Academy". 2014. Pp. 41 - 45.

[0036] 4. Brusentsov N.P., Zhogolev E.A. Structure and algorithm of functioning of the small computing machine "SETUN" in the book "Computer engineering and issues of cybernetics". Publishing house Leningrad University 1971. issue 8, pp. 34-51

[0037] 5. S. A. Orlov. Organization of computers and systems. Petersburg. 2024, pp. 578-583

[0038] 6. V.D. Koldaev, S.A. Lunin. Computer architecture. Moscow, Publishing House "Forum" - Infra - M. 2014, pp. 260 - 272.

Claims

FORMULA 1. A method for representing and processing numbers in a computer, in which all information sent via a system bus to and from the processor is represented in the form of multi-digit numbers in a positional number system, characterized in that all numbers are represented in a b-ary number system, each digit in each digit has its own optical metastable monochrome laser beam with a wavelength X selected in the range from X 0 to X b -1 the optical signal of this beam, before entering the processor, is subject to automatic selection by wavelength and, depending on this, via its own separate optical channel with a conventional number already in the decimal number system, is sent to a converter, which at its output forms, in the case of a signal presence - a logical "1" or in the case of its absence - a logical "0", after which this signal is fed to an encoder, which converts its conventional decimal number into an equivalent number already in the binary number system,which, together with another similarly processed number, is fed to the ALU of the processor, and then the binary final number is fed to the decoder, where it is converted into an equivalent number in a single-unit b-ary code, the active output of the decoder, representing the digit in the digit, is converted into an optical laser signal corresponding to its level, which is fed to the system bus.

2. A computer including a processor, storage devices, input-output devices, and an interface, characterized in that it contains lasers in the amount of b pieces as sources of optical signals, each of which emits its own wavelength X, in the range from 0 to X b -1, and functions according to the method of paragraph.1 representation and processing of numbers in a computer, in which all information sent via the system bus to the processor and from the processor is presented in the form of multi-digit numbers, in a positional number system, while all numbers are presented in the b-ary number system, each digit in each digit corresponds to its own optical metastable monochrome laser beam with a wavelength X, selected in the range from X 0 to X b -1 the optical signal of this beam, before entering the processor, is subject to automatic selection by wavelength and, depending on this, through its own separate optical channel with a conventional number already in the decimal number system, is sent to a converter, which at its output forms, in the case of a signal presence - a logical "1" or in the case of its absence - a logical "0", after which this signal is fed to an encoder, which its conventional decimal number. converts it into an equivalent number in the binary number system, which, together with another similarly processed number, is sent to the ALU of the processor, and then the binary final number is sent to the decoder, where it is converted into an equivalent number in a single-unit b-ary code, the active output of the decoder, representing the digit in the digit, is converted into an optical laser signal corresponding to its level, which is fed to the system bus.

3. An information and computing network including communication channels based on fiber-optic cables, data transmission equipment, hardware and software of switching nodes, characterized in that it contains a set of computer devices according to claim 2, including a processor, storage devices, input-output devices, an interface and as sources of optical signals contains lasers in the amount of b pieces, each of which emits its own wavelength X, in the range from X 0 to X b -1 and functions according to the method of claim 1, in which all information sent via the system bus to the processor and from the processor is presented in the form of multi-digit numbers, in a positional number system, while all numbers are presented in the b -ary number system, each digit in each digit corresponds to its own optical metastable monochrome laser beam with a wavelength X selected in the range from X 0 to X b - 1 the optical signal of this beam before entering the processor,are subjected to automatic selection by wavelength and, depending on this, through their own separate optical channel with a conventional number already in the decimal number system, are sent to a converter, which at its output forms, in the case of the presence of a signal, a logical "1" or in the case of its absence, a logical "0", after which this signal is fed to the encoder, which converts its conventional decimal number into an equivalent number already in the binary number system, which, together with another similarly processed number, is fed to the ALU of the processor, and then the binary final number is fed to the decoder, where it is converted into an equivalent number already in a single-unit b-ary code, the active output of the decoder, representing the digit in the digit, is converted into an optical signal of the laser corresponding to its level, which is fed to the system bus.

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