Cooling apparatus

Abstract

A cooling apparatus, wherein the cooling apparatus comprises a pad. The pad comprises a contact element, a distribution element and a flow path, which comprises an inlet and an outlet, and a structural element. The distribution element is located between the contact element and the flow path. The flow path is located between the distribution element and the structural element. A thermal conductivity of the distribution element is greater than a thermal conductivity of the contact element.

Description

[0001] Cooling Apparatus

[0002] The present invention relates to cooling apparatus, in particular cooling apparatus for the treatment of heat-related illness; and a coolant delivery apparatus, in particular a coolant delivery apparatus for delivering coolant to the cooling apparatus.

[0003] The cooling apparatus described herein comprises improvements to the cooling apparatus described in earlier international application PCT / GB2021 / 053027.

[0004] The invention provides a cooling apparatus, wherein the cooling apparatus comprises: a pad, wherein the pad comprises: a contact element; a distribution element; a flow path, wherein the flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet; and a structural element, wherein the distribution element is located between the contact element and the flow path, wherein the flow path is located between the distribution element and the structural element, and wherein a thermal conductivity of the distribution element is greater than a thermal conductivity of the contact element.

[0005] Such a cooling apparatus may be used for the treatment of a patient with heat-related illness; in particular, in a medical emergency where it is beneficial to cool the patient at a rapid rate. For such treatment, the pad is oriented such that the contact element is in contact with the patient and coolant is then conveyed through the flow path. Thermal energy from the patient passes by conduction through the contact element into the distribution element and from there passes into the flowing coolant. Thermal energy is thereby transferred away from an area of the patient which is in contact with the pad. The contact element may be in direct contact with the skin of a patient. The inclusion of a distribution element between the contact element and the flow path, wherein the thermal conductivity of the distribution element is greater than the thermal conductivity of the contact element, helps to spread thermal energy more evenly across the pad. This can help to avoid hot or cold spots on the pad and may increase the efficacy of the cooling apparatus for the treatment of heat-related illness.

[0006] The contact element, distribution element, flow path and structural element may be in a stacked arrangement. The pad may comprise a plurality of stacked layers, with the contact element, distribution element and structural element each forming a layer of the pad. Each of these layers may comprise a sheet, and each sheet may be flexible. A sheet may have a length and width which is at least 10 times greater than the thickness. For example, 10 to 500 times greater. Each sheet may cover substantially the same plan area, or one or more of the sheets may have a different plan area from at least one other. The size of the pad plan area may be 100mm x 100mm to 1500mm x 800mm, for example, 550mm x 300mm. The layers may be coupled together by any suitable method, for example gluing, welding or heat sealing.

[0007] The contact element may be any element configured for contact with the patient to enable thermal energy to be drawn from the patient. The contact element may be configured for contact with the patient’s skin, and therefore may comprise any biocompatible material. Examples of suitable materials include hydrogel and hydrocolloid. These examples are advantageous choices as they may adhere to skin, and this may enhance contact between the contact element and the patient, and therefore the rate at which thermal energy can be drawn from the patient by the pad. Furthermore, these examples are advantageous choices as they have a thermal conductivity akin to the thermal conductivity of skin, and therefore do not impede the transfer of thermal energy from the patient to the rest of the pad.

[0008] The distribution element may be any element which enables thermal energy to pass from the contact element to the flow path when coolant is flowing through the flow path. The thermal conductivity of the distribution element may be any thermal conductivity greater than the thermal conductivity of the contact element. For example, it may be greater than 100W / mK, or greater than 350W / mK. For example, the thermal conductivity of the contact element may be between 350W / mK to 1900W / mK.

[0009] The distribution element may be any shape. For example, it may be planar and / or a quadrilateral sheet. The distribution element may be flexible. The distribution element may have a length, a width, and a thickness, wherein the contact element and the flow path are separated by the thickness of the distribution element. It should be understood that the contact element and the flow path may be separated by the thickness of elements in addition to the distribution element. As such, the distribution element may not be in direct contact with the contact element and / or flow path.

[0010] The thermal conductivity of the distribution element may be isotropic or anisotropic. For a distribution element having a thermal conductivity which is anisotropic, the thermal conductivity may be greater along the length and I or the width, i.e. the plan area defined by the length and width of the distribution element, than through the thickness of the distribution element. Conducting thermal energy to a greater extent along the length and width of the distribution element as opposed to through the thickness of the distribution element enables more homogenous cooling over the plan area of the distribution element, and therefore the pad. This further reduces the likelihood of cold spots developing which could cause harm to the patient. The thermal conductivity of the distribution element may be any number of times greater along the length and width of the distribution element than the thickness of the distribution element. For example, the thermal conductivity of the distribution element may be at least five times, at least ten times, at least twenty-five times, or at least fifty times greater along the length and along the width of the distribution element than through the thickness of the distribution element. The distribution element may comprise any thermally conductive material. For example, the distribution element may comprise a metal (for example, copper, aluminium, or titanium), or a metal alloy (for example, steel, or brass), or a combination thereof. The material may be a composite material. For example, a polymeric material (for example, plastic, silicone) with a thermally conductive filler (for example, boron nitride, aluminium oxide, or metal powder). The material may be a carbon-based microstructure. For example, graphene, carbon fibre, carbon nanotube, or graphite-metal composite. The distribution element may comprise graphite which is highly thermally conductive and has a thermal conductivity which is naturally anisotropic. The material may be graphite combined with, for example, a polymer, metal, or silicone. This is an advantageous choice as such a composite material is relatively flexible (when compared with, for example, graphite alone) and therefore a thicker layer could be used to further increase thermal conduction through the distribution element. The length, width and thickness of the distribution element may be altered to provide a desired thermal conductivity.

[0011] The distribution element may comprise a first thermally conductive element and a first thermally insulative element, wherein the first thermally insulative element is located between the contact element and the first thermally conductive element. The first thermally insulative element may further reduce thermal conductivity through the thickness of the distribution element, thereby promoting the distribution of thermal energy along the length and width of the distribution element.

[0012] The distribution element may further comprise a second thermally conductive element and a second thermally insulative element, wherein the second thermally insulative element is located between the first thermally conductive element and the second thermally conductive element. The distribution element may comprise any number of alternating thermally insulative and thermally conductive elements. The inclusion of two or more alternating thermally insulative and thermally conductive elements further homogenises the thermal distribution throughout the distribution layer, and therefore throughout the pad. The thermally conductive elements may comprise any thermally conductive material, and, as they form the conductive component of the distribution element, may comprise any of the materials mentioned in relation to the distribution element. The thermally insulative elements may comprise any thermally insulative material. For example, a polymer (for example, a polymeric foam). A thermally insulative element may provide structure to a thermally conductive element. For example, for a thermally conductive element comprising graphite, it is advantageous for the thermally conductive element to have a sufficiently small thickness that it remains flexible; in which case, the thermally insulative layer can provide structural support to maintain the thermally conductive layer to maintain it as a cohesive layer, whilst maintaining the flexibility of the distribution element.

[0013] The flow path may be any pathway able to convey coolant from the inlet (where it is supplied to the pad) to the outlet (where it is expelled from the pad) to draw thermal energy from the patient. The coolant may be provided by a fluid cylinder. For example, the coolant may be liquid and / or gas provided by a compressed gas cylinder. For example, the coolant may be compressed gas. The flow path is located between the distribution element and the structural element. The flow path may be formed by a void in one or more elements of the pad, for example between a groove in the structural element, running from the inlet to the outlet, and the distribution element. The structural element may be moulded (for example, compression moulded or cast) to form the grooves. Alternatively, or additionally, the flow path may be formed between a groove in the distribution element running from the inlet to the outlet and the structural element. The groove in the structural element and / or distribution element may be any shape, for example, U-shaped. Alternatively, or additionally, the flow path may be defined by a channel located between, and separate from, the structural element and the distribution element. There may be a plurality of flow paths extending from a common inlet to a common outlet, or a plurality of flow paths and a plurality of inlets and outlets, each of the plurality of flow paths extending between a respective inlet and outlet. The one or more flow paths may be arranged to distribute cooling in a substantially homogeneous manner and / or a tailored manner.

[0014] The structural element may be any element capable of providing structure to the pad. The structural element may comprise any material. Advantageously, the structural element may comprise an insulative material, thereby increasing the efficiency with which thermal energy is drawn from the patient by coolant in the flow path. Examples of such insulative materials include polyurethane and polyethylene, which have the advantage of being flexible, lightweight, and easily bonded to. The structural element may comprise an insulative foam, such as a self-skinning foam, for example a self-skinning polyurethane or polyethylene foam. This is an advantageous choice particularly when the flow path has direct contact with the structural element (for example, when the flow path is formed by a groove in the structural element) as the relatively low surface roughness of a self-skinning foam reduces the resistance to coolant flow.

[0015] The cooling apparatus may comprise a nozzle, and the structural element may comprise a nozzle connector for fluidly coupling a nozzle to the inlet. The nozzle may comprise at least one orifice, and fluid (which may be a supercritical fluid) is provided to the inlet via the at least one orifice at a pressure greater than that of the flow path. This causes the fluid to expand and cool once it passes through the at least one orifice. The high-pressure fluid may be provided by a pressurised fluid container, for example a carbon dioxide cylinder. The outlet may dispense to the atmosphere. The fluid may be liquid before passing through the orifice, and then experience a phase-change to gas as it passed through the orifice into the flow path. Alternatively, the fluid may be gas before passing through the orifice.

[0016] The structural element may comprise a plurality of nozzle connectors for fluidly coupling a plurality of nozzles to a plurality of inlets, wherein the plurality of inlets are coupled to a shared flow path, or individual flow paths. The nozzle may connect to the nozzle connector via any suitable mechanism, for example a snap fit, or via an interference fit. The nozzle may be secured to the nozzle connector by a nozzle clip. The nozzle may comprise a hydraulic quick connect mechanism to disconnect the nozzle from the pad. Alternatively, the quick connect mechanism could be located in the hose connecting the nozzle to the container for supplying coolant to the pad.

[0017] The invention also provides a cooling apparatus, wherein the cooling apparatus comprises: a pad, wherein the pad comprises: a contact element; a first nozzle first flow path, wherein the first nozzle first flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet; and a structural element, wherein the first nozzle first flow path is located between the contact element and the structural element; and a first nozzle for fluidly connecting to a supply to receive fluid therefrom, wherein the first nozzle comprises a first nozzle first orifice for delivering fluid to the inlet of the first nozzle first flow path, wherein the diameter of the first nozzle first orifice is from 50 to 175pm.

[0018] Such a cooling apparatus may make use of the Joule-Thomson effect, where fluid from a source expands and cools when throttled through an orifice, to deliver coolant to the pad. The size of the orifice determines the flow rate of the coolant through the associated flow path, thereby determining the cooling rate of the pad. Manufacturing capability limits the feasibility of using orifices smaller than a given size. Using an orifice having a diameter from 50 to 175pm has been found to provide a balance between these conflicting requirements, achieving an orifice size which can be reliably manufactured whilst providing sufficient cooling for the treatment of heat-related illness. Furthermore, using the Joule-Thomson effect to provide coolant to the pad means the device can be powered without requiring an external power source. The diameter of the first nozzle first orifice may be any diameter from 50 to 175pm. For example, any diameter from 50 to 95pm. For example, any diameter from 60 to 95pm. Although referred to as a diameter, it is to be appreciated that, although the orifice is likely to be substantially circular, it may also have any other regular or irregular shape; in which case, the diameter may be considered the equivalent circular orifice diameter that gives the same results as the non-circular orifice.

[0019] The first nozzle may comprise any element comprising an orifice which is able to deliver fluid to the first inlet of the first nozzle first flow path via the first nozzle first orifice. The nozzle may be machined from a single piece of material, for example, a single piece of stainless steel, mild steel or titanium. The orifice may be formed in the nozzle by any means, for example, laser drilling, microdrilling, EDM, or casting. The nozzle may be any shape, for example, a cylindrical tube. The nozzle may comprise a first tube, wherein the first nozzle first orifice is formed through a wall of the first tube. The orifice diameter and wall thickness may have an aspect ratio of 1 :10. Alternatively, the orifice may be drilled through an orifice element, for example a metal disc and the orifice element may be mounted to a nozzle housing, for example, a first tube.

[0020] The pad may comprise a first nozzle second flow path, wherein the first nozzle second flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet. A first nozzle comprising a first tube may comprise a first nozzle second orifice formed through the wall of the first tube for delivering fluid to the inlet of the first nozzle second flow path. The first nozzle first orifice and the first nozzle second orifice may be aligned along a central axis of the first tube (and direction of fluid flow through the first tube) such that fluid flows through the first nozzle first and second orifices simultaneously. For example, the first nozzle first and second orifices may be the same distance from an inlet of the first tube. The first nozzle first orifice and the first nozzle second orifice may be located at the same position along the first tube, also referred to as axially aligned along the first tube, and may be separated by any angle from 45 to 180° around the first tube, for example, 170°. The flow path through the first nozzle first and second orifices may be at any angle relative to the flow path through the first tube. The flow path through the first nozzle first and second orifices may be substantially perpendicular to a central axis of the first tube (and direction of fluid flow through the first tube). For example, a central axis of the flow path through the first nozzle first and second orifices may be rotated between 70 and 110° (for example, 90°) from the central axis of the flow path through the first tube. A central axis of the flow path through the first nozzle first and second orifices and a central axis of the flow path through the inlet of the first and second inlets, respectively, may be at any angle to one another. For example, they may share a common central axis.

[0021] The pad may comprise a second nozzle first flow path, wherein the second nozzle first flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet. The cooling apparatus may further comprise a second nozzle for fluidly connecting to a supply to receive fluid therefrom. The second nozzle may comprise a second tube and a second nozzle first orifice for delivering fluid to the inlet of the second nozzle first flow path, wherein the second nozzle first orifice is formed through a wall of the second tube. The first and second nozzles may be arranged in-line. Arranging the first and second nozzles in-line is advantageous as it reduces the likelihood of a gas bubble developing in the flow lines supplying the nozzles which could lead to unequal fluid distribution between the nozzles.

[0022] The pad may comprise a second nozzle second flow path, wherein the second nozzle second flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet. A second nozzle comprising a second tube may comprise a second nozzle second orifice formed through the wall of the second tube for delivering fluid to the inlet of the second nozzle second flow path. The second nozzle first orifice and the second nozzle second orifice may be aligned along a central axis of the second tube (and direction of fluid flow through the second tube), such that fluid flows through the second nozzle first and second orifices simultaneously. The second nozzle first and second orifices may be the same distance from an inlet of the second tube. The second nozzle first orifice and the second nozzle second orifice may be axially aligned along the second tube and separated by any angle from 45 to 180°, for example, 170°. The second nozzle first and second orifice may be separated by the same angle as the first nozzle first and second orifice. The flow path through the second nozzle first and second orifices may be at any angle relative to the flow path through the second tube. The flow path through the second nozzle first and second orifices may be substantially perpendicular to a central axis of the second tube (and direction of fluid flow through the second tube). For example, a central axis of the flow path through the first nozzle first and second orifices may be rotated be between 70 and 110° (for example, 90°) from the central axis of the flow path through the first tube. A central axis of the flow path through the second nozzle first and second orifice and a central axis of the flow path through the inlet of the third and fourth inlets, respectively, may be at any angle to one another. For example, they may share a common central axis.

[0023] In addition to the size of the orifice, the number of orifices may be varied to control the flow rate of the coolant through the associated flow path. Therefore, fluid may be supplied to each flow path by more than one orifice.

[0024] Accordingly, the diameter of the orifices and / or the number of orifices may be selected in accordance with the properties of the fluid container (for example, the volume and / or pressure) to produce the expansion, and thereby the cooling effect, for a predetermined length of time. For example, 20 to 45 minutes, for example, 25 to 35 minutes. Thus, diameter of the orifices and / or number of orifices may be selected to provide an optimal compromise between the rate of cooling and its duration.

[0025] For example, the diameter of the first nozzle first and second orifices and the second nozzle first and second orifices may configured such that, when coupled to a particular fluid container — for example, a carbon dioxide cylinder having an internal volume of 1.9L and a fill mass of 1.15kg — the carbon dioxide expands through the orifices, and the apparatus produces a cooling effect, for 20 to 45 minutes, for example, 25 to 35 minutes, before the carbon dioxide in the cylinder is exhausted.

[0026] The first and / or second nozzle may comprise one or more filters to reduce the risk of an orifice being partially or fully obstructed. A filter may be located within the first tube and upstream of the first nozzle first orifice, for example in a hydraulic fitting. Additionally, or alternatively, a filter may be located within the second tube and upstream of the second nozzle first orifice.

[0027] The filter may be any filter for removing detritus. The filter may comprise a mesh. The filter may comprise a mesh located between an O-ring and a circlip to form a seal with the nozzle, for example, with the first and / or second tube. Using a circlip as opposed to a threaded component is advantageous as the threading of threaded components can produce filings which obstruct orifices. Using threads to secure components such as a filter within a flow path may also inadvertently provide a flow path which bypasses the filter, whereas the circlip and O-ring can together form a reliable seal with a tube. The mesh may be encased in a steel ring. The diameter of the holes in the mesh may be 10pm to the orifice diameter, for example, 26pm.

[0028] The first and / or second nozzle and the pad may comprise cooperating alignment features to orient the first and / or second nozzle relative to the pad when coupling to the pad. The alignment features may be any cooperating features for aligning the first and / or second nozzle with the pad such that the orifices can be fluidly coupled with an inlet of their (respective) flow path. The first and / or second nozzle may comprise a protrusion, and the pad may comprise a slot for receiving the protrusion. The first and / or second nozzle may comprise a hydraulic fitting, and the protrusion may be present on the hydraulic fitting. The hydraulic fitting may couple a hose for supplying fluid to the first nozzle, couple the second nozzle to the first nozzle, or seal an end of the first nozzle. There may be three hydraulic fittings: one to couple a hose for supplying fluid to the first nozzle, one for coupling the second nozzle to the first nozzle, and one to seal an end of the first nozzle. The protrusion may be on one or more of these hydraulic fittings. The hydraulic fitting may comprise a male cone connector which connects with a female swivel sealing cone connector.

[0029] The hose for coupling to the first nozzle may comprise any material for delivering fluid to the first nozzle. The material may be a thermoplastic material. A thermoplastic material is advantageous over a rubber material as it is more resistant to corrosion, which is a particular issue when the coolant is carbon dioxide. The hose wall may be relatively thin. For example, 1 mm - 4mm. The microbore may have a diameter of 1mm - 10mm. For example, 1.5mm - 2.5mm. For example, 2mm.

[0030] The pad may comprise all of the aforementioned features of the pad. A plurality of nozzles may connect with a plurality of pads.

[0031] The invention also provides a coolant delivery apparatus, wherein the coolant delivery apparatus comprises: a fluid container, wherein the fluid container comprises a fluid connector; and a dock, wherein the dock comprises a dock connector to couple with the fluid connector to allow fluid to flow from the fluid container to the dock, wherein the dock comprises a base for orienting the fluid container such that fluid can flow from the fluid container to the dock.

[0032] Such a coolant delivery apparatus may be used to deliver coolant to a cooling apparatus, for example, any of the cooling apparatus provided by the invention. The fluid containers used to deliver coolant to such cooling apparatus may contain pressurised fluid and are operated by coupling with a dock: the fluid container comprises a fluid connector and the dock comprises a dock connector which, when coupled together, enable fluid to flow from the container to the dock for delivery to the cooling apparatus.

[0033] It may be beneficial for the fluid delivered to the dock to be primarily a liquid, or supercritical fluid component of the content of the fluid container rather than primarily a gaseous component thereof as this may provide advantages when supplying coolant to the nozzles of the cooling apparatus as described above. The fluid connector may have a fluid connector outlet from which fluid can leave the fluid container. The fluid connector may comprise a fluid connector inlet within the fluid container through which fluid from the container must pass to reach the fluid connector outlet. There may be a valve located between the fluid connector inlet and the fluid connector outlet which permits fluid to flow between the fluid connector inlet and the fluid connector outlet when open. The fluid connector inlet may be located at a distance from the fluid connector outlet, for example at the end of a dip tube or internal flow channel. The container may be oriented such that the fluid connector, or an inlet to the fluid connector, is in a lowermost part of the container, for example, the lowest 25%, or 10% or 5% of the container. Incorporating a base into the dock enables a user to orient the fluid container such that the fluid contacts the fluid connector whilst it is being coupled to the dock connector, thereby enabling fluid to flow from the container to the dock.

[0034] The fluid container may contain any fluid which may act as a coolant and may be a pressurised container. The fluid container may be a fluid cylinder. The fluid container may contain, for example, pressurised carbon dioxide. The pressure inside the fluid container may be 4-1 OMpa. The fluid container may be single use, and therefore easier to transport than traditional gas cylinders which require regulators and valve guards and are typically less safe to transport. The fluid cylinder may have a capacity of 2.2L.

[0035] The base of the dock may orient the fluid container in a substantially vertical orientation. A substantially vertical orientation may be considered any angle within 45° of vertical. For example, 25° of vertical. For example, 10° of vertical. In such examples, the fluid container may be oriented such that the inlet to the valve is at the bottom of the container.

[0036] Connecting the fluid connector of the fluid container to the dock connector of the dock may automatically permit fluid to pass from the fluid container to the dock. This may facilitate rapid operation of the device when needed. For example, connection of the fluid connector to the dock connector may rupture a seal on the fluid connector or may open a valve in the fluid connector.

[0037] The base of the dock may be configured for standing on the ground. For example, it may comprise a substantially flat base. The base of the dock may comprise a body for receiving the fluid container and a flange which extends from the body of the dock on which a user could place a foot to secure the base of the dock, and therefore the container, in the desired orientation, for example as the fluid container is coupled to the base of the dock.

[0038] The dock may comprise any material, for example, plastic or metal. The dock may be made by any suitable method of construction, for example, injection moulding, 3D printing, milling, compression moulding, and / or by assembling separate parts. The flange may extend from the bottom of the dock at a substantially perpendicular angle to the base of the dock. There may be two flanges extending from the bottom of the dock in opposite directions, one for each foot to stand on. The dock body may have a similar size and shape as the container (although slightly larger to receive the container). The dock body may comprise a substantially flat base to enable the container to stand upright supported by the dock body. The two flanges may be elongate, and thereby enable the dock to more reliably hold the container upright on a slope, even without a user resting a foot on top of one or more of the flanges.

[0039] The coolant delivery apparatus may comprise an alignment surface and the dock may comprise a docking surface, wherein the docking surface is configured to contact the alignment surface to align the fluid container relative to the dock prior to and during coupling the fluid connector and dock connector. Aligning the fluid container relative to the dock in this manner makes it easier for a user to couple the fluid container to the dock.

[0040] The alignment surface may be integral with the fluid container or may form part of an external component which is coupleable to the fluid container. The external component may be removably coupleable, for example, via a snap fit. The external component may be permanently coupleable, for example, using an adhesive such as glue. Such an external component may be referred to as an alignment guide. The alignment guide may comprise a female connector, wherein the alignment surface is an inner surface of the female connector, and the dock may comprise a corresponding male connector, wherein the docking surface is an outer surface of the male connector. Alternatively, or additionally, the alignment guide may comprise a male connector, wherein the alignment surface is an outer surface of the male connector, and the dock may comprise a corresponding female connector, wherein the docking surface is an inner surface of the female connector. The dock connector and the fluid connector may comprise any connector for coupling the fluid connector to the dock connector, for example, a screw thread. The alignment surface is particularly advantageous when the fluid connector and the dock connector are coupleable via a screw thread as it can reduce the likelihood of cross-threading. The alignment guide may comprise any material, for example, plastic or metal. The dock may be made by any suitable method of construction, for example, injection moulding, 3D printing, milling, compression moulding, and / or by assembling separate parts.

[0041] The cooling apparatus and / or the coolant delivery apparatus may be portable. The pad may be worn by the patient. For example, the pad may be strapped to the patient, in particular, to a part of the body (for example, the torso, thighs, back, groin, armpits and / or neck) which may be most effective for the treatment of the heat-related illness. The cooling apparatus may further comprise a cover, which may be coupled to the structural element. The cover may be oriented relative to the structural element using locating pegs and coupled to the structural element via a snap fit. The cover may display instructions for use, labelling and branding.

[0042] The cooling apparatus may further comprise a strapping system to secure the pad to the patient. The strapping system may comprise a front plate for coupling to the pad, for example, the cover. The strapping system may further comprise a back plate which is releasably coupleable to the front plate by one or more elastic straps, to anchor and compress the front plate, and therefore the pad, against the patient. The band may be permanently affixed to the back plate and releasably coupled to the front plate.

[0043] To position the pad in contact with the patient using the strapping system, the backplate may be placed in contact with the patient’s back (for example, the patient may be placed into the recovery position, the backplate then placed in contact with the patient’s back, and the patient moved into a supine position). Similarly to the pad, the backplate may comprise a contact element configured for contact with the patient’s skin, and therefore may comprise any biocompatible material, such as hydrogel and hydrocolloid. The front plate may then be placed in contact with the front of the patient’s torso, with the contact element in contact with the patient’s skin. The elastic straps may then be guided either side of the torso and attached to the front plate, for example, via a hook and loop fastening. The backplate may comprise an attachment to roll the straps and affix them rolled to the backplate when the straps are not in use.

[0044] The top plate may further comprise a tensioning strap fastened along or parallel to a central axis of the top plate, wherein the central axis is parallel to the width of the pad, and extends towards an edge of the top plate, wherein the edge is parallel to the width of the pad. When the strap is tensioned, for example, using a ladder lock, the edge of the top plate is pulled inward, and moves relative to the pad to reduce the distance between the ends of the tensioning strap, thereby applying pressure to the pad and increasing contact with the patient. This strapping system enables the pad to be used on patient’s with varying anatomies and on different parts of the body, and encourages even compression across the pad, rather than tension through the contact, distribution and structural element of the pad.

[0045] The invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the following figures, in which:

[0046] Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a portion of a pad;

[0047] Figure 2 shows a perspective view of a distribution element;

[0048] Figure 3a shows a cross-section of two fluidly coupled nozzles;

[0049] Figure 3b shows a perspective view of the two fluidly coupled nozzles shown in Figure 3a;

[0050] Figure 4 shows the two fluidly coupled nozzles oriented correctly relative to a pad prior to fluidly coupling with the pad;

[0051] Figure 5 shows a cross-section through a structural element of a pad with the two fluidly coupled nozzles coupled to the pad;

[0052] Figure 6a shows a fluid container and a dock prior to coupling together;

[0053] Figure 6b shows the fluid container and dock of Figure 6a after being coupled together.

[0054] Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a region of a pad 2, comprising a contact element 4, a thermally insulative element 6, a thermally conductive element 8 and a structural element 14. The contact element 4, thermally insulative element 6, thermally conductive element 8 and structural element 14 are in a stacked arrangement with each element bonded to the neighbouring element in the stack, for example using an adhesive, or adhesive tape. In use, the pad 2 would be oriented with the contact element 4 facing towards, and in contact with a part of the body of a patient, for example the torso of a patient. The structural element 14 includes grooves 10 formed therein which define one or more flow paths 12. In this example the pad 2 comprises a single, generally U-shaped, flow path 12 and the cross-section shows an outward leg 11 for carrying coolant fluid away from an inlet (not shown in this figure) and return leg 13 for carrying coolant fluid towards an outlet (not shown in this figure).

[0055] In this example the thermally insulative element 6 and the thermally conductive element 8 together form a distribution element 16. In other examples the distribution element may be a simple layer, for example, a single layer, or there may be a plurality of alternating thermally insulative elements 6 and thermally conductive elements 8, which collectively form the distribution element 16.

[0056] The pad 2 has a width which, in Figure 1 , extends across the page, a length which, in Figure 1 , extends into the page, and a thickness which, in Figure 1 , extends up the page. The structural element 14 has a base surface 17 in which the grooves 10 are formed. The distribution element 16 is bonded to the base surface 17 and an open portion of the grooves 10 is closed by the distribution element 16 to define the flow path 12. The contact element 4 is bonded to the distribution element 16 such that the structural element 14 and the contact element 4 are separated by the thickness of the distribution element 16.

[0057] Figure 2 shows a perspective view of the distribution element 16. The distribution element 16 has a length L, width W, and thickness T. The length L and width W of the distribution element 16 is greater than the thickness T of the distribution element 16, and the length L is greater than the width W. However, in other examples, the length L and width W may be the same dimension.

[0058] The distribution element 16 has a plurality of slits 19 extending inwardly from an edge of the distribution element 8. In this example, the distribution element is substantially rectangular and there are four slits 19 extending parallel to the width dimension for between 10% and 20% of the width W distributed along and extending from each of the longer sides (the sides running parallel to the length L of the distribution element 16). There is also a slit 19 extending parallel to the length dimension for between 25% and 40% of the width L arranged substantially centrally along, and extending from, each of the shorter sides (the sides running parallel to the width W of the distribution element). These may help the pad to conform to the contours of the patient’s body. In other examples, the sides may comprise any number of slits 19. The slits in the shorter sides are longer than the slits in the longer sides. In other examples, all of the slits may be different or substantially the same length.

[0059] Figures 3a and 3b show a cross-section and perspective view of a first nozzle 24 and a second nozzle 18 for supplying coolant to a pad 2. The first nozzle 24 comprises a first tube 28, and a first nozzle first orifice 26 is formed through a wall of the first tube 28. A first nozzle second orifice (not shown in this figure) is also formed through the wall of the first tube 28. The first nozzle second orifice is axially aligned along the length of the first tube 28 with the first nozzle first orifice 26. The second nozzle 18 comprises a second tube 20, and a second nozzle first orifice 22 is formed through a wall of the second tube 20. A second nozzle second orifice (not shown in this figure) is also formed through the wall of the second tube 20. The second nozzle second orifice is axially aligned along the second tube 20 with the second nozzle first orifice 20. The first nozzle 18 and the second nozzle 24 are fluidly coupled together by a line 46 through which fluid can flow. A proximal end of the first tube 28 is coupled to a distal end of the line 46 and a distal end of the first tube is fluidly sealed by a seal 52. The seal 52 may be integral to the first tube 28 or may be a separate component. A distal end of the second tube 20 is coupled to a proximal end of the line 46. A proximal end of the second tube 20 is coupled to a hose 42 through which, in use, a coolant fluid is provided to the nozzle assembly.

[0060] A first connector 50, in this case a hydraulic connector, couples the first tube 28 to the line 46. The first connector 50 comprises a male connector coupled to the line 46 which slots into a female connector coupled to the first tube 28. A second connector 48, in this case a hydraulic connector, couples the second tube 20 to the line 46. The second connector 48 comprises a male connector coupled to the line 46 which slots into a female connector coupled to the second tube 28. A third connector 44, in this case a hydraulic connector, couples the second tube 20 to the hose 42. The third connector 44 comprises a male connector coupled to the hose 42 which slots into a female connector coupled to the second tube 22. One or more of the female and male connectors may be integral with the part they are intended to fluidly connect with another part (for example, the male connectors of the first and second tubes 28,20 may be integral with the first and second tubes 28,20). The connectors may rely on an interference fit to connect. Alternatively, or additionally, a ring may tighten around the female and male connectors to secure the connection.

[0061] The first nozzle 24 comprises a first filter 36 upstream of the first nozzle first orifice 26 and is located between an O-ring 38 and a circlip 40 to form a seal with the first tube 28. The second nozzle 18 comprises a second filter 30 and is located between an O-ring 32 and a circlip 34 to form a seal with the second tube 20.

[0062] The first nozzle 24 and second nozzle 18 each comprise protrusions 54 which cooperate with features of the pad 2 for aligning the nozzles relative to the pad 2. In this example, seal 52, first connector 50, second connector 48 and third connector 44 each comprise a protrusion 54. In other examples, the protrusions 54 may be present on other parts of the apparatus, for example, the first nozzle 24, second nozzle 18, hose 42, or line 46. In this example, the protrusions 54 have a spherical base for being received into a corresponding concave slot in the pad 2. In other examples, the protrusions 54 may be any other shape for being received into a slot in the pad 2 having a corresponding shape.

[0063] Figure 4 shows the first and second nozzles 24,18 fluidly coupled together as described in Figures 3a and 3b, and oriented correctly relative to the pad 2 prior to fluidly coupling with the pad 2. The first and second nozzles 24,18 are rotated such that the protrusions 54 are facing the pad 2, and then lowered to be received within a first receiver 58 and a second receiver 56, respectively. The receivers 56, 58 each include a feature that cooperates with the protrusions 54 to align the nozzles 18,24 with respect to the pad 2. Figure 5 also shows flow channel outlets 21 which extend through the structural element 14. Figure 5 shows a cross-section through the structural element 14 of the pad 2 with the first and second nozzles 24,18 coupled thereto. The structural element 14 comprises grooves 10 defining a first nozzle first flow path 12 which receives coolant from the first nozzle first orifice 26, first nozzle second flow path 62 which receives coolant from the first nozzle second orifice, a second nozzle first flow path 15 which receives coolant from the second nozzle first orifice and a second nozzle second flow path 64 which receives coolant from the second nozzle second orifice. Each flow path 12, 62, 15, 64 is generally U-shaped and extends from an inlet adjacent to an orifice of a nozzle 18, 24 to an outlet 21 at a distal end of the flow path 12, 62, 15, 64. The flow paths are tapered such that the width of the flow path increases from the inlet through the entrance to the U-bend to the base of the U-bend, and then decreases through the exit of the U-bend before increasing again to the outlet 21.

[0064] Figure 6a shows a coolant delivery apparatus 66 comprising a fluid container 68 and a dock 72, prior to coupling the fluid container 68 to the dock 72. The fluid container 68 comprises a fluid connector 70. In this example, the fluid container 68 is a fluid cylinder containing pressurised carbon dioxide. The dock 72 comprises a dock connector 74 to couple with the fluid connector 70 to allow fluid to flow from the fluid container 68 to the dock 72. The dock 72 comprises a base 76 for orienting the fluid container 68 such that fluid can flow from the fluid container 68 to the dock 72. In this example, the base 76 orients the fluid container 68 in a substantially vertical orientation. This ensures an inlet to a valve, which in this case is located in fluid connector 70, for supplying coolant from the fluid container 68 to the dock 72 is in the lowermost part of the container, for example, the lowest 25%, or 10% or 5% of the container.

[0065] The coolant delivery apparatus 66 comprises an alignment guide 78, which is coupled to the fluid container 68. The alignment guide 78 functions as both a female and a male connector. The dock 72 comprises a male connector 94 and a female connector 92. An inner surface 80 of the alignment guide 78 corresponds with an outer surface 82 of the male connector 94 of the dock 72, and an outer surface 84 of the alignment guide 78 corresponds with an inner surface 86 of the female connector 92 of the dock 72, to align the alignment guide 78 with the dock 72. The alignment guide 78 shrouds the fluid connector 70. The dock 72 comprises two flanges 88 which extend from either side of the base 76 of the dock 72 on which a user could place feet to secure the base. The two flanges 88 have grip 90 on their upper surface to increase friction between the feet and the flanges 88.

[0066] Figure 6b shows the coolant delivery apparatus 66 comprising the fluid container 68 and the dock 72, after coupling the fluid container 68 to the dock 72. A user, having attached the alignment guide 78 to the fluid container 68 (if it is not already attached thereto, or integral therewith) and placed the dock 72 on a surface, may lower the fluid container 68 towards the dock 72 such that the alignment guide 78 engages with the male connector 94 and female connector 92. This aligns the fluid connector 70 with the dock connector 74 prior to coupling. Further lowering the fluid container 68 relative to the dock 72 activates the valve in the fluid connector 70 to supply coolant. The fluid connector 70 and dock connector 74 may each comprise a screw thread. As such, once aligned, twisting the fluid connector 70 relative to the dock 72 may activate the fluid container valve to supply coolant via hose 42.

Claims

Claims1. A cooling apparatus, wherein the cooling apparatus comprises: a pad, wherein the pad comprises: a contact element; a distribution element; a flow path, wherein the flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet; and a structural element, wherein the distribution element is located between the contact element and the flow path, wherein the flow path is located between the distribution element and the structural element, and wherein a thermal conductivity of the distribution element is greater than a thermal conductivity of the contact element.

2. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the distribution element has a length, a width, and a thickness, wherein the contact element and the flow path are separated by the thickness of the first distribution element, and wherein the thermal conductivity of the distribution element is greater along the length and width of the distribution element than the thickness of the distribution element.

3. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the thermal conductivity of the distribution element is at least five times greater along the length and width of the distribution element than the thickness of the distribution element.

4. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claims 2 or 3, wherein the distribution element comprises graphite.

5. A cooling apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the distribution element comprises a first thermally conductive element and a first thermally insulative element, wherein the first thermally insulative element is located between the contact element and the first thermally conductive element.

6. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the distribution element comprises a second thermally conductive element and a second thermally insulative element, wherein the second thermally insulative element is located between the first thermally conductive element and the second thermally conductive element.

7. A cooling apparatus, wherein the cooling apparatus comprises: a pad, wherein the pad comprises: a contact element; a first nozzle first flow path, wherein the first nozzle first flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet; and a structural element, wherein the first nozzle first flow path is located between the contact element and the structural element; and a first nozzle for fluidly connecting to a supply to receive fluid therefrom, wherein the first nozzle comprises a first nozzle first orifice for delivering fluid to the inlet of the first nozzle first flow path, wherein the diameter of the first nozzle first orifice is from 50 to 175pm.

8. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the diameter of the orifice is 85- 95pm.

9. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 7 or 8, wherein the first nozzle comprises a first tube, and the first nozzle first orifice is formed through a wall of the first tube.

10. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the pad comprises a first nozzle second flow path, wherein the first nozzle second flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet, and wherein the first nozzle comprises a first nozzle second orifice formed through the wall of the first tube for delivering fluid to the inlet of the first nozzle second flow path, wherein the first nozzle first orifice and the first nozzle second orifice are axially aligned along the first tube.

11. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 9 or 10, wherein the cooling apparatus comprises: a second nozzle first flow path, wherein the second nozzle first flow path comprises an inlet and an outlet; and a second nozzle for fluidly connecting to a supply to receive fluid therefrom, wherein the second nozzle comprises a second tube and a second nozzle first orifice for delivering fluid to the inlet of the second nozzle first flow path, wherein the second nozzle first orifice is formed through a wall of the second tube, wherein the first and second nozzles are arranged in-line.

12. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the flow path through the first nozzle first, first nozzle second, or second nozzle first orifice is substantially perpendicular to a flow path through the first and second tubes.

13. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 11 or 12, wherein the flow path through at least one of the first nozzle first, first nozzle second or second nozzle first orifice and the flow path through the inlet of the first, second or third inlet, respectively, share a common central axis.

14. A cooling apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11 , wherein the first nozzle comprises a filter, wherein the filter is located within the first tube and upstream of the first nozzle first orifice.

15. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first nozzle comprises an O- ring and a circlip, wherein the filter is located between the O-ring and the circlip to form a seal with the first tube.

16. A cooling apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 15, wherein the pad and at least the first nozzle comprise cooperating alignment features to orient the first nozzle relative to the pad when coupling the first nozzle to the pad.

17. A cooling apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the first nozzle comprises a protrusion, and the pad may comprise a slot for receiving the protrusion.

18. A cooling apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 17, wherein the cooling apparatus further comprises a hose for coupling to the first nozzle for delivering fluid to the first nozzle, wherein the hose comprises a bore having a diameter from 1.5-2.5mm.

19. A coolant delivery apparatus, wherein the coolant delivery apparatus comprises: a fluid container, wherein the fluid container comprises a fluid connector; and a dock, wherein the dock comprises a dock connector to couple with the fluid connector to allow fluid to flow from the fluid container to the dock, wherein the dock comprises a base for orienting the fluid container such that liquid or supercritical fluid can flow from the fluid container to the dock.

20. A coolant delivery apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the base is for orienting the fluid container in a substantially vertical orientation.

21. A coolant delivery apparatus as claimed in claim 19 or 20, wherein the coolant delivery apparatus comprises an alignment surface and the dock comprises a docking surface, wherein the docking surface is configured to contact the alignment surface to align the fluid container relative to the dock prior to and during coupling the fluid connector and dock connector.

22. A coolant delivery apparatus as claimed in claim 21 , wherein the fluid container comprises an alignment guide, wherein the alignment guide comprises the alignment surface and is coupleable to the fluid container.

23. A coolant delivery apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein the alignment guide comprises a female connector, wherein the alignment surface is an inner surface of the female connector, and the dock comprises a corresponding male connector, wherein the docking surface is an outer surface of the male connector; and / or the alignment guide comprises a male connector, wherein the alignment surface is an outer surface of the male connector, and the dock comprises a corresponding female connector, wherein the docking surface is an inner surface of the female connector.

24. A coolant delivery apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 22 or 23, wherein the alignment guide shrouds the fluid connector.

25. A coolant delivery apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 19 to 24, wherein the dock connector and the fluid connector comprise a screw thread for coupling the fluid connector to the dock connector.

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