Electrodepositable coating compositions comprising a guanidine curing catalyst

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to an electrodepositable coating composition comprising a cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer comprising active hydrogen functional groups; a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, metal oxide, and / or metal acetate. Also disclosed are pigment pastes, methods for coating substrates, and coated substrates.

Description

ELECTRODEPOSITABLE COATING COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A GUANIDINE CURING CATAEYST CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 556,327, filed February 21, 2024 and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 556,668, filed February 22, 2024, both entitled “Electrodepo sitable Coating Compositions”, which are incorporated herein in their entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure is directed towards an electrodepo sitable coating composition comprising a film-forming polymer, a blocked polyisocyanate, a guanidine curing catalyst, and an acid scavenger, a metal oxide and / or a metal acetate. Pigment pastes, methods of using the coating compositions to coat substrates, and substrates coated thereby are also disclosed.BACKGROUND

[0003] Electrodeposition as a coating application method involves the deposition of a film-forming composition onto a conductive substrate under the influence of an applied electrical potential. Electrodeposition has gained popularity in the coatings industry because it provides higher paint utilization, outstanding corrosion resistance, and low environmental contamination as compared with non-electrophoretic coating methods.SUMMARY

[0004] Disclosed herein are electrodepositable coating compositions comprising a cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer comprising active hydrogen functional groups; a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, metal oxide and / or metal acetate, and when the metal oxide is present in the composition and comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide, an acid scavenger and / or a metal acetate are also present in the composition.

[0005] The present disclosure is further directed to pigment pastes for an electrodepositable coating composition comprising a cationic salt group-containing resin; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, metal oxide and / or metal acetate.

[0006] The present disclosure also provides methods for using the electrodepositable coating compositions of the disclosure to coat a substrate by electrodeposition of the coatingcomposition onto at least a portion of the substrate. Substrates coated thereby are also within the present scope.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0007] The present disclosure provides an electrodepositable coating composition comprising a cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer comprising active hydrogen functional groups; a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, metal oxide, and / or metal acetate. When metal oxide is used and comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide, an acid scavenger and / or a metal acetate are also used. The guanidine curing catalyst may be present in an amount of 0.1% to 7% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids when the composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite. An “electrodepositable coating composition” will be understood as referring to a composition that is capable of being deposited onto an electrically conductive substrate under the influence of an electrical potential applied between two electrodes immersed in the electrodepositable coating composition, where one of the electrodes is the substrate to be coated. The present coating may be described herein in terms of a coating composition, which will be understood as referring to an uncured or unhardened mixture of coating components. The coating composition can be deposited and cured to form a coating or coating layer, which terms may be used interchangeably herein.

[0008] The electrodepositable coating compositions of the present disclosure comprise a film-forming component comprising a cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer and a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent; the polymer and curing agent are sometimes collectively referred to herein as an electrodepositable binder. A cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer refers to film-forming polymers that include at least partially neutralized cationic salt groups, such as amine, sulfonium and / or ammonium salt groups, that impart a positive charge. The cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer comprises active hydrogen functional groups, which refers to those functional groups that are reactive with isocyanates, and include, for example, hydroxyl groups, p rimary or secondary amine groups, carbamate, and thiol groups. As used herein, the term “film-forming polymer” may be used interchangeably with “polymer” or “resin”, and refers to one or more polymers, such as homo polymers and / or copolymers, as well as prepolymers, oligomers, and monomers, that, upon hardening and / or curing, such as by reaction with a crosslinker, can form a continuous film on a surface. The terms “crosslinker”,“crosslinking agent”, or “curing agent”, may be used interchangeably herein. “Cure”, “harden” and like terms may also be used intcr-changcably herein and refer to the ability of at least a portion of the polymerizable and / or crosslinkable components to undergo a reaction.

[0009] The film-forming polymer may be organic or inorganic. An “organic” filmforming polymer is one with a skeletal structure that includes a carbon atom in the backbone, while an “inorganic” film-forming polymer refers to one with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms in the backbone; a suitable example is one that comprises silicone-based materials. It will be understood that the electrodepositable binder may also comprise a mixture of organic and inorganic film-forming and / or curing agent materials.

[0010] Polymers that are suitable for use as the cationic salt group-containing filmforming polymer of the electrodepositable coating composition include, but are not limited to, alkyd polymers, acrylics, polyepoxides, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyethers, and polyesters, as well as adducts, derivatives and combinations thereof. For example, the cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer may comprise a reaction product of reactants comprising (a) a polyepoxide; (b) a di-functional chain extender; and (c) a mono-functional reactant, such as the polymers described in IntT App. No. PCT / US22 / 73356, at paragraphs

[0023] to

[0038] , the cited portion of which is incorporated herein by reference. Particularly suitable are di-epoxides, such as the diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol, such as bisphenol A (BADGE) and bisphenol F (BFDGE).

[0011] The cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer may be made cationic and water dispersible by at least partial neutralization with an acid such as formic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid and / or sulfamic acid. The extent of neutralization of the cationic salt group-containing film- forming polymer may vary with the particular' polymer involved. However, sufficient acid should be used to neutralize the cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer such that the cationic salt group-containing filmforming polymer may be dispersed in an aqueous dispersing medium. For example, the amount of acid used may provide at least 20% of all of the total theoretical neutralization. Alternatively, the amount of acid used may provide in excess of 100% of all of the total theoretical neutralization. The total amount of acid used to neutralize the cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer may range between any combination of values, for example, such as at 20% or more, to, such as greater than 100%, is inclusive of the recited values. For example, thetotal amount of acid used to neutralize the active hydrogen-containing, cationic salt group- containing film-forming polymer may be at least 20%, 35%, 50%, 60%, 80%, or 100% or greater, based on the total amines in the cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer.

[0012] Suitable inorganic electrodepositable film-forming polymers include silicone- based film-forming polymers, such as those described in Int’l Pub. No. WO 2021 / 138384 Al, at paragraphs

[0007] through

[0029] , the cited portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0013] The cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer may be present in the electrodepositable coating composition in an amount of at least 40% by weight, such as at least 50% by weight, such as at least 55% by weight, such as at least 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the electrodepositable coating composition. The cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer may be present in the electrodepositable coating composition in an amount of no more than 90% by weight, such as no more than 80% by weight, such as no more than 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the electrodepositable coating composition. The cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer may be present in the electrodepositable coating composition, in an amount of 40% to 90% by weight, such as 40% to 80% by weight, such as 40% to 75% by weight, such as 50% to90% by weight, such as 50% to 80% by weight, such as 50% to 75% by weight, such as 55% to90% by weight, such as 55% to 80% by weight, such as 55% to 75% by weight, such as 60% to90% by weight, such as 60% to 80% by weight, such as 60% to 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the electrodepositable coating composition.

[0014] As used herein, the “resin solids” includes the cationic salt group-containing filmforming polymer, the curing agent (including any volatilizable blocking agents thereof), and any additional water-dispersible component(s) present in the electrodepositable coating composition; the pigment component(s) are not considered resin solids. It may be desirable to react the guanidine curing catalyst with a resin to limit the amount of guanidine that is removed during ultra-filtration; such resin would be considered part of the resin solids, and are further described below.

[0015] As noted above, the electrodepositable coating composition of the present disclosure further comprises a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent. Other suitable curing agents could optionally be included, such as aminoplast resins and / or phenoplast resins, such as phenolformaldehyde condensates including allyl ether and / or derivatives thereof.

[0016] As used herein, a “blocked polyisocyanate” means a polyisocyanate wherein at least a portion of the isocyanato groups is blocked by a blocking group introduced by the reaction of a free isocyanato group of the polyisocyanate with a blocking agent. By “blocked” is meant that the isocyanato groups have been reacted with a blocking agent such that the resultant blocked isocyanate group is stable to active hydrogens at ambient temperature, e.g., room temperature (23 °C). The reaction may be reversed under suitable conditions, such as at elevated temperatures, such as, e.g., 90°C to 200°C, such that the previously blocked isocyanato groups on the polyisocyanate curing agent are unblocked and available to react with the reactive groups, such as active hydrogen groups, of the cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer to effectuate cure of the coating composition to form a coating layer.

[0017] Blocking agents that are disassociated from the blocked polyisocyanate curing agent during cure may be removed from the coating by volatilization. Alternatively, at least a portion of the blocking agent may remain in the coating following cure.

[0018] Suitable blocked polyisocyanate curing agents, and amounts thereof, including suitable polyisocyanates, and blocking components such as blocking groups and / or blocking agents, such as but not limited to 1,2 polyols, are provided in Int’l Pub. No. WO 2021 / 138583 Al, at paragraphs

[0022] to

[0035] , the cited portion of which is incorporated herein by reference. The 1,2-alkane diol may comprise ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-butane diol, 1,2-pentane diol, 1,2-hexane diol, 1 ,2-heptanediol, 1 ,2-octanediol, glycerol esters or ethers having a 1,2-dihydroxyl-functionality, and the like, and may include combinations thereof.

[0019] The blocked polyisocyanate may comprise a blocking group derived from a blocking agent comprising an alpha-hydroxy amide, ester, or thioester as provided in IntT Pub. No. WO 2018 / 148306 Al, at paragraphs

[0010] to

[0029] , the cited portion of which is incorporated herein by reference. The blocked polyisocyanate may be a fully blocked polyisocyanate wherein essentially 100% of the isocyanato groups of the polyisocyanate are blocked with one or more blocking groups. Optionally, the blocked polyisocyanate curing agent may be an at least partially blocked polyisocyanate, having fewer than 100% of the isocyanato groups blocked, as long as the coating composition remains a stable dispersion. Combinations of blocking agents may be used.

[0020] The blocking agent may also comprise aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic alkyl monoalcohols or phenolic compounds, including, for example, lower aliphatic alcohols, such asmethanol, ethanol, and n-butanol; cycloaliphatic alcohols, such as cyclohexanol; aromatic-alkyl alcohols, such as phenyl carbinol and mcthylphcnyl carbinol; and phenolic compounds, such as phenol itself and substituted phenols wherein the substituents do not affect coating operations, such as cresol and nitrophenol. Glycol ethers and glycol amines may also be used as blocking agents. Suitable glycol ethers include ethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether and propylene glycol methyl ether. Other suitable blocking agents include oximes, such as methyl ethyl ketoxime, acetone oxime and cyclohexanone oxime. Other blocking agents include a 1,3-alkane diol, such as, for example, 1,3 -butanediol; a benzylic alcohol, for example, benzyl alcohol; an allylic alcohol, for example, allyl alcohol; caprolactam; a dialkylamine, for example dibutylamine; furfuryl alcohol; other diol, triol, or polyols; and mixtures thereof.

[0021] The at least partially blocked polyisocyanate may be partially blocked with one or more of the blocking groups discussed above, with the remaining isocyanato groups reacted with a compound or polymer, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,947,338, at col. 2, line 65 through col. 5, line 33, the cited portion of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0022] The blocked polyisocyanate curing agent may comprise a tris(alkoxycarbonylamino)-l,3,5-triazine (TACT), such as tris(methoxycarbonylamino)-, tris(butoxycarbonylamino)-, and tris(2-ethylhexoxycarbonylamino)-l,3,5-triazines, and any combination thereof.

[0023] The curing agent may further comprise an aminoplast or a phenoplast resin. Aminoplast resins are condensation products of an aldehyde with an amino- or amido-group carrying substance. Phenoplast resins are formed by the condensation of an aldehyde and a phenol.

[0024] Commercially available aminoplast resins include those available under the trademark CYMEL from Allnex Belgium SA / NV, such as CYMEL 1130 and 1156, and RESIMENE from INEOS Melamines, such as RESIMENE 750 and 753. Examples of suitable aminoplast resins, and amounts thereof, also include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,937,679 at col. 16, line 3 to col. 17, line 47, this portion of which being hereby incorporated by reference, which also includes use of the aminoplast in combination with the methylol phenol ethers.

[0025] Suitable aminoplast and phenoplast resins also are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,215 at col.6, line 20 to col. 7, line 12, the cited portion of which being incorporated herein by reference.

[0026] The curing agent may comprise or further comprise an inorganic curing agent, such as the silicone-based curing agents described in Int’l Pub. No. WO 2021 / 138384 Al, at paragraphs

[0030] through

[0043] , the cited portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0027] The curing agent may be present in the electrodepositable coating composition in an amount of at least 10% by weight, such as at least 20% by weight, such as at least 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the electrodepositable coating composition. The curing agent may be present in the electrodepositable coating composition, in an amount of no more than 60% by weight, such as no more than 50% by weight, such as no more than 45% by weight, such as no more than 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the electrodepositable coating composition. The curing agent may be present in the electrodepositable coating composition, in an amount of 10% to 60% by weight, such as 10% to 50% by weight, such as 10% to 45% by weight, such as 10% to 40% by weight, such as 20% to 60% by weight, such as 20% to 50% by weight, such as 20% to 45% by weight, such as 20% to 40% by weight, such as 25% to 60% by weight, such as 25% to 50% by weight, such as 25% to 45% by weight, such as 25% to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the electrodepositable coating composition.

[0028] The electrodepositable coating composition further comprises a guanidine curing catalyst. As used herein, the term “catalyst” may be used interchangeably with “curing catalyst” and refers to a substance that increases the rate or decreases the activation energy of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. For example, the guanidine curing catalyst may catalyze transurethanation reactions.

[0029] Guanidine,” is used herein to refer to both guanidine and derivatives thereof. For example, the guanidine may comprise a compound, moiety, and / or residue having the following general structure:(I)wherein each of Rl, R2, R3, R4, and R5 (i.e., substituents of structure (I)) comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein Rl, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may be the same or different. As used herein, “(cyclo)alkyl” refers to both alkyl and cycloalkyl. When any of the R groups “together can form a (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, and / or aromatic group”, it is meant that any two adjacent R groups are connected to form a cyclic moiety, such as the rings in structures (II) - (V) below.

[0030] It will be appreciated that the double bond between the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom that is depicted in structure (I) may be located between the carbon atom and another nitrogen atom of structure (I). Accordingly, the various substituents of structure (I) may be attached to different nitrogen atoms depending on where the double bond is located within the structure.

[0031] The guanidine may comprise a cyclic guanidine such as a guanidine of structure (I) wherein two or more R groups of structure (I) together form one or more rings. In other words, the cyclic guanidine may comprise >1 ring(s). For example, the cyclic guanidine may either be a monocyclic guanidine (1 ring) such as depicted in structures (II) and (III) below, or the cyclic guanidine may be bicyclic or polycyclic guanidine (>2 rings) such as depicted in structures (IV) and (V) below. Accordingly, n is >1, such as >2 or >3; n and m can be the same and can both = 1, both =2, both =3, for example, or they can be different, such as n =1 and m =2.

[0032] Each substituent of structures (II) and / or (III), R1-R7, may comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein R1-R7 may be the same or different. Similarly, each substituent of structures (IV) and (V), R1-R9, may comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein R1-R9 may be the same or different. Moreover, in some examples of structures (II) and / or (III), certain combinations of R1-R7 may be part of the same ring structure. For example, R1 and R7 of structure (II) may form part of a single ring structure. Moreover, it will be understood that any combination of substituents (Rl- R7 of structures (II) and / or (III) as well as R1-R9 of structures (IV) and / or (V)) may be chosen so long as the substituents do not substantially interfere with the catalytic activity of the cyclic guanidine.

[0033] Each ring in the cyclic guanidine may be comprised of >5 members. For example, the cyclic guanidine may comprise a 5-member ring, a 6-member ring, and / or a 7- member ring. As used herein, the term "member" refers to an atom located in a ring structure. Accordingly, a 5-member ring will have 5 atoms in the ring structure ("n" and / or "m"=l in structures (II)-(V)), a 6-member ring will have 6 atoms in the ring structure ("n" and / or "m"=2 in structures (II)-(V)), and a 7-member ring will have 7 atoms in the ring structure ("n" and / or "m"=3 in structures (II)-(V)). It will be appreciated that if the cyclic guanidine is comprised of >2 rings (e.g., structures (IV) and (V)), the number of members in each ring of the cyclic guanidine can either be the same or different. For example, one ring may be a five-member ring while the other ring may be a six-member ring. If the cyclic guanidine is comprised of >3 rings, then in addition to the combinations cited in the preceding sentence, the number of members in a first ring of the cyclic guanidine may be different from the number of members in any other ring of the cyclic guanidine.

[0034] It will also be understood that the nitrogen atoms of structures (II)-(V) may further have additional atoms attached thereto. Moreover, the cyclic guanidine may either be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, as used herein in conjunction with the cyclic guanidine, the term “substituted” refers to a cyclic guanidine wherein R5, R6, and / or R7 of structures (II) and / or (III) and / or R9 of structures (IV) and / or (V) are moieties other than hydrogen. As used herein in conjunction with the cyclic guanidine, the term "unsubstituted"refers to a cyclic guanidine wherein R 1 -R7 of structures (II) and (III) and R 1 -R9 of structures (IV) and (V) arc hydrogen.

[0035] The cyclic guanidine may comprise a bicyclic guanidine, and the bicyclic guanidine may comprise or be l,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (“TBD” or “BCG”).

[0036] The guanidine may be reacted with an epoxy compound to form a guanidine reaction product for use as curing catalyst. Such reaction products are guanidine derivatives and therefore within the scope of the term “guanidine”. The epoxy compound may be a poly epoxide having at least two 1,2-epoxy groups. The epoxy compound may be saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or heterocyclic. Moreover, the epoxy compound may contain substituents such as halogen, hydroxyl, and ether groups.

[0037] Examples of polyepoxides are those having a 1,2-epoxy equivalency greater than one; that is, polyepoxides that have on average two or more epoxide groups per molecule. Suitable polyepoxides include polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols such as cyclic polyols and polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric phenols such as Bisphenol A. These polyepoxides may be produced by etherification of polyhydric phenols with an epihalohydrin or dihalohydrin such as epichlorohydrin or dichlorohydrin in the presence of alkali. Besides polyhydric phenols, other cyclic polyols may be used in preparing the polyglycidyl ethers of cyclic polyols. Examples of other cyclic polyols include alicyclic polyols, including cycloaliphatic polyols such as hydrogenated bisphenol A, 1 ,2-cyclohexane diol and 1 ,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane.

[0038] The poly epoxides may have an epoxide equivalent weight of >180 g / epoxide group. The polyepoxides may have an epoxide equivalent weight of 2,000 g / epoxide group. The polyepoxides may have an epoxide equivalent weight range from any combination of values from 180 g / epoxide group to 2,000 g / epoxide group. For example, the polyepoxides may have an epoxide equivalent weight from 186 to 1,200 g / epoxide group.

[0039] The guanidine may be at least partially neutralized with an acid (acidified). Suitable acids include organic and inorganic acids. Suitable organic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, and lactic acid. Suitable inorganic acids include phosphoric acid and sulfamic acid. Mixtures of acids also may be used.

[0040] The extent of neutralization of the guanidine varies with the particular guanidine involved. However, sufficient acid should be used to disperse the guanidine in water. Typically, the amount of acid used provides at least 20% of all the total neutralization. Excess acid mayalso be used beyond the amount required for 100% total neutralization. For example, the amount of acid used to neutralize the guanidine may be >0.1% based on the total amines in the guanidine. Additionally, the amount of acid used to neutralize the guanidine may be <100% based on the total amines in the guanidine. The total amount of acid used to neutralize the guanidine may be within a range with any combination of these values, inclusive of the recited values. For example, the total amount of acid used to neutralize the guanidine may be at least 20%, 35%, 50%, 60% or 80% based on the total amines in the guanidine.

[0041] The guanidine curing catalyst may be present in the coating composition in an amount of at least 0.1% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the coating composition, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 0.8% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight. The guanidine curing catalyst may be present in the coating composition in an amount of no more than 7% by weight, such as no more than 4% by weight, such as no more than 2% by weight, such as no more than 1.5% by weight. The guanidine curing catalyst may be present in the coating composition in an amount of 0.1% to 7% by weight, such as 0.1% to 4% by weight, such as 0.1% to 2% by weight, such as 0.1% to 2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 7% by weight, such as 0.5% to 4% by weight, such as 0.5% to 2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 2% by weight, such as 0.8% to 7% by weight, such as 0.8% to 4% by weight, such as 0.8% to 2% by weight, such as 0.8% to 2% by weight, such as 1% to 7% by weight, such as 1% to 4% by weight, such as 1% to 2% by weight, such as 1% to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids of the coating composition.

[0042] The amount of guanidine curing catalyst present only includes the guanidine curing catalyst and does not include any compounds or polymers the guanidine curing catalyst may be reacted with, such as the epoxy compound discussed above, to form a guanidine reaction product.

[0043] The electrodepo sitable coating composition further comprises an acid scavenger, a metal oxide, and / or a metal acetate.

[0044] As used herein, “acid scavenger” refers to pigments capable of absorbing acidity from a composition. The acid scavenger may comprise a hydrotalcite. As used herein, “hydrotalcite” refers to a magnesium-based, double layered hydroxide pigment that is capable of absorbing acidity in a composition. Hydrotalcite may have the general formula Mg6Al2CO3(OH) 16-4H2O. Various treated and synthetic analogues of hydrotalcite are alsowithin the scope of the present disclosure. A suitable commercially available hydrotalcite is HYCITE713, commercially available from BASF. The hydrotalcite may be substantially free of divalent metals other than magnesium, such as zinc, calcium, strontium, lead, and / or cadmium. “Substantially free” in the context of these metals means that any presence of such metal is due to an impurity. The hydrotalcite may have more than one magnesium atom per molecule of hydrotalcite, such as two to six magnesium atoms.

[0045] The acid scavenger, such as hydrotalcite, may be present in an amount of at least 0.05% by weight, such as at least 0.1% by weight, such as at least 0.3% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 0.7% by weight, such as at least 0.9% by weight, based on the total resin solids weight. The hydrotalcite may be present in an amount of no more than 2% by weight, such as no more than 1.5% by weight, such as no more than 1% by weight, such as no more than 0.7% by weight, such as no more than 0.5% by weight, based on the total resin solids weight. The hydrotalcite may be present in an amount of 0.05% to 2% by weight, such as 0.05% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.05% to 1% by weight, such as 0.05% to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.05% to 0.5% by weight, such as 0.1% to 2% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1% by weight, such as 0.1% to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.1% to 0.5% by weight, such as 0.3% to 2% by weight, such as 0.3% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.3% to 1% by weight, such as 0.3% to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.3% to 0.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 0.5% to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.7% to 2% by weight, such as 0.7% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.7% to 1% by weight, such as 0.9% to 2% by weight, such as 0.9% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.9% to 1% by weight, based on the total resin solids weight.

[0046] In addition to, or instead of, an acid scavenger, the present compositions may comprise a metal oxide and / or a metal acetate. As used herein, “metal acetate” or any species thereof, includes any hydrate form of the acetate. Suitable metal oxides include magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide. When metal oxide is present in the composition and comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide, an acid scavenger and / or a metal acetate are also present in the composition. Suitable metal acetates include magnesium acetate, zinc acetate, calcium acetate, and / or lanthanum acetate. Magnesium acetate, such as magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, is particularly suitable.

[0047] The magnesium oxide may be present in an amount of at least 0.01 % by weight, such as at least 0.05% by weight, such as at least 0.1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The magnesium oxide may be present in an amount of no more than 0.5% by weight, such as no more than 0.3% by weight, such as no more than 0.1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The magnesium oxide may be present in an amount of 0.01% to 0.5% by weight, such as 0.01% to 0.3% by weight, such as 0.01% to 0.1% by weight, such as 0.05% to 0.5% by weight, such as 0.05% to 0.3% by weight, such as 0.05% to 0.1% by weight, such as 0.1% to 0.5% by weight, such as 0.1% to 0.3% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0048] The zinc oxide may be present in an amount of at least 0.15% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 0.75% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The zinc oxide may be present in an amount of no more than 1.5% by weight, such as no more than 1.2% by weight, such as no more than 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The zinc oxide may be present in an amount of 0.15% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.15% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.15% to 1% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1% by weight, such as 1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 1% to 1.2% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0049] The lanthanum oxide may be present in an amount of at least 0.15% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 0.75% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The lanthanum oxide may be present in an amount of no more than 1.5% by weight, such as no more than 1.2% by weight, such as no more than 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The lanthanum oxide may be present in an amount of 0.15% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.15% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.15% to 1% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1% by weight, such as 1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 1% to 1.2% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0050] The yttrium oxide may be present in an amount of at least 0.15% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 0.75% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The yttrium oxide may be present in an amount of no more than 1.5% by weight, such as no more than 1.2% by weight, such as no more than 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The yttrium oxide may be present in an amount of 0.15% to 1.5%by weight, such as 0.15% to 1 .2% by weight, such as 0.15% to 1 % by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1.2% by weight, such as 0.75% to 1% by weight, such as 1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 1% to 1.2% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0051] The magnesium acetate may be present in an amount of at least 0.1% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, such as at least 1.5% by weight, such as at least 2% by weight, such as at least 2.5% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The magnesium acetate may be present in an amount of no more than 3% by weight, such as no more than 2% by weight, such as no more than 1.5% by weight, such as no more than 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The magnesium acetate may be present in an amount of 0.1% to 3% by weight, such as 0.1% to 2% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1% by weight, such as 0.5% to 3% by weight, such as 0.5% to 2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 1% to 3% by weight, such as 1% to 2% by weight, such as 1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 1.5% to 3% by weight, such as 1.5% to 2% by weight, such as 2% to 3% by weight, such as 2.5% to 3% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0052] The zinc acetate may be present in an amount of at least 0.1% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, such as at least 1.5% by weight, such as at least 2% by weight, such as at least 2.5% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The zinc acetate may be present in an amount of no more than 3% by weight, such as no more than 2% by weight, such as no more than 1.5% by weight, such as no more than 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The zinc acetate may be present in an amount of 0.1% to 3% by weight, such as 0.1% to 2% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1% by weight, such as 0.5% to 3% by weight, such as 0.5% to 2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 1% to 3% by weight, such as 1% to 2% by weight, such as 1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 1.5% to 3% by weight, such as 1.5% to 2% by weight, such as 2% to 3% by weight, such as 2.5% to 3% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0053] The calcium acetate may be present in an amount of at least 0.1% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, such as at least 1.5% by weight, such as at least 2% by weight, such as at least 2.5% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The calcium acetate may be present in an amount of no more than 3% by weight, such as no morethan 2% by weight, such as no more than 1 .5% by weight, such as no more than 1 % by weight, based on resin solids weight. The calcium acetate may be present in an amount of 0.1% to 3% by weight, such as 0.1% to 2% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1% by weight, such as 0.5% to 3% by weight, such as 0.5% to 2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 1% to 3% by weight, such as 1% to 2% by weight, such as 1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 1.5% to 3% by weight, such as 1.5% to 2% by weight, such as 2% to 3% by weight, such as 2.5% to 3% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0054] The lanthanum acetate may be present in an amount of at least 0.1% by weight, such as at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, such as at least 1.5% by weight, such as at least 2% by weight, such as at least 2.5% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The lanthanum acetate may be present in an amount of no more than 3% by weight, such as no more than 2% by weight, such as no more than 1.5% by weight, such as no more than 1% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The lanthanum acetate may be present in an amount of 0.1% to 3% by weight, such as 0.1% to 2% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.1% to 1% by weight, such as 0.5% to 3% by weight, such as 0.5% to 2% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.5% to 1% by weight, such as 1% to 3% by weight, such as 1% to 2% by weight, such as 1% to 1.5% by weight, such as 1.5% to 3% by weight, such as 1.5% to 2% by weight, such as 2% to 3% by weight, such as 2.5% to 3% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0055] The electrodepositable coating composition may further comprise a pigment. The pigment may comprise iron oxides, lead oxides, strontium chromate, carbon black, coal dust, titanium dioxide, talc, barium sulfate, thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler materials, thermally conductive, electrically conductive filler materials, non-thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler materials, fire-retardant pigments, as well as color pigments such as cadmium yellow, cadmium red, chromium yellow and the like. As used herein, a “fire-retardant pigment” refers to a pigment that slows down or stops the spread of fire or reduces its intensity. Examples include inorganic pigments and minerals, such as those described in WO 2024 / 020483 at

[0060] , hereby incorporated by reference. As used herein, “electrically insulative filler” refers to a pigment, filler, or inorganic powder that has a volume resistivity of at least 10 Q-m (measured according to ASTM D257, C611, or B193). As usedherein, “electrically conductive filler” refers to a pigment, filler, or inorganic powder that has a volume resistivity of less than 10 Q-m (measured according to ASTM D257, C611, or B193). As used herein, “thermally conductive filler” refers to a pigment, filler, or inorganic powder that has a thermal conductivity of at least 5 W / m-K at 25°C (measured according to ASTM D7984). As used herein, “non-thermally conductive filler” refers to a pigment, filler, or inorganic powder that has a thermal conductivity of less than 5 W / m-K at 25°C (measured according to ASTM D7984).

[0056] The pigment may comprise a plate-like pigment, such as an inorganic plate-like pigment. As used herein, the term “plate-like pigment” refers to pigments having a generally platy shape.

[0057] The plate-like pigment may be a phyllosilicate pigment. As used herein, the term “phyllosilicate” refers to a group of minerals having sheets of silicates having a basic structure based on interconnected six membered rings of SiOT4tetrahedra that extend outward in infinite sheets where 3 out of the 4 oxygens from each tetrahedra are shared with other tetrahedra resulting in phyllosilicates having the basic structural unit of Si20s'2. Phyllosilicates may comprise hydroxide ions located at the center of the tetrahedra and / or cations such as, for example, Fe+2, Mg+2, or Al+3, that form cation layers between the silicate sheets where the cations may coordinate with the oxygen of the silicate layer and / or the hydroxide ions. The phyllosilicate may have a 1:1 layer structure having one tetrahedral and one octahedral sheet per clay layer. The term “phyllosilicate pigment” refers to pigment materials comprising phyllosilicates. Phyllosilicate pigments include the micas, chlorites, serpentine, talc, and clay minerals. The clay minerals include, for example, kaolin clay. The sheet-like structure of the phyllosilicate pigment tends to result in pigment having a plate-like structure, although the pigment can be manipulated (such as through mechanical means) to have other particle structures. These pigments, when exposed to liquid media, may or may not swell and may or may not have leachable components (e.g.: ions that may be drawn towards the liquid media).

[0058] The plate-like pigment may comprise a plate-like mica pigment, a plate-like chlorite pigment, a plate-like serpentine pigment, a plate-like talc pigment, and / or a plate-like clay pigment. The plate-like clay pigment may comprise kaolin clay.

[0059] The pigment component comprising a plate-like pigment may have an average equivalent spherical diameter of at least 50 nm and up to 25 microns or higher. The averageequivalent spherical diameter may be determined using dynamic light scattering, such as with a SEDIGRAPH III PLUS particle size analyzer, available from Micromcritics Instrument Corp. As plate-like particles the pigment often has substantially opposing surfaces and particles typically exhibit an aspect ratio of the longest axis to the shortest axis of, for example, at least 2:1, such as at least 4:1, such as at least 6:1, such as at least 8:1, such as at least 10:1 or higher. For example, the plate-like pigment may have an average equivalent spherical diameter of at least 50 nm, such as at least 0.2 microns, such as at least 0.4 microns, such as at least 0.6 microns, such as at least 1 micron, such as at least 2 microns, such as at least 3 microns, such as at least 4 microns, such as at least 5 microns. The plate-like pigment may have an average equivalent spherical diameter of no more than 25 microns, such as no more than 15 microns, such as no more than 10 microns, such as no more than 5 microns, such as no more than 3.5 microns, such as no more than 2.5 microns, such as no more than 1.9 microns, such as no more than 1.5 microns, such as no more than 1 microns.

[0060] The pigment-to-binder (P:B) ratio as set forth in this disclosure refers to the weight ratio of the pigment-to-binder in the electrodepositable coating composition. The pigment-to-binder (P:B) ratio of the pigment to the electrodepositable binder may be at least 0.05:1, such as at least 0.1:1, such as at least 0.2:1, such as at least 0.3:1, such as at least 0.35:1, such as at least 0.4:1, such as at least 0.5:1, such as at least 0.6:1, such as at least 0.67, such as at least 0.7:1, such as at least 0.75:1, such as at least 1:1, such as at least 1.25:1, such as at least 1.5:1. The pigment-to-binder (P:B) ratio of the pigment to the electrodepositable binder may be no more than 2:1, such as no more than 1.75:1, such no more than 1.5:1, such as no more than 1.25:1, such as no more than 1:1, such as no more than 0.75:1, such as no more than 0.7:1, such as no more than 0.6:1, such as no more than 0.55:1, such as no more than 0.5:1, such as no more than 0.25: 1. The pigment-to-binder (P:B) ratio of the pigment to the electrodepositable binder may be 0.05:1 to 2:1, such as 0.05:1 to 1:1, such as 0.05:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.05:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.05:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.05:1 to 0.55:1, such as 0.05:1 to 0.5:1, such as 0.05 to 0.25:1, such as 0.1:1 to 2:1, such as 0.1:1 to 1:1, such as 0.1:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.1:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.1:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.1:1 to 0.55:1, such as 0.1:1 to 0.5:1, such as 0.1:1 to 0.25:1, such as 0.2:1 to 2:1, such as 0.2:1 to 1:1, such as 0.2:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.2:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.2:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.2:1 to 0.55:1, such as 0.2:1 to 0.5:1, such as 0.2:1 to 0.25:1, such as 0.3:1 to 2:1, 0.3:1 to 1:1, such as 0.3:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.3:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.3:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.3:1 to0.55:1 , such as 0.3:1 to 0.5: 1 , such as 0.4:1 to 2:1 , such as 0.4: 1 to 1.75:1 , such as 0.4: 1 to 1.5:1 , such as 0.4:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.4:1 to 1:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.55:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.5:1, such as 0.5:1 to 2:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1.50:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.55:1, such as 0.6:1 to 2:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1.5:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1:1, such as 0.6:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.6:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.67:1 to 2:1, such as 0.67:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.67:1 to 1.5:1, such as 0.67:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.67:1 to 1:1, such as 0.67:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.67:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.7:1 to 2:1, such as 0.7:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.7:1 to 1.5:1, such as 0.7:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.7:1 to 1:1, such as 0.7:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.75:1 to 2:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1.5:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1:1, such as 1:1 to 2:1, such as 1:1 to 1.75:1, such as 1:1 to 1.5:1, such as 1:1 to 1.25:1, such as 1.25:1 to 2:1, such as 1.25:1 to 1.75:1, such as 1.25:1 to 1.5:1, such as 1.5:1 to 2:1, such as 1.5:1 to 1.75:1.

[0061] The pigment-to-binder (P:B) ratio of the inorganic plate-like pigment to the electrodepositable binder may be at least 0.4:1, such as at least 0.5:1, such as at least 0.6:1, such as at least 0.75:1, such as at least 1:1, such as at least 1.25:1, such as at least 1.5:1. The pigment- to-binder (P:B) ratio of the inorganic plate-like pigment to the electrodepositable binder may be no more than 2:1, such as no more than 1.75:1, such no more than 1.5:1, such as no more than 1.25:1, such as no more than 1:1, such as no more than 0.75:1, such as no more than 0.7:1, such as no more than 0.6:1, such as no more than 0.55: 1, such as no more than 0.5:1. The pigment-to- binder (P:B) ratio of the inorganic plate-like pigment to the electrodepositable binder may be 0.4:1 to 2:1, such as 0.4:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.4:1 to 1.5:1, such as 0.4:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.4:1 to 1:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.55:1, such as 0.4:1 to 0.5:1, such as 0.5:1 to 2:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1.50:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.5:1 to 1:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.6:1, such as 0.5:1 to 0.55:1, such as 0.6:1 to 2:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1.5:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.6:1 to 1:1, such as 0.6:1 to 0.75:1, such as 0.6:1 to 0.7:1, such as 0.75:1 to 2:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1.75:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1.5:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1.25:1, such as 0.75:1 to 1:1, such as 1: 1 to 2:1, such as 1:1 to 1.75:1, such as 1:1 to 1.5:1, such as 1:1 to 1.25:1, such as 1.25:1 to 2:1, such as 1.25:1 to 1.75:1, such as 1.25:1 to 1.5:1, such as 1.5:1 to 2:1, such as 1.5:1 to 1.75:1.

[0062] The pigment may be added without using a separately made pigment paste. For example, the pigment may be dispersed directly into the cationic salt group-containing filmforming polymer comprising active hydrogen functional groups and / or the blocked polyisocyanate curing agent using conventional grinding techniques.

[0063] The pigmented electrodepositable coating composition may be formed without using a pigment paste by the steps of (1) heating an unneutralized cationic salt forming group- containing, film-forming polymer to an elevated temperature; (2) optionally adding a dispersing agent to the unneutralized cationic salt forming group-containing, film-forming polymer with agitation to form a mixture; (3) adding the pigment to the mixture at elevated temperature with agitation; and (4) dispersing the mixture of the cationic salt forming group-containing, filmforming polymer, the pigment, and dispersing agent (if present) into an aqueous medium comprising water and a neutralizing acid with agitation, wherein cationic salt forming groups in the cationic salt forming group-containing, film-forming polymer are neutralized by the neutralizing acid to form a cationic salt group-containing film forming polymer. As used herein, the term “dispersing agent” refers to a material capable of promoting dispersion of the pigment into the resinous phase of the electrodepositable coating composition, including, but not limited to, an acid.

[0064] When pigment is incorporated into the electrodepositable coating composition without using a pigment paste, the electrodepositable coating composition may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of a grind resin. As used herein, an electrodepositable coating composition is “substantially free” or “essentially free” of grind resin if grind resin is present, if at all, in an amount of no more than 5% by weight or no more than 3% by weight, respectively, based on the total resin solids weight of the composition. As used here, an electrodepositable coating composition is “completely free” of grind resin if grind resin is not present in the composition, i.e., 0.00% by weight, based on the total resin solids weight of the composition. As used herein, the term “grind resin” refers to a cationic salt group-containing resin that is used during milling of the pigment to wet and charge the pigment surface. Although the grind resin may be the same as the film- forming polymer described above, and / or may react into the film, it is not considered part of the electrodepositable binder. Suitable grind resins include resins comprising sulfonium, quaternary ammonium, or amine-salt groups.

[0065] Alternatively, the pigment may be added via a pigment paste. As used herein, the term “pigment paste” refers to a combination of one or more pigmcnt(s) with a grind resin distinct from the main film-forming polymer of the electrodepositable binder and, optionally, additives such as wetting or dispersing aids.

[0066] Suitable dispersing aids include dispersing acids, such as those that may comprise a first acidic proton having a pKa of at least 1.1, such as at least 1.5 or 1.8, but no more than 4.6, such as 4.0 or less or 3.5 or less. Suitable ranges include 1.1 to 4.6, 1.5 to 4.9 and 1.8 to 3.5. A dispersing acid may comprise an oxyacid of phosphorous, such as phosphoric acid and / or phosphonic acid; “dispersing acid” as used herein includes the salts thereof.

[0067] Alternatively, the electrodepositable coating compositions may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of a dispersing acid, such as an oxyacid of phosphorus. As used herein, an electrodepositable coating composition is “substantially free” or “essentially free” of dispersing acid if the dispersing acid is present, if at all, in an amount of less than 0.10% by weight or less than 0.05% by weight, respectively, based on the total solids weight of the composition. As used herein, an electrodepositable coating composition is “completely free” of dispersing acid, such as a phosphorus acid, if the dispersing acid is not present, i.e., less than 0.001% by weight, based on the total solids weight of the composition.

[0068] The present disclosure is further directed to pigment pastes, particularly those that may be used electrodepositable coating compositions.

[0069] Accordingly, the present disclosure is further directed to a pigment paste for an electrodepositable coating composition comprising a grind resin; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, metal oxide; and / or a metal acetate. The acid scavenger, metal oxide and metal acetate used in the pigment pastes of the present disclosure may comprise any of those described above, such as a hydrotalcite and magnesium acetate.

[0070] The guanidine curing catalyst may be present in an amount of at least 1% by weight, such as at least 5% by weight, such as at least 8% by weight, such as at least 9% by weight, such as at least 10% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The guanidine curing catalyst may be present in the pigment paste in an amount of no more than 20% by weight, such as no more than 15% by weight, such as no more than 10% by weight, based on resin solids weight. The guanidine curing catalyst may be present in the pigment paste in an amount of 1% to 20% by weight, such as 1% to 15% by weight, such as 1% to 10% by weight, such as 5% to20% by weight, such as 5% to 15% by weight, such as 5% to 10% by weight, such as 8% to 20% by weight, such as 8% to 15% by weight, such as 8% to 10% by weight, such as 10% to 20% by weight, such as 10% to 15% by weight, based on resin solids weight.

[0071] The pigment paste may further comprise a plate-like pigment, such as any of those described herein. The plate-like pigment may be present in an amount of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of pigment in the paste, such as at least 60% by weight, such as at least 80% by weight, such as at least 90% by weight. The paste may comprise a plate-like pigment in an amount of 50% to 90% by weight, such as 50% to 80% by weight, such as 50% to 60% by weight, such as 60% to 90% by weight, such as 60% to 80% by weight, such as 80% to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the pigment in the paste.

[0072] The grind resin may comprise a cationic salt group-containing resin, such as one comprising sulfonium, quaternary ammonium, or amine-salt groups. The grind resin may be present in the pigment paste described herein in an amount suitable for forming a pigment paste. The grind resin may be present in an amount of such that the weight ratio of pigment to grind resin is at least 0.5:1, such as at least 1:1, such as at least 1.5:1, such as at least 2.5:1, such as at least 4:1, such as at least 5:1. The grind resin may be present in an amount of such that the weight ratio of pigment to grind resin is no more than 20:1, such as no more than 10:1, such as no more than 6:1, such as no more than 3:1, such as no more than 2.5:1, such as no more than 2: 1. The grind resin may be present in an amount of such that the weight ratio of pigment to grind resin is 0.5:1 to 20:1, such as 0.5:1 to 10:1, such as 0.5:1 to 6:1, such as 0.5:1 to 3:1, such as 0.5:1 to 2.5:1, such as 0.5:1 to 2:1, such as 1:1 to 20:1, such as 1:1 to 10:1, such as 1:1 to 6:1, such as 1:1 to 3:1, such as 1:1 to 2.5:1, such as 1:1 to 2:1, such as 1.5:1 to 20:1, such as 1.5:1 to 10:1, such as 1.5:1 to 6:1, such as 1.5:1 to 3:1, such as 1.5:1 to 2.5:1, such as 1.5:1 to 2:1, such as 2.5:1 to 20:1, such as 2.5:1 to 10:1, such as 2.5:1 to 6:1, such as 2.5:1 to 3:1, such as 4:1 to 20:1, such as 4:1 to 10:1, such as 4:1 to 6:1, such as 5:1 to 20:1, such as 5:1 to 10:1, such as 5:1 to 6:1.

[0073] The grind resin may be present in the pigment paste in an amount of at least 4.8% by weight, such as at least 9% by weight, such as at least 14.3% by weight, such as at least 25% by weight, such as at least 28.6% by weight, such as at least 33.3% by weight, based on the total weight of the grind resin and pigment. The grind resin may be present in the pigment paste in an amount of no more than 66.7% by weight, such as no more than 50% by weight, such as no more than 40% by weight, such as no more than 28.6% by weight, such as no more than 20% byweight, such as no more than 16.7% by weight, such as no more than 9% by weight, such as no more than 4.8% by weight, based on the total weight of the grind resin and pigment. The grind resin may be present in the pigment paste in an amount of 4.8% to 66.7% by weight, such as 4.8% to 50% by weight, such as 4.8% to 40% by weight, such as 4.8% to 28.6% by weight, such as 4.8% to 20% by weight, such as 4.8% to 16.7% by weight, such as 4.8% to 9% by weight, such as 9% to 66.7% by weight, such as 9% to 50% by weight, such as 9% to 40% by weight, such as 9% to 28.6% by weight, such as 9% to 20% by weight, such as 9% to 16.7% by weight, such as 14.3% to 66.7% by weight, such as 14.3% to 50% by weight, such as 14.3% to 40% by weight, such as 14.3% to 28.6% by weight, such as 14.3% to 20% by weight, such as 14.3% to 16.7% by weight, such as 25% to 66.7% by weight, such as 25% to 50% by weight, such as 25% to 40% by weight, such as 25% to 28.6% by weight, such as 28.6% to 66.7% by weight, such as 28.6% to 50% by weight, such as 28.6% to 40% by weight, such as 33.3% to 66.7% by weight, such as 33.3% to 50% by weight, such as 33.3% to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the grind resin and pigment.

[0074] The acid scavenger, metal oxide and metal acetate used in the pigment pastes of the present disclosure may comprise any of those described above, such as a hydrotalcite and magnesium acetate.

[0075] The pigment pastes of the present disclosure may comprise other additive resinous materials, such as wetting or dispersing aids, plasticizers, and the like. These additive resinous materials are distinct from the grind resin in that they do not include a cationic salt group.

[0076] The pigment paste optionally may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of a curing agent, including a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent. As used herein, a pigment paste is “substantially free” or “essentially free” of curing agent if curing agent is present, if at all, in an amount of less than 10% by weight or less than 5% by weight, respectively, based on resin solids weight. As used herein, a pigment paste is “completely free” of curing agent if curing agent is not present in the pigment paste, i.e., 0% by weight, based on resin solids weight. Although the grind resin may be the same as the film-forming polymer described above, and / or may react into the film, it is not considered part of the electrodepo sitable binder.

[0077] The present disclosure is also directed to an electrodepositable coating composition comprising an electrodepositable binder, and any of the pigment pastes described herein. The electrodepositable binder may be any of those described herein or otherwise known in the art. For example, the electrodepositable binder may comprise a cationic salt group- containing film-forming polymer comprising active hydrogen functional groups, and a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent. The blocking groups of the blocked polyisocyanate may comprise any suitable blocking group, such as blocking groups comprising a 1,2-polyol as a blocking agent.

[0078] The electrodepositable coating compositions of the present disclosure may further comprise a co-catalyst in addition to the guanidine curing catalyst. When a co-catalyst is used, the guanidine curing catalyst may be present in an amount greater than any other curing catalyst, both individually and combined. Suitable co-catalysts include imidazole, amidine, compounds or complexes of metals such as tin, bismuth, cerium, zinc, and / or titanium, and combinations thereof.

[0079] The curing catalyst may comprise a bismuth catalyst, such as the bismuth curing catalysts, and amounts thereof, provided in Int’l Pub. No. WO 2021 / 138583 Al, at paragraphs

[0036] to

[0050] , the cited portion of which is incorporated by reference. The electrodepositable coating composition may comprise less than 0.01% by weight of bismuth metal from a bismuth curing catalyst, based on total resin solids weight of the composition, such as less than 0.004% by weight. Bismuth methane sulfonic acid is particularly suitable.

[0080] Suitable imidazole curing catalysts are described in U.S. Pub. No. 2022 / 0154014 Al, as paragraphs

[0062] to

[0108] , the cited portion of which is incorporated herein by reference. The amidine curing catalyst may, in a non-limiting example, comprise 1,8- diazabicyclo[5 ,4.0]undec-7 -ene (DBU) .

[0081] Suitable zinc-containing catalysts may comprise a metal salt and / or complex of zinc such as, but not limited to, a zinc (II) amidine complex, zinc octoate, zinc naphthenate, zinc tallate, zinc carboxylates having from 8 to 14 carbons in the carboxylate group, zinc acetate, zinc sulfonates, zinc methanesulfonates, or any combination thereof. The zinc (II) amidine complex may contain amidine and carboxylate ligands.

[0082] The curing catalyst may comprise a titanium compound and / or complex such as, for example, Ti(OR1)4, wherein R1is an alkyl or aryl, such as wherein R1is a C3-C20 alkyl, such as wherein R1is n-butyl, such as tetrabutyl titanate.

[0083] The electrodepositable coating composition may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of catalytic tin. As used herein, “catalytic tin” refers to tin compounds that function as a curing catalyst. As used herein, the electrodepositable coating composition is “substantially free” of catalytic tin if catalytic tin is present in an amount of less than 0.1% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition. As used herein, the electrodepositable coating composition is “essentially free” of catalytic tin if catalytic tin is present in an amount of less than 0.01%, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition. As used herein, the electrodepositable coating composition is “completely free” of catalytic tin if catalytic tin is present in an amount of less than 0.00%, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition.

[0084] The electrodepositable coating composition may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of metal amidine. As used herein, an electrodepositable coating composition is “substantially free” of metal amidine if metal amidine is present, if at all, in an amount less than 0.01% by weight, based on the total resin solids weight of the composition. As used herein, an electrodepositable coating composition is “essentially free” of metal amidine if metal amidine is present, if at all, in trace or incidental amounts insufficient to affect any properties of the composition, such as, e.g., less than 0.001% by weight, based on the total resin solids weight of the composition. As used herein, an electrodepositable coating composition is “completely free” of metal amidine if metal amidine is not present in the composition, i.e., 0.000% by weight, based on the total resin solids weight of the composition.

[0085] According to the present disclosure, the electrodepositable coating composition may comprise other optional ingredients, such as various additives including fillers, plasticizers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, biocides, UV light absorbers and stabilizers, hindered amine light stabilizers, defoamers, fungicides, dispersing aids, flow control agents, surfactants, wetting agents, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, the electrodepositable coating composition may be completely free of any of the optional ingredients, i.e., the optional ingredient is not present in the electrodepositable coating composition. The other additives mentioned above may be present in the electrodepositable coating composition in amounts of 0.01% to 3% by weight,based on total weight of the resin solids of the electrodepositable coating composition, either cumulatively or respectively.

[0086] Any of the electrodepositable coating compositions of the present disclosure may have a concentration of phosphate ions of less than 5 ppm, such as less than 3 ppm or less than 1 ppm. As used herein, “phosphate ions” refers to anions having the general chemical formula [PO4]3', [HPO4]2', [H2PO4]’, [RPCE]2' and / or [RHPCE]1'. Phosphate ions may be introduced into the coating compositions through numerous sources, such as dispersing acids, or through carryover from phosphate containing pretreatment. Phosphate ions can also come in through certain pigments, such as clays.

[0087] According to the present disclosure, the electrodepositable coating composition may comprise water and / or one or more organic solvent(s). Water can, for example, be present in amounts of 40% to 90% by weight, such as 50% to 75% by weight, based on total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition. Examples of suitable organic solvents include oxygenated organic solvents, such as monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol which contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, such as the monoethyl and monobutyl ethers of these glycols. Examples of other at least partially water-miscible solvents include alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and diacetone alcohol. If used, the organic solvents may typically be present in an amount of less than 10% by weight, such as less than 5% by weight, based on total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition. The electrodepositable coating composition may, in particular', be provided in the form of a dispersion, such as an aqueous dispersion.

[0088] According to the present disclosure, the total solids content of the electrodepositable coating composition may be at least 1% by weight, such as at least 5% by weight, and may be no more than 50% by weight, such as no more than 40% by weight, such as no more than 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition. The total solids content of the electrodepositable coating composition may be 1% to 50% by weight, such as 5% to 40% by weight, such as 5% to 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition. As used herein, “total solids” refers to the non-volatile content of the electrodepositable coating composition, i.e., materials which will not volatilize when heated to 110°C for 15 minutes.

[0089] Any of the electrodepositable coating compositions and pigment pastes of the present invention may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of metal oxides comprising zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, yttrium oxide, and / or magnesium oxide. As used in conjunction with these specific oxide compounds, substantially free means less than 0.5 wt% and essentially free means less than 0.3 wt%, with wt% based on total resin solids, and completely free means that any of these oxides are present only through an impurity in trace amounts.

[0090] The present disclosure also provides a method for using any of the electrodepositable coating compositions described herein to coat a substrate by electrodeposition of the coating composition onto at least a portion of the substrate. The electrodepositable coating composition may be electrocoated onto an electroconductive substrate and at least partially cured using application conditions, times, and temperatures, known to those skilled in the art.

[0091] The substrate optionally may be pretreated with a pretreatment composition prior to applying the electrodeposited coating. Any suitable pretreatment can be used. The pretreatment solution may be a non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition, such as a zirconium-containing pretreatment composition. Suitable zirconium-containing pretreatment compositions include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,749,368, at col. 3, line 24 through col. 6, line 48, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,673,091, at col. 3, line 18 through col. 8, line 55, the cited portion of which from each are incorporated herein by reference.

[0092] A “pretreatment composition” refers to a composition that can react with and chemically altering the substrate surface and binding to it to form a layer that affords corrosion protection. A “non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition” refers to pretreatment compositions wherein a metal phosphate compound, such as zinc phosphate or iron phosphate, is not the primary active compound in the pretreatment composition. Alternatively, zinc phosphate pretreatment compositions, such as, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,867, at col. 3, line 5 through col. 5, line 8 and col. 5, line 64 through col. 11, line 50, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,588,989, at col. 2, line 20 through col. 4, line 47, the cited portion of which for each is incorporated herein by reference, can be used.

[0093] The non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition, such as the zirconium- containing pretreatment composition, may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of phosphate. As used herein, a non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition is “substantially free” or “essentially free” of phosphate if it comprises less than 1% by weight orless than 0.5% by weight of phosphate, respectively, based on the total weight of the non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition. As used herein, a non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition is “completely free” of phosphate if phosphate is not present, 0% by weight phosphate, based on the total weight of the non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition.

[0094] The cationic electrodepo sitable coating composition of the present disclosure may be deposited upon an electrically conductive substrate by placing the composition in contact with an electrically conductive cathode and an electrically conductive anode, with the surface to be coated being the cathode. Following contact with the composition, an adherent coating of the coating composition may be deposited on the cathode when a sufficient voltage is impressed between the electrodes.

[0095] The applied voltage in the electrophoretic application of the electrodepo sitable coating compositions of the present disclosure may be varied and may be, for example, as low as one volt to as high as several thousand volts, such as between 50 and 500 volts. The current density may, for example, be between 0.5 ampere and 15 amperes per square foot, and tends to decrease during electrodeposition indicating the formation of an insulating coating.

[0096] Following application of the electrodepositable coating composition, the substrate may be heated to a temperature and for a time sufficient to at least partially cure the electrodeposited coating on the substrate. As used herein, the term “at least partially cure” refers to subjecting the coating composition to curing conditions such that at least a portion of the reactive groups of the components of the coating composition cure or crosslink to form a coating. In general, the substrate may be heated to a temperature ranging from 250°F to 450°F (121.1°C to 232.2°C), such as from 275°F to 400°F (135°C to 204.4°C), such as from 300°F to 360°F (149°C to 180°C). For purposes of the present disclosure, all that is necessary is that the time be sufficient to effect cure of the coating on the substrate. The curing time may, for example, range from 10 minutes to 60 minutes, such as 20 to 40 minutes. The thickness of the resultant cured electrodeposited coating is not limited and may range from 15 to 50 microns.

[0097] The present disclosure is also directed to substrates coated by the method of coating a substrate disclosed herein. Suitable substrates include electroconductive substrates, such as metal substrates, metal alloy substrates, and / or substrates that have been metallized, such as nickel-plated plastic. The metal or metal alloy can comprise or be steel, aluminum, zinc, nickel, and / or magnesium. For example, the steel substrate could be cold rolled steel, hot rolledsteel, electrogalvanized steel, and / or hot dipped galvanized steel. Aluminum alloys of the 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, or 7XXX scries as well as clad aluminum alloys also may be used as the substrate. Aluminum alloys may comprise, for example, 0.01% by weight copper to 10% by weight copper. Aluminum alloys that are treated may also include castings, such as 1XX.X, 2XX.X, 3XX.X, 4XX.X, 5XX.X, 6XX.X, 7XX.X, 8XX.X, or 9XX.X (e.g., A356.0). Magnesium alloys of the AZXX (including Eform Plus), AMXX, EVXX, ZEXX, ZCXX, HKXX, HZXX, QEXX, QHXX, WEXX, ZEK100, or Elektron 21 series also may be used as the substrate. The substrate used may also comprise titanium and / or titanium alloys, zinc and / or zinc alloys, and / or nickel and / or nickel alloys. Suitable substrates for use in the present disclosure include those that are often used in the assembly of vehicular bodies (e.g., without limitation, door, body panel, trunk deck lid, roof panel, hood, roof and / or stringers, rivets, landing gear components, and / or skins used on an aircraft), a vehicular frame, vehicular parts, motorcycles, wheels, industrial structures and components such as appliances, including washers, dryers, refrigerators, stoves, dishwashers, and the like, personal electronics, agricultural equipment, lawn and garden equipment, metal fencing, guard rails, air conditioning units, heat pump units, heat exchangers, lawn furniture, and other articles. As used herein, “vehicle” or variations thereof includes, but is not limited to, civilian, commercial and military aircraft, and / or land vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, and / or bicycles including electric bicycles. The metal substrate also may be in the form of, for example, a sheet of metal or a fabricated part.

[0098] The substrate may be a multi-metal article. As used herein, the term “multi-metal article” refers to (1) an article that has at least one surface comprised of a first metal and at least one surface comprised of a second metal that is different from the first metal, (2) a first article that has at least one surface comprised of a first metal and a second article that has at least one surface comprised of a second metal that is different from the first metal, or (3) both (1) and (2).

[0099] The substrate may comprise a battery or battery component. The battery component may comprise, but is not limited thereto, a battery cell, a battery shell, a battery module, a battery pack, a battery box, a battery cell casing, a pack shell, a battery lid and tray, a thermal management system, a battery housing, a module housing, a module racking, a battery side plate, a battery cell enclosure, a cooling module, a cooling tube, a cooling fin, a cooling plate, a bus bar, a battery frame, an electrical connection, metal wires, or copper or aluminumconductors or cables. The battery may be, for example, an electric vehicle battery, and the battery component may be, for example, an electric vehicle battery component.

[0100] The substrate may comprise a three-dimensional component formed by an additive manufacturing process such as selective laser melting, e-beam melting, directed energy deposition, binder jetting, metal extrusion, and the like. The three-dimensional component may be a metal and / or resinous component.

[0101] Additional coating layers may be added to the substrate, including any suitable additional coating layers known in the art, and each may independently be waterborne, solventborne, in solid particulate form (i.e., a powder coating composition), or in the form of a powder slurry. The additional coating layers may each be cured independently or optionally applied “wet-on-wet” and cured simultaneously. As used herein, “wet-on-wet” refers to a process, wherein a coating, for example a clear coat, is applied over a substantially uncured different coating, for example a color coat, and both coatings are then cured simultaneously. When one or more additional coating layers are used with the coating layer deposited from the electrodepositable coating compositions described herein, the coating layers may be collectively referred to as a “coating stack”.

[0102] Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. Singular- encompasses plural and vice versa. For example, although reference is made herein to “a” film-forming polymer, “a” blocked polyisocyanate curing agent, “a” guanidine curing catalyst, “a” metal oxide, “a” metal acetate, “an” acid scavenger, “a” cocatalyst, and the like, one or more of each of these and any other components can be used. Also, as used herein, the term “polymer” refers to prepolymers, oligomers and both homopolymers and copolymers; the prefix “poly” refers to two or more. When ranges are given, any endpoints of those ranges and / or numbers within those ranges can be combined with the scope of the present disclosure. “Including”, “such as”, “for example” and like terms means “including / such as / for example but not limited to”. The terms “acrylic” and “acrylate” are used interchangeably (unless to do so would alter the intended meaning) and include acrylic acids, anhydrides, and derivatives thereof, lower alkyl-substituted acrylic acids, e.g., C1-C2 substituted acrylic acids, such as methacrylic acid, methacrylic acid, etc., and their Ci-Ce alkyl esters and hydroxy alkyl esters, unless clearly indicated otherwise.Aspects

[0103] Aspect 1. An clcctrodcpositablc coating composition comprising a cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer comprising active hydrogen functional groups; a blocked polyisocyanate curing agent; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, metal oxide and / or metal acetate.

[0104] Aspect 2. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of aspect 1, wherein the film-forming polymer comprises a di-epoxide.

[0105] Aspect 3. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the film-forming polymer comprises a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and / or a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F.

[0106] Aspect 4. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the film-forming polymer comprises 40 to 90 wt% of the coating composition, with wt% based on total weight of the resin solids.

[0107] Aspect 5. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the blocking agent on the blocked polyisocyanate curing agent comprises a 1 ,2- polyol.

[0108] Aspect 6. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst is present in an amount of 0.1% to 7% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids, when the composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite.

[0109] Aspect 7. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a second curing agent.

[0110] Aspect 8. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a second curing agent comprising an aminoplast.

[0111] Aspect 9. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the curing agent comprises 10 to 60 wt% of the coating composition, with wt% based on total weight of the resin solids.

[0112] Aspect 10. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst has the following structure (I):wherein each of Rl, R2, R3, R4, and R5 comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein Rl, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may be the same or different.

[0113] Aspect 11. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst has the following structure (II):(II)wherein R1-R7, may comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein R1-R7 may be the same or different, and n is >1.

[0114] Aspect 12. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst has the following structure (III):(HI)wherein R1-R7, may comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein R1-R7 may be the same or different, and n is >1.

[0115] Aspect 13. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst has the following structure (IV):(IV)wherein R1-R9, may comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein R1-R9 may be the same or different, and n and m are both >1 and may be the same or different.

[0116] Aspect 14. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst has the following structure (V):(V)wherein R1-R9, may comprise hydrogen, (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, aromatic, organometallic, a polymeric structure, or together can form a cycloalkyl, aryl, or an aromatic structure, and wherein R1-R9 may be the same or different, and n and m are both >1 and may be the same or different.

[0117] Aspect 15. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 10 to14, wherein n is >2.

[0118] Aspect 16. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 10 to14, wherein n is >_3.

[0119] Aspect 17. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 13 to14, wherein n = m.

[0120] Aspect 18. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 13 to14, wherein n and m both =1.

[0121] Aspect 19. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 13 to14, wherein n and m both =2.

[0122] Aspect 20. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 13 to14, wherein n and m both =3.

[0123] Aspect 21. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 13 to14, wherein n and m are different.

[0124] Aspect 22. The elctrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 12 to13, wherein n =1 and m =2.

[0125] Aspect 23. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst comprises bicyclic guanidine.

[0126] Aspect 24. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst comprises l,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene.

[0127] Aspect 25. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst is reacted with a resin.

[0128] Aspect 26. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst is reacted with a resin comprising a polyepoxide having a 1,2 epoxy equivalency greater than one.

[0129] Aspect 27. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein when metal oxide is present in the composition and comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide, an acid scavenger and / or a metal acetate are also present in the composition.

[0130] Aspect 28. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite.

[0131] Aspect 29. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite that is substantially free of divalent metals other than magnesium and / or the hydrotalcite has more than one magnesium atom per molecule of hydrotalcite.

[0132] Aspect 30. The electrodepo sitable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite that is substantially free of zinc, calcium, strontium, lead, and / or cadmium.

[0133] Aspect 31 . The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite having two to six magnesium atoms.

[0134] Aspect 32. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite having the formula Mg6AhCO3(OH)i6-4H2O.

[0135] Aspect 33. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite in an amount of 0.05 wt% to 2.0 wt%, based on the total resin solids weight.

[0136] Aspect 34. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal oxide comprising magnesium oxide.

[0137] Aspect 35. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal oxide comprising zinc oxide.

[0138] Aspect 36. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal oxide comprising lanthanum oxide.

[0139] Aspect 37. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal oxide comprising yttrium oxide.

[0140] Aspect 38. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal acetate comprising magnesium acetate.

[0141] Aspect 39. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal acetate comprising zinc acetate.

[0142] Aspect 40. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal acetate comprising calcium acetate.

[0143] Aspect 41. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal acetate comprising lanthanum acetate.

[0144] Aspect 42. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal acetate comprising magnesium acetate tetrahydrate.

[0145] Aspect 43. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises a metal acetate comprising magnesium acetate in an amount of 0.1 wt% to 3.0 wt%, based on resins solids weight.

[0146] Aspect 44. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising an electrically insulative filler.

[0147] Aspect 45. The electrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 1 to42, further comprising an electrically conductive filler.

[0148] Aspect 46. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising a thermally conductive filler.

[0149] Aspect 47. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising a non-thermally conductive filler.

[0150] Aspect 48. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising a fire-retardant pigment.

[0151] Aspect 49. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising a plate-like pigment.

[0152] Aspect 50. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising a phyllosilicate pigment.

[0153] Aspect 51. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising kaolin clay.

[0154] Aspect 52. The electrodepositable coating composition of any of aspects 49 to51, wherein the plate-like pigment is present in a pigment -to-binder ratio of at least 0.4:1.

[0155] Aspect 53. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst.

[0156] Aspect 54. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst comprising bismuth.

[0157] Aspect 55. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition comprises 10 to 20,000 ppm soluble bismuth metal introduced into the composition from a bismuth catalyst.

[0158] Aspect 56. The electrodepositable coating composition of aspect 54, wherein the bismuth co-catalyst comprises bismuth methane sulphonic acid.

[0159] Aspect 57. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst comprising bismuth and the bismuth catalyst is present in an amount of 0.01% to 3.0% by weight of bismuth metal, based on total resin solids weight of the composition.

[0160] Aspect 58. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst comprising tin.

[0161] Aspect 59. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst comprising cerium.

[0162] Aspect 60. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst comprising zinc.

[0163] Aspect 61. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst comprising titanium.

[0164] Aspect 62. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the composition is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of catalytic tin.

[0165] Aspect 63. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the coating composition further comprises a co-catalyst, and the guanidine curing catalyst is present in an amount greater than any co-catalyst, both individually or collectively, if more than one co-catalyst is present.

[0166] Aspect 64. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising a pigment, wherein the pigment is incorporated into the coating composition without the use of a pigment paste.

[0167] Aspect 65. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the composition is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of a grind resin.

[0168] Aspect 66. A pigment paste for an electrodepositable coating composition comprising a. a grind resin; b. a guanidine curing catalyst; and c. an acid scavenger, a metal oxide and / or a metal acetate.

[0169] Aspect 67. The pigment paste of aspect 65, further comprising a bismuth catalyst.

[0170] Aspect 68. The pigment paste of aspects 66 to 67, wherein the acid scavenger comprises hydrotalcite, and the hydrotalcite is substantially free of divalent metals other than magnesium, and / or the hydrotalcite has more than one magnesium atom per molecule of hydrotalcite.

[0171] Aspect 69. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 68, further comprising a plate-like pigment.

[0172] Aspect 70. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 69, wherein the paste comprises a bismuth catalyst and the bismuth metal from the catalyst is present in an amount of greater than 3% by weight, based on total solids weight.

[0173] Aspect 71. The pigment past of any of aspects 66 to 70, wherein the paste further comprises a co-catalyst, and the guanidine curing catalyst is present in an amount greater than any co-catalyst, both individually or collectively, if more than one co-catalyst is present.

[0174] Aspect 72. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 71, wherein the paste further comprises a bismuth catalyst comprising bismuth methane sulphonic acid.

[0175] Aspect 73. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 72, wherein the paste is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of catalytic tin.

[0176] Aspect 74. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 73, wherein the grind resin comprises a cationic salt group- containing resin comprising sulfonium, quaternary ammonium, or amine-salt groups.

[0177] Aspect 75. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 74, wherein the weight ratio of pigment to grind resin is at least 0.5:1

[0178] Aspect 76. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 75, wherein the weight ratio of pigment to grind resin is no more than 20: 1.

[0179] Aspect 77. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 76, wherein the weight ratio of pigment to grind resin is 0.5:1 to 20:1.

[0180] Aspect 78. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 77, wherein the weight ratio of pigment to grind resin is 5:1 to 6:1.

[0181] Aspect 79. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 78, wherein the paste is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of a curing agent.

[0182] Aspect 80. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 79, wherein the paste comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite.

[0183] Aspect 81. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 80, wherein the paste comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalicte that is substantially free of zinc, calcium, strontium, lead and / or cadmium.

[0184] Aspect 82. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 81, wherein the paste comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite having two to six magnesium atoms.

[0185] Aspect 83. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 82, wherein the pigment paste comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite having the formula Mg6A12CO3(OH) 16- 4H2O.

[0186] Aspect 84. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 83, wherein the pigment paste comprises an acid scavenger comprising hydrotalcite in an amount of 0.05 wt% to 2.0 wt%, based on the total weight of the paste.

[0187] Aspect 85. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 84, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal oxide comprising magnesium oxide.

[0188] Aspect 86. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 85, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal oxide comprising zinc oxide.

[0189] Aspect 87. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 86, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal oxide comprising lanthanum oxide.

[0190] Aspect 88. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 87, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal oxide comprising yttrium oxide.

[0191] Aspect 89. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 88, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal acetate comprising magnesium acetate.

[0192] Aspect 90. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 89, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal acetate comprising zinc acetate.

[0193] Aspect 91. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 90, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal acetate comprising calcium acetate.

[0194] Aspect 92. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 91, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal acetate comprising lanthanum acetate.

[0195] Aspect 93. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 92, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal acetate comprising magnesium acetate tetrahydrate.

[0196] Aspect 94. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 93, wherein the pigment paste comprises a metal acetate comprising magnesium acetate in an amount of 0.1 wt% to 3.0 wt%, based on total weight of the paste.

[0197] Aspect 95. The pigment paste of any of aspects 66 to 94, wherein when metal oxide is present in the paste and comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide, an acid scavenger and / or a metal acetate are also present in the paste.

[0198] Aspect 96. An electrodepositable coating composition comprising: a. an electrodepositable binder; and b. any of the pigment pastes of aspects 66 to 95.

[0199] Aspect 97. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96, wherein the concentration of phosphate ions is less than 5 ppm.

[0200] Aspect 98. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to65 and 96 to 97, wherein the concentration of phosphate ions is less than 3 ppm.

[0201] Aspect 99. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to65 and 96 to 98, wherein the concentration of phosphate ions is less than 1 ppm.

[0202] Aspect 100. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 99, wherein the total solids is 1% to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition.

[0203] Aspect 101. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 100, wherein the total solids is 5% to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition.

[0204] Aspect 102. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 101, wherein the total solids is 5% to 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrodepositable coating composition.

[0205] Aspect 103. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 102, wherein the electrodepositable coating composition is substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of a dispersing acid comprising an oxyacid of phosphorus.

[0206] Aspect 104. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 103, wherein the P:B of the composition is at least 0.2:1.

[0207] Aspect 105. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 104, wherein the P:B of the composition is at least 0.4:1.

[0208] Aspect 106. The electrodepositable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 105, wherein the P:B of the composition is at least 0.6:1.

[0209] Aspect 107. A method for using the electrodeposiable coating compositions of any of aspects 1 to 65 and 96 to 106 to coat a substrate by electrodeposition of the coating composition onto at least a portion of the substrate.

[0210] Aspect 108. The method of aspect 107, wherein the substrate has been pretreated prior to electrodeposition.

[0211] Aspect 109. The method of any of aspects 107 to 108, wherein the substrate has been pretreated prior to electrodeposition with a non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition.

[0212] Aspect 110. A coated substrate prepared according to the method of any of aspects 107 to 109.

[0213] Aspect 111. The substrate of aspect 110, wherein the substrate comprises metal.

[0214] Aspect 112. The substrate of aspect 111, wherein the metal comprises steel.

[0215] Aspect 113. The substrate of aspect 111, wherein the metal comprises aluminum.

[0216] Aspect 114. The substrate of aspect 113, wherein the aluminum comprises an aluminum alloy.

[0217] Aspect 115. The substrate of aspect 114, wherein the aluminum alloy is from the 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, or 7XXX series.

[0218] Aspect 116. The substrate of aspect 111, wherein the aluminum is a clad aluminum alloy.

[0219] Aspect 117. The substate of aspect 110, wherein the substrate comprises a multi-metal article.

[0220] Aspect 118. The substrate of any of aspects 110 to 117, wherein the coating layer deposited from the electrodepositable coating composition forms part of a coating stack.

[0221] Aspect 119. A vehicle comprising the substrate of any of aspects 110 to 118.

[0222] Aspect 120. A battery or battery component comprising the substrate of any of aspects 110 to 118.

[0223] Aspect 121. A vehicle comprising the battery of aspect 120.

[0224] Aspect 122. Any of the electrodepositable coating compositions or pigment pastes of aspects 1 to 106, wherein the composition and / or paste is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of zinc oxide.

[0225] Aspect 123. Any of the electrodepositable coating compositions or pigment pastes of aspects 1 to 106 and 122, wherein the composition and / or paste is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of lanthanum oxide.

[0226] Aspect 124. Any of the electrodepositable coating compositions or pigment pastes of aspects 1 to 106 and 122 to 123, wherein the composition and / or paste is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of yttrium oxide.

[0227] Aspect 125. Any of the electrodepositable coating compositions or pigment pastes of aspects 1 to 106 and 122 to 124, wherein the composition and / or paste is substantially free, essentially free, and / or completely free of magnesium oxide.

[0228] The following examples are intended to illustrate the disclosure and should not be construed as limiting the disclosure in any way.EXAMPLESResin System I: Resin System for Example 1

[0229] Preparation of Crosslinker I. A blocked polyisocyanate crosslinker, suitable for use in electrodepositable coating resins, was prepared in the following manner. Components 2-4 listed in Table 1, below, were mixed in a flask set up for total reflux with stirring under nitrogen. The mixture was heated to a temperature of 110°C, and Component 1 was added dropwise so that the temperature increased due to the reaction exotherm and was maintained under 110°C. After the addition of Component 1 was complete, Component 5 was added to the heated reaction mixture. A temperature of 110°C was established in the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture held at temperature until no residual isocyanate was detected by IR spectroscopy. Components 6 and 7 were then added, and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 30 minutes and cooled to ambient temperature.Table 1. Components for the prepar ation of Crosslinker I1Polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, available from Huntsman Corporation.21 -methoxy -2-propanol available from Dow.

[0230] Preparation of an Amine-Functionalized, Poly epoxide-Based Resin (Resin System I). An amine-functionalized, polyepoxide-based polymeric resin, suitable for use in formulating electrodepositable coating compositions, was prepared in the following manner. Components 1- 4 listed in Table 2, below, were combined in a flask set up for total reflux with stirring under nitrogen. The mixture was heated to a temperature of 130°C and allowed to exotherm (170°C maximum). A temperature of 145 °C was established in the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was then held for 1 .5 hours. Components 5-7 were then introduced into the reaction mixture and a temperature of 100°C was established in the reaction mixture. Components 8 and 9 were then added to the reaction mixture quickly and the reaction mixture was allowed to exotherm. A temperature of 110°C was established in the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture held for 1 hour. After the hold, the heating source was removed from the reaction mixture and Component 10 was added. The content of the flask was allowed to stir while cooling to room temperature. The resulting product had a solids content of 86.9% by weight.Table 2. Components for the preparation of Resin System IPreparation of a Cationic Resin, Bicyclic Guanidine-Functionalized Polyepoxide-Based Resin (Resin Dispersion I)

[0231] A cationic, bicyclic guanidine-functionalized, polyepoxide-based polymeric resin was prepared in the following manner. Components 1-6 listed in Table 3, below, were mixed in a flask set up for total reflux with stirring under nitrogen. The mixture was heated to a temperature of 130°C and allowed to exotherm (175°C maximum). A temperature of 145°C was established in the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was then held for 1 hour.Component 7 was introduced slowly while allowing the mixture to cool to 100°C. A temperature of 100°C was established, and Component 8 was then added to the reaction mixture quickly and the reaction mixture was allowed to exotherm. A temperature of 100°C was established and the reaction mixture held for 1 hour, resulting in Resin Synthesis Product B.Table 3. Components for preparation of Cationic Resin4Propylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether available from DOW Chemical Co.537.5% by weight solution in a mixture of propylene glycol monomethyl ether and n- butoxypropanol (20:80 % ratio by weight).

[0232] A portion of the Resin Synthesis Product B (Component 10) was then poured into a pre-mixed solution of Components 11-13 to form a resin dispersion, and the resin dispersion was stirred for 1 hour. Component 14 was then introduced over 30 minutes to further dilute the resin dispersion. The solids content of was determined by adding a quantity of the resin dispersion to a tared aluminum dish, recording the initial weight of the resin dispersion, heating the resin dispersion in the dish for 60 minutes at 110°C in an oven, allowing the dish to cool to ambient temperature, reweighing the dish to determine the amount of non-volatile content remaining, and calculating the solids content by dividing the weight of the remaining nonvolatile content by the initial resin dispersion weight and multiplying by 100. The resulting Resin Dispersion I had a solids content of 35.12% by weight.Acid Scavenger Paste I: Paste for Comparative Example

[0233] A cationic, acid-scavenger containing paste, suitable for use in formulating electrodepositable coating compositions, was prepared in the following manner. Components 1 and 3 listed in Table 4 below were combined and mixed for 10 minutes in a stainless-steel beaker using constant agitation powered by a Fawcett air motor (Model 103 A) and a 1.5-inch Cowles blade. Components 2 and 4 were then added in quarter sized portions, alternating between adding component 2 and 4 until all the components were added. The paste was mixed until completely homogenous. Once homogenous, the paste was placed on a conventional media mill and ground until a Hegman above 7 was observed.Table 4. Components for the preparation of an acid scavenger paste6Hydrotalcite commercially available from BASF.7Non-ionic wetting agent commercially available from Clariant.Electrodepositable Coating Compositions for use in Example 1

[0234] Control Formulation A: An electrodepositable coating composition was prepared in the following manner. Components 2 and 4 listed in Table 5, below, were combined in a stainless- steel beaker and mixed by a Fawcett air motor (Model 103A) using a 1.5-inch Cowles blade for 5 minutes starting at 60°C. Components 1 and 3 were then added and the mixing speed was increased to between 1500 - 2500 RPM. The mixture was allowed to mix for one hour after which the degree of the dispersion was determined by a Hegman gauge. To be adequately dispersed, a minimal reading of 5 had to be achieved.

[0235] For the dispersion step, a mixture of Components 5-8 was added to the pigment containing resinous mixture. A temperature of less than 60°C was established and the dispersion was mixed with a high-lift blade at between 500 - 1500 RPM for one hour. After dispersing, the dispersion was allowed to cool to ambient temperatures and Component 9 was added into the dispersed formulation and allowed to mix under ambient temperatures for one hour. To generate the electrocoat bath composition, the mixture was further diluted with Component 10 to approximately 25% solids by weight.Table 5. Components for the preparation of electrodepositable coating compositions8Hydrous aluminosilicate available from BASF.990% solution in deionized water; all formic acid used in the examples was this concentration unless indicated otherwise.

[0236] Formulation A-2: An electrodepositable coating composition was prepared in the following manner. Component 1 from Table 6 below was mixed with a magnetic stir plate and2-inch rod shaped magnetic stir bar at 300 to 500 RPM. Component 2 was then added to component 1 and left to continue mixing. The resulting mixture was allowed to mix for 3 days before use.Table 6. Components for the preparation of electrodepositable coating compositions

[0237] Formulation B: An electrodepositable coating composition was prepared in the following manner. Components 2 and 4 listed in Table 7, below, were combined in a stainless- steel beaker and mixed by a Fawcett air motor (Model 103 A) using a 1.5-inch Cowles blade for 5 minutes starting at 60°C. Components 1 and 3 were then added and the mixing speed was increased to between 1500 - 2500 RPM. The mixture was allowed to mix for one hour after which the degree of the dispersion was determined by a Hegman gauge. To be adequately dispersed, a minimal reading of 5 had to be achieved.

[0238] For the dispersion step, a mixture of Components 5-7 was added to the pigment containing resinous mixture. A temperature of less than 60°C was established and the dispersion was mixed with a high-lift blade at between 500 - 1500 RPM for one hour. After dispersing, the dispersion was allowed to cool to ambient temperatures and Components 8 and 9 were added into the dispersed formulation and allowed to mix under ambient temperatures for one hour. To generate the electrocoat bath composition, the mixture was further diluted with Component 10 to approximately 25% solids by weight.Table 7. Components for the preparation of electrodepositable coating compositions10Aminated Epoxy Resin comparable to Resin System I, 84.5% solids in Dowanol PM.

[0239] Evaluation of Cure Response: CRS panels pretreated with zinc phosphate pretreatment (CHEMFOS C700 pretreatment, item: 28630, available from ACT, Hillsdale, MI.) were cut in half to yield a 4” by 6” panel. Panels were fully submerged in the electrocoat baths and electrodeposition began. A rectifier (Xantrax Model XFR600-2, Elkhart, Indiana, or Sorensen XG 300-5.6, Ameteck, Berwyn, Pennsylvania), which was DC-power supplied, was used to apply the electrodepositable coating. The coating film was deposited by using a voltage / temperature / current condition indicated for two minutes. Exact coating conditions for each paint are found in Table 8. After panels were electrocoated, these panels were rinsed with deionized water and baked at 284°F (140°C) for 30 minutes in an electric oven (Despatch Model LFD-1-42). After baking, the panels were allowed to cool at ambient conditions for 20 minutes. The dry film thickness (“DFT”) was measured using a Fischerscope MMS device purchased from Fischer Technology Inc. After measuring film thickness, cure was evaluated by double acetone rub testing. The baked panels were rubbed with an acetone soaked WYPALL X80 disposable paper wipe manufactured by Kimberly-Clark. The rubs are counted as a double rub (one rub forward and rub backward constitutes a double rub). The panels are rated on a scale of 0-10 wherein the ratings correspond to the following scale: Cure Rating: 0 Breaks through to substrate in less than 10 rubs; 1 Breaks through to substrate in 10-19 rubs; 2 Breaks through to substrate in 20-29 rubs; 3 Breaks through to substrate in 30-39 rubs; 4 Breaks through to substrate in 40-49 rubs; 5 Breaks through to substrate in 50-99 rubs; 6 Heavy mar (100 rubs); 7 Mar (100 rubs); 8 Slight mar (100 rubs); 9 Trace mar (100 rubs); 10 No effect (100 rubs). Cure response ratings can be found in Table 8.Table 8. Comparisons of Cure Response

[0240] The data in Table 8 demonstrates a significant improvement in solvent resistance of clcctrodcpo sited coatings can be achieved by incorporating acid scavengers or magnesium acetate into electrodepositable compositions catalyzed with bicyclic guanidine.

[0241] Whereas particular examples of this disclosure have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the ail that numerous variations of the details of the present disclosure may be made without departing from the disclosure as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An electrodepositable coating composition comprising: a cationic salt group-containing film-forming polymer comprising active hydrogen functional groups; a blocked poly isocyan ate curing agent; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, metal oxide, and / or metal acetate; and when metal oxide is present in the composition and comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide, an acid scavenger and / or a metal acetate are also present in the composition.

2. The electrodepositable coating composition of claim 1, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst is present in an amount of 0.1% to 7% by weight, based on the total weight of the resin solids, when the composition comprises an acid scavenger and the acid scavenger comprises hydrotalcite.

3. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a co-catalyst and the guanidine curing catalyst is present in an amount greater than any co- catalyst.

4. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the acid scavenger comprises hydrotalcite.

5. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the hydrotalcite is substantially free of divalent metals other than magnesium, and / or the hydrotalcite has more than one magnesium atom per molecule of hydrotalcite.

6. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the hydrotalcite has the formula Mg6AhCO3(OH)i6-4H2O.

7. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the metal oxide comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, and / or yttrium oxide.

8. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the metal acetate comprises magnesium acetate, zinc acetate, calcium acetate, and / or lanthanum acetate.

9. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the metal acetate comprises magnesium acetate.

10. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition comprises a co-catalyst comprising bismuth.

11. The electrodepositable coating composition of claim 10, wherein the electrodepositable coating composition has less than 0.01% by weight of bismuth metal from the bismuth cocatalyst, based on total resin solids weight of the composition.

12. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst comprises a bicyclic guanidine.

13. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the guanidine curing catalyst comprises l,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene.

14. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a plate-like pigment.

15. The electrodepositable coating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises kaolin clay.

16. A pigment paste for an electrodepositable coating composition comprising: a grind resin; a guanidine curing catalyst; and an acid scavenger, a metal oxide, and / or a metal acetate.

17. The pigment paste of claim 16, wherein the acid scavenger comprises a hydrotalcite.

18. The pigment paste of any of claims 16 to 17, wherein the metal oxide comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, lanthanum acetate, and / or yttrium oxide.

19. The pigment paste of any of claims 16 to 18, wherein the metal acetate comprises magnesium acetate, zinc acetate, calcium acetate, and / or lanthanum acetate.

20. The pigment paste of any of claims 16 to 19, further comprising a plate-like pigment present in an amount of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of pigment.

21. An electrodepositable coating composition comprising: an electrodepositable binder; and the pigment paste of any of claims 16 to 20.

22. The electrodepositable coating composition of any of claims 1 to 15 and 21, wherein the electrodepositable coating composition has a concentration of phosphate ions of less than 5 ppm.

23. A method for using the electrodepositable coating composition of any of claims 1 to 14 and 21 to 22 to coat a substrate by electrodeposition of the coating composition onto at least a portion of the substrate.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the substrate has been pretreated with a non-metal phosphate pretreatment composition prior to electrodeposition.

25. A coated substrate prepared according to any of claims 23 to 24.

26. A vehicle comprising the coated substrate of claim 25.

27. A battery or battery component comprising the coated substrate of claim 25.

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