Human factor viii variant expression cassettes and uses thereof for treating hemophilia a
Optimized FVIII variants and synthetic promoters in AAV vectors address the limitations of current hemophilia A treatments by achieving high and liver-specific expression, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and safety.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/079936
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-29
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-04
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for hemophilia A, such as replacement therapy, are costly, pose risks of infection, and can induce an immune response, while gene therapy has limitations in delivering functional FVIII effectively due to packaging constraints and inefficient expression.
Development of optimized polynucleotide sequences and expression cassettes encoding human FVIII variants, including specific mutations and synthetic promoters, for use in AAV vectors to achieve high and liver-specific expression of FVIII polypeptides, overcoming packaging limitations and improving therapeutic efficacy.
The optimized FVIII variants and promoters enable sustained, high-level expression of functional FVIII, reducing the need for frequent infusions and minimizing immune responses, thus providing a more effective and safer treatment for hemophilia A.
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Abstract
Description
HUMAN FACTOR VIII VARIANT EXPRESSION CASSETTES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING HEMOPHILIA AFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure belongs to the field of gene therapy. Specifically, the present disclosure provides human coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) variants, polynucleotide sequences encoding said variants, expression cassettes and recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors comprising the polynucleotide sequences, and uses thereof for treating a disorder or condition caused by the deficiency of FVIII, especially hemophilia A. SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The present disclosure includes a sequence listing as a part of the disclosure.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Hemophilia A is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the essential clotting factor VIII (FVIII) . It is an X-linked recessive genetic disease that mainly affects males.
[0004] The pathophysiology of hemophilia A involves a defect in the gene encoding for FVIII, which is located on the X chromosome. This means that males who inherit one mutated X chromosome from their mothers will have hemophilia A, while females who inherit one mutated X chromosome will be carriers and may have mild symptoms or none at all. The mutation can result in reduced production, activity, or stability of FVIII, leading to impaired clotting cascade and increased risk of bleeding.
[0005] The natural course of hemophilia A varies depending on the severity of FVIII deficiency, which is classified as mild (5%to 40%of normal FVIII levels) , moderate (1%to 5%) , or severe (<1%) . Patients with severe hemophilia A may experience spontaneous bleeding episodes into joints, muscles, organs, or brain, which can cause pain, swelling, disability, and even death if not treated promptly. Patients with mild or moderate hemophilia A may bleed only after surgery.
[0006] Replacement therapy with plasma-derived or overexpressed recombinant factor VIII is currently widely used for treatment, and has greatly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of the hemophilia A patients over the past decade. The frequency and dose of FVIII infusion depend on the severity of hemophilia A, the type and location of bleeding, and the patient's weight and FVIII levels. Replacement therapy can be given on demand (when bleeding occurs) or prophylactically (regularly to prevent bleeding) .
[0007] However, replacement therapy has some limitations and challenges. First, it is expensive and requires access to specialized health care facilities and trained personnel, which place a significant economic burden on Hemophilia A patients. Second, it carries a risk of transmission of blood-borne infections such as hepatitis B and C and HIV if plasma-derived products are used. Third, it can induce an immune response against FVIII in some patients (about 20%to 30%of severe hemophilia A patients) , resulting in the formation of antibodies (inhibitors) that neutralize FVIII activity and reduce its efficacy. Also, it has adverse effects such as increased factor VIII inhibitors, stinging at the injection site, and inflammation at the injection site.
[0008] Gene therapy is an emerging treatment option for hemophilia A that aims to correct the underlying genetic defect by delivering a functional copy of the FVIII gene into the patient's cells using viral vectors. Gene therapy has several potential advantages over replacement therapy. By providing a sustained treatment for hemophilia A with a single administration, it could eliminate the need for frequent infusions and reduce the risks of infections and inhibitor production.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention is based in part on the development of optimized polynucleotide sequences and expression cassettes which encode the human FVIII variants and are suitable for use in AAV vectors to provide secreted high expression levels of human FVIII polypeptides. The inventors have designed and optimized highly active B-domain deleted FVIII-BDD variants and evaluated their efficacies through in vivo and in vitro studies.
[0010] The present invention is further based in part on the development of synthetic promoters for liver-specific expression of gene of interest (GOI) by rAAV vectors. The said promoters can drive high levels of gene expression and are short in length, for example a length of less than 200bp, which suits the limited capacity of rAAV vectors.
[0011] Therefore, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a polypeptide variant of the human factor VIII, comprising the following mutations a) and b) as compared to the wild-type polypeptide of the human factor VIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1: a) substitution of B domain of the factor VIII with the SQ sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 96; b) substitutions in the A1 domain selected from a group consisting of: i. G132 and L152; ii. A108, G132, and L152; and iii. A108, F129, G132, and L152.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises one or more of the following mutations c) -e) : c) deletion one or more amino acids from the furin cleavage recognition site of the SQ sequences in a) ; d) insertion of the V3 sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 95 at an amino acid position within the SQ sequence in a) ; and e) substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 309 (F309) .
[0013] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises c) deletion of arginine at an amino acid position 1645 (Δ1645) , or deletion of three consecutive amino acids from the four amino acids at positions 1645 to 1648 (Δ3) .
[0014] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises e) substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 309 with serine (F309S) .
[0015] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises b) one or more substitutions in the A1 domain selected from a group consisting of: substitution of alanine at amino acid position 108 with serine (A108S) or isoleucine (A108I) , substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 129 with leucine (F129L) , substitution of glycine at amino acid position 132 with lysine (G132K) or glutamic acid (G132E) , and substitution of leucine at amino acid position 152 with proline (L152P) or serine (L152S) .
[0016] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention does not have a substitution at amino acid position I86 or M147 in the A1 domain.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises any one of the following combinations of mutations in the A1 domain: i. G132K and L152P; ii. G132E and L152P; iii. A108S, G132K and L152P; iv. A108I, G132E and L152S; v. A108S, F129L, G132K and L152P; and vi. A108I, F129L, G132E and L152S.
[0018] In some embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention further comprises a mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region. In more specific embodiments, the mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region comprises one or more substitutions selected from a group consisting of R484A, R489A, and P492A. In preferred embodiments, the mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region comprises R484A, R489A and P492A.
[0019] In specific embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises or consists of a polypeptide sequence as shown in any one of SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 76, or SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0020] In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a polypeptide variant of human factor VIII, comprising the following mutations as compared to the wild-type polypeptide of the human factor VIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1: a) substitution of the B domain of factor VIII with the SQ sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 96; b) one or more substitutions in the A1 domain selected from a group consisting of: substitution of alanine at amino acid position 108 (A108) , substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 129 (F129) , substitution of glycine at amino acid position 132 (G132) , and substitution of leucine at amino acid position 152 (L152) ; c) deletion of one or more amino acids from the furin cleavage recognition site of the SQ sequences in a) ; d) insertion of V3 sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 95 at an amino acid position within the SQ sequence in a) ; and e) substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 309 (F309) .
[0021] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises c) deletion of arginine at an amino acid position 1645 (Δ1645) , or deletion of three consecutive amino acids from the four amino acids at positions 1645 to 1648 (Δ3) .
[0022] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises e) substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 309 with serine (F309S) .
[0023] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises b) one or more substitutions in the A1 domain selected from a group consisting of: substitution of alanine at amino acid position 108 with serine (A108S) or isoleucine (A108I) , substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 129 with leucine (F129L) , substitution of glycine at amino acid position 132 with lysine (G132K) or glutamic acid (G132E) , and substitution of leucine at amino acid position 152 with proline (L152P) or serine (L152S) .
[0024] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention does not have a substitution at amino acid position I86 or M147 in the A1 domain.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises any one of the following combinations of mutations in A1 domain: i. G132 and L152; ii. A108, G132, and L152; and iii. A108, F129, G132, and L152.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises any one of the following combinations of mutations in the A1 domain: i. G132K and L152P; ii. G132E and L152P; iii. A108S, G132K and L152P; iv. A108I, G132E and L152S; v. A108S, F129L, G132K and L152P; and vi. A108I, F129L, G132E and L152S.
[0027] In some embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention further comprises a mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region. In more specific embodiments, the mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region comprises one or more substitutions selected from a group consisting of R484A, R489A, and P492A. In preferred embodiments, the mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region comprises R484A, R489A and P492A.
[0028] In specific embodiments, the polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises or consists of a polypeptide sequence as shown in any one of SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 76, or SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0029] In a third aspect, the present invention relates to a polynucleotide sequence encoding for the polypeptide variant of human factor VIII of the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0030] In certain embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence is codon-optimized for the expression of factor VIII in human cells.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence has a total number of CpG of less than 10, for example 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0.
[0032] In specific embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence has at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, or SEQ ID NO: 70.
[0033] In specific embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, or SEQ ID NO: 70. In more specific embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, or SEQ ID NO: 70. In more specific embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or SEQ ID NO: 69.
[0034] In specific embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises more than one stop codon.
[0035] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic promoter comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-107, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-107.
[0036] In certain embodiments, the synthetic promoter is selected from a group consisting of A1AT, AFP-TSS, AFP-TSS, S-A1AT (free72) , S-TTRm-TSS-UTR, Syno-TSS, syno-TSS-1, syno-TSS-2, syno-TSS-3, syno-TSS-4, syno-TSS-5, or TTRm-TSS-UTR promoter as described herein. In preferred embodiments, the synthetic promoter is S-TTRm-TSS-UTR or Syno-TSS promoter as described herein.
[0037] In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a chimeric promoter comprising from 5’ to 3’ an enhancer and the synthetic promoter of the fourth aspect.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the enhancer comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 108-112, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 108-112.
[0039] In certain embodiments, the enhancer is selected from a group consisting of HNF1+ABP-S enhancer, TTR enhancer, TTR-S-enhancer, EII enhancer, or HS-CRM8 enhancer as described herein.
[0040] In certain embodiments, the chimeric promoter comprises a combination of an enhancer and a synthetic promoter selected from any one of the following combinations: i. HNF1+ABP-Senhancer and S-TTRm-TSS-UTR; ii. TTR enhancer and Syno-TSS; or iii. HS-CRM8 enhancer and S-TTRm-TSS-UTR.
[0041] In certain embodiments, the enhancer is a synthetic enhancer.
[0042] In certain embodiments, the chimeric promoter is a liver-specific promoter.
[0043] In certain embodiments, the chimeric promoter is used in a recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector.
[0044] In a sixth aspect, the present invention relates to an expression cassette comprising the polynucleotide sequence of the third aspect, or the chimeric promoter of the fifth aspect.
[0045] In specific embodiments, the expression cassette comprises the polynucleotide sequence of the third aspect operatively linked to the chimeric promoter of the fifth aspect. In more specific embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of the third aspect and the chimeric promoter of the fifth aspect are operatively linked to a gene-of-interest.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the gene-of-interest is a polynucleotide sequence encoding for the human factor VIII polypeptide or a variant thereof.
[0047] In certain embodiments, the expression cassette comprises is used for expression via a rAAV vector.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the expression cassette comprises: (1) a coding sequence of FVIII-BDD, having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or SEQ ID NO: 69; and (2) a chimeric promoter, consisting of (2-1) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 100; (2-2) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 101; or (2-3) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 100.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the expression cassette comprises: (1) a coding sequence of FVIII-BDD, having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69; and (2) a chimeric promoter, consisting of an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 101.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the total number of CpG in the polynucleotide sequence encoding for the human factor VIII polypeptide or a variant thereof and the synthetic promoter or chimeric promoter is less than 10, for example 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation (polyA) sequence.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the polyA sequence has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.
[0053] In a seventh aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of the third aspect, the chimeric promoter of the fifth aspect, or the expression cassette of the sixth aspect.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the rAAV vector is a single-stranded AAV (ssAAV) .
[0055] In certain embodiments, the rAAV vector comprises a 5’ ITR and a 3’ ITR.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the 5’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, and / or the 3’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86.
[0057] In an eighth aspect, the present invention relates to an AAV viral particle comprising the rAAV vector of the seventh aspect packaged into an AAV capsid.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the AAV capsid is derived from AAV serotype selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3B, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAVLK03, AAVS3, AAVKP1, AAVrh10, AAVNP40, AAVNP59, AAV-DJ, AAVAnc80L65, AAVsL65, AAVHSC15, AAVC102, AAV204, AAV214 or any variant thereof.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the AAV capsid is a capsid with liver tropism.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the AAV capsid is AAV5, AAV6, AAV8 or variant thereof.
[0061] In a ninth aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the rAAV vectors of the seventh aspect or the viral particle of eighth aspect, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0062] In a tenth aspect, the present invention relates to a host cell infected with the viral particle of the eighth aspect.
[0063] In an eleventh aspect, the present invention relates to a method for treating type A hemophilia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the rAAV vectors of the seventh aspect, the viral particle of the eighth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the ninth aspect.
[0064] In a twelfth aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the rAAV vectors of the seventh aspect, the viral particle of the eighth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the ninth aspect in treating type A hemophilia.
[0065] In a thirteenth aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the rAAV vectors of the seventh aspect, the viral particle of the eighth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the ninth aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for treating type A hemophilia.
[0066] In a fourteenth aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing the viral particle of the eighth aspect, comprising introducing the expression cassette of the sixth aspect or the rAAV vector of the seventh aspect into a mammalian host cell.
[0067] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. INCORPORATION BY REFERENC
[0068] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0069] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are employed, and the accompanying drawings (also “figure” and “FIG. ” herein) , of which:
[0070] FIG. 1 illustrates the structure of a vector used in the examples for the evaluation of FVIII-BDD. “SQ” refers to the inserted SQ sequence; “PA” refers to the poly-adenylation sequence.
[0071] FIG. 2 shows the expression efficiency of the candidate vectors comprising codon-optimized coding sequence of FVIII-BDD (R26, R29, and R32) as compared to the benchmark (R44) in HepG2 cells.
[0072] FIG. 3 shows the expression efficiency of the candidate vectors encoding for FVIII-BDD variants with different mutations (R110, R111, R114 and R115) as compared to the benchmarks (R43, R44) in HepG2 cells.
[0073] FIGS. 4A-4B shows the expression efficiency of the candidate vectors encoding for FVIII-BDD variants with mutation (s) in the A1 domain in (A) Huh7 cells and in (B) HepG2 cells.
[0074] FIG. 5 shows the results of the expression efficiency of the candidate vectors encoding for FVIII-BDD variants with different combinations of the A1 domain mutations, UTR and signal peptide in HepG2 cells.
[0075] FIG. 6 shows the schematic illustration of the in vivo mouse study.
[0076] FIG. 7 shows the FVIII activity in the WT mice 1 week (W1) or 2 weeks (W2) after i. v. injection of the indicated AAV vectors at a dose of 2E11 vg / kg or 2E12 vg / kg.
[0077] FIGS. 8A-8B show the FVIII activity in the WT mice 1 week (W1) , 2 weeks (W2) , 4 weeks (W4) , or 6 weeks (W6) after i. v. injection of the indicated AAV vectors at a dose of (A) 2E11 vg / kg or (B) 2E12 vg / kg.
[0078] FIG. 9 shows the results of the expression efficiency of the candidate vectors encoding for FVIII-BDD variants with mutation combination of F309S, V3, Δ3 and one or more of substitutions in the A1 domain at positions I86, A108, F129, G132, M147, and L152.
[0079] FIGS. 10A-10B show the results of the dual-luciferase assay testing the effects of the short liver promoters identified in (A) Huh7 cells and (B) HepG2 cells.
[0080] FIG. 11 shows the expression efficiency of the candidate vectors encoding for FVIII-BDD containing the short liver promoter in HepG2 cells.
[0081] FIGS. 12A-12B show the FVIII activity in the WT mice from week 1 to week 12 after i. v. injection of the indicated AAV vectors at a dose of (A) 2E11 vg / kg or (B) 2E12 vg / kg.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0082] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.
[0083] Unless specifically defined elsewhere in this document, all of the technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0084] As used herein, including the appended claims, the singular forms of words such as “a” , “an” , and “the” , include their corresponding plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0085] In the context of the present disclosure, unless being otherwise indicated, the wording “comprise” , and variations thereof such as “comprises” and “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, e.g. an amino acid sequence, a nucleotide sequence, a property, a step or a group thereof, but not the exclusion of any other elements, e.g. amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, properties and steps. When used herein the term “comprise” or any variation thereof can be substituted with the term “contain” , “include” or sometimes “have” or equivalent variation thereof. In certain embodiments, the wording “comprise” also include the scenario of “consisting of” . I. Definition
[0086] The term “factor FVIII” , “FVIII” or “F8” are used interchangeably in the context of the present invention and refer to human antihemophilic factor VIII, also known as human coagulation factor VIII.
[0087] The term “factor FVIII variant” refers to a polypeptide comprising one or more mutations as compared to the polypeptide sequence of the wild-type human factor VIII and having factor VIII activity. More specifically, the wild-type human factor VIII has a polypeptide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0088] The term “FVIII-BDD” refers to a truncated version of human factor VIII with at least a part of or complete B-domain being deleted. In preferred embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention has a 14-amino acid sequence SQ (SEQ ID NO: 96) in replacement with the B domain, and has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0089] The term “gene” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid (such as DNA, e.g., genomic DNA or cDNA) and its corresponding nucleotide sequence encoding an RNA transcript. As used herein, terms with reference to genomic DNA can include intervening non-coding regions as well as regulatory regions, and may include both 5' and 3' terminus. In some instances, the term includes transcribed sequences, including 5' and 3' untranslated regions (5'-UTR and 3'-UTR) , exons and introns. In some genes, the transcribed regions will contain an "open reading frame" encoding the polypeptide. In some instances, a “gene” comprises only the coding sequence (e.g., an “open reading frame” or “coding region” ) necessary to encode a polypeptide. In some instances, the term “gene” includes not only transcribed sequences, but also non-transcribed regions, including upstream and downstream regulatory regions, enhancers, and promoters. A gene may refer to an “endogenous gene” or a native gene. A gene may refer to a “foreign gene” or a non-native gene. A non-native gene can refer to a gene not normally found in the host organism but introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. A non-native gene can also refer to a gene that is not in its natural location in the genome of an organism. A non-native gene can also refer to a naturally occurring nucleic acid that contains mutations, insertions and / or deletions (e.g., non-native sequences) , e.g., a codon-optimized nucleotide sequence. In the context of the present application, by “GOI” it specifically refers to CDS region, namely the sequences coding for amino acids in a protein, unless being otherwise indicated.
[0090] The terms “peptide” , “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of at least two amino acid residues linked by one or more peptide bonds.
[0091] By “isolated polynucleotide” , it means a DNA or RNA which is removed from all or a portion of a polynucleotide in which the isolated polynucleotide is found in nature, or is linked to a polynucleotide to which it is not linked in nature. An isolated polynucleotide sequence “comprising” a specific nucleotide sequence may include, in addition to the specified sequence, operably linked regulatory sequences that control expression of the coding region of the recited nucleic acid sequences. Due to the codon degeneracy, one skilled in the art understands that any specific amino acid sequence can be coded by several different nucleotide sequences.
[0092] “Codon-optimized coding sequence” herein refers to a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide of interest, e.g., human FVIII polypeptide, modified from their wild-type coding sequence accommodating codon bias. Optimization may be achieved by reducing sequence complexity, adjusting GC content, adjusting codon usage and / or avoiding rare codons. The coding sequence which has been codon optimized usually shows an increased translational efficiency of the gene of interest (GOI) , leading to a higher protein expression.
[0093] The term “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence that enables initiation of transcription of a downstream gene under the control of the said promoter. Promoters include but not limited to constitutive promoters, cell type-specific promoters, tissue-specific promoters, development stage-specific promoters. Promoter can be a naturally occurring promoter of a gene, a modified version of a naturally occurring promoter or a synthetic promoter.
[0094] The term “enhancer” is a regulatory DNA sequence which can enhance the transcription of the GOI in AAV together with the promoter.
[0095] The term “synthetic promoter” refers to an artificially designed DNA sequence that does not exist in nature but is engineered to drive the expression of a gene with specific characteristics, such as enhanced activity, tissue specificity, or tunability.
[0096] The term “chimeric promoter” refers to a promoter element that drives the expression of a gene that is operatively linked to it. The chimeric promoter of the present application may be consisted of a conventional promoter, such as a minimal promoter, and optionally also an enhancer and / or cis-acting element. A cis-acting element or a cis-acting replication element (CRE) is a nucleotide fragment derived from a non-coding region which has regulatory function on the transcription of a neighboring gene.
[0097] The term “synthetic enhancer” refers to an enhancer that is artificially designed to function as a regulatory element boosting gene expression. Unlike natural enhancers, synthetic enhancers are created through the deliberate assembly of specific DNA motifs or regulatory elements to achieve desired levels of transcriptional activation. These elements can be derived from known enhancer sequences, computationally designed, or generated using advanced techniques like oligo-pool technology.
[0098] By “operatively linked” , it means that the promoter or chimeric promoter is in a functionally appropriate location and / or orientation in relation to the coding sequence so as to control the transcription of the coding sequence.
[0099] The term “expression cassette” herein refers to a DNA component included in a vector (e.g., rAAV vector) and consisted of a gene (e.g., human FVIII gene) to be expressed in a host cell transfected by the vector and regulatory sequence (s) .
[0100] The term “CpG” or “CpG site” refers to two consecutive nucleotides consisting of a cytosine (C) and a guanine (G) in a 5' to 3' direction.
[0101] The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition suitable for delivering to a subject.
[0102] The terms “administration” , “administering” , “treating” and “treatment” as used herein, when applied to a subject, e.g., an animal, including human, or to cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, means contact of an exogenous pharmaceutical, therapeutic, diagnostic agent, or composition with the subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid. Treatment of a cell encompasses contact of a reagent with the cell, as well as contact of a reagent with a fluid, where the fluid is in contact with the cell. The term “administration” and “treatment” also include in vitro and ex vivo treatments, e.g., of a cell, by a reagent, diagnostic, binding compound, or by another cell.
[0103] The “two-plasmid system” refers to a virus packaging system of AAV using co-transfection of two plasmids, one encoding for the transgene, and the other encoding for the Rep gene, Cap gene and Ad helper genes.
[0104] The “three-plasmid system” refers to a virus packaging system of AAV using co-transfection of three plasmids, the first encoding for the transgene, the second encoding for the Rep gene, Cap gene, and the third encoding for the Ad helper genes.
[0105] The term “subject” as used herein refers to an individual, preferably a vertebrate, more preferably a non-human mammal or human. The non-human mammal can be rodents such as murines, or non-human primates such as simians. The term “subject” may also encompass cells, tissues and progenies of a biological entity obtained in vivo or culture in vitro.
[0106] The phrase “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the quantity of a composition, e.g., a composition comprising the rAAV virions that is sufficient to achieve a desired activity when being delivered to a subject in need thereof. The said desired activity may encompass delaying the manifestation of a disorder, arresting or delaying the progression of a disorder, or alleviating symptoms of a disorder. II. FVIII polypeptide variants
[0107] The present invention provides variants of the human factor VIII and coding sequences thereof which are suitable for use in AAV vectors.
[0108] Mutations in the B domain of FVIII
[0109] Due to the limitation of the AAV packaging capacity around 4.7 kb, the coding sequence of wild-type human FVIII having a length over 7kb cannot fit in. To reduce the length of the GOI to allow the delivery by AAV, a truncated version of FVIII is widely used in the field with the B domain of FVIII completely or partly deleted. B domain spans a region starting from amino acid position 741 and ending at amino acid position 1648 of the wild-type polypeptide sequence of the human FVIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0110] In the present invention, the main part of the B domain is substantially deleted. For example, the whole B domain is deleted but only less than 20 amino acids at either end of the B domain remain. Specifically, the deletion of B domain leaves a small peptide of five amino acids at N-terminus (referred to as SQ5 hereinafter) and a small peptide of nine amino acids at C-terminus (referred to as SQ3 hereinafter) . SQ5 and SQ3 are collectively referred to as SQ sequence. For the ease of description, such deletion is described as a replacement or substitution of B domain with a fourteen-amino acid SQ sequence (SEQ ID NO: 96) in the present invention. The resulted truncated version of FVIII variant is referred to as “FVIII-BDD-SQ” or “FVIII-BDD” in the present invention, and has a polypeptide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0111] In the remaining SQ sequence, specifically in SQ3, there exists a furin cleavage recognition site (RHQR, 1645-1648, amino acid positions 11-14 of SEQ ID NO: 96) . To avoid cleavage of the expressed product, it would be desirable to remove the furin recognition site within the SQ sequence. Therefore, the FVIII variant of the present invention comprises one or more mutations in the furin recognition site at positions 1645 to 1648 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The mutation is preferably deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 1645 to 1648 of SEQ ID NO: 1. For example, 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R1645, H1646, Q1647 and R1648 can be deleted. In one embodiment, R1645 is deleted (Δ1645 mutation) . In one embodiment, three consecutive amino acids (Δ3 mutation) are deleted and only one arginine is left. For example, R1645, H1646 and Q1647 are deleted, or H1646, Q1647 and R1648 are deleted. The FVIII-Δ1645 variant with the furin recognition cleavage site removed can have increased expression and activity of FVIII protein to varying degrees. This may be due to an increase in the proportion of single-chain FVIII protein after the removal of furin cleavage recognition site which results in better binding with the Von Willebrand factor (VWF) protein and increased stability of the FVIII protein.
[0112] For the ease of definition, unless being explicitly indicated otherwise, the numbering of the amino acid position in the context of the present invention is based on the wild-type polypeptide sequence of the human FVIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. That is, even with the complete or partial deletion of the B domain, any mutation at a position after the deleted region (e.g., a deletion within the furin recognition site at 1645) is defined with respect to its original position number in the wild-type polypeptide sequence of the human FVIII, rather than the new position in the truncated version.
[0113] In preferred embodiments, a small polypeptide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 95 (V3 sequence) is inserted in the SQ sequence. The V3 sequence comprises 6 asparagine-linked glycosylation sites which helps to improve the secretion capacity of the FVIII protein. Preferably, the V3 sequence is inserted at the position where the B domain has been deleted, that is between SQ5 and SQ3, after N745 and before P1640.
[0114] In preferred embodiments, the FVIII variant of the present application is a FVIII-BDD-SQ variant with furin cleavage site removed and V3 sequence inserted. Specifically, the FVIII-BDD-SQ variant comprises a Δ1645 or Δ3 deletion, in addition to a V3 insertion.
[0115] In specific embodiments, the FVIII-BDD-SQ variant is the FVIII-BDD variant (polypeptide sequence of GOI) of any one of R169-X4 (SEQ ID NO: 39) , R169-X5 (SEQ ID NO: 40) , R187-X5 (SEQ ID NO: 41) , R214 (SEQ ID NO: 57) , R215 (SEQ ID NO: 58) , R216 (SEQ ID NO: 59) , R221 (SEQ ID NO: 41) , R210 (SEQ ID NO: 54) , R227 (SEQ ID NO: 62) , R228 (SEQ ID NO: 63) , R229 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R230 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R231 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R232 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R233 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R234 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , R235 (SEQ ID NO: 77) , R242 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R243 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R244 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R245 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R246 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R247 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , or R248 (SEQ ID NO: 77) .
[0116] Mutations to reduce ER accumulation
[0117] FⅧ is naturally expressed in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, but not in hepatocytes. As a result, when rAAVs deliver the gene coding for FVIII to hepatocytes, the expressed FⅧpolypeptides tend to form incompletely folded FⅧ in hepatocytes and accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) , causing stress response in hepatocytes. To address this issue, FVIII mutations have been identified and applied in pre-clinical and clinical AAV gene therapy programs (Miao, H.Z., et al. 2004. 'Bioengineering of coagulation factor VIII for improved secretion' , Blood, 103: 3412-9) .
[0118] The F309S single point mutation changes the interaction between the A1 domain of the FVIII protein and the ER molecular chaperone protein BIP, reducing accumulation in the ER and improving secretion efficiency. Accordingly, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present application comprises F309S mutation in addition to other modifications.
[0119] For example, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present application comprising F309S substitution is the FVIII-BDD variant (polypeptide sequence of GOI) of any one of R166-X4 (SEQ ID NO: 37) , R166-X5 (SEQ ID NO: 38) , R169-X4 (SEQ ID NO: 39) , R169-X5 (SEQ ID NO: 40) , R187-X5 (SEQ ID NO: 41) , R212 (SEQ ID NO: 55) , R213 (SEQ ID NO: 56) , R217 (SEQ ID NO: 38) , R209 (SEQ ID NO: 53) , R225 (SEQ ID NO: 60) , R226 (SEQ ID NO: 61) , R214 (SEQ ID NO: 57) , R215 (SEQ ID NO: 58) , R216 (SEQ ID NO: 59) , R221 (SEQ ID NO: 41) , R210 (SEQ ID NO: 54) , R227 (SEQ ID NO: 62) , R228 (SEQ ID NO: 63) , R229 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R230 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R231 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R232 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R233 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R234 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , R235 (SEQ ID NO: 77) , R242 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R243 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R244 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R245 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R246 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R247 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , or R248 (SEQ ID NO: 77) .
[0120] Mutations in the A1 domain
[0121] The FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention also comprises one or more mutations in the A1 domain as compared to the wild-type human FVIII polypeptide. The A1 domain spans a region starting from amino acid position 1 and ending at amino acid position 336 of the wild-type polypeptide sequence of the human FVIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Amino acid mutations in the A1 domain at some specific positions can increase the protein expression levels of FVIII-BDD.
[0122] In some embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention comprises one or more substitutions selected from a group consisting of: substitution of alanine at amino acid position 108 (A108) , substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 129 (F129) , substitution of glycine at amino acid position 132 (G132) , and substitution of leucine at amino acid position 152 (L152) . Preferably, the alanine at amino acid position 108 is substituted with serine (A108S) or isoleucine (A108I) . Preferably, the phenylalanine at amino acid position 129 is substituted with leucine (F129L) . Preferably, the glycine at amino acid position 132 is substituted with lysine (G132K) or glutamic acid (G132E) . Preferably, the leucine at amino acid position 152 is substituted with proline (L152P) or serine (L152S) .
[0123] In preferred embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention comprises any one of the following combinations of mutations in the A1 domain: i. G132 and L152; ii. A108, G132, and L152; and iii. A108, F129, G132, and L152.
[0124] In preferred embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention comprises any one of the following combinations of mutations in the A1 domain: i. G132K and L152P; ii. G132E and L152P; iii. A108S, G132K and L152P; iv. A108I, G132E and L152S; v. A108S, F129L, G132K and L152P; and vi. A108I, F129L, G132E and L152S.
[0125] In preferred embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention comprising mutations in the A1 domain is the FVIII-BDD variant (polypeptide sequence of GOI) of any one of R216 (SEQ ID NO: 59) , R229 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R230 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R231 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R232 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R233 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R234 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , R235 (SEQ ID NO: 77) , R242 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R243 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R244 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R245 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R246 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R247 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , or R248 (SEQ ID NO: 77) .
[0126] In preferred embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention does not comprise certain mutations in the A1 domain that are commonly included in the FVIII variants for gene therapy. For example, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention does not have a substitution at amino acid position 86 or 147 in the A1 domain. For example, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention without substitution at amino acid position 86 or 147 is the FVIII-BDD variant (polypeptide sequence of GOI) of any one of R229 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R230 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R231 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R232 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R233 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R234 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , R235 (SEQ ID NO: 77) , R242 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R243 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R244 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R245 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R246 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R247 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , or R248 (SEQ ID NO: 77) .
[0127] Furthermore, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention does not comprise E113A mutations in the A1 domain. E113A is a substitution within an acidic-rich region of the A1 domain of FVIII which is believed to be a Ca2+-binding site. the said mutation is believed to lead to an increased cofactor specific activity. However, the present inventors found that the said mutation does not provide improvement in the present invention.
[0128] Mutations in the A2 domain
[0129] The FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention also comprises one or more mutations in the A2 domain as compared to the wild-type human FVIII polypeptide. The A2 domain spans a region starting from amino acid position 375 and ending at amino acid position 719 of the wild-type polypeptide sequence of the human FVIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0130] One or more amino acid mutations are introduced to the lipophorin (LPR) receptor-binding region in the A2 domain to increase the half-life of FVIII-BDD, as the degradation of FVIII polypeptide in circulation is through the endocytosis mechanism mediated by the LPR receptor (Ananyeva et al. 2001. 'Catabolism of the coagulation factor VIII: can we prolong lifetime of fVIII in circulation? ', Trends Cardiovasc Med, 11: 251-7; Sarafanov et al. 2006. 'Identification of coagulation factor VIII A2 domain residues forming the binding epitope for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein', Biochemistry, 45: 1829-40) . Specifically, the mutations in the LPR receptor-binding region are selected from one or more R484A, R489A and P492A. In preferred embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention comprises all three of R484A, R489A and P492A (collectively referred to as M3 mutation) .
[0131] For example, the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention comprising M3 mutation is the FVIII-BDD variant (polypeptide sequence of GOI) of any one of R212 (SEQ ID NO: 55) , R213 (SEQ ID NO: 56) , R214 (SEQ ID NO: 57) , R215 (SEQ ID NO: 58) , R216 (SEQ ID NO: 59) , R229 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R230 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R231 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R232 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R233 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R234 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , R235 (SEQ ID NO: 77) , R242 (SEQ ID NO: 71) , R243 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , R244 (SEQ ID NO: 73) , R245 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , R246 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , R247 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , or R248 (SEQ ID NO: 77) .
[0132] The preferred polypeptide variants
[0133] The preferred FVIII-BDD variants of the present invention are discussed above.
[0134] In preferred embodiments, the FVIII-BDD variants of the present invention has the human FVIII signal peptide (SEQ ID NO: 91) .
[0135] The most preferred FVIII-BDD variants of the present invention are the FVIII-BDD variants (polypeptide sequence of GOI) of R230 (SEQ ID NO: 72) and R234 (SEQ ID NO: 76) . III. Coding sequence and expression cassette
[0136] The present invention provides polynucleotide sequences encoding for the FVIII variants and expression cassette comprising the said polynucleotide sequences. Furthermore, an expression cassette can comprise one or more regulatory sequences in addition to the coding sequence. The regulatory sequence can be selected from one or more of the promoter, enhancer, polyadenylation sequence, and the translation termination signal. A certain combination of the regulatory sequences of the present disclosure can achieve unexpected effect in improving the expression efficiency of the coding sequence.
[0137] Codon optimization of the CDS region
[0138] The present invention provides the polynucleotide sequences (the CDS region) encoding for the GOI of the FVIII polypeptide variants of the present invention. The polynucleotide sequences encoding for the FVIII polypeptide variants of the present invention are suitable for rAAV delivery.
[0139] Optimization may be achieved by reducing the sequence complexity, adjusting the GC content, adjusting codon usage and / or avoiding rare codons. The coding sequence which has been codon optimized usually shows an increased translational efficiency of the GOI, leading to a higher protein expression. Tools (e.g., JCat) with embedded algorithm to design codon optimized coding sequence are readily accessible to those skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the codon of the FVIII-BDD coding sequence of the present application has a Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) greater than 0.8. CAI is a measure of codon bias. One skilled in the art would understand that the actual efficiency of any sequence generated by running an algorithm still needs to be verified by experiments.
[0140] In preferred embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the FVIII-BDD variant of the present invention can be optimized for expression by a rAAV construct. The optimization can be codon optimization. The codon optimization can be limited to the coding region of the mature protein of FVIII-BDD, without changing the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the signal peptide of the human FVIII (h8-signal) .
[0141] In a preferred embodiment, the codon-optimized FVIII-BDD coding sequence has reduced numbers of CpG islands as compared to the wild-type coding sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide sequences encoding for the FVIII polypeptide variants of the present invention comprise less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0 CpG sites in the coding region of the FVIII-BDD variant.
[0142] In one embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence encoding for the FVIII polypeptide variants of the present invention comprises or consists of the nucleotide sequence as shown in any one of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, or SEQ ID NO: 70.
[0143] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encoding for the FVIII polypeptide variant of the present invention comprises more than one stop codon. For example, three stop codons are used by inserting two additional stop codons after the coding sequence.
[0144] The UTR sequences
[0145] The polynucleotide sequences of a gene can comprise untranslated sequences in addition to CDS. In some embodiments, the expression cassette of the present invention comprises one or more UTRs having a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 81-83. For example, the expression cassette comprises a 5’ UTR having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81 (TTRm-5UTR) . For example, the expression cassette comprises a 5’ UTR having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83 (alb5UTR) and / or a 3’ UTR having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82 (alb3UTR) .
[0146] In preferred embodiments, to reduce the total length of GOI, the polynucleotide sequence encoding for the FVIII polypeptide variants of the present invention does not comprise any UTR.
[0147] The promoters and enhancers
[0148] The present invention provides promoters suitable for use in rAAV vectors, especially suitable for delivering FVIII-BDD.
[0149] The promoter can be a synthetic promoter or chimeric promoter with enhancer at the 5’ upstream.
[0150] The promoter of the present application is short in length. For example, the synthetic promoter or the chimeric promoter has a length of no more than 320 bp, no more than 300 bp, no more than 250 bp, or even no more than 200 bp.
[0151] The synthetic promoter comprises or is consisted of a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-107, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-107. In certain embodiments, the synthetic promoter is selected from a group consisting of A1AT (SEQ ID NO: 97) , AFP-TSS (SEQ ID NO: 98) , S-A1AT (free72) (SEQ ID NO: 99) , S-TTRm-TSS-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 100) , Syno-TSS (SEQ ID NO: 101) , syno-TSS-1 (SEQ ID NO: 102) , syno-TSS-2 (SEQ ID NO: 103) , syno-TSS-3 (SEQ ID NO: 104) , syno-TSS-4 (SEQ ID NO: 105) , syno-TSS-5 (SEQ ID NO: 106) , or TTRm-TSS-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 107) promoter as described herein. In preferred embodiments, the synthetic promoter is S-TTRm-TSS-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 100) or Syno-TSS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 101) as described herein. The Syno-TSS promoter is as short as 75 bp, furthermore, the Syno-TSS-5 is even shorter than the Syno-TSS and has a length of 67bp.
[0152] In some embodiments, the synthetic promoter is used in combination with a synthetic enhancer comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 108-112, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 108-112. In some embodiments, the synthetic enhancer is selected from a group consisting of HNF1+ABP-S enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 108) , TTR enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 109) , TTR-S-enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 110) , EII enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 111) , or HS-CRM8 enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 112) as described herein.
[0153] In preferred embodiments, the chimeric promoter comprises a combination of an enhancer and a synthetic promoter selected from any one of the following combinations: i. HNF1+ABP-S enhancer and S-TTRm-TSS-UTR; ii. TTR enhancer and Syno-TSS; or iii. HS-CRM8 enhancer and S-TTRm-TSS-UTR.
[0154] In certain embodiments, the synthetic promoter or chimeric promoter is a liver-specific promoter. Thus the synthetic or chimeric promoters of the present application can also be used to drive the expression of a different GOI in a different vector as long as the expression in and / or delivery to liver is intended.
[0155] Other regulatory elements
[0156] The expression cassette can further comprise the polyadenylation sequence. The polyadenylation sequence can be bGH polyA (bovine growth hormone polyadenylation sequence) or SV40 polyA (Simian virus 40 polyadenylation sequence) .
[0157] In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a non-naturally occurring polyA sequence, e.g. a synthetic polyA sequence. A polyA sequence with a shorter length may be preferred in the present application. For example, in one preferred embodiment, the expression cassette comprises a polyA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 84, which has a length of 49 bp.
[0158] Any one of the polyA can be combined with a Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) , which is a DNA sequence, when transcribed, creates a tertiary structure to enhance protein expression. In one embodiment, the expression cassette does not comprise WPRE.
[0159] The expression cassette of the present invention can further comprise a fragment of Kozak consensus sequence upstream of the coding sequence. A Kozak consensus sequence locates around the translation starting site and plays an important role in initiation of translation in eukaryotes. The starting codon is a part of the Kozak consensus sequence. For ease of description, in the context of the present application, the Kozak fragment only refers to the part of Kozak sequence upstream of the coding sequence without inclusion of the starting codon or any nucleotide thereafter. For example, the Kozak fragment can be a truncated version, e.g. having a nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 113 (gccacc) .
[0160] The preferred expression cassette
[0161] In preferred embodiments, the expression cassette of the present application comprises: (1) a coding sequence of FVIII-BDD, having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or SEQ ID NO: 69; and (2) a chimeric promoter, consisting of (2-1) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 100 (e1p4) ; (2-2) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 101 (e2p6) ; or (2-3) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 100 (e6p4) . In more preferred embodiments, the expression cassette of the present application comprises (1) a coding sequence of FVIII-BDD, having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69; and (2) a chimeric promoter, consisting of an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 101 (e2p6) .
[0162] In further embodiments, the expression cassette of the present application comprises a polyA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.
[0163] In further embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a Kozak fragment having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113 (gccacc) . IV. Recombinant AAV vectors and viral particles
[0164] The coding polynucleotide sequence or the expression cassette of the present invention is designed to be comprised in a recombinant AAV vector, to obtain rAAV particles for delivery into subjects to be treated.
[0165] In addition to the inserted nucleotide sequence as described above, the rAAV vectors are in single stranded form. The rAAV vector is usually comprised of two inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences at both ends of the inserted nucleotide sequence. The ITR of the present disclosure can be ITR derived from any AAV serotypes. When reference is made to a specific serotype of the AAV ITR, the phrase “derived from” means that the ITR can be the ITR of a certain serotype or a variant derived therefrom with modification (s) . In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the rAAV vector comprises two ITRs derived from AAV2. For example, the rAAV vector comprises two AAV2 ITRs, or comprises a wild-type AAV2 ITR and a mutated AAV2 ITR. The mutated AAV2 ITR is preferably a truncated AAV2 ITR variant, e.g., one lacking region C or region C’. For example, the wild-type AAV2 ITR locates at a position at 3’ of the inserted nucleotide sequence, while the AAV2 ITR variant locates at a position at 5’ of the inserted nucleotide sequence; or vice versa. In one embodiment, the 5’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 85. In one embodiment, the 3’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 86.
[0166] The rAAV genome was packaged into an AAV capsid. The capsid can be derived from any AAV serotype known in the art or characterized in the future. The capsid and ITRs can be derived from the same serotype of AAV or from different serotypes of AAV. Preferably, the capsid is suitable for liver delivery. In a specific embodiment, the AAV vector comprises a capsid of AAV serotype selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3B, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAVLK03, AAVS3, AAVKP1, AAVrh10, AAVNP40, AAVNP59, AAV-DJ, AAVAnc80L65, AAVsL65, AAVHSC15, AAVC102, AAV204, AAV214, or a variant thereof.
[0167] In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the rAAV is comprised of AAV serotype AAV5, AAV6, or AAV8 capsid. V. Therapeutic uses
[0168] The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for delivering to a subject. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises the rAAV vector or the viral particle of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Conventional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are known in the art and can be solid or liquid excipients.
[0169] The rAAV, viral particle or pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can be used to treat type A hemophilia.
[0170] Examples
[0171] The following examples are set forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc. ) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Standard abbreviations may be used, e.g., bp, base pair (s) ; kb, kilobase (s) ; pl, picoliter (s) ; s or sec, second (s) ; min, minute (s) ; h or hr, hour (s) ; aa, amino acid (s) ; nt, nucleotide (s) ; i. m., intramuscular (ly) ; i. p., intraperitoneal (ly) ; s. c., subcutaneous (ly) ; and the like.
[0172] Example 1 Optimization of FVIII-BDD expression by reducing the CpG number
[0173] In this example, the coding sequence of FVIII-BDD was codon-optimized to enhance protein expression and to reduce immunogenicity.
[0174] The full length of the wild-type human FVIII protein (2351 amino acids, SEQ ID NO: 1 greatly exceeds the packaging capacity of the AAV vector (approximately 4.7kb) . A shorter variant of the human FVIII (FVIII-BDD-SQ, also referred to as “FVIII-BDD” hereinafter) in which the B-domain is replaced with a 14-amino acid small peptide called SQ sequence (SFSQNPPVLKRHQR, SEQ ID NO: 96) was selected as the basis to design the constructs for AAV vector. FVIII-BDD has an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and its corresponding coding sequence is the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0175] The codon of FVIII-BDD coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) was optimized to enhance expression. The optimization included reducing the number of CpG existed in the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, with the purposes of reducing immunoreaction and exogenous gene silencing due to the innate immunity from the Toll-like receptor recognition of the CpG sequences. Three codon-optimized sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 7-9) were designed, synthesized and cloned into a vector having the structure as illustrated in FIG. 1, under the control of a liver-specific promoter (AnHAT, SEQ ID NO: 78) . The resulting candidate plasmids were designated as R26, R29 and R32, respectively. A reported competitor’s vector R44 (spk-8011 of Spark Therapeutics) was included as a benchmark for comparison. The total CpG numbers comprised in the coding sequence and the promoter being used are summarized for the candidates and the benchmark vector in Table 1 below. The CpG numbers as shown in Table 1 are the total numbers of the CpG sites existed in the promoter region, the CDS and the region between them.
[0176] Table 1. Information of the vectors used for the study
[0177] To evaluate the expression efficacy of the codon-optimized FVIII-BDD coding sequences, the vectors were evaluated in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were maintained in DMEM + 10%FBS and passaged every 3 days. The day before transfection, cells were inoculated to 96-well plate at a density of 1×104 cells / well. Plasmids (R26, R29, R32 and R44) were transfected into HepG2 cells using the HD Transfection Reagent (Promega, E2311) following the user’s guide. 72 hours after transfection, the supernatants were collected and analyzed by a standard sandwich ELISA assay. The ELISA plate was coated with 1 μg / mL anti-human FVIII antibody (Sino Biological Inc., 13909-R226) and incubated for 2 hours. After blocking, the harvested supernatant or standard (Pfizer, Xyntha) was added into each well. After washing the plate, the anti-human F8 detection antibody (Green Mountain Antibodies, GMA-8023) was added, followed by incubation with the HRP-labeled secondary antibody. After incubation, The TMB single-component chromogenic solution was added for 10-20 minutes before stopping the reaction and analyzed with a microplate reader. The OD value was recorded for each sample and the concentration of the FVIII protein in each sample was calculated based on the standard curve. The results are shown in FIG. 2.
[0178] As shown in FIG. 2, all three codon-optimized coding sequences resulted in expression of FVIII-BDD at levels significantly higher than that of the benchmark R44. Based on the results, R32 was selected to be the basis for further construct optimization.
[0179] Example 2 The effects of mutation (s) in the FVIII-BDD polypeptide on expression and secretion
[0180] In this example, the polypeptide sequence of FVIII-BDD based on the coding sequence of R32 (SEQ ID NO: 9) was modified by deleting, substituting and / or inserting one or more codons corresponding to the amino acid mutations to be introduced. Specifically, new coding sequences of FVIII-BDD variants, each of which comprised one or two of the above-listed three types of mutations including (1) , F309S single substitution, (2) , Δ1645 deletion, and (3) , insertion of the peptide V3, were designed and synthesized. The detailed information of the variants is summarized in Table 2 below. For example, to introduce the F309S single mutation, the codon of phenylalanine at a position of 309 in the FVIII-BDD coding sequence of R32 was replaced with the codon of serine according to the human codon usage preference. To delete the amino acid at a position of 1645, the codon of this amino acid was removed from the FVIII-BDD coding sequence of R32. Similarly, to insert peptide V3, a nucleotide fragment coding for V3 was inserted into the FVIII-BDD coding sequence of R32 at the intended position. The coding sequences were constructed into a vector along with the promoter as shown in Table 2.
[0181] In Table 2, “K1644T” refers to a substitution of lysine at a position of 1644 with threonine; “F309S” refers to a substitution of phenylalanine at a position of 309 with serine; “Δ1645” refers to a deletion of arginine at position 1645 within the furin recognition cleavage site; “Δ3” refers to a deletion of three amino acids at positions 1646-1648 within the furin cleavage recognition site; and “V3” refers to insertion of the V3 peptide (SEQ ID NO: 95) , the numbering is based on the full length polypeptide of the human factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0182] Table 2. Information of the vectors encoding for the mutated FVIII-BDD variants
[0183] The expression efficacy of the vectors encoding the FVIII-BDD variants (R110, R111, R114 and R115) and two benchmark vectors R43 (BWN 270 of Biomarin) and R44 (spk-8011 of Spark Therapeutics) was evaluated in the HepG2 cells by using the same assay as shown in Example 1. R43 comprises a single amino acid substitution K1644T in SQ3 (aposition immediately before the furin cleavage recognition site) as compared to the amino acid sequence of FVIII-BDD-SQ. The results are shown in FIG. 3.
[0184] As shown in FIG. 3, all of the mutations evaluated led to increased levels of the FVIII protein in the supernatants by at least 2-3 times as compared to the benchmarks. Notably, R111 with a combination of F309S and Δ1645 mutations achieved a higher expression level as compared to R110 with F309S alone, while R115 with a combination of F309S and V3 insertion achieved a higher expression level as compared to R110 which has only F309S or R114 with V3 insertion alone. These results suggested that these three types of mutations had at least cumulative or even synergistic effect in enhancing the protein expression of FVIII.
[0185] Example 3 The effects of mutation (s) in the A1 domain of the FVIII-BDD polypeptide on expression and secretion
[0186] In this example, the polypeptide sequence of FVIII-BDD was modified in the A1 domain to investigate the effects of different mutations in the A1 domain on the expression of FVIII-BDD protein.
[0187] Three groups of variants were made with modifications in the A1 domain of the (1) , the polypeptide sequence of FVIII-BDD (SEQ ID NO: 2) , (2) , the polypeptide sequence of the FVIII-BDD variant comprising F309S and Δ1645 (R111 of Example 2) , or (3) , the polypeptide sequence of the FVIII-BDD variant comprising F309S and V3 insertion (R115 of Example 2) . In each group, different combinations of mutations were introduced to generate multiple variants. Similar to Example 1 and Example 2, amino acid modification, in particular amino acid substitution, was done by replacing the codon of an amino acid at a designated position with the codon of a different amino acid. The codon of the substituting amino acid was determined based on the human codon usage preference. The detailed mutations included in each of the variants and the original vector including the coding sequence serving as the basis of the modifications are summarized in Table 3. In Table 3, “BDD-SQ” means that the B domain of FVIII has been replaced with the SQ sequence. Other abbreviations in Table 3 have the same meaning as above or as commonly known in the art.
[0188] Table 3. Vectors comprising mutations in the A1 domain of FVIII-BDD
[0189] After plasmid extraction, the FVIII expression efficacy of each variant was evaluated in both Huh7 cells and HepG2 cells by using the same assay as described above in Example 1 and Example 2 to investigate the effects of the mutations on FVIII protein expression. The results are shown in FIGS. 4A-4B.
[0190] As shown in FIGS. 4A-4B, the first group of vectors showed significantly increased expression levels of FVIII-BDD as compared to the two benchmarks and the original R32 vector which contains the wild-type A1 domain, indicating that the newly introduced mutations in the A1 domain could increase the expression efficacy. Notably, the second and third groups of vectors showed even higher expression than the first group, indicating that the mutations in the A1 domain could be combined with other mutations outside the A1 domain as evaluated earlier in Example 2 to further increase the FVIII protein expression levels.
[0191] Example 4 Optimization of vector design to improve FVIII protein expression, secretion, and half-life
[0192] The half-life of FVIII protein is very short, with an average of only 12 hours. The FVIII protein is degraded in the blood through the endocytosis mechanism mediated by the lipophorin (LPR) receptor. In this example, amino acid mutations in the LPR receptor-binding region of FVIII-BDD were introduced aiming to reduce the degradation of FVIII and to improve the stability of the expressed protein. Specifically, the mutations in the LPR receptor-binding region are selected from R484A, R489A, and P492A (collectively referred to as M3) .
[0193] Also evaluated in this example is a single amino acid mutation E113A, a substitution within an acidic-rich region of the A1 domain of FVIII which is believed to be a Ca2+-binding site. The said mutation is expected to lead to an increased cofactor specific activity.
[0194] In addition, two signal peptides (pig-signal and An53-signal) in addition to the naturally occurring human FVIII signal peptide were tested.
[0195] Two groups of vectors comprising different combinations of mutations and elements such as UTRs and signal peptides were designed and tested for FVIII protein expression efficacy. One group was based on R166-X5 while the other group was based on R187-X5, with new mutations and UTRs introduced and signal peptide optionally replaced. The benchmark vector R44 and R166-X5 were included as references. In Table 4, “hF8-signal” refers to a signal peptide from the human FVIII whose nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO: 88 and amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 91; “Pig-signal” refers to a signal peptide from the pig FVIII gene whose nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO: 89 and amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 92; and “An53-signal” refers to a signal peptide obtained from by ancestral sequence reconstruction whose nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO: 87 and amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 90 (Philip M Zakas et al., Enhancing the pharmaceutical properties of protein drugs by ancestral sequence reconstruction. Nat Biotechnol. 2017; 35 (1) : 35-37. doi: 10.1038 / nbt. 3677) .
[0196] Table 4. Vectors comprising different combinations of new mutation, UTR and signal peptide
[0197] The expression of the new vectors was detected in HepG2 cells same as described above. The results are shown in FIG. 5. Several candidate vectors showed improved FVIII protein expression as compared to the parent vectors R166-X5 and R187-X5.
[0198] Six candidate vectors R216, R209, R210, R217, R221, and R228, as well as the benchmark vectors R43 and R44 were also tested in vivo for their pharmacological efficacy. Each of the vectors was administered to 6-week-old WT C57 mice at a high-dose (2E12 vg / kg) and a low-dose (2E11 vg / kg) by i. v. injection, with 3 mice each dose. The in vivo study protocol is shown in FIG. 6.
[0199] Blood samples were collected from the mice before injection, and 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks after injection, respectively. The activity of the FVIII factor was detected by a one-stage method (coagulation method) . The results of the first two weeks (FIG. 7) showed that the protein expression levels of the R216 vector was the highest in both the high-and low-dose groups, without decrease over the observed period of time. The R221 and R228 vectors also showed desirable activities. Some mice were kept tracked for a longer time period (FIGs. 8A-8B) . It was found that the R216 group maintained a relatively high level of the FVIII activity even after six weeks post injection.
[0200] Based on the above results, R216 was selected as the candidate vector for further in vivo pharmacological efficacy confirmation.
[0201] Example 5 Reducing the number of mutations in the A1 domain of FVIII-BDD
[0202] Notably from the results of the first group in Example 3, R186 comprising only two-amino acid substitutions (G132E and L152P, “N-2” ) achieved an expression level about 80%of the best performer R163-X5 comprising five-amino acid substitution (I86V, A108S, G132K, M147T, L152P, “X5” ) . This observation motivated the inventors to screen for variants of FVIII comprising fewer mutations while maintaining strong protein expression.
[0203] Based on an X5 variant R216 (SEQ ID NO: 31) , two groups of additional vectors that expressed FVIII-BDD variants with less than five mutations in the A1 domain were designed and tested. Each of the groups comprised seven different combinations of mutations in the A1 domain, with each group containing a different UTR as indicated in Table 5.
[0204] Table 5. Vectors comprising less than 5 mutations in the A1 domain of FVIII-BDD
[0205] The FVIII protein expression of the vectors was tested in HepG2 cells same as described in earlier examples and results are shown in FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 9, the expression levels of the vectors R230 and R234 reached slightly higher levels as compared to the X5 R216 vector. This indicated that the two mutations G132E and L152P in the A1 domain could be the most critical mutations contributing to the expression and secretion of the FVIII protein.
[0206] Example 6 Screening of shorter hepatic specific promoters
[0207] Limited by the packaging capacity of AAV, efforts were made to screen cis-acting elements that can improve expression and is sufficiently short in length and hepatic specific. In this example, different regulatory elements including enhancer and promoter were tested in a luciferase reporter gene assay. The detailed information of the regulatory elements included in the tested vectors are listed in the Table 6 below. The length is the combined length of the enhancer plus promoter.
[0208] Table 6. Summary of the regulatory elements tested
[0209] The liver cell expression activities of the promoters shown in Table 6 were evaluated in Huh7 and HepG2 cells by using a dual-luciferase reporter system and the results shown in FIGs. 10A-10B. As shown in FIGs. 10A-10B, R80, R91, and R105 showed relatively stronger activities. Notably, the chimeric promoter of R91, consisting of a TTR enhancer and a Syno-TSS promoter, has a total length of only 75 bases.
[0210] Based on the above results, the promoters R80, R91, and R105 were subsequently used to replace the previous promoter AnHAT of the candidate vectors R230 and R234, which provided comparable and even slightly higher FVIII protein expression than R216 as shown in Example 5. Table 7 shows the information of the new promoter containing vectors generated.
[0211] Table 7. Vectors with new chimeric promoter and X2 / X4 mutations
[0212] The FVIII protein expression of the vectors was tested in HepG2 cells same as described earlier, with the results shown in FIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 11, most of the new promoter -containing vectors achieved further improved expression of FVIII-BDD as compared to R216, confirming the earlier results from the luciferase reporter gene assay.
[0213] Based on the above promoter screening results, the vectors R249, R252, R253, R255 and R256 were further tested in vivo in mice by the same study protocol as described earlier in Example 4 and FIG. 6. R43 was included as a control.
[0214] Blood samples were collected from the mice before injection, and 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10 weeks and 12 weeks after injection, respectively. The FVIII factor activity was detected by a one-stage method (coagulation method) . The results of low (2E11 vg / kg) and high (2E12 vg / kg) dose groups are shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B, respectively. Up to 12 weeks, all of the tested vectors maintained relatively high levels of FVIII protein expression in mice. Moreover, as compared to R216, the vectors with the new chimeric promoter showed different degrees of improvement, especially for the low dose groups of R255 and R256 (FIG. 12A) .
[0215] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
Claims
1.A polypeptide variant of the human factor VIII, comprising the following mutations a) and b) as compared to the wild-type polypeptide of the human factor VIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1:a) substitution of B domain of the factor VIII with the SQ sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 96;b) substitutions in the A1 domain selected from a group consisting of:i. G132 and L152;ii. A108, G132, and L152; andiii. A108, F129, G132, and L152.2.The polypeptide variant of claim 1, further comprising one or more of the following mutations c) -e) :c) deletion one or more amino acids from the furin cleavage recognition site of the SQ sequences in a) ;d) insertion of the V3 sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 95 at an amino acid position within the SQ sequence in a) ;e) substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 309 (F309) .3.A polypeptide variant of the human factor VIII, comprising the following mutations as compared to the wild-type polypeptide of the human factor VIII as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1:a) substitution of B domain of the factor VIII with the SQ sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 96;b) one or more substitutions in the A1 domain selected from a group consisting of: substitution of alanine at amino acid position 108 (A108) , substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 129 (F129) , substitution of glycine at amino acid position 132 (G132) , and substitution of leucine at amino acid position 152 (L152) ;c) deletion of one or more amino acids from the furin cleavage recognition site of the SQ sequences in a) ;d) insertion of the V3 sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 95 at an amino acid position within the SQ sequence in a) ; ande) substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 309 (F309) .4.The polypeptide variant of claim 3, wherein the variant comprises any one of the following combinations of mutations in A1 domain:i. G132 and L152;ii. A108, G132, and L152; andiii. A108, F129, G132, and L152.5.The polypeptide variant of any one of claims 1-4, comprising e) substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 309 with serine (F309S) .6.The polypeptide variant of any one of claims 1-5, comprising c) deletion of arginine at an amino acid position 1645, or deletion of three consecutive amino acids from the four amino acids at positions 1645 to 1648.7.The polypeptide variant of any one of claims 1-6, comprising b) one or more substitutions in the A1 domain selected from a group consisting of: substitution of alanine at amino acid position 108 with serine (A108S) or isoleucine (A108I) , substitution of phenylalanine at amino acid position 129 with leucine (F129L) , substitution of glycine at amino acid position 132 with lysine (G132K) or glutamic acid (G132E) , and substitution of leucine at amino acid position 152 with proline (L152P) or serine (L152S) .8.The polypeptide variant of any one of claims 1-7, which does not have a substitution at amino acid position 86 or 147 in the A1 domain.9.The polypeptide variant of claim 8, wherein the variant comprises any one of the following combinations of mutations in the A1 domain:i. G132K and L152P;ii. G132E and L152P;iii. A108S, G132K and L152P;iv. A108I, G132E and L152S;v. A108S, F129L, G132K and L152P; andvi. A108I, F129L, G132E and L152S.10.The polypeptide variant of any one of claims 1-9, further comprising a mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region.11.The polypeptide variant of claim 10, wherein the mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region comprises one or more substitutions selected from a group consisting of R484A, R489A, and P492A.12.The polypeptide variant of claim 11, wherein the mutation in the lipophorin receptor-binding region comprises R484A, R489A and P492A.13.The polypeptide variant of any one of claims 10-12, comprising a polypeptide sequence as shown in any one of SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 76, or SEQ ID NO: 77.14.An isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding for the polypeptide variant of any one of claims 1-13.15.The isolated polynucleotide sequence of claim 14, wherein the polynucleotide sequence is codon-optimized for the expression of factor VIII in human cells.16.The isolated polynucleotide sequence of claim 14 or 15, wherein the polynucleotide sequence has a total number of CpG of less than 10.17.The isolated polynucleotide sequence of any one of claims 14-16, which has at least 95%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, or SEQ ID NO: 70.18.The isolated polynucleotide sequence of claim 17, which has at least 99%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, or SEQ ID NO: 70.19.The isolated polynucleotide sequence of claim 18, comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, or SEQ ID NO: 70.20.The isolated polynucleotide sequence of claim 19, comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or SEQ ID NO: 69.21.The isolated polynucleotide sequence of any one of claims 14-20, wherein the polynucleotide sequence comprises more than one stop codon.22.A synthetic promoter, comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-107, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-107.23.A chimeric promoter, comprising from 5’ to 3’ an enhancer and the synthetic promoter of claim 22.24.The chimeric promoter of claim 23, wherein the enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 108-112.25.The chimeric promoter of claim 23 or claim 24, comprising a combination of an enhancer and a synthetic promoter selected from any one of the following combinations:i. HNF1+ABP-S enhancer and S-TTRm-TSS-UTR;ii. TTR enhancer and Syno-TSS; oriii. HS-CRM8 enhancer and S-TTRm-TSS-UTR.26.The chimeric promoter of any one of claims 23-25, which is a liver-specific promoter.27.The chimeric promoter of any one of claims 23-26, which is used in a recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector.28.An expression cassette, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of any one of claims 14-21.29.An expression cassette, comprising the chimeric promoter of any one of claims 23-27, which is operatively linked to a gene-of-interest.30.The expression cassette of claim 29, wherein the gene-of-interest is a polynucleotide sequence encoding for the human factor VIII polypeptide or a variant thereof.31.The expression cassette of any one of claims 28-30, which is used for expression via a rAAV vector.32.The expression cassette of any one of claims 28-31, comprising:(1) a coding sequence of FVIII-BDD, having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or SEQ ID NO: 69; and(2) a chimeric promoter, consisting of(2-1) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 100;(2-2) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 101; or(2-3) an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 100.33.The expression cassette of claim 32, comprising:(1) a coding sequence of FVIII-BDD, having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69; and(2) a chimeric promoter, consisting of an enhancer having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 and a synthetic promoter of SEQ ID NO: 101.34.The expression cassette of any one of claims 28-33, wherein the total number of CpG in the polynucleotide sequence encoding for the human factor VIII polypeptide or a variant thereof and the synthetic promoter or chimeric promoter is less than 10.35.The expression cassette of any one of claims 28-34, further comprising a polyadenylation (polyA) sequence.36.The expression cassette of claim 35, wherein the polyA sequence has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.37.A recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector, comprising the polynucleotide sequence of any one of claims 14-21, the chimeric promoter of any one of claims 23-27, or the expression cassette of any one of claims 28-36.38.The rAAV vector of claim 37, wherein the rAAV vector is a single-stranded AAV (ssAAV) .39.The rAAV vector of claim 37 or 38, comprising a 5’ ITR and a 3’ ITR.40.The rAAV vector of any one of claims 37-39, wherein the 5’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, and / or the 3’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86.41.An AAV viral particle comprising the rAAV vector of any one of claims 37-40 packaged into an AAV capsid.42.The AAV viral particle of claim 41, wherein the AAV capsid is derived from AAV serotype selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3B, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAVLK03, AAVS3, AAVKP1, AAVrh10, AAVNP40, AAVNP59, AAV-DJ, AAVAnc80L65, AAVsL65, AAVHSC15, AAVC102, AAV204, AAV214 or any variant thereof.43.The AAV viral particle of claim 41 or 42, wherein the AAV capsid is a capsid with liver tropism.44.The AAV viral particle of claim 43, wherein the AAV capsid is AAV5, AAV6, AAV8 or variant thereof.45.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the rAAV vectors of any one of claims 37-40 or the viral particle of any one of claims 41-44, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.46.A host cell infected with the viral particle of any one of claims 41-44.47.A method for treating type A hemophilia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the rAAV vectors of any one of claims 37-40, the viral particle of any one of claims 41-44, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 45.48.Use of the rAAV vectors of any one of claims 37-40, the viral particle of any one of claims 41-44, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 45 in treating type A hemophilia.49.Use of the rAAV vectors of any one of claims 37-40, or the viral particle of any one of claims 41-44 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating type A hemophilia.50.A method for producing the viral particle of any one of claims 41-44, comprising introducing the expression cassette of any one of claims 28-36 or the rAAV vector of any one of claims 37-40 into a mammalian host cell.
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