Improved back contact layer for photovoltaic modules and manufacturing method thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/080206
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-06
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing photovoltaic technologies face challenges in improving the reflectivity of the back contact layer without deteriorating its electrical and mechanical properties, which limits light management and efficiency.
A back contact layer for photovoltaic modules comprising a reflective layer with a metal layer and a TCO layer, and a protective layer with a second intermediate layer and a top layer, designed to maintain reflectivity and integrity in reactive atmospheres.
Enhances reflectivity and current generation, increasing the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices by up to 2.5% through improved light management.
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Figure CN2024080206_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
IMPROVED BACK CONTACT LAYER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic cells, and in particular, to a back contact layer for photovoltaic modules and a manufacturing method thereof as well as a photovoltaic module based on an improved back contact layer and a manufacturing method thereof.BACKGROUND
[0002] The key point of the present invention is to increase the reflectivity of the back (opaque) contact of photovoltaic modules, which is a very important step to improve light management and increase photon absorption, and therefore can increase current generation, so as to increase the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices.
[0003] Increasing the reflectivity of the back contact of photovoltaic modules can provide a longer optical path for photons, which is particularly important for photons with energy close to the Bandgap energy, Egap (minimum value) of a photovoltaic absorber layer. In fact, for such photons, the absorption coefficient of direct bandgap semiconductors (such as CIGSSe) is typically within a range from 103 to 104cm-1, or the absorption coefficient of semiconductors with indirect bandgaps (such as silicon) is typically within a range from 10 to 100 cm-1) . The overall objective is to reduce the unit price of electricity produced by each photovoltaic technology by reducing materials required to manufacture photovoltaic modules without changing their efficiency or, vice versa, using the same amount of materials but increasing the power conversion efficiency, both of which are strategies that can be followed, as long as the reflectivity of the back contact of photovoltaic modules is improved. In fact, by increasing the optical path, a thinner photovoltaic absorber layer can be used to ensure a certain level of light absorption, so as to generate current. This approach is of great importance, particularly when some photovoltaic layers are manufactured using expensive and / or rare materials / elements. On the other hand, if the thickness is kept constant and the reflectivity of the back contact is improved, the short circuit current density, JSC will increase accordingly, thus improving the efficiency of a corresponding module.
[0004] However, it is still a challenging step for many photovoltaic technologies to improve the optical quality (reflectivity) of the back contact by modifying its stack without deteriorating its electrical and / or mechanical properties accordingly. For example, the chalcopyrite (such as CIGSSe) or kesterite technology typically uses molybdenum-based back contact. The material partially reacts and is transformed into MoSSe2 during a subsequent treatment step (such as co-evaporation or rapid thermal annealing in a chalcogen atmosphere (e.g. selenium and / or sulfur) ) . It is well-known that materials, such as MoSe2, MoS2 or two-phase mixtures (typically, transition metal dichalcogenides) , have very high absorption coefficients, which makes them interesting as two-dimensional semiconductor materials. WO2014177626A1 describes a standard molybdenum-based back contact for industrial application: the whole back contact includes a base electrode (typically, a molybdenum layer or a high-conductivity metal alloy with a thickness ranging from 200 nm to 500 nm) , a chalcogen barrier layer, and an additional thin metal layer (typically less than 100 nm in thickness) . Fig. 1a) shows a schematic structural diagram of a back contact layer of WO2014177626A1, and Fig. 1b) shows a schematic diagram of reflection spectra of molybdenum-based back contact before and after the back contact layer of WO2014177626A1 is exposed to a reactive (chalcogen) atmosphere.
[0005] As mentioned above, the top thin metal layer (typically, molybdenum) forms typically molybdenum di-sulfide / di-selenide during an annealing step involving a chalcogen atmosphere. Such thin molybdenum di-sulfide / di-selenide is considered beneficial, because it forms quasi-Ohmic contact at the back contact of the module and can achieve good adhesion between a PV (photovoltaic) absorber layer and the back contact. On the other hand, when comparing a deposited back contact layer (therefore there is typically a thin molybdenum layer or metal layer on the top) with the back contact layer, the stack described in Fig. 1a) shows a sharp decrease in its reflectivity. After treatment, annealing in the chalcogen atmosphere is simulated, but there is no photovoltaic layer on the top, so as to allow reflectivity measurement. Such deterioration in reflectivity can be clearly seen from Fig. 1b) . For example, in the NIR (near infrared) region, the reflectivity is decreased from about 65-75%to 40-55%. This decrease is mainly caused by the formation of transition metal dichalcogenide.
[0006] Therefore, the opaque back contact of the prior art performs well in terms of conductivity, Ohmic contact and good adhesion at the back contact interface with the absorber. However, the low reflectivity of the back contact in the final module (therefore after it is exposed to a reactive atmosphere) is still a strong limitation on light management and limits the current generating capacity and corresponding efficiency.
[0007] Therefore, it is necessary to further increase the reflectivity of the back contact under the premise of keeping (or improving) the good electrical and mechanical qualities of the back contact in the prior art.
[0008] Referring to Fig. 2, in the prior art, there are the following three process routes to improve the light management of photovoltaic modules:
[0009] a) introducing a reflective layer between a PV layer and a substrate;
[0010] b) introducing a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer between the PV layer and the substrate (ultimately bonded with the reflective layer) ;
[0011] c) introducing point contacts between the PV layer and the substrate (ultimately bonded with the reflective layer and / or TCO) ;
[0012] Typically, these strategies for increasing the reflectivity of the back contact have some limitations. For example, experiments performed in "Orgassa, Kay, Hans Werner Schock, and J. H. Werner. ‘Alternative back contact materials for thin film Cu (In, Ga) Se2 solar cells. ’ Thin Solid Films 431 (2003) : 387-391" did not lead to the increase of JSC, which indicated that the expected effect was not achieved from the perspective of optical gain. The patent EP4036993A1 mentions a stack structure, which includes a reflective metal layer with a reflectivity of more than 80%within a wavelength range from 850 nm to 2000 nm, but there is no information about the thermal stability and chemical stability of this stack structure to a reactive atmosphere (such as annealing in a chalcogen environment in the production of CIGSe) . Similarly, in the patent US7838400B2, an optical reflector is introduced, but it is only used as the last step in the production of a photovoltaic cell stack, so there is no specific requirement for thermal stability and chemical stability.
[0013] In addition, metals, such as silver or copper, used as a back reflector have the disadvantage of increasing the processing cost (silver) or unnecessarily diffusing into a photovoltaic layer, thus changing its photoelectric characteristics (copper) . The introduction of point contact made of dielectric layer, such as Al2O3 has limitations as well, due to additional costly processing steps regarding the fabrication of such patterning or due to the blocking behavior that Al2O33 may introduce at the interface dielectric layer / PV layer. Finally, the strategy of including TCO or a common oxygen-containing layer in a back contact stack will lead to increased interface recombination and poor energy band alignment due to the formation of unnecessary GaOx. This will be the case of the strategy used in the patent US11476378B2 in which a Bragg back reflector formed of alternating layers of SiO2 and TiO2 is proposed, or the strategy used in the patent WO2010005383A1 in which a metal or alloy conductive layer is protected by a common oxide (it is recommended to choose SiO2 , Al2O3 or TiO2) . In addition, if a TCO layer is subjected to heat treatment particularly in a reactive atmosphere, it may lose its photoelectric properties due to its degradation, resulting in the deterioration of the interface and reflectivity. For example, Fig. 3 shows reflection spectra of a reference sample (substrate coated with molybdenum) and two alternative samples (substrates coated with molybdenum, AZO as TCO and thin molybdenum on the top) , with all the samples being exposed to a reactive atmosphere (selenium environment in this case) .
[0014] On the other hand, improved light management can be achieved by using such back contact with a textured surface, such as that described in the patent US020130340817A1, but this method has two limitations: the cost of the texturing process may be very high due to the method involved (e.g. photolithography and / or etching steps) ; and in addition, this method is more suitable for photovoltaic technologies using thick absorbers (e.g. silicon, on the order of hundreds of microns) due to the requirement for the roughness of the textured surface on the order of hundreds of nanometers, so it is difficult for it to be applied to thin-film photovoltaic technologies such as thin absorbers CIGSSe. The method proposed in the patent CN104900742A also has similar limitations. In this method, a back reflector formed by a three-layer structure composed of a silver back reflective layer, an AAO nano-grating and an ITO conductive glass is described and proposed.
[0015] Therefore, according to the above considerations, there is a need to formulate a strategy to increase the reflectivity of the back contact and JSC gain, so as to increase the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Through the increase of machine speed (for example, point contact patterning may reduce the speed) , relatively low material cost and good interface properties with respect to adhesion and Ohmic contact, good energy band alignment and low or negligible interface recombination can be achieved. Such back contact should maintain its quality in the subsequent production steps of photovoltaic modules, particularly those steps involving a reactive atmosphere. For example, in CIGSSe, kesterite or CdTeSe, the back contact should maintain a chalcogen atmosphere.
[0016] According to our best knowledge, there are no further cases, particularly no strategy as a final photovoltaic device involving a protective layer (e.g. for a chalcogen atmosphere) to protect TCO introduced in a back contact stack for the increase of the reflectivity of a deposited back contact.SUMMARY
[0017] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a back contact layer for photovoltaic modules and a manufacturing method thereof, which adopt a new technique to increase the as-deposited state and the reflectivity of back contact in a final module. The technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
[0018] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a back contact layer for photovoltaic modules, applied to CIGSS photovoltaic modules, wherein the back contact layer is located between a back electrode layer and a CIGSS absorber layer, and comprises:
[0019] a reflective layer, deposited on a carrier substrate, and comprising a bottom layer as a metal layer and a first intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer adopts a material with good conductivity for contacting with the substrate, and the first intermediate layer adopts a material as a TCO layer; and
[0020] a protective layer, deposited on the reflective layer, and comprising a second intermediate layer and a top layer, wherein a CIGSS absorber layer is arranged upon the protective layer, and the top layer adopts a material with good conductivity for forming Ohmic contact with the CIGSS absorber layer.
[0021] In some embodiments, at least one of Mo, W, Cr, Ta, Nb, Cu and Ag is adopted as the material of the bottom layer and the material of the top layer.
[0022] In some embodiments, at least one of an oxide and nitride of an alloying element is adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer, and the alloying element comprises but is not limited to Ti, Ni, Nb, Mo, Ta, Al, or Si.
[0023] In some embodiments, molybdenum is adopted as the material of the bottom layer to form a bottom molybdenum layer, molybdenum is adopted as the material of the top layer to form a top molybdenum layer, and the thickness of the top molybdenum layer is less than that of the bottom molybdenum layer.
[0024] In some embodiments, molybdenum nitride is adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer to form a molybdenum nitride layer.
[0025] In some embodiments, AZO is adopted as the material of the first intermediate layer to serve as a TCO layer.
[0026] In some embodiments, the thickness of the protective layer should be as small as possible in order to minimize near infrared loss.
[0027] In some embodiments, when the protective layer adopts a double-layer structure composed of the molybdenum nitride layer and the top molybdenum layer, the thickness of the top molybdenum layer is between 35 nm and 50 nm, and the thickness of the molybdenum nitride layer is between 20 nm and 40 nm.
[0028] In some embodiments, the thickness of the TCO is determined based on both the maximization of reflectivity and the minimization of TCO thickness deposition cost.
[0029] In some embodiments, the thickness of the TCO is between 200 nm and 250 nm.
[0030] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a manufacturing method for a back contact layer for photovoltaic modules, applied to CIGSS photovoltaic modules, wherein the back contact layer is located between a back electrode layer and a CIGSS absorber layer, and the manufacturing method comprises:
[0031] depositing a reflective layer on a carrier substrate, wherein the reflective layer comprises a bottom layer as a metal layer and a first intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer adopts a material with good conductivity for contacting with the substrate, and the first intermediate layer adopts a material as a TCO layer; and
[0032] depositing a protective layer on the reflective layer, wherein the protective layer comprises a second intermediate layer and a top layer, wherein a CIGSS absorber layer is arranged upon the protective layer, and the top layer adopts a material with good conductivity for forming Ohmic contact with the CIGSS absorber layer.
[0033] In some embodiments, the deposition process comprises, but is not limited to, sputtering deposition.
[0034] In a third aspect, the present invention provides a photovoltaic module based on an improved back contact layer, wherein the photovoltaic module is of a CIGSS type, and the back contact layer according to the first aspect is adopted as the improved back contact layer.
[0035] In some embodiments, a preparation method for the photovoltaic module comprises:
[0036] providing a carrier substrate;
[0037] depositing a reflective layer on the carrier substrate;
[0038] depositing a protective layer on the reflective layer; and
[0039] depositing a CIGSS absorber layer on the protective layer.
[0040] According to the improved back contact layer and the manufacturing method thereof as well as the photovoltaic module based on the improved back contact layer and the manufacturing method thereof in the present invention, which are applied to CIGSS photovoltaic modules, the reflective layer deposited on the carrier substrate comprises the bottom layer as a metal layer and the first intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer adopts a material with good conductivity for contacting with the substrate, and the first intermediate layer adopts a material as a TCO layer; the protective layer deposited on the reflective layer comprises the second intermediate layer and the top layer, wherein the CIGSS absorber layer is arranged upon the protective layer, and the top layer adopts a material with good conductivity for forming Ohmic contact with the CIGSS absorber layer. The method proposed by the present invention can increase JSC in the near infrared region, effectively increase the reflectivity of the back contact layer of the photovoltaic module, and increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0041] Fig. 1 is the technical solution of back contact in the patent WO2014177626A1 in which a) is a schematic diagram of a back contact structure in this patent, and b) is a schematic diagram of reflection spectra of molybdenum-based back contact before and after back contact is exposed to a reactive (chalcogen) atmosphere in this patent;
[0042] Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of three light management routes for photovoltaic modules in the prior art in which a) a reflective layer is introduced between a PV layer and a substrate, b) a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer is introduced between the PV layer and the substrate (finally combined with the reflective layer) or c) point contacts are introduced between the PV layer and the substrate (finally combined with the reflective layer and / or TCO) ;
[0043] Fig. 3 is reflection spectra of a reference sample and two alternative samples exposed to a reactive atmosphere (in this case, a selenium environment) , where the reference sample is a substrate coated with molybdenum, one alternative sample (#1) is of a stack structure composed of a substrate coated with molybdenum (200 nm) , an AZO layer as TCO (200 nm) , and a top thin molybdenum layer (50 nm) , and the other alternative sample (#2) is of a stack structure composed of a substrate coated with molybdenum (200 nm) , an AZO layer as TCO (250 nm) , and a top thin molybdenum layer (50 nm) ;
[0044] Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a back contact layer disclosed in the present invention;
[0045] Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of reflection spectra of two samples and a reference sample of the back contact layer disclosed in the present invention;
[0046] Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of relative EQE (External Quantum Efficiency) spectra of photovoltaic modules with different back contact layers; and
[0047] Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of integrated JSC of a reference module and a module with the back contact layer of the present invention.DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0048] It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention rather than to limit the present invention.
[0049] In the present invention, a new technique has been designed to increase the as-deposited state and the reflectivity of back contact in a final module, so as to overcome the defect of limited chemical stability of photovoltaic modules in a reactive atmosphere. The present invention discloses an improved back contact layer, as shown in Fig. 4. The improved back contact layer, which is preferably applied to CIGSS photovoltaic modules, is located between a back electrode layer and a CIGSS absorber layer, and includes:
[0050] a reflective layer deposited on a carrier substrate; and
[0051] a protective layer deposited on the reflective layer, with a CIGSS absorber layer being located upon the protective layer.
[0052] Specifically, the reflective layer includes a bottom layer as a metal layer and a first intermediate layer, the bottom layer adopts a material with good conductivity for contacting with the substrate, and the first intermediate layer adopts a material as a TCO layer.
[0053] The protective layer includes a second intermediate layer and a top layer, and the top layer adopts a material with good conductivity for forming Ohmic contact with the CIGSS absorber layer.
[0054] Thus, a layered structure composed of the carrier substrate, the bottom layer, the first intermediate layer, the second intermediate layer, the top layer and the CIGSS absorber layer in sequence is formed.
[0055] The protective layer protects the reflective layer (such as but not limited to a transparent conductive oxide) against the influence of a reactive atmosphere (such as but not limited to a chalcogen atmosphere) , thereby achieving the higher reflectivity of a back contact stack and other properties of the whole system ultimately applied in subsequent treatment steps for manufacturing a solar module, particularly (but not limited to) those treatment steps involving a heating process and a reactive environment.
[0056] A manufacturing method for the protective layer and the reflective layer will be described in detail below.
[0057] At least one of Mo, W, Cr, Ta, Nb, Cu and Ag is adopted as the material of the bottom layer and the material of the top layer. It can be understood that one or a composition of at least two of Mo, W, Cr, Ta, Nb, Cu and Ag is adopted as the material of the bottom layer and the material of the top layer. It should be noted that the material of the bottom layer and the material of the top layer may be the same or different.
[0058] AZO is adopted as the material of the first intermediate layer to serve as a TCO layer.
[0059] At least one of an oxide and nitride of an alloying element is adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer, and the alloying element includes but is not limited to Ti, Ni, Nb, Mo, Ta, Al, or Si. One of oxides or nitrides of alloying elements or a composition formed by combining at least two of the oxides and nitrides of the alloying elements is adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer. The alloying element may be one of Ti, Ni, Nb, Mo, Ta, Al, Si, etc. For example, the oxide of the alloying element may be TiO2, NiOx, NbOx, MoOx, TaOx, SiNx, AlOx, or the like, and the nitride of the alloying element may be MoN, NbN, TiN, SiNx, or the like.
[0060] The manufacturing method for the protective layer and the reflective layer will be illustrated with two examples below.
[0061] Example 1
[0062] In Step 1, a reflective layer was deposited on a carrier substrate. In the reflective layer, molybdenum was adopted as the material of the bottom layer to form a bottom molybdenum layer, and AZO was adopted as the material of the first intermediate layer form an AZO layer as a TCO layer.
[0063] In Step 2, a protective layer was deposited on the reflective layer. The protective layer included a second intermediate layer and a top layer; molybdenum nitride was adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer to form a molybdenum nitride layer; and molybdenum was adopted as the material of the top layer to form a top molybdenum layer. It should be noted that the thickness of the top molybdenum layer was less than that of the bottom molybdenum layer, and the top molybdenum layer was a thinner molybdenum layer.
[0064] In Step 3, a CIGSS absorber layer was deposited upon the protective layer.
[0065] In Step 4, the remaining process for a photovoltaic module was performed according to the manufacturing steps for the photovoltaic module in the prior art to complete the manufacturing of the photovoltaic module.
[0066] In Steps 1 to 4, the deposition process includes but is not limited to sputtering deposition, and will be illustrated with sputtering deposition as an example in the present example.
[0067] In order to prove the effectiveness of the back contact layer disclosed by the present invention, a plurality of back contact layer structures with reflective layers and protective layers with different thicknesses were deposited respectively. Both the reflective layer and the protective layer were deposited by sputtering (although this deposition technique was used, the present invention is not limited to this technique) . Although the reflective layer was composed of a molybdenum layer (referred to as Mo hereinafter) as a metal layer and an AZO layer as a TCO layer, the present invention is not limited to these materials. Although a molybdenum nitride (MoN) layer and a thinner molybdenum layer (referred to as top Mo hereinafter) were used as the protective layer, the present invention should not be considered to be limited to these materials.
[0068] Referring to Fig. 5, Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of reflection spectra of two samples and a reference sample of the back contact layer disclosed in the present invention, where the two samples of the back contact layer disclosed in the present invention (labeled as #1 and #2 in the figure respectively) contained TCO layers, and the reference sample did not contain a TCO layer.
[0069] The reflection spectra were measured before (Fig. 5 (a) ) and after (Fig. 5 (b) ) the back contact layer was exposed in a chalcogen atmosphere (selenium in the present example) for a certain time and at a certain temperature, which was similar to the heat treatment step in the manufacturing of a typical CIGSSe absorber. For each improved back contact layer sample (#1 and #2) , the samples exposed to the chalcogen atmosphere were measured twice (in Fig. 5, they were drawn with solid lines and dashed lines respectively) . These experiments (exposing the stacks to the chalcogen atmosphere) were conducted to check whether a) these improved back contact layers were corrosion-resistant in the reactive atmosphere, and whether b) they had improved reflectivity relative to the back contact layer of the reference sample. As shown in Fig. 5, in fact, compared with the reference sample, these two improved back contact layers show better reflectivity in a near infrared region above the wavelength of 1050 nm, while they are very similar in the UV-Vis spectral region.
[0070] In addition to the optical characteristics (as shown in Fig. 5) , the improved back contact layers were also used as back contact in photovoltaic modules to check whether they really improved the EQE response in the NIR region, so as to improve JSC.
[0071] In order to better compare the photovoltaic modules with the different back contact layers (also including the reference back contact layer) , instead of absolute EQE, relative EQE spectra were drawn in Fig. 6. Apparently, the TCO in the improved back contact layers (with the reflective layers) and the protective layer according to the invention did improve EQE in the near infrared region: this effect was mainly achieved by the enhanced reflectivity of back contact, thus increasing the optical path for near infrared photons. This conclusion was confirmed by EQE curves with minimum EQE signal overlap in the NIR region (within a range of 1150 nm to 1250 nm in the present specific example) , indicating that all the considered modules had absorbers with the same / very similar minimum band gap.
[0072] In order to quantitatively measure the potential contribution of this improved EQE in the NIR for JSC, the spectral response of EQE spectra of the modules with back contact stacks produced by the present invention is calculated, multiplied by AM1.5 and finally integrated for wavelengths above 800 nm (i.e. 1.55 eV) . In this way, the JSC given by photon flux with wavelengths above 800 nm (referred to as "integrated JSC" or "integrated EQEJSC” hereinafter) could be calculated. This spectral range was chosen to emphasize the influence of the back reflector on JSC. Referring to Fig. 7, Fig. 7 is the integrated JSC from 800 nm (to 1300 nm) of the reference module (without the improved back reflective layer, i.e. "Ref w / o TCO" ) and the modified back contact layers disclosed by the present invention. For the modified back contact layers, the label xxx / yy / zz refers to the thicknesses of TCO, MoN and top Mo respectively. For example, 200 / 20 / 50 in Fig. 7 indicates that the thicknesses of TCO, MoN and top Mo are 200, 20 and 50 nm respectively.
[0073] It can be clearly seen from Fig. 7 that for most of the modified back contact stacks with improved reflectivity, the JSC generated within the NIR range was improved compared to that of the module with the standard (or reference) back contact stack. The increment was up to an absolute value of +0.9 mA / cm2: considering that the standard JSC, e.g. for CIGS, was within a range of 39 mA / cm2, that would translate into an increment of 2%-2.5%relative of the overall JSC, hence of the power conversion efficiency of the corresponding module (s) .
[0074] In general, the method proposed in the description of the present invention can increase JSC in the near infrared region (particularly related to photovoltaic technologies such as silicon, chalcopyrite and kesterite) , so photovoltaic modules adopting this novel back contact layer can achieve higher efficiency.
[0075] It should be additionally noted that the thickness of the protective layer in the present invention should be as small as possible in order to minimize near infrared loss. When the protective layer adopts a double-layer structure composed of the molybdenum nitride layer and the top molybdenum layer, the thickness of the top molybdenum layer is between 35 nm and 50 nm, and the thickness of the molybdenum nitride layer is between 20 nm and 40 nm. Except for the combination of 20 / 50 nm and 40 / 50 nm for MoN / top-Mo which show, respectively, lower and comparable integrated JSC compared with the reference stack, all the other combinations show improvement and gain in JSC. Regarding the TCO layer, the thickness of TCO in the present invention is determined based on both the maximization of reflectivity and the minimization of TCO thickness deposition cost. The thickness of TCO will affect its optical properties. In an alternative embodiment, the thickness of TCO is chosen between 200 nm and 250 nm.
[0076] Example 2
[0077] In Step 1, a reflective layer was deposited on a carrier substrate. In the reflective layer, W, Cr, Ta, Nb, Cu, Ag or an alloy of these elements was adopted as the material of the bottom layer to form a bottom metal layer, and AZO was adopted as the material of the first intermediate layer form an AZO layer as a TCO layer.
[0078] In Step 2, a protective layer was deposited on the reflective layer. The protective layer includes a second intermediate layer and a top layer, and NbN, TiN, TiO2, NiOx, NbOx, MoOx, TaOx, SiNx, AlOx or a combination of such compounds, such as AlSiOxNy, was adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer adopts; the material of the top layer could be made of the same material as that of the bottom layer or a different material to form a top metal layer; and the thickness of the top metal layer was less than that of the bottom metal layer.
[0079] In Step 3, a CIGSS absorber layer was deposited upon the protective layer.
[0080] In Step 4, the remaining process for a photovoltaic module was performed according to the manufacturing steps for the photovoltaic module in the prior art to complete the manufacturing of the photovoltaic module.
[0081] Referring to Examples 1 and 2, the choice of the materials used in the reflective layer and the protective layer was determined based on actual application scenarios, according to the requirement for improving reflectivity and the environmental temperature and reactive atmosphere where the back contact layer was located.
[0082] Based on the improved back contact layer and the manufacturing method thereof mentioned above, the present invention further discloses a photovoltaic module based on the improved back contact layer, which is of a CIGSS type, and the improved back contact layer is obtained by adopting the back contact layer structure and the manufacturing method thereof mentioned above. Specifically, a preparation method for the photovoltaic module based on the improved back contact layer includes the following steps:
[0083] a carrier substrate is provided;
[0084] a reflective layer is deposited on the carrier substrate;
[0085] a protective layer is deposited on the reflective layer; and
[0086] a CIGSS absorber layer is deposited on the protective layer.
[0087] It should be noted that the aforementioned steps of the preparation method for the photovoltaic module only disclose the steps in the present invention which are different from those of the conventional technology, and the manufacturing process for photovoltaic module in the present invention further includes other conventional steps to implement the complete process for the photovoltaic module, which will not be repeated here again.
[0088] The present invention is not limited to the aforementioned specific embodiments, and various changes which are made by those of ordinary skill in the art from the above idea without creative labor shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1.A back contact layer for photovoltaic modules, applied to CIGSS photovoltaic modules, wherein the back contact layer is located between a back electrode layer and a CIGSS absorber layer, and comprises:a reflective layer, deposited on a carrier substrate, and comprising a bottom layer as a metal layer and a first intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer adopts a material with good conductivity for contacting with the substrate, and the first intermediate layer adopts a material as a TCO layer; anda protective layer, deposited on the reflective layer, and comprising a second intermediate layer and a top layer, wherein a CIGSS absorber layer is arranged upon the protective layer, and the top layer adopts a material with good conductivity for forming Ohmic contact with the CIGSS absorber layer.2.The back contact layer according to claim 1, wherein at least one of Mo, W, Cr, Ta, Nb, Cu and Ag is adopted as the material of the bottom layer and the material of the top layer.3.The back contact layer according to claim 2, wherein at least one of an oxide and nitride of an alloying element is adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer, and the alloying element comprises but is not limited to Ti, Ni, Nb, Mo, Ta, Al, or Si.4.The back contact layer according to claim 3, wherein molybdenum is adopted as the material of the bottom layer to form a bottom molybdenum layer, molybdenum is adopted as the material of the top layer to form a top molybdenum layer, and the thickness of the top molybdenum layer is less than that of the bottom molybdenum layer.5.The back contact layer according to claim 4, wherein molybdenum nitride is adopted as the material of the second intermediate layer to form a molybdenum nitride layer.6.The back contact layer according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein AZO is adopted as the material of the first intermediate layer to serve as a TCO layer.7.The back contact layer according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the protective layer should be as small as possible in order to minimize near infrared loss.8.The back contact layer according to claim 7, wherein when the protective layer adopts a double-layer structure composed of the molybdenum nitride layer and the top molybdenum layer, the thickness of the top molybdenum layer is between 35 nm and 50 nm, and the thickness of the molybdenum nitride layer is between 20 nm and 40 nm.9.The back contact layer according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the TCO is determined based on both the maximization of reflectivity and the minimization of TCO thickness deposition cost.10.The back contact layer according to claim 1 or 9, wherein the thickness of the TCO is between 200 nm and 250 nm.11.A manufacturing method for a back contact layer for photovoltaic modules, applied to CIGSS photovoltaic modules, wherein the back contact layer is located between a back electrode layer and a CIGSS absorber layer, and the manufacturing method comprises:depositing a reflective layer on a carrier substrate, wherein the reflective layer comprises a bottom layer as a metal layer and a first intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer adopts a material with good conductivity for contacting with the substrate, and the first intermediate layer adopts a material as a TCO layer; anddepositing a protective layer on the reflective layer, wherein the protective layer comprises a second intermediate layer and a top layer, wherein a CIGSS absorber layer is arranged upon the protective layer, and the top layer adopts a material with good conductivity for forming Ohmic contact with the CIGSS absorber layer.12.The manufacturing method for a back contact layer for photovoltaic modules according to claim 11, wherein the deposition process comprises but is not limited to sputtering deposition.13.A photovoltaic module based on an improved back contact layer, wherein the photovoltaic module is of a CIGSS type, and the back contact layer according to any of claims 1 to 10 is adopted as the improved back contact layer.14.The photovoltaic module according to claim 13, wherein a preparation method for the photovoltaic module comprises:providing a carrier substrate;depositing a reflective layer on the carrier substrate;depositing a protective layer on the reflective layer; anddepositing a CIGSS absorber layer on the protective layer.