Electrochemical stack, redox flow battery, and method of producing electricity
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/080279
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-06
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing redox flow batteries face issues with leaks due to improper compression forces leading to deformation of frames and reduced alignment of layers, resulting in decreased sealing effectiveness and efficiency.
The electrochemical stack design incorporates reinforcement ribs in the frames to split fluid channels into sub-channels, with membrane sealing gaskets compressible to 90% or less of their height, and includes mechanically rigid sections to prevent over-compression, along with poka-yoke connections for correct assembly, minimizing deformation and pressure loss.
This design enhances sealing and reduces the likelihood of leaks, maintaining effective fluid flow and electrical resistance, thereby improving the performance and longevity of the electrochemical stack.
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Figure CN2024080279_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Electrochemical Stack, Redox Flow Battery, and Method of Producing ElectricityTechnical Field
[0001] The invention relates to an electrochemical stack, a redox flow battery comprising the electrochemical stack, and a method of producing electricity.Background Art
[0002] A battery cell refers to the smallest unit of a battery for storing and / or converting energy. The battery cell comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte and a membrane. The membrane electrically separates the positive electrode and its electrolyte from the negative electrode and its electrolyte, meanwhile ensuring ionic transport between them. Chemical compounds in the electrolytes are present as reaction partners in a solvent in dissolved form, which are chemically reduced or oxidized reversibly to release or store electrical energy. Depending on the requirements, a single cell or more than one cell may be stacked, along with other layers providing functions necessary for the battery, to form an operational battery cell stack. In redox flow batteries, the electrolytes are circulated in two separate circuits, between which the ion exchange takes place through the membrane. The electrolytes are stored in two separate tanks and are provided to the layers of the battery cell stack. Among the redox flow batteries in use today, two types of technical designs can be distinguished, differing in the chemistry of the electrolytes or redox pairs used. On one hand, there are redox flow batteries with metal-based electrolytes, such as electrolytes based on iron and, in particular, vanadium in different oxidation states. On the other hand, electrolytes comprising compounds based on organic substances such as lignin, lignin-based (e.g., quinone) or lignin sulfonate are used. While the vanadium-based electrolytes are potentially harmful to health and environment due to their heavy metal toxicity, the organic based electrolytes are a promising alternative since the materials required for electrolyte production may be taken from renewable raw materials, which are, in principle, available in unlimited quantities.
[0003] Each layer of the battery cell stack forms or comprises a frame. Some layers seal the electrolyte within the battery cell stack and therefore, the frames of these layers must be constructed to prevent leaks, externally or internally between electrolyte pairs. The layers are usually kept compressed together to prevent leaks. However, selection of the compression force is critical, as the compression force should not be insufficient, while an overly high compression force may damage the cell stack, also resulting in leaks. The frames may be constructed to provide electrolyte or fluid flow into and out of the cell stack, which adds another layer of complexity to the prevention of leaks. The stack must be constructed in a fluid-tight manner. The sealing of the stack is an essential issue for the proper working of the battery cell stack. Leaks may lead to short-circuits and / or reduced battery capacity and efficiency.
[0004] There is therefore a need to provide a cell stack that overcomes, or at least ameliorates, the problem (s) described above and other disadvantages.Summary
[0005] In an aspect, there is provided an electrochemical stack. The electrochemical stack comprises at least one electrochemical cell, wherein each electrochemical cell comprises: a membrane arranged between an upper frame and a lower frame; and an upper electrode and a lower electrode contacting the membrane. The membrane contacts the upper frame by an upper membrane sealing gasket and the lower frame by a lower membrane sealing gasket. The electrochemical stack further comprises an upper electrically-isolated end plate adjacent to the upper electrode of the uppermost electrochemical cell and a lower electrically-isolated end plate adjacent to the lower electrode of the bottommost electrochemical cell. The layers of the electrochemical stack are compressed together. The upper frame of an electrochemical cell comprises an inlet channel for supplying a first electrochemical fluid onto a face of the upper electrode and an outlet channel for receiving the first electrochemical fluid exiting from the face of the upper electrode. Similarly, the lower frame of an electrochemical cell comprises an inlet channel for supplying a second electrochemical fluid onto a face of the lower electrode and an outlet channel for receiving the second electrochemical fluid exiting from the face of the lower electrode. The membrane sealing gaskets are provided on a first surface of the frames and the channels are provided on the opposing second surface of the frames, the upper membrane sealing gasket compressing on a portion of the channels of the upper frame during the compression and the lower membrane sealing gasket compressing on a portion of the channels of the lower frame during the compression. One or more reinforcement ribs are provided in the portion of each channel on the second surface of the frame, at a position corresponding to part (s) of the membrane sealing gasket that compress on the portion of the channel. In addition, fluid flow through the portion of each channel is split into two or more sub-channels, wherein at least two adjacent sub-channels are created by a wall formed by the reinforcement rib. As a result, each membrane sealing gasket is compressible to 90%or less of its height before compression.
[0006] Each frame of an electrochemical cell has a certain thickness, which is reduced to create the inlet and outlet channels for the flow of electrochemical fluids. It was found that high compression stress on the electrochemical stack occurs in the region of the fluid channels due to the reduced frame thickness and the fact that part of the membrane sealing gasket is provided in the region of the reduced frame thickness. As gaskets provided in the stack, e.g. the membrane sealing gasket, are designed to be compressed to form a fluid-tight seal, the compression force in the region of reduced frame thickness may cause deformation of the frames, resulting in decreased alignment of the layers and ultimately leakage. In particular, deformation of the frames results in a change or reduction of the cross-sectional flow area of the channels. Decreased alignment of the layers also causes lower effectiveness of the gaskets, specifically a reduced compression of the gasket. The reinforcement rib advantageously restores at least some thickness to the frame. The reinforcement rib further advantageously provides a counterforce to support the compression of the gasket.
[0007] Splitting the flow of fluid through a channel into sub-channels, in particular where a gasket presses on a region with reduced frame thickness, advantageously reduces the hollow space in the channel that is susceptible to compression. Furthermore, it was surprisingly found that any loss of fluid pressure, e.g. due to walls of the sub-channels and / or the reinforcement rib, is advantageously minimal compared to pressure losses from other sources. The change in electrical resistance of electrochemical fluid through the sub-channels is also minimal.
[0008] Due to the disclosed stack, the likelihood of deformation of the frames is advantageously reduced or eliminated. Thus, the present disclosure provides an electrochemical stack with improved sealing, in particular having a gasket, such as the membrane sealing gasket, that can advantageously be compressed minimally by 10%. That is, the compressed gasket may have a compressed height of at most 90%of its uncompressed height. The disclosed stack allows the achievement of a target gasket compressibility of 90%or less of its height before compression.
[0009] Each frame may comprise a housing for its membrane sealing gasket. The sealing gasket, when uncompressed, has a height h’ that is above the height of the housing. The height h’ defines the maximum distance that the sealing gasket can be compressed, since the frames are not designed to be compressed. That is, the gasket has a compression distance of h’. Further compression of the gasket is prevented by the frame, specifically the housing. In order to achieve a compressed gasket height of at most 90%, the height h’ is at least 10%of the total height of the gasket. Advantageously, the housing ensures that the membrane sealing gasket is retained in position. Further advantageously, the membrane sealing gasket provided in the housing ensures sealing between the frame and the membrane, yet minimizes any space created between the frames due to the gasket.
[0010] The dimensions of the channels and sub-channels may be configured to minimize pressure loss of the electrochemical fluid introduced into an electrochemical cell. As may be appreciated, the pressure drop of fluid is higher in a narrower channel. Thus, the pressure drop within each sub-channel will be higher than that within the channel. To minimize the pressure drop within a sub-channel, the hydraulic cross-section of the sub-channel, or hydraulic diameter in the case of a cylindrical sub-channel, can be configured. In some embodiments, the narrowest hydraulic cross-section of the sub-channel may be configured to be at least the same or more than the hydraulic cross-section of the inlet or outlet of the sub-channel. In some embodiments, the narrowest hydraulic cross-section of the sub-channel may be at least the same as, or slightly larger, such as 10%larger, than, an equal division per sub-channel of the hydraulic cross-section of an inlet opening into the inlet channel or an outlet opening out of the outlet channel. That is, the narrowest hydraulic cross-section of each sub-channel may be configured according to the formula: wherein 0≤a≤1.1.
[0011] The electrochemical stack disclosed herein may comprise at least one support provided between the upper electrically-isolated end plate and the lower electrically-isolated end plate. The height of the at least one support corresponds to the height of the layers between the upper electrically-isolated end plate and the lower electrically-isolated end plate after compression. Advantageously, the support (s) prevent over compression of the layers between the upper electrically-isolated end plate and the lower electrically-isolated end plate.
[0012] Additionally, or alternatively, one or both of the frames of a pair of frames, preferably both, may comprise at least one mechanically rigid section. The frame (s) may theoretically be made of materials that are mechanically rigid, e.g. more mechanically rigid than the compression force. Furthermore, sealing gaskets used in the disclosed stack, such as the membrane sealing gaskets, may be applied on the frame using processes involving high force, such as an overmolding process. However, cost and weight are disadvantages of a frame made of a mechanically rigid material. Instead, one or more sections of a frame may advantageously be reinforced to counteract the compression force. The section (s) may be made mechanically rigid by providing a mechanically rigid insert in the frame. The frame may comprise a through-hole, through which the insert is located. The insert may have a height which corresponds to the thickness of the frame before compression. Advantageously, the mechanically rigid section, e.g. the insert, may resist the compression force on the frame, thereby reducing bending and / or deformation of the frame. The membrane of an electrochemical cell is typically very thin relative to a frame and is susceptible to cracking under the compression force. Advantageously, the mechanically rigid section may prevent unnecessary force to be subjected on the membrane.
[0013] In some embodiments, the sealing gasket may have a cross-sectional profile configured to minimize the compression force on the membrane. The sealing gasket may have a cross-sectional profile comprising at least one peak. Having more peaks may advantageously increase the sealing effect, e.g. at a region where a length of the sealing gasket is long and more susceptible to leakage. The sealing gasket may comprise one or two peaks or a combination of one and two peaks. The peak (s) may be rounded or curved. The peak (s) may not comprise distinct edges. With the disclosed peak (s) , the area of the sealing gasket contacting the membrane is minimized, yet is not small enough, e.g. from a distinct or sharp edge, to pierce and / or perforate the membrane. As the membrane is typically very thin relative to a frame, the disclosed peak (s) advantageously lowers the compression force on the membrane and / or surface area contacting the membrane. Failure of the membrane is advantageously avoided or at least minimized, thereby increasing the lifetime of the electrochemical stack. Furthermore, a membrane that is thinner or more conductive but mechanically weaker may be provided to increase the performance of the electrochemical stack.
[0014] The upper frame and the lower frame may each comprise a portion that forms a poka-yoke connection. For example, the upper frame may comprise a protrusion and the lower frame may comprise a corresponding groove to house the protrusion, the protrusion and the corresponding groove forming the poke-yoke connection. Advantageously, the poka-yoke connection ensures that the frames are assembled correctly, minimizing the risk of leakage in the event of misassembly.
[0015] The electrochemical stack disclosed herein may form a redox flow battery.
[0016] In another aspect, there is provided a redox flow battery comprising an electrochemical stack as disclosed herein.
[0017] In yet another aspect, there is provided a method of producing electricity comprising implementing an electrochemical stack as disclosed herein or a battery as disclosed herein.Brief Description of Drawings
[0018] The drawings show:
[0019] Fig. 1 is an illustration of an electrochemical stack 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, with the layers of the electrochemical stack 100 com-pressed together by fasteners 118.
[0020] Fig. 2a is an illustration of a view of a top face 106t of upper frame 106 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0021] Fig. 2b is an illustration of a view of a bottom face 106b of upper frame 106 of Fig. 2a.
[0022] Fig. 3a is an illustration of a view of a top face 108t of lower frame 108 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0023] Fig. 3b is an illustration of a view of a bottom face 108b of lower frame 108 of Fig. 3a.
[0024] Fig. 4a is an illustration of the electrochemical stack 100 having a groove 138 to house sealing gasket 136.
[0025] Fig. 4b is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of an uncompressed sealing gasket 136 of Fig. 4a housed in groove 138.
[0026] Fig. 4c is an illustration of sealing gasket 136 of Fig. 4b in the compressed state.
[0027] Fig. 5a is an illustration of the flow path of the first electrochemical fluid through the upper frame 106 of Fig. 2a.
[0028] Fig. 5b is an illustration of the flow path of the second electrochemical fluid through the lower frame 108 of Fig. 3a.
[0029] Fig. 6 is a close-up view of inlet channel 120 provided on top surface 106t of upper frame 160 shown in Fig. 2a.
[0030] Fig. 7 is an illustration of upper frame 106 of Fig. 2a having three sealing gaskets 136.
[0031] Fig. 8 is an illustration of the electrochemical stack 100 of Fig. 1 comprising collector plates 111, 113.
[0032] Fig. 9 is an illustration of the electrochemical stack 100 of Fig. 1 comprising supports 119.
[0033] Fig. 10 is an illustration of an embodiment where frame 106 comprises a mechanically rigid insert 134 inserted through a through-hole in frame 106.
[0034] Fig. 11 is an illustration of frames 106, 108 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure having protrusions 140a and grooves 140b forming a poka-yoke con-nection.Detailed Description
[0035] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings that show, by way of illustration, specific details and embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, and logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The various embodiments are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as some embodiments can be combined with one or more other embodiments to form new embodiments.
[0036] Fig. 1 shows an illustration of an electrochemical stack 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The electrochemical stack 100 comprises three electrochemical cells 102. Each electrochemical cell 102 comprises: a membrane 104 arranged between an upper frame 106 and a lower frame 108; and an upper electrode 110 and a lower electrode 112 contacting the membrane 104. The electrochemical stack 100 further comprises an upper electrically-isolated end plate 114 adjacent to the upper electrode 110 of the uppermost electrochemical cell and a lower electrically-isolated end plate 116 adjacent to the lower electrode 112 of the bottommost electrochemical cell. The layers of the electrochemical stack 100 are compressed together, for example by fasteners 118, such as bolts, screws, clamps, etc. In Fig. 1, end plates 114, 116 comprise through-holes for fasteners 118 to pass through and be bolted on the other side, thereby compressing the layers of the electrochemical stack 100 together. End plates 114, 116 may be subjected to the compression force at its outer surface. Therefore, end plates 114, 116 may be made of a material that can withstand the compression force. The end plates 114, 116 may be made of metal.
[0037] As illustrated in Fig. 1, the frames 106, 108 hold or surround the membrane 104 circumferentially. Specifically, the upper frame 106 contacts membrane 104 by an upper membrane sealing gasket 136 and the lower frame 108 contacts membrane 104 by a lower membrane sealing gasket 136. Gaskets 136 are illustrated for an electrochemical cell 102, but it is understood that the other electrochemical cells 102 comprise similar gaskets 136. The frames 106, 108 allow the middle of the membrane 104 to be exposed to the electrochemical fluids so that exchange of ions can take place between the electrochemical fluids. As the frames 106, 108 have a certain thickness, the electrodes 110, 112 may be housed in the space above and below the middle of the membrane 104, created by the circumferential frames 106, 108. The electrodes 110, 112 are porous to allow the electrochemical fluids to contact the membrane. The thickness of the electrodes 110, 112, in such case, may correspond to the thickness of the respective frames 106, 108. A layer is therefore formed by the frames 106, 108 and the respective electrodes 110, 112, in the sense that a layer is subjected to the compression force.
[0038] The frame may have an overall thickness that is more than the other layers. For example, the frame may have a thickness of 3.5 mm, while the bipolar plate may have a thickness of 0.6 mm.
[0039] Adjacent to upper electrode 110 and lower electrode 112, on the side opposite to the membrane 104, bipolar plates 110’, 112’ are provided. The electrochemical fluid that is supplied to upper electrode 110 or lower electrode 112 is sealed between the membrane 104 and the bipolar plates 110’, 112’, respectively. The bipolar plate, being bipolar, is therefore considered a part of an electrode in the context of the present disclosure. Bipolar plate 112’ is in between two electrochemical cells 102 and may be shared by both cells 102. Bipolar plate 112’ may have a thickness similar to bipolar plate 110’, or may be thicker than bipolar plate 110’ as shown in Fig. 1. The bipolar plates 110’, 112’ are shown in the figures, e.g. Fig. 1, to be wider than the electrodes 110, 112, e.g. of the same length and / or width as the frames, and as such, are a separate layer from the frames. In other instances, bipolar plates 110’, 112’ may be of the same size, i.e. have the same length and / or width, as the electrodes 110, 112. In such instance, bipolar plates 110’, 112’ may be housed within the same space housing the electrodes 110, 112, the electrochemical fluid being sealed between the frame 106 or 108, the membrane 104 and the bipolar plate 110’ or 112’. In such instance, bipolar plates 110’, 112’ are considered within the same layer as the frames 106, 108, respectively. If bipolar plates 110’, 112’ are desired as a separate layer, but have dimensions smaller than the frames 106, 108, bipolar plates 110’, 112’ may comprise a frame surrounding or partially surrounding bipolar plates 110’, 112’, to result in a layer that has the same length and / or width as the frames 106, 108. Alternatively, a frame sized to surround or partially surround bipolar plates 110’, 112’ can be provided as a separate layer, to thereby provide a bipolar plate frame that can be compressed against frames 106, 108. The same may apply to other layers disclosed herein. For example, the collector plate, further described below, may be similar in size as the frames 106, 108 or smaller in size than the frames 106, 108. If the collector plate is smaller in size than the frames 106, 108, a collector plate frame surrounding or partially surrounding the collector plate, either attached to the collector plate or as a separate layer, can be provided. Such filler frames, e.g. a bipolar plate frame or collector plate frame, may generally be called filler frames. During compression, adjacent layers of similar size are able to compress against each other, thereby preventing unnecessary bending of layers to fill gaps and / or providing layers having external walls that are flush with each other.
[0040] The upper frame 106 of an electrochemical cell 102 comprises an inlet channel 120 for supplying a first electrochemical fluid onto a face of the upper electrode 110 and an outlet channel 170 for receiving the first electrochemical fluid exiting from the face of the upper electrode 110. Similarly, the lower frame 108 of an electrochemical cell 102 comprises an inlet channel 150 for supplying a second electrochemical fluid onto a face of the lower electrode 112 and an outlet channel 200 for receiving the second electrochemical fluid exiting from the face of the lower electrode 112. The electrochemical fluid, being able to be supplied onto the face of the respective electrode, flows through the pores of the electrode and can advantageously be provided onto a corresponding face of the membrane 104 contacting the electrode, thereby maximizing the surface area of ion exchange across the membrane 104.
[0041] Referring to Figs. 2a and 3a, which show top faces 106t, 108t of upper frame 106 and lower frame 108 respectively, each inlet channel 120, 150 comprises an inlet opening 122, 152 to allow electrochemical fluid from a central supply channel (not shown) of the electrochemical stack 100 into the respective inlet channel. The inlet channel 120, 150 comprises a conduit 124, 154 having a conduit length substantially corresponding to the length of the face of the electrode it supplies. The conduit length is the same or similar to the length of the electrode, to allow the electrochemical fluid to be distributed across the electrode face as homogeneously as possible. The conduit 124, 154 may comprise a plurality of outlet openings 126, 156 to allow the electrochemical fluid to be supplied onto the face of the electrode 110, 112, and ultimately, membrane 104. The inlet channel 120, 150 comprises an elbow 128, 158 to direct the electrochemical fluid between the inlet opening 122, 152 and the conduit 124, 154. Similarly, each outlet channel 170, 200 comprises an outlet opening 172, 202 to allow electrochemical fluid to exit from the respective outlet channel to a central discharge channel (not shown) of the electrochemical stack 100. The outlet channel 170, 200 comprises a conduit 174, 204. The conduit 174, 204 may comprise a plurality of inlet openings 176, 206 to receive electrochemical fluid exiting from the electrode face. The outlet channel 170, 200 comprises an elbow 178, 208 to direct the electrochemical fluid between the outlet opening 172, 202 and the conduit 174, 204.
[0042] Figs. 2b and 3b show bottom faces 106b, 108b of upper frame 106 and lower frame 108, respectively. The bottom face is an opposing surface to the top face. The terms “top” , “bottom” , “first” and “second” are used herein to distinguish a face or surface from another and do not limit the face or surface to a certain order or arrangement. The bottom face faces the membrane 104. That is, the bottom face 106b faces the bottom face 108b, with the membrane 104 arranged therebetween. The membrane sealing gasket 136 is provided at each bottom face 106b, 108b, such that the membrane 104 contacts the upper frame 106 by upper membrane sealing gasket 136 and the lower frame 108 by lower membrane sealing gasket 136.
[0043] Comparing Fig. 2a against Fig. 2b, and Fig. 3a against Fig. 3b, it can be seen that side 136” of the membrane sealing gasket 136, when compressed, would be compressed against a part of inlet channels 120, 150, e.g., elbow 128, 158 as depicted in the figures. Similarly, side 136”” of the membrane sealing gasket 136, when compressed, would be compressed against a part of outlet channels 170, 200, e.g. elbow 178, 208 as depicted in the figures. At each elbow region 128, 158, 178, 208, reinforcement ribs 132, 162, 182, 212 are provided, respectively. That is, reinforcement ribs 132, 162, 182, 212 are provided on the top faces 106t, 108t. Reinforcement ribs 132, 162, 182, 212 extend from the base of the respective channels 120, 150, 170, 200 to the height of the respective frame 106, 108. Reinforcement ribs 132, 162, 182, 212 may have the same height as channels 120, 150, 170, 200. Reinforcement ribs 132, 162, 182, 212 are provided to counter the compression force on sides 136”, 136”” of the membrane sealing gasket 136. Reinforcement ribs 132, 182 are compressed between the base of the respective channels 120, 170 and the adjacent layer, which is bipolar plate 110’, while reinforcement ribs 162, 212 are compressed between the base of the respective channels 150, 200 and the adjacent layer, which is bipolar plate 112’, as shown in Fig. 1.
[0044] Being the same height as the channel 120, reinforcement ribs 132 form walls that split the flow through elbow 128 into sub-channels. There are three reinforcement ribs 132 depicted in Fig. 2a, which would create four sub-channels. Fig. 2a further depicts two walls in elbow 128, which create further sub-channels. While not necessary, the figures depict an alternating arrangement of reinforcement ribs and walls. The three reinforcement ribs and two walls create six sub-channels 130. While reinforcement ribs 132 are provided at positions subjected to compression by sides 136” of the membrane sealing gasket 136, walls of the sub-channels (133, as better shown in Fig. 6) may extend to positions not subjected to the compression. That is, walls 133 of the sub-channels may have a length larger than that of the reinforcement ribs 132. The diameter, or a length, of the reinforcement ribs 132 may be at least the width of the membrane sealing gasket 136. Walls 133 of the sub-channels may have the same height as the reinforcement ribs 132. Walls 133 of the sub-channels may be generally columnar, having a suitable planar shape, such as a rectangle or a polygon with curved corners. Reinforcement rib 132 may be generally columnar or cylindrical, having a suitable planar shape, such as a square, a polygon with curved corners or a tear drop. As the reinforcement rib 132 is smaller than the walls of the channel or the walls 133 of the sub-channel, the planar shape of the reinforcement rib 132 is configured to be complementary to its adjacent wall, e.g. an adjacent reinforcement rib, an adjacent sub-channel wall or adjacent channel wall, such that the condition (s) of the hydraulic cross-section described herein is met. The sub-channels 160, 180, 210 of channels 150, 170 and 200 are similarly configured. Thus, fluid flow through the elbow 128, 158, 178, 208 is split into two or more sub-channels 130, 160, 180, 210, respectively, such as six sub-channels shown in the figures.
[0045] The membrane sealing gasket 136 surrounding the membrane opening in the frames 106, 108 may be positioned at the periphery of the membrane 104, better seen in Fig. 4a. In order to retain the membrane sealing gasket 136, the frames may each comprise a housing for the gasket 136. Fig. 4a illustrates that upper frame 106 comprises a groove 138 to house the membrane sealing gasket 136. Groove 138 is positioned such that a sealing gasket 136 housed therein can be in contact with membrane 104, specifically the periphery of membrane 104. Similarly, lower frame 108 comprises groove 138 to house a separate sealing gasket 136. For clarity, gasket 136 and channels 120, 150, 170, 200 are not shown in Fig. 4a. Further, a representative groove 138 for an electrochemical cell 102 is illustrated, but it is understood that the other electrochemical cells 102 comprise similar grooves 138 to house sealing gaskets 136.
[0046] Referring to Fig. 4b, the sealing gasket 136 may have an uncompressed height hu of from 1 to several millimetres. Where the housing 138 for the sealing gasket 136 is present, the sealing gasket 136 may have a height hu that is slightly higher than the height of the housing, so that the sealing gasket 136 is exposed to be compressed by the compression force. The frame can therefore be protected from the compression force. The uncompressed sealing gasket has a height h’ that is above the height of the housing. The height h’ of a sealing gasket may be configured appropriately. The height h’ may be dependent on, among others, the force load that the sealing gasket can take, the inner pressure within the electrochemical stack, and / or the strength of the material of the frame. As an example, the sealing gasket 136 when compressed has a compressed height hc corresponding to the frame height, as shown in Fig. 4c. That is, the compressed height hc does not comprise height h’. Since it is advantageous for the gasket 136 to be compressible to 90%or less of its height before compression, the height h’ may be at least 10%of the total height of the sealing gasket. In order to reach a target gasket compressibility of 90%or less of its height before compression, FEM analysis may be conducted. FEM analysis may consider conditions comprising the height of the gasket housing, the gasket height, the force load that the sealing gasket can take, the inner pressure within the electrochemical stack, and / or the strength of the material of the frame.
[0047] The flow path of electrochemical fluid is shown in Figs. 5a and 5b, which show the upper frame 106 and lower frame 108 respectively.
[0048] Referring to Fig. 5a, a first electrochemical fluid is pumped from a first electrochemical fluid tank (not shown) to a central supply channel (not shown) of the electrochemical stack. The first electrochemical fluid flows through the central supply channel for the first electrochemical fluid and passes through all the layers of the electrochemical stack. Although the first electrochemical fluid passes through all layers, only each of the upper frame layers 106 comprises an inlet opening 122 in fluid communication with the central supply channel of the first electrochemical fluid to allow the first electrochemical fluid to enter the upper frame 106. From the inlet opening 122, the first electrochemical fluid flows through the inlet channel 120 of the upper frame 106, to the sub-channels 130 of the elbow 128, then through the conduit 124 of the inlet channel 120, and out of the outlet openings 126 of the inlet channel 120, onto a face of the upper electrode 110. After flowing past the upper electrode 110 and being chemically oxidized or reduced, the first electrochemical fluid exits into the outlet channel 170 of the upper frame 106 through the inlet openings 176, then through the conduit 174 of the outlet channel 170, to the sub-channels 180 of the elbow 178, then out of the outlet opening 172 of the outlet channel 170 and into the central discharge channel (not shown) of the electrochemical stack. Similar to the central supply channel, the central discharge channel of the first electrochemical fluid is in fluid communication with the outlet opening 172 of the outlet channel 170 of the upper frame 106 and passes through all the layers of the stack. Meanwhile, the ions from the oxidation or reduction reaction permeate through the membrane 104 to the second electrochemical fluid and the lower electrode 112 that are housed in the space created by the lower frame 108, membrane 104 and bipolar plate 112’. For clarity, Figs. 5a and 5b do not reflect reference numerals, but the reference numerals to like parts are shown in Figs. 2a and 3a, respectively. Further, Figs. 5a and 5b illustrate representative arrows showing the electrode receiving electrochemical fluid from the leftmost and the rightmost outlet openings of the inlet channel and exiting the electrode by the leftmost and the rightmost inlet openings of the outlet channel, but it is understood that the electrode receives the electrochemical fluid from all outlet openings of the inlet channel and the fluid exits from all inlet openings of the outlet channel.
[0049] Referring to Fig. 5b, a second electrochemical fluid is pumped from a second electrochemical fluid tank (not shown) to a central supply channel (not shown) of the electrochemical stack. The second electrochemical fluid flows through the central supply channel for the second electrochemical fluid and passes through all the layers of the electrochemical stack. Since the central supply channel goes through all layers, the location of the central supply channel of the second electrochemical fluid, and thus the inlet opening 152 of the lower frame 108, does not correspond to that of the central supply channel of the first electrochemical fluid and the inlet opening 122 of the upper frame 106. In the embodiments shown in the figures, the central supply channel of the second electrochemical fluid runs on the left of the lower frame, while the central supply channel of the first electrochemical fluid runs on the right of the upper frame. The inlet opening 152 on the lower frame 108 allows the second electrochemical fluid to enter the lower frame 108 from the central supply channel. From the inlet opening 152, the second electrochemical fluid flows through the inlet channel 150 of the lower frame 108, to the sub-channels 160 of the elbow 158, then through the conduit 154 of the inlet channel 150, and out of the outlet openings 156 of the inlet channel 150, onto a face of the lower electrode 112. After flowing past the lower electrode 112 and being chemically oxidized or reduced by the ions permeated through the membrane 104, the second electrochemical fluid exits into the outlet channel 200 of the lower frame 108 through the inlet openings 206, then through the conduit 204 of the outlet channel 200, to the sub-channels 210 of the elbow 208, then out of the outlet opening 202 of the outlet channel 200 and into the central discharge channel (not shown) of the electrochemical stack. Similar to the central supply channel, the central discharge channel passes through all the layers of the stack. Thus, in the embodiments shown in the figures, the central discharge channel of the second electrochemical fluid runs on the right of the lower frame 108, while the central discharge channel of the first electrochemical fluid runs on the left of the upper frame 106.
[0050] The first and second electrochemical fluids may be identical or different, depending on the reactions required, e.g., depending on the redox pairs used in the example of a redox flow battery.
[0051] The flow through a channel can be optimized to reduce pressure drop. Flow optimization may depend on factors, such as the geometry of the sub-channel 130, strength of the material of the frame 106 and / or the force load of the sealing gasket where present. Optimizing the geometry of the channel or sub-channel includes optimizing its hydraulic cross-section, planar shape of the reinforcement rib which affects the hydraulic cross-section, and / or planar shape of walls of the sub-channel.
[0052] One of the highest contributors of pressure loss comes from flowing through a length of the channel with the narrowest hydraulic cross-section. To optimize the flow, the narrowest hydraulic cross-section of any part of a channel must be the same as, or larger than, the hydraulic cross-sectional area of the inlet of that part of the channel and / or the corresponding outlet. With regard to the flow through a sub-channel, the planar shape of the reinforcement rib may be configured to meet the condition that the narrowest hydraulic cross-section of the sub-channel must be the same as, or larger than, the hydraulic cross-sectional area of the inlet of that part of the channel and / or the corresponding outlet. As an example, Fig. 6 shows a close-up of inlet channel 120 provided on top surface 106t. Part of side 136” of membrane sealing gasket 136 is shown in grey to illustrate that it is not on the same surface as the channel 120. Part of side 136” of membrane sealing gasket 136 presses on the surface 106t, against the walls of channel 120 at elbow 128, reinforcement ribs 132 and walls 133 of sub-channels 130. A sub-channel 130 has a hydraulic cross-section formed on the sides by a channel wall, a reinforcement rib 132 and / or sub-channel wall 133, on the bottom by surface 106t, and on the top by the adjacent layer e.g. bipolar plate 110’. The sub-channel 130 has a length equivalent to its shortest side wall, e.g. the diameter of reinforcement rib 132 shown by the arrow 130L. The inlet of a sub-channel has a hydraulic cross-sectional area 130i. The outlet of a sub-channel has a hydraulic cross-sectional area 130o. The sub-channel has a narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area 130n. The geometry of the inlet 130i or outlet 130o of a sub-channel 130 may be optimized by ensuring that the narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area 130n is not smaller than the hydraulic cross-sectional area of the inlet 130i or the hydraulic cross-sectional area of the outlet 130o. In other words, the narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area 130n is at least the same or more than the hydraulic cross-sectional area of the inlet 130i or outlet 130o. In Fig. 6, the planar shape of the reinforcement rib is a square, such that the narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area of the sub-channel 130n is illustrated as being the same as the hydraulic cross-sectional area of the inlet 130i and outlet 130o.
[0053] In a part of the channel with no sub-channels, the narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area of the channel may be the same as, or larger than, the hydraulic cross-sectional area of the inlet of that part of the channel and / or corresponding outlet. Referring to Fig. 6, the narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area of the part of channel 120 following inlet opening 122, i.e. a channel with no sub-channels, is shown as being the same as the hydraulic cross-sectional area 122w of inlet opening 122. The outlet of the part of channel 120 following the inlet opening 122 can be considered to be the total cross-sectional area of the inlets 130i of the sub-channels, which should be less than 122w. Note that Fig. 6 is not drawn to scale. In other words, the cross-sectional area of the inlet 130i of a sub-channel should be at most the cross-sectional area of the channel 120 following inlet opening 122 divided by the number of sub-channels. It follows that 130n should be at least Preferably, 130n should be more than or about 2%more or 4%more or 6%more or 8%more or 10%more, or up to 10%more. 130n should be at least and at most In another example, the hydraulic cross-sectional area, or narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area, of conduit 124 that follows the flow path is shown as 124n, and 124n is larger than the total hydraulic cross-sectional area of all outlet openings 126. However, the illustrated hydraulic cross-sectional area of each outlet opening 126 is very small, which leads to the outlet openings 126 being a highest contributor of pressure loss for the electrochemical fluid.
[0054] In addition to compression of the electrochemical stack, any gaps between adjacent layers may be sealed or closed off by sealing material, such as glues, gaskets, foam, felt, woven or non-woven material, or other similar elastic materials. Hence, there may be sealing gaskets other than the membrane sealing gaskets. The embodiments disclosed for the membrane sealing gaskets may apply to such other sealing gaskets. Alternatively or additionally, adjacent layers may be welded together, if possible. In some embodiments, sealing gaskets may be provided between layers that contact the electrochemical fluid. Sealing gaskets may be provided around the periphery of where electrochemical fluid flows. In some embodiments, a sealing gasket may be provided around the periphery of the channels, e.g., the inlet channels, the outlet channels, the central supply channel and / or the central discharge channel. A sealing gasket may be provided around each channel. Additionally or alternatively, a sealing gasket may be provided around the periphery of the membrane or around a face of the membrane. Thus, one or more sealing gaskets may be provided between the upper frame and the lower frame, between the upper frame and the membrane, and / or between the lower frame and the membrane. As shown in Fig. 7, which shows upper frame 106, one sealing gasket 136 may be provided around the opening for the membrane 104 and electrode 110, a second sealing gasket 136 may be provided around the inlet channel 120 and a third sealing gasket 136 may be provided around the outlet channel 170.
[0055] Sealing gaskets disclosed herein may have a suitable shape. The sealing gasket shown in the figures have an overall rectangular planar shape. The sealing gasket may be an annular one, which annularly surrounds the membrane and / or the channel. A sealing gasket may annularly surround the inlet channel. A sealing gasket may annularly surround the outlet channel. A sealing gasket may annularly surround the membrane opening in the frame. In other embodiments, one sealing gasket may be provided having openings formed in the plane, for the inlet channel, the outlet channel and the membrane opening. The sealing gasket may be one conventionally used in the art, such as a rubber gasket. In the embodiment in the figures, the sealing gaskets 136 comprises a cross-sectional profile to increase or enhance the sealing or compression between adjacent layers. The sealing gasket 136 is shown to have a profile comprising a peak. In other embodiments, the sealing gasket may comprise more than one peak. The sealing gasket may comprise peaks on a surface of the gasket or on differing surfaces on the gasket. The peak (s) of the disclosed gasket may contact the membrane and / or the frame. The presently disclosed peaked profile is opposed to a gasket comprising a rectangular cross-sectional profile.
[0056] In Fig. 8, electrochemical stack 100 is shown as further comprising a pair of collector plates 111, 113 that collect the electric current generated by the reactions of the electrochemical fluid. The collector plate 111 is positioned between the upper electrode 110 of the uppermost electrochemical cell and the upper electrically-isolated end plate 114. The collector plate 113 is positioned between the lower electrode 112 of the bottommost electrochemical cell and the lower electrically-isolated end plate 116. The fasteners 118 are not shown in Fig. 8 for clarity. The collector plates 111, 113 contact and are adjacent to the electrodes 110, 112 or, if present, the bipolar plates 110’, 112’. The positions of bipolar plates 110’, 112’ and collector plates 111, 113 may be interchangeable, depending on several factors, such as, for example, the material of the respective plates and / or the electrolytes and the difference in potential. For example, where the electrochemical fluid can oxidize the collector plates, the bipolar plates are positioned adjacent to the electrodes, thereby minimizing contact between the electrochemical fluid and the collector plates. Typically, collector plates are made up of or comprise a conductive element, for example a metal element, such as copper, or optionally in alloy form, and / or a graphite or a composite material comprising graphite. The collector plates 111, 113 conduct the current out of the electrochemical stack 100 for storage. As such, each collector plate 111, 113 comprises a connection, such as extension 111a, 113a, for connecting to wires. As may be appreciated, since upper collector plate 111 contacts the upper electrode 110 of the uppermost electrochemical cell, while lower collector plate 113 contacts the lower electrode 112 of the bottommost electrochemical cell, the collector plates 111, 113 carry opposite charges during the charging and discharging cycles. As such, the connection of upper collector plate 111 may not correspond to the connection of lower collector plate 113 when stacked, to prevent short circuits. For example, in Fig. 8, the extension 111a of collector plate 111 is shown to extend on an opposite side as the extension 113a of collector plate 113. The collector plates 111, 113 are shown in Fig. 8 to be of a separate layer from the frames, but this is optional.
[0057] Similarly, electrical isolation is required between end plates 114, 116 and electrodes 110, 112, 110’, 112’ and / or collector plates 111, 113 in order to prevent short-circuits. Electrical isolation may be provided by electrically-isolated end plates 114, 116 themselves or there may be a separate isolation plate (not shown in the figures) .
[0058] Electrochemical stack 100 may comprise other layers, e.g. non-functional layers to even out the overall thickness of the stack.
[0059] In Fig. 9, the electrochemical stack 100 is shown comprising two supports 119 on opposing sides of the stack 100, provided between the upper electrically-isolated end plate 114 and the lower electrically-isolated end plate 116. The fasteners 118 are not shown in Fig. 9 for clarity. The support 119 may be positioned near, or at, the means of compression to counter the compression force. The ends of support 119 may be positioned at an inner surface of the end plates 114, 116 corresponding to where the force from fastener 118 is applied on the outer surface of end plates 114, 116. Where stack 100 has more than one support 119, the supports 119 may be located at opposing sides for even distribution of the counter-force. There may be a support 119 for each side of the stack 100, or more than one support 119 at each side, e.g. two supports 119 at each side. In general, the supports 119 serve to prevent bending or deformation of the layers between the end plates 114, 116. Therefore, the number of supports 119 depends on the stiffness of the end plates 114, 116. Support 119 may be struts, rods, or the like. Support 119 may be made of metal or other suitable material that can provide the counter-force. The support 119 may be connected to the end plate 114 and / or 116, e.g. by glue or welding. The support may be mechanically connected to the end plate 114 and / or 116, e.g. the ends of the support may be housed in corresponding grooves in end plates 114 and 116. The connection between the support 119 and end plates 114, 116 may be provided at extensions 114a, 116a. As the height of the support (s) 119 corresponds to the height of the layers between the end plates 114 and 116 after compression, i.e. is shorter than the height of the layers between the end plates 114 and 116 before compression, the connection to the end plate 114 and / or 116 may ensure that the support (s) are upright and in the correct position before compression. The support (s) 119 may be provided outside of the layers between the end plates 114, 116, that is, the layers between the end plates 114, 116 may be smaller in length and / or width as the end plates 114, 116. Alternatively, to save space, the layers between the end plates 114, 116 may alternatively comprise through-holes for support (s) 119 to go through, or comprise cutout (s) for support (s) 119 to fit in, with the ends of the support (s) 119 connected to the end plates 114, 116.
[0060] Fig. 10 illustrates an embodiment where frame 106 comprises a mechanically rigid insert 134 inserted through a through-hole bored into frame 106. Frame 108 may be configured similarly. Alternatively, the frames 106, 108 may comprise a cutout for insert 134 to fit in. The frames 106, 108 may be made of synthetic or natural polymeric material such as plastic or rubber, or other electrically non-conducting material to provide the required isolation to prevent short-circuits. The frames 106, 108 may be made of thermoplastic polymer (s) . Non-limiting examples of thermoplastic materials include nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyamine, poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) , or combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the frames 106, 108 are made of polypropylene. Filler frames may be made of similar material. Thus, a filler frame may be reinforced similarly as the frames 106, 108. Such material of the frames, e.g. frames 106, 108 or filler frames, is typically unable to withstand the forces that the frames are subjected to, or may be able to withstand such forces only for a limited amount of time, after which the frame may become deformed and contribute to leakages. Accordingly, the insert 134 may be made of metal or other suitably mechanically rigid material that can provide a counter-force to the forces subjected on the frame. The insert 134 may have a height suitable to provide a counter-force to the forces subjected on the frame. The insert 134 may have a height corresponding to the thickness of the frame before compression. The insert 134 may therefore maintain the frames 106, 108 at their original thickness before compression, or specifically, deformation. The frame 106, 108 may be compressed against the adjacent layer. Where the adjacent layer is or comprises a filler frame, the filler frame may comprise a through-hole for a mechanically rigid insert as disclosed herein to be located. The filler frame may comprise a separate mechanically rigid insert to the insert 134 of frames 106, 108. Alternatively, the through-holes of the filler frame and frames 106, 108 may correspond, such that insert 134 is located through the filler frame and frames 106, 108. In such embodiments, insert 134 has a height which corresponds to the thickness of the frame 106, 108 and the filler frame. The mechanically rigid insert may be positioned near the means of compression, to counter the compression force. Where a frame has more than one insert, the inserts may be located at opposing sides for even distribution of the counter-force. There may be an insert for each side of the frame, or more than one insert at each side. In general, the inserts serve to prevent bending or deformation of the frames 106, 108 or any layer between the end plates 114, 116 that are unable to withstand the forces, e.g. filler frames. Therefore, the number of inserts may be provided appropriately.
[0061] Where appropriate, layers of the electrochemical stack other than the frame 106, 108 may similarly comprise at least one mechanically rigid section, such as an insert, e.g. insert 134, located in a through-hole or a cutout of the layer. Suitable such layers include layers that are made of electrically non-conducting material, in case the mechanically rigid section comprises a conductive material such as metal. Layers comprising the mechanically rigid section may be those that are susceptible to deformation and resulting in leakage, e.g. the layer (s) that contact the electrochemical fluid or the filler frame (s) .
[0062] In some embodiments, one or more sealing gaskets may be provided between the upper frame and the adjacent upper bipolar plate or upper collector plate where present. One or more sealing gaskets may be provided between the lower frame and the adjacent lower bipolar plate or lower collector plate where present.
[0063] The sealing gasket may be provided on the frame by gluing onto the frame, e.g. the housing for the sealing gasket in the frame. The sealing gasket may be overmolded onto the frame.
[0064] In the figures, the upper frame 106 and the lower frame 108 have different configurations. Thus, it is possible for an electrochemical cell to be misassembled, e.g. with two upper frames 106. Fig. 11 illustrates the frames 106, 108 having protrusions 140a and grooves 140b that form a poka-yoke connection, by fitting together only when the frames 106, 108 are assembled in the correct manner. The poke-yoke connection may be embodied in other ways, for example, ramps and corresponding slits. The poke-yoke connection may be located at any suitable place on the frames.
[0065] The membrane may be an ion exchange membrane. The membrane may be a dense or porous membrane. The membrane may comprise a polymeric material or a blend of polymers or monomers; ceramic composite material; metals or metal alloys; or a combination thereof, which forms the functional layer providing the main function e.g. the exchange of ions. The membrane may comprise a polymer blend exhibiting acidic groups as well as basic groups. The membrane may further comprise one or more layers to support the functional layer, e.g. a reinforcement layer.
[0066] The membrane arranged between the upper frame and the lower frame may be joined to one or both of the frames. The method of joining may be selected depending on the longevity of the joining connection between the material of the membrane and the material of the frames. The membrane may be glued or welded to the upper frame or the lower frame or to both the upper and lower frames. In an embodiment, the membrane may be welded to one or both of the frames of a pair of frames.
[0067] Reference Numbers 100 Electrochemical stack 102 Electrochemical cell 104 Membrane 106 Upper frame 106t Top face of upper frame 106 106b Bottom face of upper frame 106 108 Lower frame 108t Top face of lower frame 108 108b Bottom face of lower frame 108 110 Upper electrode 110’ Upper bipolar plate 111 Upper collector plate 111a Connection to wire of upper collector plate 111 112 Lower electrode 112’ Lower bipolar plate 113 Lower collector plate 113a Connection to wire of lower collector plate 113 114 Upper electrically-isolated end plate 114a Connection to support 119 of end plate 114 116 Lower electrically-isolated end plate 116a Connection to support 119 of end plate 116 118 Fastener 119 Support 120 Inlet channel for upper frame 106 122 Inlet opening of inlet channel 120 122w Hydraulic cross-sectional area of inlet opening 122 124 Conduit of inlet channel 120 124n Narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area of conduit 124 126 Outlet openings of inlet channel 120 128 Elbow of inlet channel 120 130 Sub-channels of elbow 128 130i Hydraulic cross-sectional area of the inlet of a sub-channel 130 130o Hydraulic cross-sectional area of the outlet of a sub-channel 130 130n Narrowest hydraulic cross-sectional area of a sub-channel 130 130L Length of a sub-channel 130 132 Reinforcement rib for each sub-channel 130 133 Walls of sub-channels 130 134 Insert of a mechanically rigid section in a frame 106, 108 136 Sealing gasket 136’, 136”, 136”’, 136”” Sides of sealing gasket 136 138 Housing for sealing gasket 136 140 Poka-yoke connection comprising protrusions 140a and grooves 140b 150 Inlet channel for lower frame 108 152 Inlet opening of inlet channel 150 154 Conduit of inlet channel 150 156 Outlet openings of inlet channel 150 158 Elbow of inlet channel 150 160 Sub-channels of elbow 158 162 Reinforcement rib for each sub-channel 160 170 Outlet channel for upper frame 106 172 Outlet opening of outlet channel 170 174 Conduit of outlet channel 170 176 Inlet openings of outlet channel 170 178 Elbow of outlet channel 170 180 Sub-channels of elbow 178 182 Reinforcement rib for each sub-channel 180 200 Outlet channel for lower frame 108 202 Outlet opening of outlet channel 200 204 Conduit of outlet channel 200 206 Inlet openings of outlet channel 200 208 Elbow of outlet channel 200 210 Sub-channels of elbow 208 212 Reinforcement rib for each sub-channel 210
Claims
1.An electrochemical stack comprising:at least one electrochemical cell, wherein each electrochemical cell comprises:a membrane arranged between an upper frame and a lower frame, wherein the membrane contacts the upper frame by an upper membrane sealing gasket and the lower frame by a lower membrane sealing gasket;an upper electrode and a lower electrode contacting the membrane; andan upper electrically-isolated end plate adjacent to the upper electrode of the uppermost electrochemical cell and a lower electrically-isolated end plate adjacent to the lower electrode of the bottommost electrochemical cell,wherein the layers of the electrochemical stack are compressed together,wherein the upper and lower frames each comprises an inlet channel for supplying a first or second electrochemical fluid onto a face of the upper or lower electrode, respectively, and an outlet channel for receiving the first or second electrochemical fluid exiting from the face of the upper or lower electrode, respectively,characterized in that:the membrane sealing gaskets are provided on a first surface of the frames and the channels are provided on the opposing second surface of the frames, each membrane sealing gasket compressing on a portion of the channels during the compression,wherein one or more reinforcement ribs are provided in the portion of each channel on the second surface of the frame, at a position corresponding to part (s) of the membrane sealing gasket that compress on the portion of the channel, andwherein fluid flow through the portion of each channel is split into two or more sub-channels, wherein at least two adjacent sub-channels are created by a wall formed by the reinforcement rib,such that each membrane sealing gasket is compressible to 90%or less of its height before compression.2.The stack of claim 1, wherein the frames each comprise a housing for the respective sealing gasket, each sealing gasket when uncompressed having a height h’ that is above the height of the housing, wherein the height h’ determines the compressibility of the sealing gasket and is at least 10%of the total height of the sealing gasket.3.The stack of claim 1 or 2, wherein the narrowest hydraulic cross-section of the sub-channel is configured to be at least the same or more than the hydraulic cross-section of the inlet or outlet of said sub-channel.4.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein each inlet channel comprises an inlet opening feeding the respective electrochemical fluid from a central supply channel that supplies the respective electrochemical fluid to the electrochemical cell (s) , wherein each outlet channel comprises an outlet opening conducting the respective electrochemical fluid out to a central discharge channel, wherein the narrowest hydraulic cross-section of each sub-channel is configured according to the formula: wherein 0≤a≤1.1.5.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein the portion of the channels comprises an elbow to direct the respective electrochemical fluid onto or out from a side of the face of the respective electrode.6.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein at least one support is provided between the upper electrically-isolated end plate and the lower electrically-isolated end plate, the height of the at least one support corresponding to the height of the layers between the upper electrically-isolated end plate and the lower electrically-isolated end plate after compression.7.The stack of any one of claims 1-5, wherein one or both of the frames of a pair of frames comprises at least one mechanically rigid section.8.The stack of claim 7, wherein the mechanically rigid section comprises an insert located in a through-hole of the frame, wherein the height of the insert corresponds to the thickness of the frame before compression.9.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein each membrane sealing gasket has a cross-sectional profile comprising at least one peak.10.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein the membrane is an ion exchange membrane.11.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein the layers of the electrochemical stack are compressed together by fasteners.12.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein each sealing gasket is compressible to between 70%to 80%of its height before compression.13.The stack of any preceding claim, wherein the upper frame and the lower frame each comprises a portion that forms a poka-yoke connection.14.A redox flow battery comprising an electrochemical stack as claimed in any preceding claim.15.A method of producing electricity comprising implementing an electrochemical stack as claimed in any one of claims 1-13 or a battery as claimed in claim 14.