Solar cell, photovoltaic system, electrical device, and power generation device

Abstract

The present application discloses a solar cell, a photovoltaic system, an electrical device, and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a light absorption layer and a hole transport layer, and the material of the hole transport layer comprises a self-assembly material and a light stabilization material; or, the solar cell comprises a light absorption layer, a passivation layer, and a hole transport layer, the passivation layer is provided between the light absorption layer and the hole transport layer, and the material of the passivation layer comprises a self-assembly material and a light stabilization material. The light stabilization material can reduce the probability that the passivation effect of self-assembly molecules of the self-assembly material disappears under the irradiation of sunlight, and improve the light stability of the self-assembly material, thereby improving the performance and stability of the device.

Description

Solar cells, photovoltaic systems, electrical equipment, power generation equipment

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority based on Chinese patent application No. 2024102448054 filed on March 24, 2024, and all of its contents are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present application relates to the field of solar energy technology, and in particular to solar cells, photovoltaic systems, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment. Background Art

[0004] Solar cells have attracted widespread attention due to their ability to directly convert sunlight into electrical energy without causing environmental pollution. They can be used in a variety of fields, including military, aerospace, industry, commerce, agriculture, and communications.

[0005] Solar cells typically incorporate a passivation layer on the surface of perovskite to enhance device performance and stability. Currently, self-assembling materials are commonly used for these passivation layers. However, these self-assembling molecules can weaken the passivation layer's effectiveness when exposed to ultraviolet light. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present application provides a solar cell, a photovoltaic system, an electrical device, and a power generation device, which improve the photostability of the self-assembled molecules in the passivation layer, thereby improving the device performance.

[0007] In order to solve the above technical problems, the first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, including a light absorption layer and a hole transport layer, the material of the hole transport layer includes a self-assembly material and a light-stable material; or, including a light absorption layer, a passivation layer and a hole transport layer, the passivation layer is arranged between the light absorption layer and the hole transport layer, and the material of the passivation layer includes a self-assembly material and a light-stable material.

[0008] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the photostable material can reduce the probability that the self-assembled molecules of the self-assembled material will be decomposed under the irradiation of sunlight, resulting in the disappearance of the passivation effect, thereby improving the photostability of the self-assembled material and thereby improving the performance and stability of the device.

[0009] In one embodiment, the molar ratio of the photostabilizing material in the mixture of the self-assembling material and the photostabilizing material is 1% to 10%.

[0010] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the molar proportion of the photostabilizing material in the mixture of the self-assembly material and the photostabilizing material is within the above range, which can achieve a good photostabilizing effect on the self-assembly material and has little interference with hole transport.

[0011] In one embodiment, the self-assembling material includes CN bonds; and the light-stable material includes one or both of an ultraviolet absorber and a free radical scavenger.

[0012] In the embodiments provided in the present application, when the self-assembling material includes a CN bond, the CN bond is very easy to break under the irradiation of ultraviolet light (sunlight contains a certain amount of ultraviolet light), forming carbazole free radicals, the structure of the self-assembling molecule changes, the passivation effect of the self-assembling molecule is weakened, and the interface between the perovskite and the hole transport layer is unstable, which may affect the performance and service life of the device. The ultraviolet absorber can absorb a large amount of ultraviolet light and reduce the amount of ultraviolet light received by the self-assembling molecules. The free radical scavenger can significantly reduce the degradation of photopolymers; the free radical scavenger also has the function of quenching singlet oxygen, causing it to transition from an excited state to a ground state, and intervening in the photochemical reaction before the chain initiation of photoaging. The ultraviolet absorber and / or free radical scavenger reduces the CN bond breaking reaction of the self-assembling molecule caused by ultraviolet light from the source, improves the ultraviolet resistance of the self-assembling material, and thus improves the photoelectric performance and long-term light stability of the solar cell. In addition, the molecular structures of UV absorbers and free radical scavengers are similar to those of common additive materials in solar cells. Mixing UV absorbers and / or free radical scavengers in self-assembled materials has almost no negative impact on perovskite solar cells.

[0013] In one embodiment, the UV absorber includes one or more of benzophenones, benzotriazoles, triazines, and salicylates.

[0014] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the ultraviolet absorber can absorb a large amount of ultraviolet light within the above-mentioned range, reduce the amount of ultraviolet light received by the self-assembled molecules, reduce the CN bond breaking reaction of the self-assembled molecules caused by ultraviolet light from the source, and improve the ultraviolet resistance of the self-assembled material, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and long-term light stability of the solar cell.

[0015] In one embodiment, the benzophenones include one or more of benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone; and / or the benzotriazoles include 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2'-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-3',5'-dicumylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-[2-hydroxy- and / or, the triazines include one or more of 2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-[3-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-2-hydroxypropoxyphenol and 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-hexyloxy-phenol); and / or, the salicylates include one or more of butyl octanol salicylate and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate.

[0016] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the ultraviolet absorber is selected from the above-mentioned materials, which can absorb a large amount of ultraviolet light, reduce the amount of ultraviolet light received by the self-assembled molecules, reduce the CN bond breaking reaction of the self-assembled molecules caused by ultraviolet light from the source, and improve the ultraviolet resistance of the self-assembled material, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and long-term light stability of the solar cell.

[0017] In one embodiment, the free radical scavenger comprises a hindered amine derivative.

[0018] In the embodiments provided in the present application, hindered amine derivatives have the function of quenching singlet oxygen, causing it to transition from an excited state to a ground state, intervening in the photochemical reaction before the chain initiation of photoaging, reducing the CN bond breaking reaction of the self-assembled molecules caused by ultraviolet light from the source, and improving the ultraviolet resistance of the self-assembled material, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and long-term light stability of the solar cell.

[0019] In one embodiment, the free radical scavenger includes one or more of tris(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidinol)phosphite, poly(4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinol) succinate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-trinitrophenylhydrazine, tetramethylbenzoquinone, 2-methyl-2-nitrosomethane, phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, dibutylhydroxytoluene, and 1,1-diphenylethylene.

[0020] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the free radical scavenger has the function of quenching singlet oxygen within the above-mentioned range, causing it to transition from an excited state to a ground state, intervening in the photochemical reaction before the chain initiation of photoaging, reducing the CN bond breaking reaction of the self-assembled molecules caused by ultraviolet light from the source, and improving the UV resistance of the self-assembled material.

[0021] In one embodiment, the self-assembly material includes one or more of carbazoles, triphenylamines, diphenylamines, acridines, thiophenazines, phenoxazines, benzothiazoles, and thiophenes.

[0022] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the self-assembled material is within the above range and contains CN bonds in the molecule, which can passivate defects on the perovskite surface and also transport holes.

[0023] In one embodiment, the structural formula of the self-assembling material is shown in formula (1): Ar-(L-R1) n1 ...Formula (1), wherein Ar is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 50 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms, L is selected from a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a heteroalkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic ring group; R1 is H or an oxygen-containing group, and n1 is selected from any integer from 1 to 3.

[0024] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the organic compound formed by the organic combination of the above-mentioned Ar, L and R1 can form aggregates with an ordered structure through intermolecular interactions, and has a strong self-assembly ability, thereby being able to produce a smooth self-assembled passivation film or hole transport layer film, which can improve the performance of the film layer. When used to prepare solar cells, it can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0025] In one embodiment, Ar is selected from any one of formulas (A) to (C):

[0026] wherein (A) the attachment site to L is located at one or more of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3, (B) the attachment site to L is located at one or both of X1 and X2, and (C) the attachment site to L is located at one or more of Y1, Y2, and Y3;

[0027] X1 and X2 are independently selected from any one of a single bond, C(R4R5), O, S, N, NR4, C=O or S=O, and X1 and X2 are not single bonds at the same time;

[0028] Y1, Y2 and Y3 are independently selected from any one of C(R4R5), O, S, N, NR4, C=O or S=O;

[0029] Each occurrence of R2 to R5 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a halogen group, -N(R6)2, -CONR6, -OCOR6, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0030] Each occurrence of R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0031] Ar1 to Ar3 are independently selected from any one of H, an olefin group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and an aromatic group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, and at least two of Ar1 to Ar3 are selected from aromatic groups having 7 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0032] Ar4 and Ar5 are independently selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0033] n2 and n3 are each independently selected from any integer from 1 to 4.

[0034] In the embodiments provided in the present application, Ar selects the above-mentioned groups, and the self-assembled material has an energy level compatible with other functional layer materials in the solar cell, thereby further improving the light conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0035] In order to solve the above technical problems, the second aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, including any of the solar cells described above, which has at least the same advantages as the solar cells.

[0036] In order to solve the above technical problems, the third aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, including any of the solar cells described above, which has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0037] In order to solve the above technical problems, the fourth aspect of the present application provides a power generation device including any of the solar cells described above, which has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0038] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of the present application. In order to more clearly understand the technical means of the present application, it can be implemented in accordance with the contents of the specification. In order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present application more obvious and easy to understand, the specific implementation methods of the present application are listed below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative work.

[0040] FIG1 is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0041] Among them, there are a light absorption layer 11 , an electron transport layer 12 , a hole transport layer 13 , a first electrode layer 14 , a second electrode layer 15 , and a passivation layer 16 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and effect of this application clearer and more specific, the following embodiments of the technical solution of this application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application and are therefore only examples and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0043] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this application belongs; the terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit this application; the terms "including" and "having" and any variations thereof in the specification and claims of this application and the above-mentioned figure descriptions are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.

[0044] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the quantity, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "multiple" refers to more than two (including two), similarly, "multiple groups" refers to more than two (including two), and "multiple pieces" refers to more than two (including two), unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined.

[0045] References herein to "embodiments" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments may be included in at least one embodiment of the present application. The appearance of this phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor does it constitute an independent or alternative embodiment that is mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is understood, both explicitly and implicitly, by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.

[0046] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the term "and / or" is simply a description of the association relationship between associated objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent the following three situations: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the associated objects are in an "or" relationship.

[0047] Amounts, ratios, and other numerical values ​​are presented herein in a range format. It should be understood that such range format is used for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the values ​​explicitly specified as range limits, but also all individual values ​​or sub-ranges encompassed within the range, as if each value and sub-range were explicitly specified.

[0048] If not otherwise specified, all steps of the present application may be performed sequentially, randomly, or in parallel, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially, or may include steps (a) and (b) performed simultaneously in parallel. For example, the method may further include step (c), indicating that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0049] Solar cells have attracted widespread attention due to their ability to directly convert sunlight into electrical energy without causing environmental pollution. They can be used in a variety of fields, including military, aerospace, industry, commerce, agriculture, and communications.

[0050] Perovskite solar cells have gradually become a hot topic in the research of the new generation of solar cells due to their advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, low production cost and material cost.

[0051] In recent years, perovskite solar cells have developed rapidly, with efficiency increasing dramatically. Currently, the photoelectric conversion efficiency has exceeded 26%, and the commercialization prospects are promising. A passivation layer is usually placed on the surface of the perovskite to improve device performance and stability. Currently, a common material for the passivation layer is self-assembling materials. Self-assembling molecules suffer from the loss of molecular passivation under ultraviolet light, which can even affect device performance and service life. However, sunlight contains a certain amount of ultraviolet light, which means that to improve the service life of perovskite solar cells, it is crucial to address the photostability of self-assembling molecules.

[0052] In view of this, the present application provides a solar cell, a photovoltaic system, an electrical device, and a power generation device to improve the photostability of self-assembled molecules, thereby improving device performance.

[0053] Please refer to FIG1 , which is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0054] The solar cell provided in the embodiment of the present application includes a light absorbing layer 11, an electron transport layer 12, a hole transport layer 13, a first electrode layer 14, and a second electrode layer 15. The electron transport layer 12 and the hole transport layer 13 are respectively arranged on opposite sides of the light absorbing layer 11. The first electrode layer 14 is arranged on the side of the electron transport layer 12 away from the light absorbing layer 11. The second electrode layer 15 is arranged on the side of the hole transport layer 13 away from the light absorbing layer 11. The solar cell can be a formal structure, including the first electrode layer 14, the electron transport layer 12, the light absorbing layer 11, the hole transport layer 13, and the second electrode layer 15 stacked in sequence, wherein the first electrode layer 14 is the light incident side. The solar cell can be a trans structure, including the second electrode layer 15, the hole transport layer 13, the light absorbing layer 11, the electron transport layer 12, and the first electrode layer 14 stacked in sequence, wherein the second electrode layer 15 is the light incident side.

[0055] The light absorption layer 11 is used to absorb light and directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. The light absorption layer 11 includes a light-absorbing material with a photoelectric conversion function. The light-absorbing material absorbs photons of sunlight to generate excitation, and excites electrons in the valence band to generate photogenerated holes and electron pairs. The function of the electron transport layer 12 is to efficiently transmit the free electrons generated by the light absorption layer 11 to the first electrode layer 14, effectively block the passage of free holes, and form an ohmic contact at the interface with the light absorption layer 11. The function of the hole transport layer 13 is to transmit the holes generated by the light absorption layer 11 to the second electrode layer 15 and prevent the holes from diffusing in the opposite direction.

[0056] The material of the light absorbing layer 11 includes, but is not limited to, perovskite (PVK) materials. Perovskite has a photoelectric conversion function. The chemical formula of perovskite is ABX3, where A is an inorganic cation and / or an organic cation, B is an inorganic cation and / or an organic cation, and X is an inorganic anion and / or an organic anion.

[0057] Wherein, A is a monovalent cation with a larger radius. A is an inorganic cation, or an organic cation, or a mixture of an inorganic cation and an organic cation. Inorganic cations include Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + 、Cs + 、Ag + , K +and Ru + wherein the organic cation comprises one or more of methylamine ion, ethylamine ion, propylamine ion, butylamine ion, pentylamine ion, hexylamine ion, formamidinium ion and imidazolyl ion. Optionally, A is methylamine (CH3NH3 + )(MA + ), carbamimidyl (HC(NH2)2 + )(FA + ), cesium ions (Cs + ) and rubidium (Rb + ) one or more of the following.

[0058] B is a divalent metal cation with a small radius. B is an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or a mixture of inorganic and organic cations, such as Pb 2+ 、Sn 2+ 、Be 2+ Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ 、Ba 2+ 、Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ 、Fe 2+ 、Co 2+ 、Cu 2+ 、Ni 2+ 、Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ 、Fe 3+ or Cu 3+ Optionally, B is a divalent metal ion Pb 2+ and Sn 2+ One or more of the .

[0059] X is a monovalent anion. X is an inorganic anion, or an organic anion, or a mixture of an inorganic anion and an organic anion, such as - 、Cl - Br - 、F - 、CN - 、SeCN - 、SCN - and OCN - Optionally, X is a halogen anion, for example, a chloride ion (Cl - ), bromide ion (Br - ), iodide ion (I - ) one or more; that is, the perovskite material includes halide perovskite.

[0060] In one embodiment, the band gap of the light absorbing layer 11 (perovskite layer) is 1.20 eV-2.30 eV.

[0061] In one embodiment, the thickness of the light absorbing layer 11 is 400 nm-1000 nm.

[0062] In one embodiment, the material of the electron transport layer 12 is one or more of the following materials and their derivatives and materials obtained by doping or passivation. The electron transport material includes but is not limited to one or more of imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, metal oxides, semiconductor material oxides, titanates, and fluorides. Imides include one or more of phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. Quinone compounds include one or more of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone. Fullerenes and their derivatives include one or more of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene C60 (C60), and fullerene C70 (C70). The metal element in the metal oxide includes one or more of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr; exemplified by zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin dioxide (SnO2). The semiconductor material oxide includes silicon oxide. The titanate includes one or both of strontium titanate and calcium titanate. The fluoride includes one or both of lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride.

[0063] In one embodiment, the first electrode layer 14 has the function of collecting free electrons. The first electrode layer 14 is generally an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a mixture of an organic conductive material and an inorganic conductive material. Among them, the organic conductive material is, for example, a conductive polymer, and the conductive polymer includes but is not limited to one or more of polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT), polythiophene, and polyacetylene; the inorganic conductive material includes but is not limited to one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon derivatives. Specific examples of inorganic conductive materials include Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), etc. When the first electrode layer 14 serves as the light-entering side, a transparent inorganic conductive oxide material such as ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, FTO, etc. is generally selected.

[0064] In one embodiment, the second electrode layer 15 functions as a hole collector. Materials for the second electrode layer 15 include, but are not limited to, FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), and metal electrodes (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu, C, Al). When the second electrode layer 15 serves as the light-entering side, transparent inorganic conductive oxide materials such as ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, and FTO are typically used.

[0065] In one embodiment, the solar cell further comprises a passivation layer 16, which is provided between the light absorbing layer 11 and the hole transport layer 13, and the material of the passivation layer 16 comprises a self-assembly material and a light-stabilizing material. The passivation layer 16 has both a passivation effect and an effect of improving the light stability of the solar cell. The self-assembly material of the passivation layer 16 can reduce the probability of the redox reaction between the light absorbing layer 11 (perovskite) and the hole transport layer 13, while passivating the defects on the surface of the light absorbing layer 11 (perovskite), thereby improving the performance of the device. The light-stabilizing material of the passivation layer 16 can reduce the probability that the self-assembly molecules of the self-assembly material are decomposed under the irradiation of sunlight, thereby causing the passivation effect to disappear, thereby improving the light stability of the self-assembly material, and thus improving the performance and stability of the device. The addition of the light-stabilizing material can also improve the wettability of the passivation layer 16. When the solar cell is a trans structure, it is beneficial to the coating preparation of large-area perovskites. It should be noted that the material of the hole transport layer 13 in this embodiment includes but is not limited to 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-paramethoxyanilino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrenesulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with triptylide as the core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-phenylamino)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, one or more of a phosphate-based monomer, a carbazole-based monomer, a sulfonic acid-based monomer, a triphenylamine-based monomer, an aromatic monomer, a metal oxide and cuprous thiocyanate, wherein the metal element in the metal oxide selected in the hole transport material includes one or more of Ni, Mo and Cu, for example, nickel oxide. Exemplarily, the material of the hole transport layer 13 is nickel oxide, and the passivation layer 16 includes a self-assembled material and a photostable material; the self-assembled material can reduce the probability of redox reaction between perovskite and nickel oxide; the self-assembled material will be oriented on the surface of nickel oxide, resulting in a decrease in surface polarity. By adding photostable materials, the photostable materials provided in this application all contain one or more of the heteroatoms S, O, and N (the specific composition of the photostable materials can be found in the subsequent introduction), and have no directional arrangement tendency, thereby achieving improved wettability.

[0066] Self-assembling materials refer to materials whose molecules can spontaneously assemble and organize into regular structures without the intervention of external forces. Several molecules spontaneously associate and assemble to form a compact and orderly whole. It is understood that the definition of self-assembling materials in the following content is the same as this one and will not be repeated here.

[0067] In one embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer 16 is 1nm-30nm. The thickness of the passivation layer 16 is within the above range, which has a good passivation effect and good light stability, thereby improving the photoelectric performance of the solar cell. The thickness of the passivation layer 16 can be 1nm, 2nm, 3nm, 4nm, 5nm, 6nm, 7nm, 8nm, 9nm, 10nm, 11nm, 12nm, 13nm, 14nm, 15nm, 17nm, 19nm, 20nm, 22nm, 25nm, 28nm, 30nm, etc., or it can be a range consisting of any two of the above values, for example, 3nm-17nm, 8nm-25nm, etc. It should be noted that when the passivation layer 16 includes a self-assembly material and a light-stabilizing material, the thickness of the passivation layer 16 is 1nm-30nm, which is conducive to maintaining the passivation layer 16 with good passivation effect and good light stability.

[0068] Optionally, the thickness of the passivation layer 16 is 5 nm to 15 nm. When the thickness of the passivation layer 16 is within the above range, it has a good passivation effect and good light stability, thereby improving the photovoltaic performance of the solar cell. The thickness of the passivation layer 16 can be 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, etc., or can be a range consisting of any two of the above values, for example, 6 nm to 12 nm, 8 nm to 14 nm, etc.

[0069] In one embodiment, the material of the hole transport layer 13 includes a self-assembly material and a light-stable material. The self-assembly material has both the hole transport function and the function of passivating the surface defects of the light absorption layer 11 (perovskite). The light-stable material can reduce the probability that the self-assembly molecules of the self-assembly material are decomposed under the irradiation of sunlight, resulting in the disappearance of the passivation effect, thereby improving the light stability of the self-assembly material and thus improving the performance and stability of the device. The addition of light-stable materials can also improve the wettability of the hole transport layer 13. When the solar cell is a trans structure, it is conducive to the coating preparation of large-area perovskites; specifically, the light-stable materials contain one or more of the heteroatoms S, O, and N (the specific composition of the light-stable materials can be found in the subsequent introduction), and have no directional arrangement tendency, thereby achieving improved wettability.

[0070] In one embodiment, the thickness of the hole transport layer 13 is 1nm-30nm. When the thickness of the hole transport layer 13 is within the above range, it can better transport holes and block electrons, thereby improving the photoelectric performance of the solar cell. The thickness of the hole transport layer 13 can be 1nm, 2nm, 3nm, 4nm, 5nm, 6nm, 7nm, 8nm, 9nm, 10nm, 11nm, 12nm, 13nm, 14nm, 15nm, 17nm, 19nm, 20nm, 22nm, 25nm, 28nm, 30nm, etc., or it can be a range consisting of any two of the above values, for example, 3nm-17nm, 8nm-25nm, etc. It should be noted that when the hole transport layer 13 includes a self-assembly material and a light-stabilizing material, the thickness of the hole transport layer 13 is 1nm-30nm, which is conducive to maintaining the hole transport layer 13 with good hole transport performance.

[0071] Optionally, the thickness of the hole transport layer 13 is 5 nm to 15 nm. When the thickness of the hole transport layer 13 is within the above range, it can better transport holes and block electrons, thereby improving the photoelectric performance of the solar cell. The thickness of the hole transport layer 13 can be 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, etc., or it can be a range consisting of any two of the above values, for example, 6 nm to 12 nm, 8 nm to 14 nm, etc.

[0072] Whether the passivation layer 16 is designed to include a self-assembly material and a light-stable material, or the hole transport layer 13 is designed to include a self-assembly material and a light-stable material, the specific composition and proportion of the self-assembly material and the light-stable material are designed as follows.

[0073] In one embodiment, the molar proportion of the photostabilizing material in the mixture of the self-assembly material and the photostabilizing material is 1%-10%, which can achieve a good photostabilization effect on the self-assembly material and has little interference with hole transport.

[0074] In one embodiment, the self-assembling material includes C-N bonds; the photostabilizing material includes one or both of a UV absorber and a free radical scavenger. A UV absorber is a substance that absorbs the ultraviolet portion of sunlight and fluorescent light sources, slowing the photooxidation process without changing itself. A free radical scavenger is a substance that attenuates photooxidative degradation reactions by various means, including capturing free radicals, decomposing hydroperoxides, and transferring energy from excited molecules.

[0075] When self-assembled materials include CN bonds, these bonds are very susceptible to cleavage under ultraviolet light (sunlight contains a certain amount of UV light), forming carbazole free radicals. This alters the structure of the self-assembled molecules, weakening the passivation effect of the self-assembled molecules and destabilizing the interface between the perovskite and the hole transport layer, potentially affecting device performance and service life. UV absorbers can absorb large amounts of UV light, reducing the amount of UV light received by the self-assembled molecules. Free radical scavengers can significantly reduce photopolymer degradation; free radical scavengers also quench singlet oxygen, causing it to transition from an excited state to a ground state, intervening in the photochemical reaction before the chain initiation of photoaging. UV absorbers and / or free radical scavengers reduce the CN bond cleavage reaction of self-assembled molecules caused by UV light at the source, improving the UV resistance of the self-assembled materials and, consequently, the photovoltaic performance and long-term photostability of solar cells. In addition, the molecular structures of UV absorbers and free radical scavengers are similar to those of common additive materials in solar cells. Mixing UV absorbers and / or free radical scavengers in self-assembled materials has almost no negative impact on perovskite solar cells.

[0076] Optionally, the UV absorber includes one or more of benzophenones, benzotriazoles, triazines, and salicylates. These absorb large amounts of UV light, reducing the amount of UV light received by the self-assembled molecules. This reduces the risk of UV-induced CN bond scission in the self-assembled molecules, improving the UV resistance of the self-assembled material and thus enhancing the photovoltaic performance and long-term photostability of the solar cell. Specifically, the benzophenones include one or more of benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone. Benzotriazoles may specifically include one or more of 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2'-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-3',5'-dicumylphenyl)-benzotriazole, and 2-[2-hydroxy-5-tert-octylphenyl)benzotriazole. Triazines may specifically include one or more of 2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-[3-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-2-hydroxypropoxyphenol and 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-hexyloxy-phenol]. Salicylates may specifically include one or more of butyloctanol salicylate and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate.

[0077] Exemplarily, the UV absorber includes benzophenone, and the structural formula of benzophenone is as follows:

[0078] It should be noted that when the ultraviolet absorber includes one or both of benzotriazoles and triazines, the heteroatom N in the molecular structure of benzotriazoles and / or triazines can be complexed with the coordinated lead ions in the perovskite to passivate deep energy level defects and improve device performance.

[0079] Optionally, the free radical scavenger includes hindered amine derivatives, which have the function of quenching singlet oxygen, causing it to transition from an excited state to a ground state, intervening in the photochemical reaction before the chain of photoaging is initiated, reducing the CN bond breaking reaction of the self-assembled molecules caused by ultraviolet light from the source, and improving the ultraviolet resistance of the self-assembled material, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and long-term light stability of the solar cell. Exemplary hindered amine derivatives include, but are not limited to, one or more of tris(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidinol)phosphite (light stabilizer GW-540, 95733-09-8), poly(4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinol) succinate (light stabilizer 622, 65447-77-0), 2,2-diphenyl-1-trinitrophenylhydrazine, tetramethylbenzoquinone, 2-methyl-2-nitrosomethane, phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, dibutylhydroxytoluene, and 1,1-diphenylethylene. It should be noted that when the ultraviolet absorber includes one or more of the following: light stabilizer GW-540, light stabilizer 622, 2,2-diphenyl-1-trinitrophenylhydrazine, 2-methyl-2-nitrosomethane, and phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, the heteroatom N in the molecular structure can complex with the coordinated lead ions in the perovskite to passivate deep energy level defects and improve device performance.

[0080] The molecular formula of light stabilizer GW-540 is as follows:

[0081] The molecular formula of light stabilizer 622 is as follows:

[0082] Optionally, the light-stable material is a transparent material to allow solar energy to pass through.

[0083] Optionally, the self-assembly material includes one or more of triphenylamine, diphenylamine, carbazole, acridine, thiophenazine, phenoxazine, benzothiazole, and thiophene.

[0084] Optionally, the structural formula of the self-assembly material is as shown in formula (1): Ar-(L-R1) n1...Formula (1), wherein Ar is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 50 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms, L is selected from a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a heteroalkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic ring group; R1 is H or an oxygen-containing group, and n1 is selected from any integer from 1 to 3. In the above-mentioned self-assembly material, the organic compound formed by the organic combination of Ar, L, and R1 can form aggregates with an ordered structure through intermolecular interactions and has a strong self-assembly ability, thereby being able to produce a smooth self-assembled passivation film or hole transport layer film, which can improve the performance of the film layer. When used to prepare a solar cell, it can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell. Furthermore, when R1 is an oxygen-containing group, it can combine with metal ions, thereby passivating the metal ions, or enhancing the anchoring effect with the metal ion-containing membrane layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0085] Furthermore, when the above-mentioned self-assembled material is used to prepare solar cells, on the one hand, regulating the selection of groups in L and the number of carbon atoms can improve the hydrophobicity of the passivation film, thereby further suppressing the negative impact of water and oxygen on the perovskite light-absorbing material; on the other hand, the specific group structure in Ar enables the self-assembled material to have an energy level that is compatible with other functional layer materials in the solar cell, thereby further improving the light conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0086] The term "aryl" refers to a closed aromatic ring or ring system. In some embodiments, aryl includes phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, biphenyl, pyrenyl, spirobifluorenyl, mesityl, peryl, indenyl, and azulenyl. The term "arylene" refers to a group in which an aryl group has lost another atom.

[0087] The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic ring group containing heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur). Heteroaryl ring structures contain not only carbon atoms but also at least one heteroatom, such as pyridine, thiophene, and benzothiazole. The term "heteroarylene" refers to a group in which a heteroaryl group has lost another atom.

[0088] The term "heteroalkylene" refers to a group in which at least one carbon atom in the alkylene group is replaced by a heteroatom, wherein the heteroatom includes an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom, etc. The C1 to C8 heteroalkylene group may include a heteromethylene group, a heteroethylene group, a heteropropylene group, a heterobutylene group, a heteropentylene group, a heterohexylene group, a heteroheptylene group or a heterooctylene group; exemplary C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups may include a methyleneoxy group, an ethyleneoxy group, a propylenethio group or a butylenethio group.

[0089] The term "alkenylene" refers to a group containing a carbon-carbon double bond, for example, the alkenylene group can be a C1 to C8 alkenylene group, illustratively, such as propenylene (-CH=CH-CH2-), butenylene (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-), etc.

[0090] In one embodiment, Ar is selected from any one of formulas (A) to (C):

[0091] wherein (A) the attachment site to L is located at one or more of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3, (B) the attachment site to L is located at one or both of X1 and X2, and (C) the attachment site to L is located at one or more of Y1, Y2, and Y3;

[0092] X1 and X2 are independently selected from any one of a single bond, C(R4R5), O, S, N, NR4, C=O or S=O, and X1 and X2 are not single bonds at the same time;

[0093] Y1, Y2 and Y3 are independently selected from any one of C(R4R5), O, S, N, NR4, C=O or S=O;

[0094] Each occurrence of R2 to R5 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a halogen group, -N(R6)2, -CONR6, -OCOR6, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0095] Each occurrence of R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0096] Ar1 to Ar3 are independently selected from any one of H, an olefin group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and an aromatic group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, and at least two of Ar1 to Ar3 are selected from aromatic groups having 7 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0097] Ar4 and Ar5 are independently selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms;

[0098] n2 and n3 are each independently selected from any integer from 1 to 4.

[0099] In one embodiment, X1 and X2 are independently selected from any one of a single bond, C(R4R5), O, S, NR4, C=O or S=O, and X1 and X2 are not single bonds at the same time.

[0100] In one embodiment, X1 and X2 are independently selected from any one of a single bond, C(R4R5) and NR4, and X1 and X2 are not single bonds at the same time.

[0101] In one embodiment, Ar is selected from any one of the following structures:

[0102] Here, ※ represents the bonding site between Ar and L.

[0103] In one embodiment, L is selected from an alkylene group having 3 to 11 carbon atoms. Further regulating the number of carbon atoms in L can reduce the steric hindrance of the organic compound while increasing the hydrophobicity of the organic compound, thereby further improving the light conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0104] In a specific embodiment, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphite group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicate group, a siloxane group, a boric acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group or a silicate group. Further, in the case where the oxygen-containing group includes an oxygen-containing acid radical, the self-assembly material further includes a cation coordinated with the oxygen-containing acid radical, and the cation is selected from Na + , K + Mg 2+ 、Li + , Ca 2+ 、Cu 2+ 、Fe 2+ 、Mn 2+ 、Zn 2+ 、Sn 2+ or NH4 + Any one or more of the .

[0105] In one embodiment, R1 is selected from an oxygen-containing group. The oxygen-containing group has an anchoring effect with the metal ion, which can enhance the bonding strength between the passivation layer or the hole transport layer and the film layer on the side away from the light absorption layer, thereby improving the stability of the device.

[0106] Optionally, the self-assembling material includes one or more of carbazole and triphenylamine, and the molecule contains a CN bond, which can passivate defects on the perovskite surface and transport holes. Exemplary self-assembling materials include one or more of [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphate (Me-4PACz, 2747959-96-0), 4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphate (4PACz), (2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphate (2PACz), 2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphate (MeO-2PACz), and (4-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphate (Ph-4PAC).

[0107] In a specific embodiment, the solar cell has a trans structure, and the solar cell includes a second electrode layer 15, a hole transport layer 13, a passivation layer 16, a light absorption layer 11, an electron transport layer 12, and a first electrode layer 14 stacked in sequence. The material of the hole transport layer 13 includes nickel oxide, the material of the light absorption layer 11 includes perovskite, the passivation layer 16 includes a self-assembly material and a light-stabilizing material, the self-assembly material includes a CN bond, and the light-stabilizing material includes one or both of an ultraviolet absorber and a free radical scavenger.

[0108] In a specific embodiment, the solar cell has a trans structure, and the solar cell includes a second electrode layer 15, a hole transport layer 13, a light absorption layer 11, an electron transport layer 12, and a first electrode layer 14 stacked in sequence. The material of the light absorption layer 11 includes perovskite, and the material of the hole transport layer 13 includes a self-assembly material and a light-stabilizing material. The self-assembly material includes a CN bond, and the light-stabilizing material includes one or both of an ultraviolet absorber and a free radical scavenger.

[0109] In a specific embodiment, taking an inverted solar cell as an example, the present application also provides a method for preparing a solar cell, which includes: providing a substrate having a second electrode layer 15; forming a hole transport layer 13 on one side of the second electrode layer 15, forming a light absorption layer 11 on the side of the hole transport layer 13 away from the second electrode layer 15, and forming a first electrode layer 14 on the side of the light absorption layer 11 away from the hole transport layer 13, wherein the material of the hole transport layer includes a self-assembly material and a light-stabilizing material.

[0110] In one embodiment, the hole transport layer 13 can be formed by mixing a self-assembling material and a light-stabilizing material to form a solution, which is then prepared by coating. The coating method includes, but is not limited to, any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating, and slit coating, and is not limited here. The second electrode layer 15, light absorption layer 11, and first electrode layer 14 can be prepared using commonly used preparation methods in the art, including, but not limited to, solution methods and solid deposition methods. Solution methods include any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating, and slit coating, and solid deposition methods include any one of vacuum evaporation, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition, ion deposition, and atomic layer deposition.

[0111] In a specific embodiment, taking an inverted solar cell as an example, the present application also provides a method for preparing a solar cell, which includes: providing a substrate having a second electrode layer 15; forming a hole transport layer 13 on one side of the second electrode layer 15, forming a passivation layer 16 on the side of the hole transport layer 13 facing away from the second electrode layer 15, forming a light absorption layer 11 on the side of the passivation layer 16 facing away from the hole transport layer 13, and forming a first electrode layer 14 on the side of the light absorption layer 11 facing away from the passivation layer 16, wherein the material of the passivation layer includes a self-assembly material and a light-stabilizing material.

[0112] In one embodiment, the passivation layer 16 can be formed by mixing a self-assembling material and a light-stabilizing material to form a solution, and then applying the solution to the solution. The coating method includes, but is not limited to, any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating, and slit coating, and is not limited here. The second electrode layer 15, hole transport layer 13, light absorption layer 11, and first electrode layer 14 can be prepared using commonly used preparation methods in the art, including, but not limited to, solution methods and solid deposition methods. The solution method includes any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating, and slit coating, and the solid deposition method includes any one of vacuum evaporation, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition, ion deposition, and atomic layer deposition.

[0113] The present application also provides a photovoltaic system comprising the solar cell provided in the above-mentioned embodiments of the present application. The photovoltaic system has at least the same advantages as the solar cell and can improve the performance of the photovoltaic system. The photovoltaic system can be applied to the roof of a building, etc.

[0114] The present application also provides an electrical device, which is a common device including the solar cell provided in the above-mentioned embodiments of the present application. The device has at least the same advantages as the solar cell and can improve the performance of the electrical device. As an example, the electrical device can be used in the fields of communications, transportation, industry and agriculture, lighting, etc. The electrical device may include, for example, satellites, communications equipment, traffic lights, lighthouses, wireless telephone booths, monitoring equipment for oil drilling, power supply systems, camping lights, electric vehicles, and electronic device chargers.

[0115] The present application also provides a power generation device. The power generation device is a common device including the solar cell provided in the above-mentioned embodiments of the present application. The power generation device has at least the same advantages as the solar cell, and can improve the power generation performance of the power generation device. The solar cell serves as the energy source of the power generation device, realizing the power output of the power generation device. As an example, the power generation device can be applied to fields such as building electricity, wearable device electricity, smartphone electricity, and vehicle battery electricity.

[0116] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of the present application clearer, the following will be further described in detail with reference to the embodiments and the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative and is in no way intended to limit the present application and its applications. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0117] Example 1:

[0118] The inverse perovskite solar cell prepared by using Me-4PaCz and a light stabilizer 622 mixed in an amount of 2% mol as the passivation layer 16 material has a structure of a second electrode layer 15, a hole transport layer 13, a passivation layer 16, a light absorption layer 11, an electron transport layer 12, and a first electrode layer 14. The preparation method is as follows:

[0119] Step S1: Preparation of the second electrode layer 15: Specifications: 2.0*2.0cm 2 The FTO glass was prepared, and 0.35 cm of FTO was removed from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, and then dried with nitrogen for later use.

[0120] Step S2: Preparation of hole transport layer 13: FTO is treated with UV ozone, and then NiO with a thickness of about 30nm is magnetron sputtered. x , annealing at 300° C. for 60 min to obtain a hole transport layer 13.

[0121] Step S3: Preparation of the passivation layer 16: Prepare an ethanol solution of Me-4PaCz with a concentration of 0.3 mg / ml, then add the light stabilizer 622 to the solution at a ratio of 2% mol, and stir to completely dissolve it; take 100 μL and spin-coat it on the prepared hole transport layer 13 at a speed of 4000 rpm for 30 seconds, and then anneal at 100°C for 10 minutes to obtain a passivation layer 16 with a thickness of 3 nm.

[0122] Step S4: Preparation of light absorbing layer 11: A perovskite light absorbing layer was prepared using a one-step method. The perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the prepared passivation layer 16 at a speed of 4000 rpm for 40 seconds. 300 μL of anti-solvent was added approximately 10 seconds after the start of spin coating. The film was then placed on a hot plate and annealed at 120°C for 60 minutes to obtain a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm. 0.98 MA 0.02 ) 0.95 Cs 0.05 Pb(I 0.98 Br 0.02 )3.

[0123] Step S5: Preparation of electron transport layer 12: Place the film with the perovskite layer into the evaporation apparatus and wait for the evaporation vacuum to reach 5×10 -4 Pa, and a 30 nm electron transport layer C60 was evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s.

[0124] Step S6: Preparation of the first electrode layer 14: Place the film with the electron transport layer 12 into the evaporation apparatus and wait for the evaporation vacuum to reach 5×10 -4 Pa below, 80nm metal back electrode Ag was evaporated at a rate of 0.1A / s;

[0125] After steps S1 to S6, a complete perovskite solar cell is obtained.

[0126] The preparation process of Examples 2-8 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the composition of the photostabilizing material and the proportion of the photostabilizing material in the mixture of the photostabilizing material and the self-assembling material are the same. For details, see Table 1. The preparation process of Comparative Example 1 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the passivation layer material does not contain the photostabilizing material. For details, see Table 1.

[0127] Example 9:

[0128] Step S1: Preparation of the second electrode layer 15: Specifications: 2.0*2.0cm 2The FTO glass was prepared, and 0.35 cm of FTO was removed from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, and then dried with nitrogen for later use.

[0129] Step S2: Preparation of hole transport layer 13: FTO was subjected to UV ozone treatment; an ethanol solution of Me-4PaCz with a concentration of 0.3 mg / ml was prepared, and then a light stabilizer 622 was added to the solution at a ratio of 2% mol, and stirred to completely dissolve it; 100 μL was spin-coated on FTO at a speed of 4000 rpm for 30 seconds, and then annealed at 100°C for 10 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer 13 with a thickness of 3 nm.

[0130] Step S3: Preparation of light absorbing layer 11: A perovskite light absorbing layer was prepared using a one-step method. The perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the prepared passivation layer 16 at a speed of 4000 rpm for 40 seconds. 300 μL of anti-solvent was added approximately 10 seconds after the start of spin coating. The film was then placed on a hot plate and annealed at 120°C for 60 minutes to obtain a perovskite layer (FA) with a thickness of 500 nm. 0.98 MA 0.02 ) 0.95 Cs 0.05 Pb(I 0.98 Br 0.02 )3.

[0131] Step S4: Preparation of electron transport layer 12: Place the film with the perovskite layer into the evaporation apparatus and wait for the evaporation vacuum to reach 5×10 -4 Pa, and a 30 nm electron transport layer C60 was evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s.

[0132] Step S5: Preparation of the first electrode layer 14: Place the film with the electron transport layer 12 into the evaporation apparatus and wait for the evaporation vacuum to reach 5×10 -4 Pa below, 80nm metal back electrode Ag was evaporated at a rate of 0.1A / s;

[0133] After steps S1 to S5, a complete perovskite solar cell is obtained.

[0134] The preparation process of Comparative Example 2 is similar to that of Example 9, except that the hole transport layer material does not contain a light-stabilizing material. Other parameters are the same, as shown in Table 1.

[0135] The relevant parameter testing process of the examples and comparative examples of the present application is as follows:

[0136] 1. Photovoltaic conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0137] Using Keithley 2400SMU, AM 1.5G solar irradiation at 100mW / cm 2 The battery performance is tested under the light source, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is calculated as follows: PCE=P out / P opt =V oc ×J sc ×(V mpp ×J mpp ) / (V oc ×J sc ) = V oc ×J sc ×FF / P opt

[0138] in Pout 、P opt 、V mpp 、J mpp 、V oc and J sc They are the battery operating output power, incident light power, battery maximum power point voltage, battery maximum power point current, open circuit voltage and short circuit current.

[0139] 2. Stability test.

[0140] The perovskite solar cell is placed under a standard solar simulator for continuous maximum power point tracking (i.e., MPPT testing). The change in its photoelectric conversion efficiency with aging time is tracked, and the time required for its photoelectric conversion efficiency to decay to 80% of the initial efficiency is recorded as T80. The size of this parameter indicates the photostability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0141] As can be seen from Table 1, the passivation layer of the solar cell includes a self-assembly material and a light-stable material or the hole transport layer includes a self-assembly material and a light-stable material, which can improve the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0142] The above description is only an implementation method of the present application and does not limit the patent scope of the present application. Any equivalent structure or equivalent process transformation made using the contents of the description and drawings of this application, or directly or indirectly applied in other related technical fields, are also included in the patent protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein: include: A light absorbing layer and a hole transport layer, wherein the hole transport layer comprises a self-assembly material and a light-stable material; or, A light absorbing layer, a passivation layer and a hole transport layer, wherein the passivation layer is arranged between the light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, and the material of the passivation layer comprises a self-assembly material and a light-stable material.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The molar proportion of the light-stabilizing material in the mixed amount of the self-assembly material and the light-stabilizing material is 1%-10%.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein The self-assembly material includes CN bonds; the light-stable material includes one or both of an ultraviolet absorber and a free radical scavenger.

4. The solar cell according to claim 3, wherein The ultraviolet absorber includes one or more of benzophenone, benzotriazole, triazine and salicylate.

5. The solar cell according to claim 4, wherein The benzophenones include one or more of benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone; and / or, The benzotriazoles include one or more of 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2'-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-3',5'-dicumylphenyl)-benzotriazole, and 2-[2-hydroxy-5-tert-octylphenyl]benzotriazole; and / or The triazines include one or more of 2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-[3-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-2-hydroxypropoxyphenol, 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-hexyloxy-phenol); and / or The salicylates include one or more of butyl octanol salicylate and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein: The free radical scavenger includes hindered amine derivatives.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein: The free radical scavenger includes one or more of tris(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidinol)phosphite, poly(4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinol) succinate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-trinitrophenylhydrazine, tetramethylbenzoquinone, 2-methyl-2-nitrosomethane, phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, dibutylhydroxytoluene, and 1,1-diphenylethylene.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The self-assembly material includes one or more of carbazoles, triphenylamines, diphenylamines, acridines, thiophenazines, phenoxazines, benzothiazoles, and thiophenes.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The structural formula of the self-assembly material is shown in formula (1): Ar-(L-R1) n1 ...Formula (1), wherein Ar is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 50 ring atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms, L is selected from a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a heteroalkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic ring group; R1 is H or an oxygen-containing group, and n1 is selected from any integer from 1 to 3.

10. The solar cell according to claim 9, wherein Ar is selected from any one of formulas (A) to (C): wherein (A) the attachment site to L is located at one or more of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3, (B) the attachment site to L is located at one or both of X1 and X2, and (C) the attachment site to L is located at one or more of Y1, Y2, and Y3; X1 and X2 are independently selected from any one of a single bond, C(R4R5), O, S, N, NR4, C=O or S=O, and X1 and X2 are not single bonds at the same time; Y1, Y2 and Y3 are independently selected from any one of C(R4R5), O, S, N, NR4, C=O or S=O; Each occurrence of R2 to R5 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a halogen group, -N(R6)2, -CONR6, -OCOR6, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; Each occurrence of R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; Ar1 to Ar3 are independently selected from any one of H, an olefin group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and an aromatic group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, and at least two of Ar1 to Ar3 are selected from aromatic groups having 7 to 30 carbon atoms; Ar4 and Ar5 are independently selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; n2 and n3 are each independently selected from any integer from 1 to 4.

11. A photovoltaic system, wherein: A solar cell comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

12. An electrical device, wherein: A solar cell comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

13. A power generation device, wherein: A solar cell comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

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