Method for cleaning surface of CDTE-based thin film layer after activation treatment and method for forming photovoltaic device
The use of methanesulfonic acid for cleaning CdTe-based thin film layers post-activation maintains the layer's integrity and hydrophobicity, addressing structural issues and enhancing photovoltaic device efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/085761
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-28
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing cleaning methods for CdTe-based thin film layers after activation treatment cause structural changes, oxidation, and reduction of the surface, which are detrimental to further processing and device efficiency in photovoltaic devices.
A cleaning method using methanesulfonic acid is employed to remove activation residues, maintaining the stoichiometry and hydrophobicity of the CdTe-based thin film layer surface, reducing etching along grain boundaries and avoiding corrosive chloride ions.
The method preserves the structural integrity and stoichiometry of the CdTe-based thin film layer, facilitating improved further processing and enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic devices.
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Figure CN2025085761_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR CLEANING SURFACE OF CDTE-BASED THIN FILM LAYER AFTER ACTIVATION TREATMENT AND METHOD FOR FORMING PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE
[0001] The present invention relates to a method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, for instance a CdTe-based thin film absorber layer of a photovoltaic device. The present invention further relates to a method for forming a photovoltaic device.
[0002] State of the art
[0003] CdTe-based thin film layers are widely used in different device, for instance in photovoltaic devices as an absorber layer. A CdTe-based thin film layer according to the invention is any layer comprising cadmium and tellurium and may comprise other elements in an alloy or as a doping element. For instance, the following alloys should be understood as a CdTe-based layer: CdSexTe1-x, CdSxTe1-x CdZnxTe1-x, CdMgxTe1-x, CdMnxTe1-x, CdHgxTe1-x, wherein x may vary between 0 (zero) and a value smaller 1 (0 ≤ x < 1) . Doping elements may be, for instance, Cu, As, Sb, N, Ag, Li, Na, P.
[0004] CdTe-based thin film layers are usually formed by physical vapour deposition, e.g. by sputtering, thermal evaporation or sublimation, for instance close-space sublimation (CSS) . According to the state of the art, a process called activation is performed after depositing the CdTe-based thin film layer. This process comprises a thermal treatment usually under presence of an activation agent, for instance CdCl2, and results in an intermixing of different material layers, if the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed as a layer stack comprising different materials like, for instance, CdSe and CdTe, thereby forming a defined concentration gradient of the different elements within the CdTe-based thin film layer. Furthermore, defects within the CdTe-based thin film layer are at least partially cured and a diffusion of doping materials may take place. However, the activation treatment leaves Cd-based residues on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer, which have to be removed before further processing a semi-finished product the CdTe-based thin film layer being a part of.
[0005] Different cleaning methods for removing the residues being water-insoluble are described in the state of the art. For instance, the CdTe-based thin film layer is cleaned after activation with an oxidizing agent, like a nitric / phosphoric-based acid (NP etch) or bromine in methanol (BM etch) as described in US 2014 / 0273407 A1. This cleaning results in forming a Te-rich surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer. WO 2011 / 031666 A1 disclosed among others the use of complexing agents, like ethylene diamine, and of an acidic solution, e.g. an organic based acid solution, for instance oxalic acid. Furthermore, the use of a light hydrochloric acid or of a hydroiodic acid is known, for instance from Awni et al. : “The effects of Hydrogen Iodide Back Surface Treatment on CdTe Solar Cells” , Sol. RRL 2019, 3, 1800304.
[0006] A drawback of some of these cleaning agents is that the structure and stochiometric composition of the CdTe-based thin film layer is changed in a region near the surface, and that the surface is oxidized or reduced which may be disadvantageous for further processing, for instance for depositing a back contact layer on the CdTe-based thin film layer.
[0007] Problem to be solved
[0008] The object is therefore to provide a further method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film after an activation treatment, wherein the further method may reduce some of the negative effects of the methods according to the state of the art. The object is further to provide a method for forming a photovoltaic device having improved efficiency.
[0009] Solution of the problem
[0010] According to the invention, the object is solved by the methods and the device according to the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims.
[0011] A first aspect of the invention provides a method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment. This method comprises a step of forming a CdTe-based thin film layer, a step of performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent, and a step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H) . The steps of forming a CdTe-based thin film layer and of performing an activation treatment are known from the state of the art. As an activation agent known compounds like CdCl2 or other halogenides may be used as known from the state of the art. Further, the activation treatment usually comprises a temperature treatment with temperatures in the range of 350℃ to 450℃. The solution comprising methanesulfonic acid removes residues of the activation agent resulting from the activation treatment, wherein also Cd-based residues are removed.
[0012] The method according to the invention provides some advantages: The solution comprising methanesulfonic acid forms a hydrophobic absorber surface after cleaning, which is advantageous for further processing a semi-finished product comprising the CdTe-based thin film layer. In comparison to a solution comprising hydrochloric acid, which is often used for cleaning after activation, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid etches the CdTe-based material of the CdTe-based thin film layer, in particular along the grain boundaries, less. Moreover, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid is not corrosive and not toxic, does not comprise aggressive chloride ions and does not form gaseous aggressive or toxic compositions as a solution comprising hydrochloric acid produces. Further, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid is bio-degradable. Therefore, requirements to processing equipment with respect to corrosion and toxicity can be relaxed. Furthermore, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid does not oxidize the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer, i.e. the stoichiometry of the CdTe-based thin film layer is not changed at its surface.
[0013] In embodiments, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid is generated by solving isolated methanesulfonic acid in an aqueous or an organic solution. That is, isolated methanesulfonic acid is dissolved in water or in an organic compound, e.g. ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluol or others, or in a mixture of water and an organic compound. The use of short-chain alcohols allows a fast drying of the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer after cleaning or a self-limitation of the residence time of the solution on the CdTe-based thin film layer. Long-chain or branched alcohols, e.g. glycerol, allow the formation of paste-like, viscous solutions with longer residence times of the solution on the CdTe-based thin film layer. In special embodiments, the isolated methanesulfonic acid is dissolved in a solution comprising further compounds. In further embodiments, the solution comprises only methanesulfonic acid and water and / or an alcohol.
[0014] In embodiments, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid comprises methanesulfonic acid in the range of 0.1 %to 10 %, in particular in the range between 1 %and 6 %for longer residence times of the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer and between 5 %and 10 %for shorter residence times as useful in industrial applications. In embodiments, the step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising methanesulfonic acid is performed for a time period in the range of 10 s to 60 s, in particular in the range of 10 s to 30 s for use in industrial applications and in the range of 20 s to 60 s in other applications.
[0015] In embodiments, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid has a temperature in the range of 20℃ to 60℃ during the step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer, in particular in the range of 20℃ to 30℃.
[0016] In embodiments, the CdTe-based thin film layer has a temperature in the range of 20℃ to 40℃during the step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer, in particular in the range of 20℃ to 30℃. Since the activation treatment is performed usually at elevated temperatures, the CdTe-based thin film layer should cool down before performing the cleaning step.
[0017] In embodiments, the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid is applied to the CdTe-based thin film layer by spraying, rinsing or roller-coating, or by dipping the CdTe-based thin film layer at least with its surface to be cleaned into the solution. All of these methods are known to a person skilled in the art.
[0018] A further aspect of the invention refers to a method for forming a photovoltaic device comprising the steps of providing a substrate comprising a first electrode, performing the above described method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed on the substrate, and forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer after performing the method for cleaning the surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment. In other words, the method comprises providing a substrate comprising a first electrode, forming a CdTe-based thin film layer on the first electrode, performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent, cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising methanesulfonic acid after activation as described above, and forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer, wherein the steps are performed in the given sequence. Furthermore, several cleaning steps, temperature treatment steps and further intermediate steps may be performed between different of the mentioned steps.
[0019] The method according to the invention allows a very good removal of activation residuals and a reduced negative effect on the structure and stoichiometry of the CdTe-based thin film layer at the cleaned surface. It further provides a hydrophobic surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer being favorable for further processing, in particular for forming the second electrode on that surface.
[0020] In the result, the electronic properties and the efficiency of the formed photovoltaic device are improved.
[0021] In embodiments, the substrate is a transparent substrate and the first electrode is at least partially transparent, wherein “transparent” in each case refers at least to light having wavelengths being absorbed by the CdTe-based thin film layer. The first electrode may be an electrically conductive layer or may be a layer stack comprising such an electrically conductive layer and further layers, for instance buffer layers. The first electrode may comprise, for instance, a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode may be an electrically conductive layer, like for instance a metal, or may be a layer stack comprising such an electrically conductive layer and further layers, for instance contact layers like ZnTe, metal oxides or others. The second electrode may also be transparent and comprise a transparent conductive oxide as the electrically conductive layer. Furthermore, the first electrode may be opaque, when the second electrode is transparent. However, the inventive method is especially advantageous, if the first electrode is transparent and is a front electrode facing a light impinging side and the second electrode is a back electrode. Methods for forming the first and the second electrode as well as forming the CdTe-based thin film layer are known from the state of the art.
[0022] In embodiments, the CdTe-based thin film layer is a CdSexTe1-x layer which may have a selenium concentration gradient over the thickness of the CdSexTe1-x layer, wherein the selenium content, i.e. the selenium concentration, near the first electrode is higher than that near the second electrode, at least directly after forming the CdTe-based thin film layer. Such a layer may be formed by sequentially depositing a CdSe layer and a CdTe layer and then forming the CdSexTe1-x layer by a temperature treatment resulting in interdiffusion and alloying. Other methods for forming such a layer may include alternatively depositing CdSe and CdTe layers, wherein a CdSe layer is formed first at the first electrode and a CdTe layer is formed last and wherein the thickness of the individual CdSe layers may decrease with their ordinal number and / or the thickness of the individual CdTe layers may increase with their ordinal number. A further method is to use different source compositions during forming of the CdTe-based thin film layer in order to achieve the mentioned selenium concentration gradient. The cleaning of the CdSexTe1-x layer with a solution comprising methanesulfonic acid after activation does not significantly change this concentration gradient, at least with respect to selenium bound within the CdSexTe1-x crystal structure.
[0023] It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0024] Exemplary embodiments
[0025] The following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosed subject matter in the context of one or more particular implementations. Various modifications to the disclosed implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the described or illustrated implementations, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
[0026] Implementations of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to accompanying drawing in which:
[0027] Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the method for forming a photovoltaic device including an embodiment of the method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment according to the present invention.
[0028] Figure 1 shows an embodiment of the method for forming a photovoltaic device including an embodiment of the method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment according to the present invention. In a first step S10, a substrate with a first electrode on it is provided. A CdTe-based thin film layer is then formed on the first electrode, for instance by closed-space sublimation (CSS) , in a second step S20. This step may also comprise a temperature treatment subsequent to depositing one or more CdTe-based thin film layers in order to support intermixing of different layers and removing crystal defects within the deposited layer (s) . In a next step S30, an activation treatment is performed under the presence of an activation agent, e.g. CdCl2. This step leaves Cd-based residues on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer. After that, the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer is cleaned using a solution comprising methanesulfonic acid in step S40. The cleaning solution is formed from dissolving isolated methanesulfonic acid in water and comprises 6 %methanesulfonic acid. The cleaning step is performed for 30 s, wherein the surface to be cleaned of the CdTe-based thin film layer is dipped into the solution. The solution comprising methanesulfonic acid has a temperature of 25℃ and the CdTe-based thin film layer has a temperature of 25℃. After the cleaning step, the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer is rinsed with high-purity water, e.g. demineralized, deionized and / or distilled water. Finally, a second electrode is formed on the CdTe-based thin film layer in step S50.
Claims
1.A method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, the method comprising the steps of:a) forming a CdTe-based thin film layer andb) performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent,c) cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising methanesulfonic acid.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid is generated by solving isolated methanesulfonic acid in an aqueous or an organic solution.3.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid comprises methanesulfonic acid in a range of 0.1 %to 10 %.4.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein step c) is performed for a time period in the range of 10 s to 60 s.5.The method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid has a temperature in the range of 20℃ to 60℃ during step c) .6.The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer has a temperature in the range of 20℃ to 40℃ during step c) .7.The method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the solution comprising methanesulfonic acid is applied to the CdTe-based thin film layer by spraying, rinsing, roller-coating, or dipping into the solution.8.A method for forming a photovoltaic device comprising the steps of:- providing a substrate comprising a first electrode,- performing the method according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed on the substrate, and- forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer after performing the method according to any of claims 1 to 7.
Citation Information
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