Methods for switching between QCL measurement and QCL estimation in wireless systems

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include criteria to determine a quasi-colocation (QCL) operating mode. The WTRU may determine one or more reference signal (RS) resources, for example, based on a first transmission configuration indication (TCI) state. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on the criteria and / or one or more measurements performed using the one or more RS resources. The WTRU may receive (e.g., via the transceiver) an indication of a second TCI state. The WTRU may determine a TCI state application procedure based on the QCL operating mode and / or a determination of whether the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state. The WTRU may be configured to use the TCI state application procedure to indicate one or more beams. The WTRU may perform one or more actions based on the TCI state application procedure.

Description

METHODS FOR SWITCHING BETWEEN QCL MEASUREMENT AND QCL ESTIMATION IN WIRELESS SYSTEMSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 572,519 filed in the United States of America on April 1 , 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] The concept of quasi co-location (QCL) may have been developed from LTE and / or use for coordinated multi-point (CoMP) operation (e.g., dynamic point selection). In NR, for example, the concept of QCL may be extended to indication of an analog beam by introducing QCL Type D. The following descriptions of QCL may be provided herein. Antenna ports quasi co-location may be described herein. The wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can be configured with a list of up to M TCI-State configurations within the higher layer parameter physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)-Config to decode PDSCH according to a detected physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) with downlink control information (DCI) intended for the WTRU and / or the given serving cell, where M may depend on the WTRU capability maxNumberConfiguredTCIstatesPerCC. Each TCI-State may include one or more parameters for configuring a quasi co-location relationship between one or more (e.g., or two) downlink reference signals and / or the demodulated reference signal (DM-RS) ports of the PDSCH, the DM-RS port of PDCCH and / or the channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) port(s) of a CSI-RS resource and / or the synchronization signal block(s) (SSB). The quasi co-location relationship may be configured by the higher layer parameter qcl-Type1 for the first downlink (DL) RS, and / or qcl-Type2 for the second DL RS (e.g., if configured). For the case of two DL RSs, for example, the QCL types may not be the same, regardless of whether the references are to the same DL RS and / or different DL RSs. The quasi co-location types corresponding to each DL RS may be given by the higher layer parameter qcl-Type in QCL-Info and / or may take one of the following values: typeA, typeEJ, typeC, and / or typeD. For example, typeA may include {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}. For example, typeEJ may include {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}. For example, typeC may include {Doppler shift, average delay}. For example, typeD may include {Spatial reception (Rx) parameter}.

[0003] Artificial intelligence (Al) and / or machine learning (ML) for NR Air Interface may have been agreed with the following objectives for beam management (BM). Beam management may include DL transmission(Tx) beam prediction for both UE-sided model and / or network (NW)-sided model, including [RAN1 / RAN2], Beam management may include spatial-domain DL Tx beam prediction for Set A of beams based on measurement results of Set B beams (“BM-Case1”). Beam prediction may include temporal DL Tx beam prediction for Set A of beams based on the historic measurement results of Set B of beams (“BM-Case2”). Beam management may specify (e.g., necessary) signalling and / or mechanism(s) to facilitate LCM operations specific to the Beam Management use cases, if any. Beam management may including enabling method(s) to ensure consistency between training and inference regarding NW-side additional conditions (e.g., if identified) for inference at UE. Beam management may strive for common framework design to support (e.g., both) BM-Case1 and / or BM-Case2.

[0004] In (e.g., traditional) beam management procedure, one or more (e.g., all) of the beams in a cell may have been (e.g., were) transmitted and / or measured to identify a best beam (e.g., highest L1- reference signal received power (RSRP), highest L1 -signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), etc.) and / or receive channels and / or signals. In examples, acquiring QCL related information may have been possible by measuring RSs associated with each beam. In AI / ML based DL Tx beam prediction, RSs for (e.g., only) selected beams may be transmitted and / or AI / ML model may estimate one or more best beams and / or one or more qualities and / or quantities (e.g., RSRP) of one or more other beams of the selected beams.SUMMARY

[0005] Methods and apparatuses for reference signal selection for determining a mode of operation (e.g., between quasi co-location (QCL) measurement and QCL estimation) based on an indicated and / or activated transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state and / or a type of the indicated and / or activated TCI state may be described herein. Methods and apparatuses for determination of a mode of operation may be described herein. Methods and apparatuses for beam application procedure based on the determined mode of operation may be described herein.

[0006] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information indicating one or more of: one or more thresholds, a first reference signal (RS) resource set, a second RS resource set, one or more RS resources for additional transmission, one or more control resource sets (CORESETs) or one or more search spaces associated with a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state indication mode, one or more TCI states of a first TCI type, or one or more TCI states of a second TCI type. The WTRU may receive an indication of a first TCI state. The WTRU may apply the indicated first TCI state based on thefirst RS resource set. The WTRU may determine one or more RS resources for measurement based on the indicated first TCI state. The WTRU may measure the determined one or more RS resources. The WTRU may determine a quasi co-location (QCL) operating mode. The WTRU may receive an indication of a second TCI state. The WTRU may determine a TCI state application procedure based on the determined QCL operating mode and TCI type of the second TCI state. The determination of the QCL operating mode may be based on an indication from a network node. The determination of the QCL operating mode may determined based on a measured WTRU rotation being greater than a threshold, a measured WTRU movement being greater than a threshold, or a measured maximum permitted exposure (MPE) being greater than a threshold. The WTRU may determine a second QCL operating mode.

[0007] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive (e.g., via a transceiver) configuration information. The configuration information may include criteria to determine a quasi-colocation (QCL) operating mode. The WTRU may determine one or more reference signal (RS) resources, for example, based on a first transmission configuration indication (TCI) state. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on the criteria and / or one or more measurements performed using the one or more RS resources. The WTRU may receive (e.g., via the transceiver) an indication of a second TCI state. The WTRU may determine a TCI state application procedure based on the QCL operating mode and / or a determination of whether the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state. For example, the WTRU may determine whether the second TCI state type is different than the first TCI state type. The WTRU may be configured to use the TCI state application procedure to indicate one or more beams. The WTRU may perform one or more actions, for example, based on the TCI state application procedure. For example, the one or more actions may include the WTRU being configured to, based on the TCI state application procedure, receive a downlink transmission (e.g., from a network node) and / or send an uplink transmission (e.g, to a network node).

[0008] The criteria may include one or more of: one or more thresholds associated with beam prediction accuracy, a first RS set, and / or a second RS set. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on one or more of the one or more thresholds, the first RS set, and / or the second RS set.

[0009] The TCI state application procedure may be configured to indicate the one or more beams based on one or more measurements and / or one or more predicted measurements. The TCI state application procedure may include a first TCI state application procedure and / or a second TCI state application procedure. The first TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to perform at least one measurement based on the configuration information. The second TCI state applicationprocedure may include the WTRU being configured to predict at least one measurement based on the configuration information and / or the criteria. The WTRU may use the first TCI state application procedure and / or the second TCI state application procedure to indicate the one or more beams.

[0010] The TCI state application procedure may be configured to indicate whether one or more additional measurements are supported, for example, in the case of predicted measurement(s) and / or beam(s). The TCI state application procedure may include a first TCI state application procedure and / or a second TCI state application procedure. The first TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to perform at least one (e.g., additional) measurement based on the configuration information, for example, to determine and / or acquire QCL related parameters. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more (e.g., additional) measurements and / or may apply the (e.g., indicated) beam based on the one or more (e.g., additional) measurements. The second TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to predict at least one measurement based on the configuration information and / or the criteria. The second TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to apply at least one (e.g., indicated) predicted beam(s), for example, without one or more additional measurements; the WTRU may be configured to predict QCL related parameter(s). For example, the WTRU may use the first TCI state application procedure and / or the second TCI state application procedure to indicate the one or more beams. For example, the WTRU may determine whether to use the first TCI state application procedure and / or the second TCI state application procedure to determine the TCI state application procedure.

[0011] To determine the QCL operating mode, the WTRU may be configured to determine a first QCL operating mode associated with a downlink transmission and / or a second QCL operating mode associated with an uplink transmission. The first QCL operating mode may include the WTRU being configured to perform one or more RS measurements based on the criteria. The second QCL operating mode may include the WTRU being configured to determine one or more QCL parameters based on estimated beams.

[0012] When the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions. For example, when the second TCI state type is the same as the first TCI state type, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

[0013] When the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions. For example, when the second TCI state type isdifferent than the first TCI state type and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

[0014] When the first QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may be configured to: 1) measure the one or more RS resources and / or 2) determine a RS transmission window, and / or an application time based on a QCL configuration.

[0015] The WTRU may receive (e.g., via the transceiver) an indication of the QCL operating mode. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on the indication. The WTRU may send (e.g., via the transceiver), an indication of the determined QCL operating mode (e.g., to a network node).BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0017] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0018] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0019] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0020] FIGs. 2A and 2B depict an example quasi co-location (QCL) related parameter estimation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-sOFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0022] As shown in FIG. 1 A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or a “STA”, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a WTRU. Further, any description herein that is described with reference to a UE may be equally applicable to a WTRU (or vice versa). For example, a WTRU may be configured to perform any of the processes or procedures described herein as being performed by a UE (or wee versa).

[0023] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the I nternet 110, and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0024] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio networkcontroller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0025] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0026] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0027] I n an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0028] I n an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102cmay implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

[0030] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0031] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0032] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, whichmay be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0033] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0034] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0035] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0036] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and thetransceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0037] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0038] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0039] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[0040] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0041] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0042] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0043] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0044] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0045] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0046] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0047] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0048] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0049] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0050] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0051] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0052] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0053] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0054] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0055] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic in to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11 e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (I BSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad- hoc” mode of communication.

[0056] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixedwidth (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every ST A), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0057] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0058] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0059] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control / Machine- Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0060] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel.The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a ST A, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0061] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0062] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0063] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0064] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0065] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0066] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0067] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0068] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0069] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0070] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0071] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0072] In view of Figures 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0073] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0074] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e. g. , testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0075] An enabler to AI / ML based beam management without transmission of one or more (e.g., all) beams supported in one or more cells may be described herein. AI / ML beam management may include selecting one or more best beams within Set A of beams (e.g., all candidate beams) based on the measurement of RS resources from Set B of beams (e.g., measured beams). Performance benefits from AI / ML BM can be achieved from one or more (e.g., two) aspects: one from accurate prediction of AI / ML model, and / or another one from reduction of RS transmissions by transmitting (e.g., only) Set B of beams and / or avoiding transmissions of Set A of beams. A benefit from transmitting (e.g., only) Set B of beamsmay not be achieved as the current BM technique may be based on actual measurements of beams. For example, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may (e.g. , need to) decide QCL related parameters such as Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and / or delay spready for PDSCH decoding. Additionally or alternatively, Rx beam related assumption (e.g., Spatial Rx parameter) may be decided by measuring one or more (e.g., each) beams. A (e.g., potential) method to allow reduced transmission of Set A of beams can be estimation of QCL related parameters based on neighboring beams.

[0076] FIGs. 2A 200 and 2B 250 show example evaluation results of QCL related parameter estimation considering different WTRU velocities. As shown in FIGs. 2A 200 and 2B 250, QCL related parameter estimation may work when the WTRU is in low speed. The estimation accuracy may degrade, for example, when the WTRU speed becomes higher (e.g., 30 Km / h).

[0077] In (e.g., existing) beam measurement mechanism, the WTRU may acquire QCL related parameters such as Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and / or delay spread for PDSCH decoding by measuring synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) and / or tracking reference signals (TRSs) (e.g., CSI-RS for tracking) configured for QCL Type-A, B, and / or C. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can determine a best spatial Rx assumption (e.g., a spatial Rx assumption which shows best quality (e.g, RSRP, RSRQ or SINR) within a same beam) for one or more (e.g, each) beams by applying different Rx beams within a same beam with repetition. As a RS for each beam is indicated based on QCL Type-D, for example, the WTRU can apply the determined best spatial Rx assumption accordingly. For signals and / or channels, the WTRU may be indicated and / or configured with one or more TCI states and / or each TCI state may include reference RSs for QCL Type-A, B, and / or C, and / or QCL Type-D. Based on the reference RSs, for example, the WTRU can apply the measured QCL related parameters and / or the determined best spatial Rx assumption for reception and / ir decoding. For uplink (UL), for example, spatial Tx assumption based on the indicated QCL Type-D reference RS can be used.

[0078] Methods described herein may relate to how a WTRU efficiently identifies current condition to determine a mode of operation between QCL parameter estimation and additional measurement, and / or may relate to how to support the determined mode dynamically.

[0079] A WTRU may determine which QCL operating mode to support (e.g, based on estimated beams and / or based on measurement beams), based on measurements and / or estimation performance. The WTRU may use a TCI state application procedure based on an indicated TCI state and / or the determined QCL operating mode.

[0080] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more of: one or more thresholds (e.g., for beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, maximum permitted exposure (MPE)), a first RS resource set (e.g., configured with one or more first type of RS resources), a second RS resource set (e.g., configured with one or more second type of RS resources and / or logical beam IDs), one or more RS resources for additional transmission, one or more control resource sets (CORESETs)Zsearch spaces associated with a TCI state indication mode, or one or more TCI states of a first TCI type and / or second TCI type. Each second type RS resource of logical beam ID may be associated with one or more first type RS resource (e.g., for QCL measurements). A TCI state of a first TCI type may be configured with a first RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. A TCI state of a second TCI type may be configured with a logical beam ID and / or a second RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. For example, the (WTRU) may receive (e.g., via a transceiver) configuration information. The configuration information may include criteria to determine a quasi-colocation (QCL) operating mode. The criteria may include one or more of: one or more thresholds associated with beam prediction accuracy, a first RS set, and / or a second RS set.

[0081] The WTRU may receive an indication of a first TCI state and / or may apply the indicated TCI state based on the first RS resource set.

[0082] The WTRU may determine one or more RS resources for measurement, for example, based on the indicated first TCI state (e.g., for PDCCH / PDSCH reception and / or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) / physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission) and / or the corresponding configured QCL Type-D reference RS. If the first TCI state is of a first TCI type (e.g., QCL based on measurement beams), for example, the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources (e.g., N RS resources in the first RS resource set, including: the QCL Type-D reference RS and an additional N-1 neighboring RS resources). Neighboring resources may be determined based on the RS resource IDs in the first RS resource set (e.g., the QCL Type-D reference RS ID and N-1 adjacent RS IDs). If the first TCI state is of a second TCI type (e.g., QCL based on estimation beams), for example, the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources (e.g., N RS resources associated with the QCL Type-D reference RS).

[0083] The WTRU may measure the determined one or more RS resources and / or may determine a QCL operating mode based on one or more of the following: gNB indication (e.g., one or more of DCI, medium access control control element (MAC CE), transmitted CORESET / SearchSpace, etc.) and / or WTRU determination and / or indication (e.g., potentially with gNB confirmation. The WTRU may receive (e.g., via the transceiver) an indication of the QCL operating mode. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on the indication. The WTRU may send (e.g., via the transceiver), an indication of thedetermined QCL operating mode (e.g., to a network node). For example, the WTRU may determine a first QCL operating mode (e.g., requiring RS measurements) if one or more of the following conditions are satisfied: if the measured WTRU rotation is greater than (e.g., >) a threshold; if the measured WTRU movement is greater than (e.g., >) a threshold; and / or if the measured MPE is greater than (e.g., >) a threshold. Otherwise, for example, the WTRU may determine a second QCL operating mode (e.g., QCL parameters determined based on estimated beams). For example, the WTRU may determine one or more reference signal (RS) resources based on a first transmission configuration indication (TCI) state. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on the criteria and / or one or more measurements performed using the one or more RS resources. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on one or more of the one or more thresholds, the first RS set, and / or the second RS set. To determine the QCL operating mode, the WTRU may be configured to determine a first QCL operating mode associated with a downlink transmission and / or a second QCL operating mode associated with an uplink transmission. The first QCL operating mode may include the WTRU being configured to perform one or more RS measurements based on the criteria. The second QCL operating mode may include the WTRU being configured to determine one or more QCL parameters based on estimated beams.

[0084] The WTRU may receive an indication of a second TCI state and / or may determine a TCI state application procedure (e.g., measurement and / or beam application time) based on the determined QCL operating mode and / or TCI type of the second TCI state. For example, the WTRU may receive (e.g., via the transceiver) an indication of a second TCI state. The WTRU may determine a TCI state application procedure based on the QCL operating mode and / or a determination of whether the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state. For example, the WTRU may determine whether the second TCI state type is different than the first TCI state type. The WTRU may be configured to use the TCI state application procedure to indicate one or more beams. The WTRU may perform one or more actions, for example, based on the TCI state application procedure. For example, if the second TCI state is of a first TCI type, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a first beam application time (e.g., from the TCI state indication and / or ACK). For example, if the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and / or the second QCL operating mode is determined, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a second beam application time (e.g., from the estimation of one or more RS resources associated with the indicated TCI state). For example, if the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and / or the first QCL operating mode is determined, the WTRU may perform one or more additional measurements. For example, the WTRU may measure the one or more RS resources for additional measurement(s). For example, the WTRU maydetermine a RS transmission window and / or an application time based on a configured QCL type A reference RS and / or whether it is the same as that of a previously applied TCI state. For example, the one or more actions may include the WTRU being configured to, based on the TCI state application procedure, receive a downlink transmission (e.g., from a network node) and / or send an uplink transmission (e.g., to a network node).

[0085] The TCI state application procedure may be configured to indicate whether one or more additional measurements are supported, for example, in the case of predicted measurement(s) and / or beam(s). The TCI state application procedure may include a first TCI state application procedure and / or a second TCI state application procedure. The first TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to perform at least one (e.g., additional) measurement based on the configuration information, for example, to determine and / or acquire QCL related parameters. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more (e.g., additional) measurements and / or may apply the (e.g., indicated) beam based on the one or more (e.g., additional) measurements. The second TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to predict at least one measurement based on the configuration information and / or the criteria. The second TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to apply at least one (e.g., indicated) predicted beam(s), for example, without one or more additional measurements; the WTRU may be configured to predict QCL related parameter(s). For example, the WTRU may use the first TCI state application procedure and / or the second TCI state application procedure to indicate the one or more beams. For example, the WTRU may determine whether to use the first TCI state application procedure and / or the second TCI state application procedure to determine the TCI state application procedure.

[0086] If the second TCI state is of a first TCI type, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a first beam application time (e.g., from the TCI state indication and / or acknowledgement (ACK)). For example, when the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions. For example, when the second TCI state type is the same as the first TCI state type, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

[0087] If the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a second beam application time (e.g., from the estimation of the one or more RS resources associated with the indicated TCI state). For example,When the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions. For example, when the second TCI state type is different than the first TCI state type and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

[0088] If the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and the first QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may perform one or more additional measurement procedures. For example, the WTRU may measure the one or more RS resources for additional measurement. For example, the WTRU may determine a RS transmission window and / or an application time based on a configured QCL type A reference RS and / or whether it is the same as that of a previously applied TCI state. Based on the determined TCI state application procedure, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state for one or more of PDCCH and / or PDSCH. For example, the WTRU may monitor CORESETs / SearchSpaces and / or may detect PDCCH by using the second TCI state. For example, the WTRU may receive PDSCH by using the second TCI state. For example, when the first QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may be configured to: 1) measure the one or more RS resources and / or 2) determine a RS transmission window, and / or an application time based on a QCL configuration.

[0089] One or more procedures described herein may enable AI / ML based beam utilization without transmitting one or more (e.g. , all) the RSs within one or more cells (e.g., only) when available, so that the NW can achieve one or more performance benefits by reducing overheads for RS transmissions.

[0090] A RS resource set may be interchangeably used with a RS resource and / or a beam group. Beam may be used interchangeably herein with TCI state, TCI state group, and / or beam pair. Beam reporting may be used interchangeably herein with CSI measurement, CSI reporting, and / or beam measurement. Beam ID may be used interchangeably herein with beam index and / or beam pair ID. A QCL reference RS may be used interchangeably herein with a pathloss RS.

[0091] A reference signal (or beam reference signal) may be used interchangeably herein with one or more of the following: sounding reference signal (SRS); CSI-RS; DM-RS; phase tracking RS (PT-RS); and / or SSB.

[0092] A channel (and / or a physical channel) may be used interchangeably herein with one or more of the following: PDCCH; PDSCH; physical uplink control channel (PUCCH); Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); Physical random access channel (PRACH); Physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH); Physicalsidelink shared channel (PSSCH); Physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH); Physical broadcasting channel (PBCH); and / or the like.

[0093] Configurations for CSI / beam reporting may be described herein. One or more of the following configurations may be used for beam reporting configuration(s). A WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI report configurations. The CSI report configurations may include one or more of following. The CSI report configurations may include a report configuration type (e.g, periodic, semi-persistent on PUCCH, semi-persistent on PUSCH, and / or aperiodic). The CSI report configurations may include a report quantity (e.g., CSI resource indicator (CRI)-rank indicator (Rl)-precoding matrix indicator (PMI)- channel quality information (CQI), CRI-RI-i1 , CRI-RI-M -CQI, CRI-reference signal received power (RSRP), SSB- Index-RSRP, CRI-RI-layer indicator (LI)-PMI-CQI, CRI-signal interference and noise ratio (SINR), SSB- Index-SINR). The CSI report configurations may include a report frequency configuration. For example, report frequency configuration may include CQI format indicator (e.g, wideband CQI and / or subband CQI). For example, the report frequency configuration may include PMI format indicator (e.g, wideband PMI and / or subband PMI). For example, the report frequency configuration may include a CSI reporting band. The CSI report configurations may include a time restriction for channel measurements. The CSI report configurations may include a time restriction for interference measurements. The CSI report configurations may include a Codebook config. The CSI report configurations may include a group based beam reporting. The CSI report configurations may include a CQI table. The CSI report configurations may include a Subband size. The CSI report configurations may include a Non-PMI port indication. The CSI report configurations may include a report slot config / offset list. The CSI report configurations may include CSI report periodicity and / or offset. The CSI report configurations may include one or more PUCCH resources for CSI reporting. The CSI report configurations may include a Port Index.

[0094] Configurations for CSI measurement may be described herein. One or more of the following configurations may be used for measurement configuration of beam reporting. A WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI configurations. The CSI configurations may include one or more of the following. The CSI configurations may include a RS for channel measurement. The CSI configurations may include a RS for interference measurement (e.g, zero power and / or non-zero power). The CSI configurations may include a areport trigger size. The CSI configurations may include an aperiodic trigger state list. The CSI configurations may include a semi-persistent on PUSCH trigger state list. The CSI configurations may include associated CSI resource configurations. The CSI configurations may include associated CSI report configurations.

[0095] Configurations for a CSI resource may be described herein. A WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI resource configurations. The CSI resource configuration may include one or more of the following. The CSI resource configuration may include a CSI resource config ID. The CSI resource configuration may include one or more RS resource sets for channel measurement. The CSI resource configuration may include one or more RS resource sets for interference measurement. The CSI resource configuration may include a bandwidth part ID. The CSI resource configuration may include a resource type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, and / or periodic).

[0096] Configurations of a RS resource set may be described herein. One or more of the following configurations may be used for RS resource set. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. The RS resource set configuration may include one or more of the following. The RS resource set configuration may include a RS resource set ID. The RS resource set configuration may include one or more RS resources for the RS resource set. The RS resource set configuration may include a repetition (e.g., on and / or off). The RS resource set configuration may include an aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots). The RS resource set configuration may include TRS information (e.g., true and / or not true).

[0097] Configurations for a RS resource may be described herein. One or more of the following configurations may be used for RS resource. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of the following. The RS resource configuration may include RS resource ID. The RS resource configuration may include a resource mapping (e.g., REs in a physical resource block (PRB)). The RS resource configuration may include a power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, ..., 15). The RS resource configuration may include a power control offset with a synchronization signal (SS) (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 Db). The RS resource configuration may include a scrambling ID. The RS resource configuration may include a periodicity and / or an offset. The RS resource configuration may include QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state).

[0098] Configuration for AI / ML beam management may be described herein. A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more of the following.

[0099] A WTRU may receive a configuration of a mode for alignment of QCL operation for DL and / or UL. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication on whether a same QCL operation mode is used or not for DL and UL. Based on the indication, for example, the WTRU may decide a mode of operation for DL and UL jointly and / or separately. For example, if the mode for alignment is configured, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation for DL and UL jointly. If the mode of alignment is not configured, forexample, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation for DL and UL, separately (e.g., a first QCL operation mode for DL and a second QCL operation mode for UL). The mode may be implicitly indicated. For example, if joint TCI state is used for both DL and UL, the mode for alignment may be used. If separate TCI state for DL and UL is used, for example, (e.g., then) the mode for alignment may not be used.

[0100] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more thresholds on beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE, and / or the like. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more thresholds. The one or more thresholds may be one or more thresholds on beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE, and / or the like. The WTRU may be configured with two or more thresholds for each type of threshold.

[0101] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resources associated with the one or more thresholds. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources associated with one or more thresholds. For example, a first RS resource set (e.g., RS resource set for Set B) may be configured with one or more first type RS resources (e.g., Set B beams). Each RS resource of the one or more first type RS resources may be configured with one or more of the following: a reference RS for QCL Type-A / B / C; a reference RS for QCL Type-D; resource mapping (e.g., resource elements (REs) in a PRB); a power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, .... 15); a power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 Db); a scrambling ID; and / or a periodicity and / or an offset. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a second RS resource set (e.g., RS resource set for Set A). The second RS resource set may be configured with one or more second type RS resources and / or logical beam IDs (Set A beams which are not included in Set A). For example, each resource of the one or more second type RS resources may be configured with one or more of the following. Each resource of the one or more second type RS resources may be configured with a reference RS for QCL Type A. Each resource of the one or more second type RS resources may be configured with a logical beam ID for QCL Type D. For the second type RS resource, for example, the WTRU may ignore and / or may not be configured with one or more of: a resource mapping (e.g., REs in a PRB); a power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, . . ., 15); a power control offset with a SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB); a Scrambling ID; a periodicity; and / or an offset. Each resource of the one or more second type RS resources may be configured with reference RSs (e.g., for neighboring beams) for another (e.g., new) QCL Type (e.g., QCL Type E). The one or more reference RSs for each second type RS resource and / or logical beam ID may be one or more RSs from the one or more first type RS resources (e.g., for QCL parameter estimation).

[0102] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resources for additional transmission. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources for additional transmission. The one or more RS resources may be configured with one or more of ResourceMapping and / or periodicity and / or offset. The WTRU may ignore and / or may not be configured with a set of RS configuration parameters. For example, the WTRU may ignore and / or may not be configured with one or more of a reference RS for QCL Type-A / B / C, a reference RS for QCL Type-D, Power control offset (e.g. , one value of -8, ..., 15), and / or Power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB). The WTRU may use configured RS parameters of a reference RS (e.g., QCL Type-A and / or QCL Type D) in a TCI state indicated by one or more of DCI, MAC CE, and / or radio resource control (RRC) (e.g., for one or more of transmission of PDCCH and / or PDSCH and reception of PUCCH and / or PUSCH) (e.g., if the WTRU is not configured with the set of RS configuration parameters).

[0103] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more CORESETs and / or searchspaces associated with TCI state application mode. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CORESETs / search spaces associated with TCI state application mode. For example, each CORESET / search space may be associated with a mode of operation (e.g., a first CORESET / search space with a first mode of operation and a second CORESET / search space with a second mode of operation). Based on the association, for example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a mode of operation (e.g., from a gNB).

[0104] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more TCI states. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more TCI states. Each TCI of the one or more TCI states may be one of a first type TCI state or a second type TCI state. An indication of a TCI state type may be based on one or more of the following. An indication of a TCI state type may be based on a TCI state type configuration. An indication of a TCI state type may be based on configured types of QCL reference RSs. For example, if the first type RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a first type TCI state. If the second type RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a second type TCI state. For example, if a RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a first type TCI state. If a logical beam ID is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a second type TCI state. An indication of a TCI state type may be based on RS configuration of QCL reference RSs. For example, if a QCL reference RS of the TCI state is configured with a set of RS configurations (e.g., Resource mapping (e.g., REs in a PRB), Power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, ..., 15), Power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB), Scrambling ID, and / or Periodicity andoffset) is configured, (e.g., then) the TCI state may be a first type TCI state. If a QCL reference RS of the TCI state is not configured with the set of RS configurations, the TCI state may be a second type TCI state.

[0105] Procedures described herein may relate to the determination of a mode of operation.

[0106] Determination of one or more RS resources for the determination of a mode of operation may be described herein. In examples, a WTRU may determine one or more RS resources for determination of a mode of operation. The determination may be supported for DL and UL jointly and / or separately. For example, if the alignment of TCI state application is configured, the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources for DL and UL jointly. If the alignment of TCI state application is not configured, the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources for DL and UL, separately. If separate determination is used, determination method may be different (e.g., semi-static configuration of UL and based on an indicated TCI state for DL). The determination of one or more RS resources may be based on one or more of the following. The determination of one or more RS resources may be based on semi-static configuration. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources for measurement to determine a mode of operation. The determination of one or more RS resources may be based on the first RS resource set. In examples, the WTRU may use quality of the first RS resource set for determination of a mode of operation. For example, the WTRU may measure RS resources in the first RS resource set and / or may determine a quality. For determination of the quality, the WTRU may use one or more of average, maximum value, minimum value, and / or the like. The determination of one or more RS resources may be based on an indicated TCI state (e.g., for one and / or both of PDCCH / PDSCH reception and / or PUCCH / PUSCH transmission). In examples, the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources for measurement to determine a mode of operation based on the indicated TCI state (e.g., for PDCCH / PDSCH reception and / or PUCCH / PUSCH transmission) and / or the corresponding configured QCL Type-D reference RS. For example, if the first TCI state is a first type TCI state (e.g., based on measurement), the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources based on a QCL Type-D reference RS of the first TCI state (e.g., N neighboring RS resources including the QCL Type-D reference based on RS resource IDs in the first RS resource set). For example, the WTRU may identify a QCL Type-D reference RS of the first TCI state. Based on the identified QCL type-D reference RS, the WTRU may identify neighboring N-1 reference RSs (e.g., based on RS resource ID and / or order configured in a RS resource set). For example, if QCL Type-D reference RS is configured with Resource ID M, then RS resources with RS resource ID M-1 and / or RS resource ID M+1 can be determined, as well as Resource ID M, if N=3. For example, if the first TCI state is a second type TCI state (e.g., based on estimation), the WTRU may determine the one or more RSresources based on configured neighboring RSs (e.g., N RS resources associated with a new QCL Type (e.g., QCL parameter estimation). In examples, the WTRU may use a default TCI state (e.g., if the WTRU does not receive the TCI state indication). For example, a TCI state with a lowest TCI state ID (e.g., among first type TCI states) may be used.

[0107] A WTRU may be configured based on the determined one or more RS resources. In examples, the WTRU may support a procedure for determination of a mode of operation based on the determined one or more RS resources. The procedure for determination of a mode of operation may be one or more of the following.

[0108] The procedure for determination of a mode of operation may include measurement of the determined one or more RS resources and / or determination of a quality. In examples, the WTRU may measure the determined one or more RS resources. Based on the measurement, for example, the WTRU may determine one or more qualities of the one or more RS resources. The one or more qualities may be one or more of: WTRU rotation, WTRU movement (e.g., speed and / or direction), MPE, RSRP, reference signal received quality (RSRQ), SINR, PDCCH hypothetical block error rate (BLER), Doppler spread, Doppler shift, delay spread, average delay, and / or the like. The determination of one or more qualities may be one or more of the following. The determination of one or more qualities may include average value. For example, the WTRU may measure a quality of each RS resource of the one or more RS resources and / or may determine an average value of measured qualities. The determination of one or more qualities may include maximum (or minimum) value. For example, the WTRU may measure a quality of each RS resource of the one or more RS resources and / or may determine a maximum (or minimum) value of measured qualities. The determination of one or more qualities may include a weighted sum. For example, the WTRU may measure a quality of each RS resource of the one or more RS resources and / or may determine a quality based on weighted sum. For example, d * q1 (e.g, a quality of a first RS resource) + d * q2 (a quality of a second RS resource) + . . . + cn*qn (a quality of nthRS resource) = q (a quality for mode determination). The sum of d , c2, and cn may be 1. Coefficients may be identical (e.g, 1 / Number of RS resources). Coefficients may be predefined and / or configured (e.g, by a gNB). In examples, application of coefficients may be different based on a type of each RS resource of the determined one or more RS resources. For example, if a first type TCI state is used, a coefficient (e.g, 0.5) for a quality by measuring a QCL Type-D RS of the indicated TCI state may be larger than coefficients (e.g, 0.25) for qualities by measuring neighboring RSs of the QCL Type-D RS. In examples, application of coefficients may be different based on a type of the indicated TCI state which is used for determination of the one or more RSresources. For example, if a first type TCI state is used, application of different coefficients based on a type of each RS resource may be used. If a second type TCI state is used, application of predefined / configured / identical coefficients may be used.

[0109] The procedure for determination of a mode of operation may include transmission of the determined one or more RS resources. In examples, the WTRU may transmit the determined one or more RS resources. The WTRU may determine TCI states / QCL Type-D reference RSs of the determined one or more RS resources based on one or more of the following. The WTRU may determine TCI states / QCL Type-D reference RSs of the determined one or more RS resources based on semi-static configuration. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more TCI states / QCL Type-D RS resources for transmission. The WTRU may determine TCI states / QCL Type-D reference RSs of the determined one or more RS resources based on an indicated TCI state (e.g., for one or both of PDCCH / PDSCH reception and / or PUCCH / PUSCH transmission). In examples, the WTRU may determine one or more QCL Type-D reference RS resources / TCI states for transmission to determine a mode of operation based on the indicated TCI state (e.g., for PDCCH / PDSCH reception and / or PUCCH / PUSCH transmission) and / or the corresponding configured QCL Type-D reference RS. In examples, TCI state ID and / or order of TCI states in a list of TCI states configured in RRC and / or activated in MAC CE may be used. For example, if Lth TCI state is indicated (e.g., for PDCCH / PDSCH reception and / or PUCCH / PUSCH transmission), L-1 th and / or L+1 th TCI states (e.g., in the order of TCI state ID, RRC based TCI state list, and / or MAC CE activation list) can be used for M determined RS resources if M = 3. Lth TCI state may refer to the Lth order of TCI state. For example, L=3 may refer to the third TCI state among configured and / or activated TCI states. In examples, TCI states for transmission may be based on (e.g., only) first type TCI states. For example, the WTRU may skip and / or ignore second type TCI states for TCI state determination. In examples, a different TCI state determination method may be used based on a type of the indicated TCI state. For example, if the indicated TCI state is a first type TCI state, the WTRU may determine M neighboring first type TCI states including the indicated TCI state. If the indicated TCI state is a second type TCI state, the WTRU may determine M-1 neighboring first type TCI states and / or the indicated second type TCI state for M RS resources.

[0110] In examples, the WTRU may support a different type of determination procedure (e.g., based on the configured mode for alignment of TCI state application for DL and UL). For example, if the alignment of TCI state application is configured, the WTRU may (e.g., only) support measurement of the determined oneor more RS resources. If the alignment of TCI state application is not configured, for example, the WTRU may support both measurement and transmission for DL and / or UL, respectively.

[0111] In examples, the WTRU may determine a mode of QCL operation between a first mode (e.g, additional QCL measurement mode) and a second mode (e.g., QCL estimation mode). The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on one or more of the following.

[0112] The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on a gNB determination and / or an indication. In examples, the WTRU may receive an indication of a mode of operation. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a mode of operation via one or more of DCI, MAC CE, and / or RRC (e.g., from a gNB). For example, 0 may indicate the first mode of operation and / or 1 may indicate the second mode of operation. In examples, the indication may be based on a reception of a signal (e.g., one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, and / or DL RS) in an associated DL resource. For example, if the WTRU receives the signal in a first resource, the WTRU may determine the first mode of operation. If the WTRU receives the signal in a second resource, the WTRU may determine the second mode of operation. The associated DL resource may be one or more of CORESET / SearchSpace, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, resource block (RB), RB group (RBG), subband, and / or the like. In examples, the WTRU may indicate a confirmation on the gNB indication. For example, the WTRU may transmit an indication of a confirmation (e.g., via one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, MAC CE, and / or RRC). In examples, the WTRU may transmit a confirmation by transmitting an UL signal (e.g., one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, and / or UL RS) in an associated UL resource. The associated UL resource may be one or more of PUCCH resource, PRACH resource, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband, and / or the like.

[0113] The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on a WTRU determination. In examples, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on measurements and / or determined qualities. For example, the WTRU may determine a first QCL operation mode (e.g, additional RS measurements) if the determined qualities satisfy conditions. For example, the conditions may be one or more of the following: if the measured WTRU rotation is greater than (e.g, >) or equal to a configured / i ndicated threshold; if the measured WTRU movement is greater than (e.g, >) or equal to a configured / indicated threshold; and / or if the measured MPE is greater than (e.g, >) or equal to a configured / indicated threshold. Otherwise, the WTRU may determine a second QCL operation mode (e.g, QCL parameter estimation).

[0114] The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on a WTRU indication. Based on the determined mode of operation, for example, the WTRU may indicate the mode of operation (e.g, to a gNB). In examples, the WTRU may indicate a preferred mode of operation (e.g, via one or more PUCCH,PUSCH, MAC CE, and / or RRC). For example, 0 may indicate the first mode of operation and / or 1 may indicate the second mode of operation. In examples, the indication may be based on a transmission of a signal (e.g. , one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, and / or UL RS) in an associated UL resource. For example, if the WTRU transmits the signal in a first resource, the WTRU may indicate the first mode of operation. If the WTRU transmits the signal in a second resource, the WTRU may indicate the second mode of operation. The associated UL resource may be one or more of PUCCH resource, PRACH resource, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband, and / or the like. In examples, the WTRU may receive a confirmation on the WTRU indication (e.g., from a gNB). For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a confirmation (e.g., via one or more of DCI, MAC CE, and / or RRC). In examples, the WTRU may receive a confirmation by receiving a DL signal (e.g., one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, and / or DL RS) in an associated DL resource. The associated DL resource may be one or more of CORESET / SearchSpace, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband, and / or the like.

[0115] In examples, the WTRU may apply the determined mode of QCL operation after an application time. For example, one or more of the following methods of application time may be used. Application time from gNB / WTRU indication may be used. For example, the determined mode of QCL operation may be applies after application time from start / end of the gNB / WTRU indication on mode of QCL operation. Application time from gNB / WTRU confirmation may be used. For example, the determined mode of QCL operation may be applied after application time from start / end of the gNB / WTRU confirmation on WTRU / gNB indication for QCL operation mode. Application time from additional RS transmission / reception may be used. For example, based on the determined mode of QCL operation, additional RS transmission / reception may be supported by the WTRU (e.g., for the first mode of operation). In examples, the determined mode of QCL operation may be applied after application time from start / end of the additional RS transmission / reception.

[0116] In examples, different use of application time may be used based on the determined mode of operation. For example, if the first mode of QCL operation is determined, the WTRU may apply a first method of application time (e.g., application time from additional RS transmission / reception). If the second mode of QCL operation is determined, the WTRU may apply a second method of application time (e.g., application time from gNB / WTRU indication or confirmation).

[0117] In examples, different application time may be used for a different mode of operation. For example, if the first mode of operation is determined, a first application time (e.g., short application time) may be used. If the second mode of operation is determined, a second application time (e.g., long application time)may be used. If the same mode is (e.g., newly) determined with the previously determined mode, QCL operation mode application time may not be applied.

[0118] In examples, the WTRU may apply a default mode of operation. For example, before a first determination of a mode of QCL operation (e.g., due to one or more of lack of measurement, not receiving gNB indication / confirmation, not indicating WTRU determination, and / or lack of application time), the WTRU may apply the default mode of operation. For example, the default mode of operation may be the first mode of operation (e.g., additional RS transmission / reception).

[0119] TCI state indication and / or application may be based on the determined mode of operation. In examples, the WTRU may receive an indication and / or activation of a TCI state (e.g., for one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH and PUSCH) (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE and DCI). Based on the determined QCL operation mode, the WTRU may determine a procedure for application of the indicated / activated TCI state.

[0120] In examples, the WTRU may apply the indicated and / or activated TCI state after application time. For example, one or more of the following methods of application time may be used. Application time from gNB / UE indication may be used. For example, the indicated and / or activated TCI state may be applied after application time from start / end of the gNB / UE indication on mode of QCL operation. Application time from gNB / UE confirmation may be used. For example, the indicated and / or activated TCI state may be applied after application time from start / end of the gNB / UE confirmation on UE / gNB indication for QCL operation mode. Application time from additional RS transmission and / or reception may be used. For example, based on the determined mode of QCL operation, additional RS transmission and / or reception may be supported by the WTRU (e.g., for the first mode of operation). In examples, the indicated and / ior activated TCI state may be applied after application time from start / end of the additional RS transmission / reception (e.g., for additional measurement).

[0121] Application of an indicated TCI state based on the determined QCL operation mode and / or a type of the TCI state may be described herein. In examples, the WTRU may apply different TCI state application methods based on a type of the indicated and / or activated TCI state and / or the determined QCL operation mode. The different TCI state application methods may be used if one or more of the following conditions are satisfied (e.g., unknown condition for TCI state). The different TCI state application methods may be used if the indicated and / or activated TCI state is different with a previously indicated and / or activated TCI state (e.g., unknown TCI state). The different TCI state application methods may be used if the determined QCL operation mode is different with a previously determined QCL operation mode. The different TCI stateapplication methods may be used if QCL Type-D reference RS of the indicated / activated TCI state is not previously measured (e.g, before the indication / activation of the TCI state). The different TCI state application methods may be used if quality information (e.g., L1-RSRP) of QCL Type-D reference RS of the indicated / activated TCI state is not previously indicated by the WTRU (e.g., before the indication / activation of the TCI state). The different TCI state application methods may be used if reported quality is lower than a threshold.

[0122] In examples, the WTRU may apply a (e.g., normal) TCI state application method (e.g., known condition for TCI state) based on one or more of the following. The WTRU may apply a (e.g., normal) TCI state application method if the indicated and / or activated TCI state is same with a previously indicated / activated TCI state (e.g., known TCI state). The WTRU may apply a (e.g., normal) TCI state application method if the determined QCL operation mode is same with a previously determined QCL operation mode. The WTRU may apply a (e.g, normal) TCI state application method if QCL Type-D reference RS of the indicated / activated TCI state is previously measured (e.g, before the indication / activation of the TCI state). The WTRU may apply a (e.g, normal) TCI state application method if quality information (e.g, L1-RSRP) of QCL Type-D reference RS of the indicated / activated TCI state is previously indicated by the WTRU (e.g, before the indication / activation of the TCI state). The WTRU may apply a (e.g, normal) TCI state application method if reported quality is higher than a threshold.

[0123] In the (e.g, normal) TCI state application method, the WTRU may apply the TCI state after a TCI state application time from start / end of TCI state indication and / or activation and / or ACK of the TCI state indication and / or activation (e.g, from WTRU and / or gNB).

[0124] The different state application methods may be based on one or more of the following methods. For example, if the indicated and / or activated TCI state is a first type TCI state, the WTRU may apply the indicated / activated TCI state after a first TCI state application time. The first TCI state application time may be from start / end of the TCI state indication and / or ACK on the TCI state indication and / or activation. For example, if the indicated / activated TCI state is a second type TCI state and the first QCL operation mode (e.g, the additional measurement mode) is determined, the WTRU may support the following additional measurement / transmission procedure. If the additional measurement is determined for joint (e.g, based on a configuration of DL / UL alignment) and / or DL, the WTRU may measure the one or more RS resources for additional measurement. If the additional transmission is determined for UL, the WTRU may transmit the one or more RS resources for additional measurement. The WTRU may apply a second TCI state application time. For example, the second TCI state application time may be from start / end of themeasurement and / or transmission of the one or more RS resources (e.g., for additional measurement). The WTRU may determine a RS transmission window (e.g., for additional measurement) and / or the second TCI state application time based on a configured QCL type. If configured QCL type A reference RS is same with previously indicated / activated / applied TCI state, the WTRU may support a first duration for RS transmission and / or TCI state application (e.g., from the start / end of the additional RS transmission). If configured QCL type A reference RS is different with the previously applied TCI state, the WTRU may support a second duration for RS transmission and / or TCI state application (e.g., from the start / end of the additional RS transmission). For example, if the indicated and / or activated TCI state is a second type TCI state and the second QCL operation mode (e.g., QCL parameter estimation mode) is determined, the WTRU may apply the indicated and / or activated TCI state after a third TCI state application time. In examples, the third TCI state application time may be from start / end of the TCI state indication and / or ACK on the TCI state indication / activation. In examples, the third TCI state application time may be from start / end of the measurement of the one or more RS resources (e.g., for neighboring RS resources / TCI states) associated with the indicated TCI state (e.g., for QCL estimation).

[0125] Based on the determined TCI state application procedure, for example, the WTRU may apply the indicated and / or activated TCI state for one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH and PUSCH. In examples, the WTRU may monitor CORESETs / SearchSpaces and / or may detect PDCCH by using the indicated and / or activated TCI state. In examples, the WTRU may receive PDSCH by using the second TCI state. In examples, the WTRU may transmit PUCCH and / or PUSCH by using the indicated / activated TCI state.

[0126] Methods and apparatuses may be provided for switching between QCL measurement and QCL estimation in wireless systems. A WTRU may determine which QCL operating mode to support (e.g., based on estimated beams and / or based on measurement beams) based on measurements and / or estimation performance. The WTRU may use a TCI state application procedure based on an indicated TCI state and / or the determined QCL operating mode.

[0127] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more of: one or more threshold (e.g., for beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE), a first RS resource set (e.g., configured with one or more first type of RS resources), a second RS resource set (e.g., configured with one or more second type of RS resources and / or logical beam IDs), one or more RS resources for additional transmission, one or more CORESETs / search spaces associated with a TCI state indication mode, and / or one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or second TCI type. Each second type RS resource of logicalbeam ID may be associated with one or more first type RS resource (e.g., for QCL measurements). A TCI state of a first TCI type may be configured with a first RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. A TCI state of a second TCI type may be configured with a logical beam ID and / or a second RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. For example, the (WTRU) may receive (e.g., via a transceiver) configuration information. The configuration information may include criteria to determine a quasi-colocation (QCL) operating mode. The criteria may include one or more of: one or more thresholds associated with beam prediction accuracy, a first RS set, and / or a second RS set.

[0128] The WTRU may receive an indication of a first TCI state and / or may apply the indicated TCI state based on the first RS resource set.

[0129] The WTRU may determine one or more RS resources for measurement, for example, based on the indicated first TCI state (e.g., for PDCCH / PDSCH reception and / or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) / physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission) and / or the corresponding configured QCL Type-D reference RS. If the first TCI state is of a first TCI type (e.g., QCL based on measurement beams), for example, the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources (e.g., N RS resources in the first RS resource set, including: the QCL Type-D reference RS and an additional N-1 neighboring RS resources). Neighboring resources may be determined based on the RS resource IDs in the first RS resource set (e.g., the QCL Type-D reference RS ID and N-1 adjacent RS IDs). If the first TCI state is of a second TCI type (e.g., QCL based on estimation beams), for example, the WTRU may determine one or more RS resources (e.g., N RS resources associated with the QCL Type-D reference RS).

[0130] The WTRU may measure the determined one or more RS resources and / or may determine a QCL operating mode based on one or more of the following: gNB indication (e.g., one or more of DCI, medium access control control element (MAC CE), transmitted CORESET / SearchSpace, etc.) and / or WTRU determination and / or indication (e.g., potentially with gNB confirmation. The WTRU may receive (e.g, via the transceiver) an indication of the QCL operating mode. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on the indication. The WTRU may send (e.g, via the transceiver), an indication of the determined QCL operating mode (e.g, to a network node). For example, the WTRU may determine a first QCL operating mode (e.g, requiring RS measurements) if one or more of the following conditions are satisfied: if the measured WTRU rotation is greater than (e.g, >) a threshold; if the measured WTRU movement is greater than (e.g, >) a threshold; and / or if the measured MPE is greater than (e.g, >) a threshold. Otherwise, for example, the WTRU may determine a second QCL operating mode (e.g, QCL parameters determined based on estimated beams). For example, the WTRU may determine one or morereference signal (RS) resources based on a first transmission configuration indication (TCI) state. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on the criteria and / or one or more measurements performed using the one or more RS resources. The WTRU may determine the QCL operating mode based on one or more of the one or more thresholds, the first RS set, and / or the second RS set. To determine the QCL operating mode, the WTRU may be configured to determine a first QCL operating mode associated with a downlink transmission and / or a second QCL operating mode associated with an uplink transmission. The first QCL operating mode may include the WTRU being configured to perform one or more RS measurements based on the criteria. The second QCL operating mode may include the WTRU being configured to determine one or more QCL parameters based on estimated beams.

[0131] The WTRU may receive an indication of a second TCI state and / or may determine a TCI state application procedure (e.g., measurement and / or beam application time) based on the determined QCL operating mode and / or TCI type of the second TCI state. For example, the WTRU may receive (e.g., via the transceiver) an indication of a second TCI state. The WTRU may determine a TCI state application procedure based on the QCL operating mode and / or a determination of whether the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state. For example, the WTRU may determine whether the second TCI state type is different than the first TCI state type. The WTRU may be configured to use the TCI state application procedure to indicate one or more beams. The WTRU may perform one or more actions, for example, based on the TCI state application procedure. For example, if the second TCI state is of a first TCI type, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a first beam application time (e.g., from the TCI state indication and / or ACK). For example, if the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and / or the second QCL operating mode is determined, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a second beam application time (e.g., from the estimation of one or more RS resources associated with the indicated TCI state). For example, if the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and / or the first QCL operating mode is determined, the WTRU may perform one or more additional measurements. For example, the WTRU may measure the one or more RS resources for additional measurement(s). For example, the WTRU may determine a RS transmission window and / or an application time based on a configured QCL type A reference RS and / or whether it is the same as that of a previously applied TCI state. For example, the one or more actions may include the WTRU being configured to, based on the TCI state application procedure, receive a downlink transmission (e.g., from a network node) and / or send an uplink transmission (e.g., to a network node).

[0132] The TCI state application procedure may be configured to indicate whether one or more additional measurements are supported, for example, in the case of predicted measurement(s) and / or beam(s). The TCI state application procedure may include a first TCI state application procedure and / or a second TCI state application procedure. The first TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to perform at least one (e.g., additional) measurement based on the configuration information, for example, to determine and / or acquire QCL related parameters. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more (e.g., additional) measurements and / or may apply the (e.g., indicated) beam based on the one or more (e.g., additional) measurements. The second TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to predict at least one measurement based on the configuration information and / or the criteria. The second TCI state application procedure may include the WTRU being configured to apply at least one (e.g., indicated) predicted beam(s), for example, without one or more additional measurements; the WTRU may be configured to predict QCL related parameter(s). For example, the WTRU may use the first TCI state application procedure and / or the second TCI state application procedure to indicate the one or more beams. For example, the WTRU may determine whether to use the first TCI state application procedure and / or the second TCI state application procedure to determine the TCI state application procedure.

[0133] If the second TCI state is of a first TCI type, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a first beam application time (e.g., from the TCI state indication and / or acknowledgement (ACK)). For example, when the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions. For example, when the second TCI state type is the same as the first TCI state type, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

[0134] If the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state after a second beam application time (e.g., from the estimation of the one or more RS resources associated with the indicated TCI state). For example, When the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions. For example, when the second TCI state type is different than the first TCI state type and the second QCL operating mode is determined, for example, theWTRU may apply the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

[0135] If the second TCI state is of a second TCI type and the first QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may perform one or more additional measurement procedures. For example, the WTRU may measure the one or more RS resources for additional measurement. For example, the WTRU may determine a RS transmission window and / or an application time based on a configured QCL type A reference RS and / or whether it is the same as that of a previously applied TCI state. Based on the determined TCI state application procedure, for example, the WTRU may apply the second TCI state for one or more of PDCCH and / or PDSCH. For example, the WTRU may monitor CORESETs / SearchSpaces and / or may detect PDCCH by using the second TCI state. For example, the WTRU may receive PDSCH by using the second TCI state. For example, when the first QCL operating mode is determined, for example, the WTRU may be configured to: 1) measure the one or more RS resources and / or 2) determine a RS transmission window, and / or an application time based on a QCL configuration.

[0136] The methods and apparatuses described herein may enable AI / ML based beam utilization without transmitting one or more (e.g., all) the RSs within one or more cells (e.g., only) when available, for example, so that the NW can achieve one or more performance benefits by reducing overheads for RS transmissions.

Claims

CLAIMS:1 . A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a transceiver; and a processor configured to: receive, via the transceiver, configuration information, wherein the configuration information comprises criteria to determine a quasi co-location (QCL) operating mode; determine one or more reference signal (RS) resources based on a first transmission configuration indication (TCI) state; determine the QCL operating mode based on the criteria and one or more measurements performed using the one or more RS resources; receive, via the transceiver, an indication of a second TCI state; determine a TCI state application procedure based on the QCL operating mode or a determination of whether the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state, wherein the WTRU is configured to use the TCI state application procedure to indicate one or more beams; and perform one or more actions based on the TCI state application procedure.

2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the criteria comprises one or more of: one or more thresholds associated with beam prediction accuracy; a first reference signal (RS) set; or a second RS set; and wherein the processor is configured to determine the QCL operating mode based on one or more of the one or more thresholds, the first RS set, or the second RS set.

3. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the TCI state application procedure comprises a first TCI state application procedure and a second TCI state application procedure, wherein the first TCI state application procedure comprises the processor being configured to perform at least one measurement based on the configuration information, and wherein the second TCI state application procedure comprises the processor being configured to apply at least one predicted beam, and wherein the processor is configured to determine whether to use the first TCI state application procedure or the second TCI state application procedure to determine the TCI state application procedure.

4. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein, to determine the QCL operating mode, the processor is configured to determine a first QCL operating mode associated with a downlink transmission and determine a second QCL operating mode associated with an uplink transmission.

5. The WTRU of claim 4, wherein the first QCL operating mode comprises the processor being configured to perform one or more RS measurements based on the criteria, and wherein the second QCL operating mode comprises the processor being configured to determine one or more QCL parameters based on estimated beams.

6. The WTRU of claim 4, when the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state, the processor is configured to apply the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

7. The WTRU of claim 4, when the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state and the second QCL operating mode is determined, the processor is configured to apply the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

8. The WTRU of claim 4, when the first QCL operating mode is determined, the processor is configured to 1) measure the one or more RS resources or 2) determine a RS transmission window and an application time based on a QCL configuration.

9. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: receive, via the transceiver, an indication of the QCL operating mode, and wherein the processor is configured to determine the QCL operating mode based on the indication; and wherein the processor is further configured to send, via the transceiver, an indication of the determined QCL operating mode to a network node.

10. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein, to perform the one or more actions, the processor is configured to: send, via the transceiver, an uplink transmission to a network node; or receive, via the transceiver, a downlink transmission from the network node.

11. A method performed by wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information, wherein the configuration information comprises criteria to determine a quasi co-location (QCL) operating mode; determining one or more reference signal (RS) resources based on a first transmission configuration indication (TCI) state; determining the QCL operating mode based on the criteria and one or more measurements performed using the one or more RS resources; receiving an indication of a second TCI state; determining a TCI state application procedure based on the QCL operating mode or a determination of whether the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state, wherein the WTRU is configured to use the TCI state application procedure to indicate one or more beams; and performing one or more actions based on the TCI state application procedure.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the criteria comprises one or more of: one or more thresholds associated with beam prediction accuracy; a first reference signal (RS) set; or a second RS set; and wherein the QCL operating mode is determined based on one or more of the one or more thresholds, the first RS set, or the second RS set.

13. The method of claim 12, , wherein the TCI state application procedure comprises a first TCI state application procedure and a second TCI state application procedure, wherein the first TCI state application procedure comprises the processor being configured to perform at least one measurement based on the configuration information, and wherein the second TCI state application procedure comprises the processor being configured to apply at least one predicted beam, and wherein determining the TCI state application procedure comprises determining whether to use the first TCI state application procedure or the second TCI state application procedure.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein, determining the QCL operating mode comprises determining a first QCL operating mode associated with a downlink transmission and determining a second QCL operating mode associated with an uplink transmission.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first QCL operating mode comprises performing one or more RS measurements based on the criteria, and wherein the second QCL operating mode comprises determining one or more QCL parameters based on estimated beams.

16. The method of claim 14, when the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state, the method further comprising applying the second TCI state based on a first beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

17. The method of claim 14, when the second TCI state is different than the first TCI state and the second QCL operating mode is determined, the method further comprising applying the second TCI state based on a second beam application time to perform the one or more actions.

18. The method of claim 14, when the first QCL operating mode is determined, the method further comprising 1) measuring the one or more RS resources or 2) determining a RS transmission window and an application time based on a QCL configuration.

19. The method of claim 11 , further comprising: receiving an indication of the QCL operating mode, and wherein the WTRU is configured to determine the QCL operating mode based on the indication; and sending an indication of the determined QCL operating mode to a network node.

20. The method of claim 11 , wherein, performing the one or more actions comprises: sending an uplink transmission to a network node; or receiving a downlink transmission from the network node.

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