Optimized plasmids for expression of YGHJ polypeptides

Abstract

The present invention relates to an optimized plasmid for expression of glycosylated YghJ polypeptides. In particular, the present invention relates to host cells comprising the plasmid, processes for expressing glycosylated YghJ polypeptides from said host cells and medical uses of the expressed glycosylated YghJ polypeptides.

Description

[0001] OPTIMIZED PLASMIDS FOR EXPRESSION OF YGHJ POLYPEPTIDES

[0002] Technical field of the invention

[0003] The present invention relates to an optimized plasmid for expression of glycosylated YghJ polypeptides. In particular, the present invention relates to host cells comprising the plasmid, processes for expressing glycosylated YghJ polypeptides from said host cells and medical uses of the expressed glycosylated YghJ polypeptides.

[0004] Background of the invention

[0005] Complex urinary tract infections (UTI) are serious conditions associated with a significant burden of morbidity and mortality in patient risk groups such as patients with diabetes, kidney stones, spinal cord dysfunction as well as all surgical patients. Risk of developing complex UTIs increase dramatically with age above 60 years (Zhao et al., 2020). Complex UTIs are often healthcare associated UTIs (HAUTI), where the UTI is a consequence of the intervention of another disease or condition. The risk of developing a hospital acquired urinary tract infection upon hospital submission is reported to range from 1.7% to as much as 4.8% (Mitchell et al., 2016).

[0006] This group of UTIs are associated with a very large risk of developing into more serious and costly infections with a potential lethal outcome. The US center for disease control (CDC) reported that in 2002, urinary tract infections made up the highest number of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) (> 560,000) compared to other HAIs, and with a mortality rate of 2.3% was attributable to 13,000 deaths. In addition, HAUTI's are associated with a mean increased length of hospitalization of 4 days (Mitchell et al., 2016) and direct average cost of € 5,700 per case (Cassini et al., 2016; Vallejo-Torres et al., 2018). Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most prevalent bacteria causing HAUTI, with UPEC responsible for more than one third of HAUTI's (26%-47%) (Cek et al., 2014; The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2017; Medina and Castillo-Pino, 2019; Zhao et al., 2020).

[0007] A conservative assessment of today's UPEC HAUTI burden is >25,000 deaths and staggering € 9.5 bil. per year in direct cost in European and North American hospitals alone. Despite an enormous unmet need, no vaccines against UPEC UTI have yet successfully reached patients.

[0008] W02006 / 089264 A2 discloses various open reading frames from a strain of Escherichia coli responsible for neonatal meningitis (MNEC), and a subset of these that is of particular interest for preparing compositions for immunising against MNEC infections.

[0009] WO 2011 / 007257 Al discloses detoxified Escherichia coli immunogens.

[0010] Nesta et al. (PLOS Pathogens; May 2014|Volume 10|Issue 5|el004124) discloses antibodies that impair in vitro mucinase activity and in vivo colonization by both intestinal and extra intestinal E. coli strains (ExPEC's).

[0011] WO 2017 / 059864 Al discloses glycosylated YghJ polypeptides from enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC).

[0012] Thorsing et al. (Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. August 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 705468) discloses a link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates.

[0013] Tapader et al. (Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 105, 16 February 2017, pages 96-99) discloses the pathogenic potential of YghJ in sepsis pathophysiology but also indicates the enterotoxic ability of YghJ.

[0014] Hence, an improved treatment of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) would be advantageous, and in particular, a more efficient and / or reliable method for producing a vaccine against uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) would be advantageous.

[0015] Summary of the invention

[0016] The present invention is based on the identification that YghJ polypeptides according to the invention are more potent as vaccines when expressed in their natural host, ensuring native O-linked Glycosylation, compared to when being expressed in a different expression host.

[0017] The inventing team has also identified superior expression when the YghJ is expressed from a plasmid compared to when only chromosomal expression is used. In extension of this, an improved plasmid design has been developed.

[0018] Example 9 surprisingly shows that when a Type 2 secretion system (T2SS) is placed on the plasmid together with YghJ, secretion is increased (albeit the same T2SS is present on the chromosome).

[0019] Example 8 shows that the presence of a HOK / SOK system improves stability when YghJ is expressed from a plasmid.

[0020] Example 10 surprisingly demonstrates that when the wild type YghJ chromosomal promoter is cloned onto a plasmid, the expression levels increase significantly compared to when the sequence was controlling expression on the chromosome. The analysis also showed that the wildtype promoter region resulted in strong secretion and almost no intracellular accumulation of GPV02 (YghJ). This is a feature which is surprisingly not obtained with the promoter Construct D (considered an optimized promoter construct) nor with IPTG induced expression.

[0021] Example 11 shows that it is possible to identify the "sweet-spot" between increasing protein yield but at the same time ensuring glycosylation when expressing from a plasmid. Based on the obtained data, it is shown that methods employed by the industry today only result in inferior levels of protein glycosylation.

[0022] Example 12 explains why deleting the lacY gene will result in a more uniform induction of GPV02 compared to a strain carrying the lacY gene.

[0023] Example 13 shows that immunization with GPV02 expressed with native level of glycosylation, such as described in Example 11, raises a set of disease relevant antibodies which are absent when immunizing with an antigen isolated using a production strain which results in inferior levels of protein glycosylation (termed non-glycosylated YghJ), stressing the importance on ensuring correct protein glycosylation during production of bacterial vaccine antigen.

[0024] Example 14 assesses the immunogenicity of plasmid expressed GPV02 and industry standard YghJ (see example 11) using serum antibodies isolated from pigs carrying a bladder infection. Using serum antibodies from pigs exposed to the YghJ / SslE antigen as expressed by E. coli during an infection in an ELISA, it was determined that the humoral immune response was stronger against GPV02 compared to industry standard glycosylated YghJ. Hence, the data show that immunization with GPV02 will raise a set of antibodies which will be absent when immunized with an antigen isolated using a conventional production strain such as described by e.g. (Moriel et al., 2010).

[0025] A summary of the surprising advantages of plasmid expression is summarized after example 12.

[0026] Further, the inventing team has identified unique glycosylation pattern in full length YghJ from UPEC (see e.g. example 2), which is considered responsible for the ability to raise a high immune response when used as a vaccine and give rise to a very strong protection against infections in the bladder, as documented in the pig study illustrated in example 4.

[0027] From a production point of view, it is generally not considered desirable to express immunogens in the natural pathogenic host due to the risk of infections for the personal handling the purification process, waste management and postproduction instrument handling. Therefore, polypeptide vaccines against bacterial pathogens are conventionally expressed in non-pathogenic product strains which do not require high biosafety level production facilities.

[0028] To overcome this problem, the inventing team has also developed a detoxified and non-pathogenic production strain, which is able to produce polypeptides which have glycosylation patterns according to the natural pathogenic bacteria (see example 3).

[0029] The inventing team has also identified an optimized tag for purification purposes (see example 5) Further, the inventing team has identified that the polypeptides and compositions according to the invention are able to generate antibodies with a higher avidity compared to YghJ versions isolated from a conventional E. coli expression strain (example 6).

[0030] Further, the inventing team has identified that expression from the production strain according to the invention resembles expression from chromosome of a wild type pathogen to a higher degree than expression from a standard E. coli production strain, such as in relation to glycan: protein ratio (example 7).

[0031] Thus, improved vaccines, plasmids and production strains for such vaccines are disclosed in here.

[0032] In W02006 / 089264 proteins are cloned, expressed in bacteria (non-pathogenic laboratory E. coli host, or in a Bacillus such as B.subtiHs or B.megaterium). Thus, W02006 / 089264 is silent in respect of the peptides being expressed in their pathogenic native host.

[0033] In WO 2011 / 007257 Al it is stated that expression of peptides may take place in an E. coli strain, however preferably from a heterologous host for expression. The heterologous host may be prokaryotic (e.g. a bacterium) or eukaryotic. Suitable hosts include, but are not limited to, Bacillus subtiHs, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria cinerea, Mycobacteria (e.g. M. tuberculosis), yeasts, etc. (see Page 13 in WO 2011 / 007257 Al. Thus, WO 2011 / 007257 Al is silent in respect of the peptides being expressed in their pathogenic native host. From the data presented in WO 2011 / 007257 Al it appears as all peptides are expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3).

[0034] In Nesta et al. (overlapping data WO 2011 / 007257 Al) E. coli BL21(DE3) (Invitrogen) was also used for expression of His-tagged fusion proteins. Thus, Nesta et al. are silent in respect of the peptides being expressed in their recombinant non-pathogenic native host. WO 2017 / 059864 Al is silent in respect of the peptides being expressed in a pathogenic native UPEC host.

[0035] Thus, an object of the present invention relates to the provision of improved vaccines against UPEC.

[0036] Another object of the present invention is to provide a bacterial production strain that solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art in relation to maintaining correct glycosylation patterns.

[0037] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a bacterial production strain that solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art in relation to efficient expression and cell export of YghJ.

[0038] Thus, an aspect of the invention relates to a plasmid encoding for

[0039] - a YghJ polypeptide, and

[0040] - a type 2 secretion system (T2SS).

[0041] Another aspect relates to a host cell, preferably a bacteria, more preferably E. coli, comprising the plasmid according to the invention.

[0042] Still an aspect relates to a process for producing an YghJ polypeptide of interest, the process comprising a) optionally, inducing expression of the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to the invention; b) expressing the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to the invention; c) purifying produced YghJ polypeptide from the lysate and / or medium and / or supernatant, preferably from the medium and / or supernatant, more preferably from the supernatant.

[0043] Yet an aspect relates to a YghJ polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process according to the invention.

[0044] An aspect relates to the YghJ polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process according to the invention for use as a medicament, such as a vaccine. Still an aspect relates to an antibody specific for a YghJ polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process according to the invention.

[0045] Also, the invention relates to an antibody specific for the polypeptide according to the invention, such as a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody.

[0046] Brief description of the figures

[0047] Figure 1

[0048] Number of identified glycosylated peptides as function of input sample amount (pg). The total number of glycopeptides derived from hyperglycosylated full length YghJ (GPV02) isolated from the production stain (circles) or full length YghJ isolated from an E. coli over-expression strain (square) as a function of sample input is plotted. The black dots show the number of glycopeptides identified in a total of 12 BEMAP analyses using GPV02 (full length YghJ isolated from the Production strain as defined in this invention). The black square shows the number of glycopeptides identified in 1 BEMAP analysis of full length YghJ isolated from a conventional E. coli over-expression strain.

[0049] Figure 2

[0050] The relative abundance of glycopeptides derived from GPV02 isolated from either the production stain as defined in this invention or full length YghJ isolated from a conventional E. coli over-expression strain is plotted. Triangles show the relative abundance of four BEMAP analyses from GPV02 isolated from the production strain. Black squares show the relative abundance of full length YghJ peptides isolated from an E. coli over-expression strain. Peptides not identified in either of the five studies are shown with an abundance of 0.0001%.

[0051] Figure 3

[0052] Schematic of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis in E. coli in which gene products involved in the synthesis are shown. These were targeted for deletion to obtain a strain producing O-antigen-free LPS. O-antigen subunits are synthesized on the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane on an undecaprenyl diphosphate carrier and flipped to the outer side by Wzx. Here, subunits are polymerized to long chains by Wzy and Wzz and ligated to a Lipid A-core molecule by WaaL to form a complete LPS molecule. The free undecaprenyl carrier is recycled to the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane and reused in another step. The entire LPS molecule is transported across the periplasmic space and outer membrane, in which it is incorporated in the outer leaflet. The figure is adapted from (Wang and Quinn, 2010).

[0053] Figure 4

[0054] Western blot of O-antigen levels in culture supernatant from the UTI89 wildtype and its I c4349-c4351 mutant. The strains were grown to the same optical density and bacteria free supernatant samples were collected. The samples were separated by SDS PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane. O-antigen was detected using primary pig antibodies against the 018 serotype and secondary HRP-conjugated antibodies against pig IgG. The antibody complexes were visualized by chemiluminescence after wetting with Immobilon Forte Western HRP substrate.

[0055] Figure 5

[0056] Western blot of O-antigen levels in culture supernatant from the UTI89 wildtype and its ! waaL mutant prepared as described in Figure 4. The wildtype sample was 2-fold serial diluted before SDS PAGE to aid the estimation of the relative signal intensity between wildtype and mutant.

[0057] Figure 6

[0058] Western blots of full length YghJ levels in culture supernatants (upper panel) and intracellular levels of oE(lower panel) of UTI89 wildtype and ! waaL yghJ::3xFLAG-10xHHis. Sample collection and analysis as described in Figure 4; for intracellular levels, bacterial pellets were collected. YghJ was detected with primary rabbit antibodies raised against full length YghJ and secondary HRP- conjugated anti-rabbit antibodies, and oEwas detected with primary mouse anti- oEantibodies and secondary HRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibodies.

[0059] Figure 7

[0060] Adhesion assay showing the relative ability of the UPEC wildtype, the production strain as defined in this invention and a non-pathogenic E. coli strain to adhere to human bladder cells in vitro. The adhesive capacity is relative to the wildtype (100%). Bars represent the mean with SD of four biological replicates, each with eight technical replicates, p-value determined using a two-tailed unpaired student t test assuming Gaussian distribution. Figure 8

[0061] The number of colony forming units (CFU) associated with the pig bladder tissue on the last day of the challenge experiment is shown. The CFU count for the 19 vaccinated pigs is plotted as filled circles. The CFU count for the 17 control pigs is plotted as filled triangles. The geometric mean is shown. Statistical analysis: Two- tailed unpaired student t test not assuming Gaussian distribution (Mann-Whitney test). Exact P value is shown.

[0062] Figure 9

[0063] The number of colony forming units (CFU) in the pig urine one day post infection is shown. The CFU count for the 19 vaccinated pigs is plotted as filled circles. The CFU count for the 17 control pigs is plotted as filled triangles. The geometric mean is shown. Statistical analysis: Two-tailed unpaired student t test not assuming Gaussian distribution (Mann-Whitney test). Bars indicate geometric mean values. Exact P value is shown.

[0064] Figure 10

[0065] The serum IgG avidity for four pigs vaccinated with either glycosylated or nonglycosylated GPV02 is shown. Statistical analysis: Two-tailed paired student t test assuming Gaussian distribution. Mean values and standard deviation is plotted. Exact P value is shown.

[0066] Figure 11

[0067] The glycan to protein ratio is shown for GPV02 isolated from either a wild type UTI89 strain, the production strain as defined in this invention or a conventional E. coli production strain. Glycan content was determined using FTIR (fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy).

[0068] Figure 12

[0069] Figure 12 shows that a stable plasmid inheritance is ensured by introducing the hok / sok system. Gen. 0, 30, 60, and 90 refers to the number of generations the cells have been growing before challenged with antibiotics. The stability of inheritance is shown as a percentage of the number of colonies resistant to the exposure of antibiotics. A plasmid that either encodes or does not encode the hok / sok system is indicated with a filled square and circle, respectively.

[0070] Figure 13

[0071] Using Western blotting, it is demonstrated that the Type 2 Secretion System (T2SS) increases secretion of GPV02 into the culture supernatant. In this experiment, a GPV02-His tagged version was expressed from a plasmid using 75mM IPTG as inducer either in the absence or presence of co-expressed T2SS. 0 hrs indicate the timepoint where IPTG was added to the culture supernatant. A MW marker is shown in lane 1. The GPV02 protein is indicated with an arrow.

[0072] Figure 14

[0073] Figure 14 shows a schematic representation of the UPEC UTI89 13 gene type 2 secretion system. The name and relative position of each gene within the operon is shown. The genes gspE, gspl and gspK have start codons lying within the preceding gene. This is indicated by displacing their position relatively to the other ten genes of the operon. Unique restriction enzyme sites are indicated. It is noted that gspF is repeated on line 2 only to show the exact gene position. Table showing the positions and names of the type 2 secretion system genes in the nucleotide sequence file.

[0074] Figure 15

[0075] Figure 15 depicts the glcA-yghJ intergenic region as well as the five different promoter constructs (A-E) tested for increasing GPV02 expression. The genetic feature of each construct (A-E) is indicated to the right. -545 to +1 indicate the size of the intergenic region in nucleotides where -545 indicates the fourth nucleotide after the stop codon of glcA. ATG refers to start codon of yghJ. Bent arrow indicates yghJ transcriptional start site.

[0076] Figure 16

[0077] Western blotting showing the GPV02 levels when expressed from the five different promoter constructs (A-E). The upper and lower panels show the GPV02 levels in the culture supernatant and intracellularly (whole cell), respectively. OD 3 indicates the optical density (OD600) when the samples were isolated for Western blotting. GPV02 accumulation from plasmid using on 3 hr of IPTG expression was included as a control (lanes 5 and 11). A MW marker is shown in lanes 1 and 6. GPV02 is indicated with an arrow. Figure 17

[0078] Figure 17 depicts the relative GPV02 expression levels using Western blotting. A) Promoter constructs A and D levels are shown. Expression levels from chromosome is indicated with "chr". IPTG induced GPV02 expression from plasmid is shown as a reference. 0, 1, 3 indicate hours of growth. B) The IPTG inducible hybrid promoter was used to express GPV02. Specific concentrations of IPTG used for three hours of induction is indicated. Sup and WC specify GPV02 secreted to the culture supernatant or whole cell lysate levels, respectively.

[0079] Figure 18

[0080] Figure 18 shows a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis of GPV02 with respect to the glycan to protein ratio achieved by measuring the intensity of the spectral band related to carbohydrates between 1200 and 900 cm . GPV02 was isolated from either the production strain as defined in this invention or plasmid using the wildtype promoter or an IPTG inducible plasmid using two different concentrations of inducer or by overexpression in a E. coli strain background routinely used by the industry for protein expression. The determined glycan to protein ratio for purified GPV02 is listed above each column.

[0081] Figure 19

[0082] Figure 19 shows passive immunization with serum antibodies raised against GPV02 (O-GPV02) affords significantly better protection against mortality compared to serum antibodies raised against non-glycosylated YghJ (o-non gly). 24 hours prior to a challenge with a dose of the E. coli strain UTI89, two groups of mice were passively immunized with either 25pL "O-GPV02" or 50pL "O-GPV02" whereas two groups of mice were passively immunized with either 25pL "o-non gly" or 50pL "o-non gly". As a control one group of mice was passively immunized with 50pL pre-immune serum. Following the challenge, the survival rate for five groups of mice was monitored over 72 hours. For each group n = 10. Survival rate is shown as percentage survival. Timepoint of mortality for each mouse is indicated. A log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was performed.

[0083] Figure 20

[0084] Figure 20 shows the severity of sepsis monitored three-hourly throughout the study in accordance with humane endpoint (HEP) scores, including body weight loss, appearance and response to stimulus. Total HEP scores per time point were recorded and are displayed per mouse and group. The HEP score for the two groups receiving either 25pL o-non gly or 25pL O-GPV02 is shown.

[0085] Figure 21

[0086] Figure 21 shows pig serum IgG titer for either GPV02 or non-glycosylated YghJ using ELISA. Serum antibodies IgG titers towards GPV02 and non-glycosylated YghJ (non-gly YghJ) are indicated with circles and squares, respectively. The immune response from each pig against the two antigens is shown. Black bar indicates geometric mean titer. Statistical analysis: Two-tailed paired student t test assuming Gaussian distribution. Exact P value was calculated to be 0.0118.

[0087] The present invention will now be described in more detail in the following.

[0088] Detailed description of the invention

[0089] Definitions

[0090] Prior to discussing the present invention in further details, the following terms and conventions will first be defined:

[0091] Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC

[0092] Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is a main cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In ascending infections, bacteria colonize the urethra and spread up the urinary tract to the bladder as well as to the kidneys (causing pyelonephritis), or the prostate in males. Because women have a shorter urethra than men, they are more likely to suffer from an ascending UTI.

[0093] Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is part of the extra intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) pathotype.

[0094] GPV02

[0095] In the present context the term "GPV02" refers to the hyperglycosylated full length YghJ polypeptide according to the present invention. A full length YghJ protein sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 1 (1520 aa) and a DNA sequence as SEQ ID NO: 44 (4.608 nt).

[0096] Thus, in an embodiment, GPV02 is obtained by purification from the purification strain as defined in the present invention. In the example section GPV02 is obtained from the production strain according to example 3. Glycosylation

[0097] The term "glycosylation" refers to O-linked glycosylation. This is the attachment of a sugar molecule to a hydroxyl oxygen (hence O-linked) of either a Serine or Threonine side chain in a protein.

[0098] Sequence identity

[0099] The term "sequence identity" indicates a quantitative measure of the degree of homology between two amino acid sequences of substantially equal length or between two nucleic acid sequences of substantially equal length. The two sequences to be compared must be aligned to best possible fit with the insertion of gaps or alternatively, truncation at the ends of the protein sequences. The sequence identity can be calculated asrwherein Ndif is the total number of non-identical residues in the two sequences when aligned and wherein Nref is the number of residues in one of the sequences. Hence, the DNA sequence AGTCAGTC will have a sequence identity of 75% with the sequence AATCAATC (Ndif=2 and Nref=8). A gap is counted as non-identity of the specific residue(s), i.e., the DNA sequence AGTGTC will have a sequence identity of 75% with the DNA sequence AGTCAGTC (Ndif=2 and Nref=8). Sequence identity can alternatively be calculated by the BLAST program e.g., the BLASTP program (W.R Pearson and D . Lipman (1988)). In one embodiment of the invention, alignment is performed with the sequence alignment method ClustalW with default parameters as described by J.D. Thompson et al (1994), available at http: / / www2.ebi.ac.uk / clustalw / .

[0100] For calculations of sequence identity when comparing polypeptide fragments with longer amino acid sequences, the polypeptide fragment is aligned with a segment of the longer amino acid sequence. The polypeptide fragment and the segment of the longer amino acid sequence may be of substantially equal length. Thus, the polypeptide fragment and the segment of the longer amino acid sequence may be of equal length. After alignment of the polypeptide fragment with the segment of the longer amino acid sequence, the sequence identity is computed as described above.

[0101] A preferred minimum percentage of sequence identity is at least 80%, such as at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, and at least 99.5%. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a polypeptide as described herein, wherein the polypeptide or polypeptide fragment has at least 80% sequence identity to the full-length sequence of SEQ ID No: 1, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%.

[0102] An embodiment of the present invention relates to a polypeptide as described herein, wherein the polypeptide or polypeptide fragment has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0103] Immunogenic polypeptide

[0104] An immunogenic polypeptide is defined as a polypeptide that induces an immune response. The immune response may be monitored by one of the following methods:

[0105] An in vitro cellular response is determined by release of a relevant cytokine such as IFN-y, from lymphocytes withdrawn from an animal or human currently or previously infected with UPEC, or by detection of proliferation of these T cells. The induction is performed by addition of the polypeptide or the immunogenic part to a suspension comprising from lxlO5cells to 3xl05cells per well. The cells are isolated from either blood, the spleen, the liver or the lung and the addition of the polypeptide or the immunogenic part of the polypeptide result in a concentration of not more than 20 pg per ml suspension and the stimulation is performed from two to five days. For monitoring cell proliferation, the cells are pulsed with radioactive labeled Thymidine and after 16-22 hours of incubation, the proliferation is detected by liquid scintillation counting. A positive response is a response more than background plus two standard deviations. The release of IFN- y can be determined by the ELISA method, which is well known to a person skilled in the art. A positive response is a response more than background plus two standard deviations. Other cytokines than IFN- y could be relevant when monitoring an immunological response to the polypeptide, such as IL-12, TNF-o, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-6, TGF-g.

[0106] Another and more sensitive method for determining the presence of a cytokine (e.g. IFN-y) is the ELISPOT method where the cells isolated from either the blood, the spleen, the liver or the lung are diluted to a concentration of preferable of 1 to 4 x 106cells / ml and incubated for 18-22 hours in the presence of the polypeptide or the immunogenic part of the polypeptide resulting in a concentration of not more than 20 pg per ml. The cell suspensions are hereafter diluted to 1 to 2 x 106 / ml and transferred to Maxisorp plates coated with anti-IFN-y and incubated for preferably 4 to 16 hours. The IFN-y producing cells are determined by the use of labelled secondary anti-IFN-antibody and a relevant substrate giving rise to spots, which can be enumerated using a dissection microscope. It is also a possibility to determine the presence of mRNA coding for the relevant cytokine by the use of the PCR technique. Usually, one or more cytokines will be measured utilizing for example the PCR, ELISPOT or ELISA. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that a significant increase or decrease in the amount of any of these cytokines induced by a specific polypeptide can be used in evaluation of the immunological activity of the polypeptide.

[0107] An in vitro cellular response may also be determined by the use of T cell lines derived from an immune individual or an UPEC infected person where the T cell lines have been driven with either live UPEC, extracts from the bacterial cell or culture filtrate for 10 to 20 days with the addition of IL-2. The induction is performed by addition of not more than 20 pg polypeptide per ml suspension to the T cell lines containing from lxlO5cells to 3xl05cells per well and incubation is performed from two to six days. The induction of IFN-y or release of another relevant cytokine is detected by ELISA. The stimulation of T cells can also be monitored by detecting cell proliferation using radioactively labeled Thymidine as described above. For both assays, a positive response is a response more than background plus two standard deviations.

[0108] An in vitro humoral response is determined by a specific antibody response in an immune or infected individual. The presence of antibodies may be determined by an ELISA technique or a Western blot where the polypeptide or the immunogenic part is absorbed to either a nitrocellulose membrane or a polystyrene surface. The serum is preferably diluted in PBS from 1: 10 to 1: 100 and added to the absorbed polypeptide and the incubation being performed from 1 to 12 hours. By the use of labeled secondary antibodies the presence of specific antibodies can be determined by measuring the presence or absence of a specific label e.g. by ELISA where a positive response is a response of more than background plus two standard deviations or alternatively a visual response in a Western blot. Another relevant parameter is measurement of the protection in animal models induced after vaccination with the polypeptide in an adjuvant or after DNA vaccination. Suitable animal models include primates, guinea pigs or mice, which are challenged with an infection of a UPEC. Readout for induced protection could be decrease or absence of the bacterial load in target organs compared to nonvaccinated animals, prolonged survival times compared to non-vaccinated animals and diminished weight loss, or pathology compared to non-vaccinated animals. Thus, the glycosylated polypeptides described herein are immunogenic when one of the above-described tests is positive.

[0109] Type II secretion system (T2SS)

[0110] The "type II secretion system" or "T2SS" is a type of protein secretion machinery found in various species of Gram-negative bacteria, including many human pathogens such as E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio choierae. hok / sok system

[0111] The hok / sok system is a postsegregational killing mechanism employed by the R1 plasmid in Escherichia coli. It was the first type I toxin-antitoxin pair to be identified through characterization of a plasmid-stabilizing locus. It is a type I system because the toxin is neutralized by a complementary RNA, rather than a partnered protein (type II toxin-antitoxin).

[0112] The hok / sok system involves three genes:

[0113] • hok, host killing - a long lived (half-life 20 minutes) toxin

[0114] • sok, suppression of killing - a short lived (half-life 30 seconds) RNA antitoxin

[0115] • mok, modulation of killing - required for hok translation hok / sok homologues denoted flmA / B (FlmA is the protein toxin and FlmB RNA the antisense regulator) are carried on the F plasmid which operate in the same way to maintain the stability of the plasmid. The F plasmid contains another homologous toxin-antitoxin system called srnB.

[0116] Untranslated region or UTR

[0117] In the present context, the term "untranslated region" or "UTR" refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the 5' UTR (or leader or upstream sequence), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the 3' UTR (or trailer or downstream sequence).

[0118] In the present context, when referring to "UTR" in relation to DNA elements, such as plasmids, it is to be understood that reference is made to DNA element which may be transcribed into an RNA element.

[0119] Intergenic region

[0120] An intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes. Intergenic regions may contain functional elements, such as promoter regions.

[0121] Polypeptide

[0122] As described above, and outlined in the example section, the inventing team has designed an E. coli expression strain which is non-pathogenic but able to produce GPV02, a highly glycosylated YghJ immunogenic protein which has shown to be very efficient in a pig immunization trial (see Example 4). Thus, an aspect of the invention relates to a polypeptide comprising: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 15 positions in SEQ ID NO: 1, selected from the group depicted in Table 2A-B, such as at least 20 positions or such as at least 40 positions.

[0123] In an embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated on at least 15 positions such as on at least 20 positions, such as all of the positions depicted in Table 5B.

[0124] In an embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated on at least 40 positions such as on at least 50 positions, such as all of the positions depicted in Table 5A-B. As shown in Example 2, Table 2 lists all the overall identified glycosylation sites. In another embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated on at least 15 positions selected from the group depicted in Table 3A-B, such as on at least 20 positions, such as on at least 30 positions, or such as all of the positions according to Table 3A-B.

[0125] In yet another embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated on at least 15 positions selected from the group depicted in Table 3B, such as on at least 20 positions, such as on at least 30 positions, or such as all of the positions according to Table 3B. Table 3 lists 41 sites (all sites also part of Table 2), which are considered the most abundantly identified sites (see also Example 2).

[0126] In yet an embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated on at least 10 positions selected from the group depicted in Table 4, such as on at least 15 positions, such as on at least 20 positions or such as all of the positions depicted in Table 4. Table 4 lists (all part of Table 2 and Table 3) newly identified sites which has not previously been identified (see also Example 2).

[0127] Very abundantly identified glycosylation-sites are S152, S154 and S164. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated on at least position S152, and / or S154 and / or S164, such as S152 and S154, such as S154 and S164, such as S152 and S164 or such as S152, S154 and S164.

[0128] Other very abundantly identified glycosylation-sites are T592 and S594 and S597. Thus, in another preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated on at least positions T592, and / or S594 and / or S597, such as T592 and S594, such as S594 and S597, such as T592 and S597, or such as T592 and S594 and S597.

[0129] In yet an embodiment, the amino acid sequence according to according to b) has at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, such as at least 90% sequence identity, such as at least 95%, such as least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0130] In a further embodiment, the amino acid sequence according to c) or d) is a fragment of at least 1100 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1, such as at least 1200 consecutive amino acids, such as at least 1300 consecutive amino acids, such as at least 1400 consecutive amino acids or such as at least 1500 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1. SEQ ID NO: 1 has a length of 1520 AA, thus larger glycosylated fragments are considered also to be able to give rise to an immunogenic response.

[0131] In an embodiment, the polypeptide is derived from an ExPEC such as a UPEC strain. In an embodiment, the polypeptide is derived from a production strain according to the invention.

[0132] In another embodiment, said polypeptide is immunogenic, such as being a vaccine.

[0133] In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0134] Tags may improve purification of the polypeptide. Thus, in an embodiment, the polypeptide comprises a Flag-tag and / or a His-tag, preferably at the C-terminal.

[0135] In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide comprises a 3xFLAG-6xHis tag or a 3xFLAG-10xHis tag, preferably at the C-terminal end. As shown in example 5, improved tags have been designed for the polypeptide according to the invention.

[0136] In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a polypeptide comprising: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 15 positions in SEQ ID NO: 1, selected from the group depicted in Table 2B; and being glycosylated on at least two of positions S152, S154 and S164; and being glycosylated on at least two of positions T592, S594 and S597.

[0137] In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a polypeptide comprising: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 10 positions selected from the group depicted in Table 4, such as on at least 15 positions, such as on at least 20 positions or such as all of the positions depicted in Table 4.

[0138] The polypeptide has a glycan to protein ratio, by weight (preferably measured by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, such as described in example 7), of at least 0.020, such as at least 0.025, such as at least 0.030, such as at least 0.034, such as in the range 0.025-0.034, such as in the range 0.020-0.030, such as 0.020-0.025.

[0139] In a further preferred embodiment, the polypeptide has a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, of at least 0.020, such as at least 0.025, preferably at least 0.030 or such as in the range 0.020-0.050, by weight, preferably in the range 0.030-0.050 more preferably in the range 0.030-0.04. As shown in example 7, a high glycan to protein ratio is important to resemble YghJ produced in its wt strain.

[0140] In an embodiment, the glycan to protein ratio is determined by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In example 7 FTIR has been used.

[0141] In yet a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is an ExPEC-derived polypeptide, such as an UPEC-derived polypeptide.

[0142] In another preferred embodiment, said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 40 positions in SEQ ID NO: 1, selected from the group depicted in Table 2A-B.

[0143] Composition

[0144] The invention also relates to compositions comprising the polypeptide according to the invention. Thus, another aspect of the invention relates to a composition comprising the polypeptide according to the invention and / or a composition comprising a plurality of polypeptides with a glycosylation pattern according to the invention. It is to be understood that in an aspect of the invention, in a composition a single polypeptide may not comprise all of the glycosylations as defined for the polypeptide according to the invention, but the glycosylations may be distributed among different polypeptides. Due to the way the bacteria will attach the glycosylations, each unique polypeptide may not have identical glycosylation patterns, albeit the patters according to claim 1 are indeed expected.

[0145] Thus, in an embodiment, the plurality of polypeptides has an overall glycosylation pattern according to the invention. The overall glycosylation pattern may be determined using the BEMAP method described in example 2.

[0146] In an embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.

[0147] In another embodiment, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, and / or adjuvant.

[0148] In a preferred embodiment, the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of dmLT, Litevax CMS and combinations thereof. These adjuvants have been used in the pig trial (Example 4 - Pig challenge study).

[0149] "Litevax CMS" is an adjuvant comprising "Carbohydrate Mono Sulphate ester / Squalane / Polysorbate 80 emulsion in PBS 40 mg / mL CMS". Thus, "Litevax CMS is a synthetic carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate derivative ('CMS') immobilized on nano-droplets of a squalane-in-water emulsion. The concentration is expressed in mg of CMS and the w / w ratio of CMS / Polysorbate 80 / squalane is 1: 1:2. (see also (WO2016013938 - ADJUVANTS) and (Hilgers et al., 2017)

[0150] The adjuvant "LT(R192G / L211A)" or "dmLT" is a detoxified version of the heat- labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, with two mutations in its A-subunit that remove the enterotoxicity but preserve the adjuvanticity of the molecule. DmLt is also described in U.S. patent no. 6,033,673.

[0151] In another embodiment, the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of dimethyloctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), dimethyloctadecenylammonium bromide (DODAC), Quil A, poly I:C, aluminium hydroxide, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, IFN-y, IL-2, IL-12, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), Treholose Dimycolate (TDM), Trehalose Dibehenate and muramyl dipeptide (MDP).

[0152] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polypeptides described herein may be administered in a physiologically acceptable medium (e.g., deionized water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), saline, aqueous ethanol or other alcohol, plasma, proteinaceous solutions, mannitol, aqueous glucose, vegetable oil, or the like).

[0153] Thus, an embodiment of the present invention relates to a composition comprising a polypeptide as described herein that constitutes a pharmaceutical composition.

[0154] Buffers may also be included, particularly where the media are generally buffered at a pH in the range of about 5 to 10, where the buffer will generally range in concentration from about 50 to 250 mM salt, where the concentration of salt will generally range from about 5 to 500 mM, physiologically acceptable stabilizers, and the like.

[0155] The compounds may be lyophilized for convenient storage and transport.

[0156] Thus, in a further embodiment of the present invention the composition comprises one or more excipients, diluents and / or carriers.

[0157] Aqueous suspensions may contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.

[0158] Such excipients include suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropyl-methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents can be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.

[0159] The vaccines are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be prophylactic or therapeutically effective and immunogenic. The quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, including, e.g., the capacity of the individual's immune system to mount an immune response, and the degree of protection desired. Suitable dosage ranges are of the order of several hundred micrograms of the polypeptide of the invention per vaccination with a preferred range from about 0.1 pg to 1000 pg, such as in the range from about 1 pg to 300 pg, and especially in the range from about 10 pg to 100 pg. Suitable regimens for initial administration and booster shots are also variable but are typified by an initial administration followed by subsequent inoculations or other administrations.

[0160] The manner of application may be varied widely. Any of the conventional methods for administration of a vaccine are applicable. These include oral, nasal or mucosal application in either a solid form containing the active ingredients (such as a pill, suppository or capsule) or in a physiologically acceptable dispersion, such as a spray, powder or liquid, or parenterally, by injection, for example, subcutaneously, intradermally or intramuscularly or transdermally applied. The dosage of the vaccine will depend on the route of administration and will vary according to the age of the person to be vaccinated and, to a lesser degree, the size of the person to be vaccinated. Currently, most vaccines are administered intramuscularly by needle injection, and this is likely to continue as the standard route. However, vaccine formulations that induce mucosal immunity have been developed, typically by oral or nasal delivery. One of the most widely studied delivery systems for induction of mucosal immunity contains cholera toxin (CT) or its B subunit. This protein enhances mucosal immune responses and induces IgA production when administered in vaccine formulations. An advantage is the ease of delivery of oral or nasal vaccines. Modified toxins from other microbial species, which have reduced toxicity but retained immunostimulatory capacity, such as modified heat-labile toxin from Gram-negative bacteria or staphylococcal enterotoxins may also be used to generate a similar effect. These molecules are particularly suited to mucosal administration.

[0161] The vaccines are conventionally administered parenterally, by injection, for example, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include suppositories and, in some cases, oral formulations. For suppositories, traditional binders and carriers may include, for example, polyalkalene glycols or triglycerides; such suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1-2%. Oral formulations include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations or powders and advantageously contain 10-95% of active ingredient, preferably 25-70%.

[0162] In an embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, such as an immunogenic composition such as a vaccine.

[0163] In yet an embodiment, the composition is formulated for intradermal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or mucosal application, preferably for subcutaneous application.

[0164] Genetically modified E. coli

[0165] As outlined in Example 3 - Non-pathogenic production strain, the inventing team has generated a non-pathogenic UPEC strain for production of YghJ, which retains its ability to effectively glycosylate YghJ. Hence, an aspect of the invention relates to a genetically modified E. coli which does not express: FimH; and / or

[0166] - PapG; and / or WaaL.

[0167] In a preferred embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli does not express FimH and WaaL. As shown in example 3, such a construct also has a reduced adhesion to bladder cells. In an even more preferred embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli does not express:

[0168] - FimH;

[0169] - PapG; and

[0170] WaaL.

[0171] In an embodiment, the genes are knocked out by a method selected from the group consisting of in-frame deletions, introduction of stop sites and whole gene removal. In the example section expression was stopped (knocked out) by CRISPR / CAS and Datsenko & Wanner (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000). The skilled person will of course be able to use other methods to knock-out the same genes.

[0172] The genetically modified E. coli may express an (endogenous) protein of interest or be adapt to be transfected with a gene of interest. Thus, in an embodiment,

[0173] - said genetically modified E. coli express a glycosylated polypeptide of interest, such as an immunogenic vaccine; or

[0174] - is adapted to express a glycosylated polypeptide of interest, such as an immunogen / vaccine.

[0175] In the present context the term "adapted to express" is to be understood as the strain being adapted to subsequently being modified to express a gene-construct of interest which at this stage is not present in the strain; Hence the strain is "adapted to express".

[0176] In an embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli is an ExPEC, such as UPEC, such as UTI89. In a preferred embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli is a UPEC E. coli, such as UTI89.

[0177] In an embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli encodes for a polypeptide which can be expressed in said E. coli, with a glycosylation pattern similar to a non-genetically modified version of said E. coli (such as UTI89).

[0178] In another embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli encodes for a polypeptide according to the invention. In a related embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli encodes for a polypeptide which contains a glycosylation pattern as defined for the present invention.

[0179] In an embodiment said polypeptide is under the control of the endogenous promoter. This could be the case when it is the wild type protein which is expressed (e.g. with a tag). Thus, the protein of interest may not be located on a plasmid.

[0180] In an embodiment, said polypeptide is expressed from the genome, such as being an endogenous polypeptide and not expressed from an exogenous vector, such as a plasmid. In the example section it is wildtype YghJ which is expressed from the genome of the bacteria.

[0181] A polypeptide of interest may however also be expressed from an exogenous vector, such as a plasmid. Thus, in an embodiment the polypeptide is expressed from an exogenous vector, such as a plasmid.

[0182] As outlined in example 3 (see also Figure 7) the production strain is considered non-pathogenic by having e.g. very low adherence liver bladder cells. Thus, in an embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli is avirulent and / or non-pathogenic and / or not capable of causing disease.

[0183] In a related embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli has lower adherence to human bladder cells, such as human bladder cell line 5637, than a corresponding wildtype strain.

[0184] In another related embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli has lower adherence to human bladder cells, such as human bladder cell line 5637, than E. coli K-12 MG1655.

[0185] In an embodiment, the production strain ensures a glycan to protein ratio identical or similar to a wild type UPEC strain. This is shown in example 7 and Figure 11. In a preferred embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli, expresses an ExPEC- derived polypeptide, such as an UPEC-derived polypeptide comprising: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 15 positions in SEQ ID NO: 1, selected from the group depicted in Table 2A-B, such as at least 20 positions or such as at least 40 positions.

[0186] Process for producing polypeptide

[0187] In an aspect the invention relates to a process for producing a glycosylated polypeptide of interest and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides of interest, the process the process comprising a) expressing the polypeptide of interest in the genetically modified E. coli according to the invention; and b) purifying the glycosylated polypeptide of interest and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides of interest from said bacteria, such as from the lysate and / or medium and / or supernatant, preferably from the medium and / or supernatant.

[0188] As outlined above, albeit the amino acid sequence of the purified polypeptides may be the same, the exact glycosylation pattern may vary between individual polypeptides, due to the nature of the glycosylation process in a bacteria. Thus, in an embodiment, the polypeptide of interest and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides of interest is a polypeptide or pool of polypeptides according to the present invention. In an embodiment, in step b), the glycosylated polypeptide is purified from the medium and / or supernatant, preferably in the absence of a lysis step. As shown in example 5, it is possible to purify the protein from the supernatant / medium.

[0189] Product by process

[0190] A further aspect of the invention relates to a glycosylated polypeptide and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides obtained by or obtainable by a process according to the invention. As also outlined in the example section, it can be difficult to precisely establish the glycosylation pattern of the individual polypeptides.

[0191] In an embodiment, the glycosylated polypeptide is a polypeptide according to the invention or a composition comprising the plurality of polypeptides with a glycosylation pattern according to the invention.

[0192] Medical uses

[0193] As outlined through-out the application, the polypeptides or compositions according to the invention are efficient vaccines (see Example 4 - Pig challenge study). Thus, an aspect of the invention relates to the polypeptide and / or the composition according to the invention for use as a medicament, such as a vaccine.

[0194] In a similar aspect the invention relates to the polypeptide and / or the composition according to the invention is for raising an immune response in a patient, such as being a vaccine.

[0195] In yet an aspect the invention relates to the polypeptide and / or the composition according to the invention for use in the treatment, prevention and or alleviation of E. coli infections.

[0196] In an embodiment, the E. coli infection is an extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infection. In an embodiment, the polypeptide or the composition is for use in the treatment, prevention and or alleviation extra intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infection, such as an UPEC infection, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), such as bladder infection and / or kidney infection. Again, as shown in Example 4 - Pig challenge study, the polypeptide is highly efficient against bladder infections. Without being bound by theory it is believed that the glycosylation pattern of the polypeptide according the invention resembles the glycosylation pattern of the pathogenic strain to a higher degree by being produced in a non-pathogenic version of the WT strain. Thus, the polypeptide is not produced in a standard E. coli production strain.

[0197] In an embodiment, the polypeptide or the composition is for use in preventing an extra intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infection such as an UPEC infection from entering the bloodstream. In a related embodiment, the polypeptide and / or composition according to the invention is for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of sepsis.

[0198] In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide or the composition is for use in the treatment, prevention and or alleviation of an UPEC infection.

[0199] Antibody

[0200] As outlined in Example 6 - Antibody data and shown in Figure 10, immunization with a hyperglycosylated polypeptide and / or composition according to the invention induces production of antibodies with higher avidity compared to a nonglycosylated versions isolated from a conventional E. coli expression strain e.g., BL21 (DE3) or MG1655.

[0201] Thus, in an aspect the invention relates to an antibody specific for the polypeptide according to the invention.

[0202] In an embodiment, the antibody is selected from the group consisting of a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, an antibody wherein the heavy chain and the light chain are connected by a flexible linker, an Fv molecule, an antigen binding fragment, a Fab fragment, a Fab' fragment, a F(ab')2 molecule, a single domain antibody (sdAB), such as a nanobody, a fully human antibody, a humanized antibody, and a chimeric antibody.

[0203] The antibodies may be suitable to generate chimeric and / or human versions that could be appropriate for human in vivo use.

[0204] Thus, the invention is also concerned with the polypeptides as described herein for use in animals to produce antisera such as for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

[0205] Antibodies obtained from animals exposed to the polypeptides as described herein, may be used for the treatment or diagnosis of a bacterial infection, such as an UPEC infection.

[0206] Thus, in yet an aspect the invention relates to in vitro uses of the polypeptides, compositions and antibodies according to the present invention.

[0207] In a related aspect the invention relates to the use of the glycosylated polypeptides according to the invention for raising antibodies against the glycosylated polypeptides.

[0208] Plasmid

[0209] As outlined in the example section, and in particular examples 8-12, the inventing team has developed a plasmid construct able to express high amounts of secreted glycosylated YghJ polypeptides, which may e.g. be used for vaccine purposes.

[0210] Thus, an aspect of the invention relates to a plasmid encoding for

[0211] - a YghJ polypeptide, and

[0212] - a type 2 secretion system (T2SS).

[0213] As shown in example 9, the presence of the T2SS system increases secretion of GPV02 (YghJ) into the culture supernatant.

[0214] T2SS

[0215] In a preferred embodiment, the T2SS being an E.coli T2SS. In the example section such E.coli T2SS has been tested. In a preferred embodiment, YghJ and T2SS are expressed from the same RNA, preferably with YgHJ being upstream to T2SS. Thus, preferably the T2SS and YgHJ are transcribed from one large transcript. In pathogenic wildtype E. coli the same is the case.

[0216] Phrased in another way, the same mRNA encodes for the T2SS proteins and the YgHJ protein. Thus, the RNA is polycistronic.

[0217] In an embodiment, the T2SS encodes for pppA, yghG, yghF, gspD gspE, gspF, gspG, gspH, gspl, gspJ, gspK, gspL and gspM.

[0218] In an embodiment, the order of the T2SS genes is as outlined in Figure 14.

[0219] In yet an embodiment, the T2SS are as outlined in the table just below.

[0220] In a related embodiment, T2SS is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0221] PostseoreQational killing mechanism

[0222] Plasmids may be lost from bacteria over time. Thus, in an embodiment, the plasmid encodes for a postsegregational killing mechanism, such as an type I toxin-antitoxin pair, preferably being a hok / sok system or a flmA / B system, more preferably being the hok / sok system. In example 8 it is shown that the presence of a hok / sok system in the plasmid gave stable plasmid inheritance. YqhJ

[0223] In an embodiment the YghJ polypeptide encoded by the plasmid is selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0224] In another embodiment the YghJ polypeptide is derived from an UPEC strain.

[0225] In an embodiment, YghJ polypeptide is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 44.

[0226] Promoter region

[0227] Expression from the plasmid may be improved using a promoter (region). Thus, in yet an embodiment, yghJ comprises (is under the control of) a promoter region, preferably an upstream promoter region.

[0228] In yet another embodiment, the promoter region comprises (or consists of) one or more elements selected from the group consisting of an upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, an upstream intergenic region of chromosomal yghJ, such as SEQ ID NO: 46; and an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48.

[0229] Examples 10 and 11 show that expression can be improved when using optimized promoters. It is noted that the upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region SEQ ID NO: 47 is part of the larger upstream intergenic region of chromosomal yghJ, SEQ ID NO: 46; In an embodiment, the promoter region comprises an upstream intergenic region of yghJ, preferably, UPEC UTI89 YghJ upstream intergenic region, more preferably SEQ ID NO: 46.

[0230] In another embodiment, the promoter region comprises an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48.

[0231] In yet another embodiment, the promoter region comprises (or consists of) an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48; and an upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, preferably with the IPTG inducable promoter being upstream of the chromosomal yghJ UTR region.

[0232] In an embodiment, the promoter region comprises SEQ ID NO: 49 (combination of IPTG promoter and chromosomal yghJ UTR region).

[0233] In a further embodiment, the promoter region is positioned upstream from yghJ, such as being positioned at a position from 1500 nucleotides to 1 nucleotide upstream from the start codon for yghJ, such as from 1000-1 nucleotides upstream, preferably 500-1 nucleotides upstream from from the start codon for yg / 7j.

[0234] In a preferred embodiment, the plasmid has a pSClOl origin. pSClOl has been used in the example section.

[0235] Cell

[0236] For cell expression the plasmid of the invention must of course be present in a cell. Thus another aspect of the invention relates to a host cell, preferably a bacteria, more preferably E. coli, comprising the plasmid according to the invention.

[0237] In an embodiment, the host cell is a bacterial expression cell, preferably E. coli. In yet an embodiment, the host cell is an E. coli, such as being an ExPEC, such as UPEC, such as UTI89.

[0238] In another embodiment, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of

[0239] - a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; and o does not express PapG and / or WaaL;

[0240] - a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; and o does not express WaaL;

[0241] - a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; o does not express PapG; and o does not express WaaL.

[0242] In yet another embodiment, the host cell does not express lacY.

[0243] In yet a further embodiment, the host cell does not express lacY, and does also not express o FimH; and / or o PapG; and / or o WaaL; wherein the yghJ encoded by the plasmid comprises a promoter region comprising an element selected from the group consisting of an upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, an upstream intergenic region of chromosomal yghJ, such as SEQ ID NO: 46; and an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48.

[0244] In an embodiment, the host cell is avirulent and / or non-pathogenic and / or not capable of causing disease. In a preferred embodiment, the upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region is the upstream yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47.

[0245] In another preferred embodiment, the upstream intergenic region of chromosomal yghJ is the yghJ chromosomal upstream intergenic region such as SEQ ID NO: 46. In a further embodiment, the genes (as outlined above) are knocked-out by a method selected from the group consisting of in-frame deletions, introduction of stop sites and whole gene removal.

[0246] In an embodiment, the genetically modified E. coli has lower adherence to human bladder cells, such as human bladder cell line 5637, than E. coli K-12 MG1655.

[0247] Process for producing YghJ

[0248] A further aspect of the invention relates to a process for producing an YghJ polypeptide of interest, the process comprising a) optionally, inducing expression of the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to the invention; b) expressing the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to the invention; c) purifying produced YghJ polypeptide from the lysate and / or medium and / or supernatant, preferably from the medium and / or supernatant, more preferably from the supernatant.

[0249] Again, as outlined in the example section, expression of yghJ from the plasmid of the invention is more efficient that expression from chromosomal DNA, In particular when a T2SS is present on the plasmid and even further when an optimized promoter region is used.

[0250] In an embodiment, in step c), the polypeptide is purified from the medium and / or supernatant, preferably in the absence of a lysis step. As outlined in example 9 cellular export is improved when the T2SS is present allowing for efficient isolation from e.g. the supernatant, making a lysis step absolute. Polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process

[0251] Another aspect of the invention relates to a YghJ polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process according to the invention. As shown e.g. in example 11, a high supernatant yield and a high glycan to protein ratio is observed when YghJ (GPV02) is isolated from the production strain relying on plasmid expression.

[0252] In an embodiment, the YghJ polypeptide is glycosylated.

[0253] In a related embodiment, the YghJ polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern, such as a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, similar to a strain expressing YghJ from the chromosome, preferably measured by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, such as described in example 7.

[0254] In yet another embodiment, the YghJ polypeptide has a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, preferably measured by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, such as described in example 7, of at least 0.020, such as at least 0.025, such as at least 0.030, such as in the range 0.025-0.034, preferably in the range 0.027-0.034, more preferably in the range 0.030-0.034.

[0255] In an embodiment, the YghJ polypeptide is for use as a medicament, such as a vaccine.

[0256] In another embodiment, the YghJ polypeptide is for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an E. coli infection, such as an extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infection, such as an UPEC infection.

[0257] In yet another embodiment, the YghJ polypeptide is for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an UPEC bladder infection.

[0258] Another aspect relates to an antibody specific for a polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process according to the invention. Other aspects

[0259] An aspect of the invention relates to a method for immunizing a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject the polypeptide according to the invention or a composition according to the invention.

[0260] Another aspect relates to a method for treating a subject, which is infected with UPEC comprising administering to the subject the polypeptide and / or a composition according to the invention and / or an antibody according to the invention.

[0261] In an embodiment, said subject is a mammal, such as life stock, pets or racing animals, preferably a human.

[0262] It should be noted that embodiments and features described in the context of one of the aspects of the present invention also apply to the other aspects of the invention.

[0263] Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

[0264] Items of the invention

[0265] 1. A plasmid encoding for

[0266] - a YghJ polypeptide, and

[0267] - a type 2 secretion system (T2SS).

[0268] 2. The plasmid according to item 1, wherein the T2SS being an E.coli T2SS.

[0269] 3. The plasmid according to item 1 or 2, wherein YgHJ and T2SS are expressed from the same RNA, preferably with YgHJ being upstream to T2SS. 4. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items, wherein the T2SS encodes for pppA, yghG, yghF, gspD gspE, gspF, gspG, gspH, gspl, gspJ, gspK, gspL and gspM.

[0270] 5. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items, wherein the T2SS is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0271] 6. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items, encoding for a postsegregational killing mechanism, such as an type I toxin-antitoxin pair, preferably being a hok / sok system or a flmA / B system, more preferably being the hok / sok system.

[0272] 7. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items, wherein the YghJ polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0273] 8. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items wherein the YghJ polypeptide is derived from an UPEC strain.

[0274] 9. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items, wherein YghJ comprises (is under the control of) a promoter region, preferably an upstream promoter region.

[0275] 10. The plasmid according to item 9, wherein the promoter region comprises (or consists of) one or more elements selected from the group consisting of an upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, an upstream intergenic region of chromosomal yghJ, such as SEQ ID NO: 46; and an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48.

[0276] 11. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items 9-10, wherein the promoter region comprises an upstream intergenic region of yghJ, preferably, UPEC UTI89 yghJ upstream intergenic region, more preferably SEQ ID NO: 46.

[0277] 12. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items 9-11, wherein the promoter comprises an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48.

[0278] 13. The plasmid according to any of the preceding items 9-12, wherein the promoter region comprises an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48; and an upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, preferably with the IPTG inducable promoter being upstream of the chromosomal yghJ UTR region.

[0279] 14. The plasmid according to any of items 9-13, wherein the promoter region is positioned upstream from yghJ, such as being positioned at a position from 1500 nucleotides to 1 nucleotide upstream from the start codon for yghJ, such as from 1000-1 nucleotides upstream, preferably 500-1 nucleotides upstream from from the start codon for yghJ.

[0280] 15. A host cell, preferably a bacteria, more preferably E. coli, comprising the plasmid according to any of the preceding items.

[0281] 16. The host cell according to item 15, being a bacterial expression cell, preferably E. coli.

[0282] 17. The host cell according to any of items 15-16, being an E. coli, such as being an ExPEC, such as UPEC, such as UTI89. 18. The host cell according to any of items 15-17, being selected from the group consisting of

[0283] - a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; and o does not express PapG and / or WaaL;

[0284] - a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; and o does not express WaaL;

[0285] - a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; o does not express PapG; and o does not express WaaL.

[0286] 19. The host cell according to any of the preceding items 15-18, which does not express lacY.

[0287] 20. The host cell according to any of the preceding items 15-19, which does not express lacY, and does also not express o FimH; and / or o PapG; and / or o WaaL; wherein the yghJ encoded by the plasmid comprises a promoter region comprising an element selected from the group consisting of an upstream chromosomal YghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, an upstream intergenic region of chromosomal YghJ, such as SEQ ID NO: 46; and an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 49.

[0288] 21. The host cell according to any of items 15-20, being avirulent and / or non- pathogenic and / or not capable of causing disease. 22. The host cell according to any of items 15-21, wherein the genes according to any of items 18-20 are knocked-out by a method selected from the group consisting of in-frame deletions, introduction of stop sites and whole gene removal.

[0289] 23. The host cell according to any of items 15-22, wherein the genetically modified E. coli has lower adherence to human bladder cells, such as human bladder cell line 5637, than E. coli K-12 MG1655.

[0290] 24. A process for producing an YghJ polypeptide of interest, the process comprising a) optionally, inducing expression of the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to any of items 15-23; b) expressing the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to any of items 15-23; c) purifying produced YghJ polypeptide from the lysate and / or medium and / or supernatant, preferably from the medium and / or supernatant, more preferably from the supernatant.

[0291] 25. The process according to item 24, wherein in step c), the polypeptide is purified from the medium and / or supernatant, preferably in the absence of a lysis step.

[0292] 26. A YghJ polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process according to any of items 24-25.

[0293] 27. The YghJ polypeptide according to item 26 being glycosylated.

[0294] 28. The YghJ polypeptide according to item 26 or 27, having a glycosylation pattern, such as a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, similar to a strain expressing YghJ from the chromosome, preferably measured by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, such as described in example 7.

[0295] 29. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of items 26-28, having a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, preferably measured by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, such as described in example 7, of at least 0.020, such as at least 0.025, such as at least 0.030, such as in the range 0.025-0.034, preferably in the range 0.027-0.034, more preferably in the range 0.030-0.034.

[0296] 30. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of items 26-29, for use as a medicament, such as a vaccine.

[0297] 31. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of items 26-30 for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an E. coli infection, such as an extra- intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infection, such as an UPEC infection.

[0298] 32. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of items 26-31 for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an UPEC bladder infection.

[0299] 33. An antibody specific for a polypeptide according to any of items 26-32.

[0300] Clauses of the invention

[0301] 1. A genetically modified E. coli which:

[0302] - does not express FimH; and

[0303] - does not express PapG and / or WaaL.

[0304] 2. The genetically modified E. coli according to clause 1, which:

[0305] - does not express FimH; and

[0306] - does not express WaaL.

[0307] 3. The genetically modified E. coli according to clause 1 or 2, which:

[0308] - does not express FimH;

[0309] - does not express PapG; and

[0310] - does not express WaaL.

[0311] 4. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, being an ExPEC, such as UPEC, such as UTI89.

[0312] 5. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, being avirulent and / or non-pathogenic and / or not capable of causing disease. 6. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the the genes are knocked out by a method selected from the group consisting of in-frame deletions, introduction of stop sites and whole gene removal.

[0313] 7. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein said genetically modified E. coli

[0314] - express a glycosylated polypeptide of interest, such as an immunogenic vaccine; or

[0315] - is adapted to express a glycosylated polypeptide of interest, such as an immunogen / vaccine.

[0316] 8. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, encoding for a polypeptide which can be expressed in said E. coli, with a glycosylation pattern similar to a non-genetically modified version of said E. coli, such as UTI89.

[0317] 9. The genetically modified E. coli according to clause 8, wherein said polypeptide is under the control of its endogenous promoter.

[0318] 10. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses 8-9, wherein said polypeptide is expressed from the genome, such as being an endogenous polypeptide and not expressed from an exogenous vector, such as a plasmid.

[0319] 11. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses 8-9, wherein said polypeptide is expressed from the genome, and not expressed from an exogenous vector, such as a plasmid.

[0320] 12. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses 8-9, wherein the polypeptide is expressed from an exogenous vector, such as a plasmid. 13. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses 8-9 and 11, wherein the polypeptide is expressed from a plasmid.

[0321] 14. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the genetically modified E. coli is avirulent and / or non-pathogenic and / or not capable of causing disease.

[0322] 15. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the genetically modified E. coli has lower adherence to human bladder cells, such as human bladder cell line 5637, than a corresponding wildtype strain.

[0323] 16. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the genetically modified E. coli has lower adherence to human bladder cells, such as human bladder cell line 5637, than E. coli K-12 MG1655.

[0324] 17. The genetically modified E. coli according to any of the preceding clauses, expressing an ExPEC-derived polypeptide, such as an UPEC-derived polypeptide comprising: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 15 positions in SEQ ID NO: 1, selected from the group depicted in Table 2A-B, such as at least 20 positions or such as at least 40 positions.

[0325] 18. An ExPEC-derived polypeptide, such as an UPEC-derived polypeptide, comprising: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or a) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 15 positions in SEQ ID NO: 1, selected from the group depicted in Table 2A-B, such as at least 20 positions or such as at least 40 positions.

[0326] 19. The polypeptide according to clause 18, comprising an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0327] 20. The polypeptide according to clause 18, comprising an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 40 positions in SEQ ID NO: 1, selected from the group depicted in Table 2A-B.

[0328] 21. The polypeptide according to any of the preceding clauses 18-20, being derived from an UPEC strain.

[0329] 22. The polypeptide according to any of clauses 18-21, being glycosylated on at least 15 positions such as on at least 20 positions, such as all of the positions depicted in Table 2B.

[0330] 23. The polypeptide according to any of the preceding clauses 18-22, being glycosylated on at least 15 positions selected from the group depicted in Table 3A-B, such as on at least 20 positions, such as on at least 30 positions, or such as all of the positions according to Table 3A-B.

[0331] 24. The polypeptide according to any of the preceding clauses 18-23, being glycosylated on at least 10 positions selected from the group depicted in Table 4, such as on at least 15 positions, such as on at least 20 positions or such as all of the positions depicted in Table 4.

[0332] 25. The polypeptide according to any of the preceding clauses 18-24, being glycosylated on at least position S152, and / or S154 and / or S164, such as S152 and S154, such as S154 and S164, such as S152 and S164 or such as S152, S154 and S164; and being glycosylated on at least positions T592, and / or S594 and / or S597, such as T592 and S594, such as S594 and S597, such as T592 and S597, or such as T592 and S594 and S597.

[0333] 26. A polypeptide according to any of clause 18-25, or a polypeptide, comprising: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein said polypeptide has a glycosylation pattern defined by being glycosylated on at least 10 positions selected from the group depicted in Table 4, such as on at least 15 positions, such as on at least 20 positions or such as all of the positions depicted in Table 4.

[0334] 27. The polypeptide according to any of clauses 18-26, having a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, of at least 0.020, such as at least 0.025, preferably at least 0.030 or such as in the range 0.020-0.050, by weight, preferably in the range 0.030-0.050 more preferably in the range 0.030-0.04.

[0335] 28. The polypeptide according to clause 27, wherein the glycan to protein ratio is determined by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

[0336] 29. A composition comprising the polypeptide according to any of clauses 18-28.

[0337] 30. A process for producing a glycosylated polypeptide of interest and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides of interest, the process comprising a) expressing the polypeptide of interest in the genetically modified E. coli according to any of clauses 1-17; and b) purifying the glycosylated polypeptide of interest and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides of interest from said bacteria, such as from the lysate and / or medium and / or supernatant, preferably from the medium and / or supernatant.

[0338] 31. The process according to clause 30, wherein in step b), the glycosylated polypeptide is purified from the medium and / or supernatant, preferably in the absence of a lysis step.

[0339] 32. A glycosylated polypeptide and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides obtained by or obtainable by a process according to any of clauses 30-31.

[0340] 33. The polypeptide according to any of clauses 18-28 and / or the composition according to clause 29 and / or the glycosylated polypeptide and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides according to clause 32 for use as a medicament, such as a vaccine.

[0341] 34. The polypeptide according to any of clauses 18-28 or the composition according to clause 29 and / or glycosylated polypeptide and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides according to clause 32 for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an E. coli infection, such as an extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infection, such as an UPEC infection.

[0342] 35. The polypeptide according to any of clauses 18-28 or the composition according to clause 29 and / or glycosylated polypeptide and / or plurality of glycosylated polypeptides according to clause 32 for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an UPEC bladder infection.

[0343] 36. An antibody specific for a polypeptide according to any of clauses 18-28 or 32.

[0344] All patent and non-patent references cited in the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0345] The invention will now be described in further details in the following non-limiting examples. Examples

[0346] Example 1 - Materials and methods

[0347] Bacteria! strains and growth conditions

[0348] Escherichia coli UTI89 (Infect Immun. 2001, 69:4572) was used as wildtype UPEC strain and is the basis of the production strain. For cloning purposes, strains were routinely grown aerated at 37 °C in Luria Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with 100 pg / ml ampicillin (Amp), 40 pg / ml kanamycin (Kan) or 30 pg / ml chlorampenicol (Cml) when necessary.

[0349] For production of full length YghJ, all strains were grown in LB+M9 medium (Clark and Maaloe,J Mol Biol. 1967, 23:99) supplemented with 0.2% glucose and 0.4% casamino acids (1: 1 vol / vol).

[0350] For the adhesion assay, we used UTI89 yghJ::3xFLAG (KanR) as the wildtype and compared to UTI89 l waaL l fimH l papG yghJ: :3xFLAG-10xHis: : FRT (the production strain as defined in this invention) and E. coli K-12 MG1655 (non- pathogenic conventional production strain) carrying a pNDM220 (Mol Microbiol. 1998, 29: 1065) derivative or pKD46, respectively. Strains were grown statically overnight at 37 °C in LB medium prior to the adhesion assay.

[0351] For pig challenge studies, UTI89 wildtype was grown overnight, statically in LB medium at 37 °C. The culture was diluted 4000x in fresh LB medium and incubated overnight, statically at 37 °C. Serial passage and static growth ensures that most of the population expresses type 1-pili necessary for establishing an infection (Hung et al. Nat Protoc. 2009, 4: 1230).

[0352] DNA manipulations

[0353] His-tagging

[0354] The UTI89 yghJ gene was tagged at the 3' end by the method described by Uzzau et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98: 15264). Briefly, a linear dsDNA molecule is prepared by PCR, which carries the epitope tag followed by a kanamycin resistance cassette kan) flanked by FRT sites (FLP recombinase recognition sites; allow removal of drug resistance once the tagged clone is obtained). The tag-FRT- an-FRT product is flanked by sequences (60-400 bp) that are homologues to the last part o yghJ and the region immediately downstream from the gene. The linear PCR product is transformed into the target strain, which carries an easily curable helper plasmid (pKD46) expressing the phage A Red recombinase, that facilitates recombination between the homologues regions. Clones expressing the C-terminal-tagged YghJ protein can be identified by standard immuno-detection methods (e.g. Western blotting), and the antibiotic resistance removed by means of a curable helper plasmid, pCP20, expressing the FLP recombinase (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:6640). Primer sequences used to generate the yghJ-6xHis, -3xFLAG-6xHis and -3xFLAG-10xHis clones are shown in Table 1.

[0355] Deletions

[0356] The ! c4349-4351 mutant was generated by the Datsenko and Wanner method (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000) which, similar to epitope-tagging described above, utilizes phage A Red recombinase and a linear PCR product carrying an antibiotic resistance gene (cm / ) flanked by sequences homologous to chromosomal regions up- and downstream of the area to be deleted. The recombination event, thus, replaces the deleted area on the chromosome by the cm! cassette. Additionally, we used this technique in an attempt to delete the O-antigen cluster either fully (c2303-c2312 or partially (c2308-c2312 or c2303-c2307) , however, these efforts were unsuccessful. Primer sequences are shown in Table 1.

[0357] The / waal_, / fimH and ! papG mutations were created using a CRISPR / Cas9 procedure adapted from Zhao et al. (Microb Cell Fact. 2016, 15:205). Briefly, this method relies on a single plasmid encoding the Cas9 endonuclease and sgRNA necessary for generating a double stranded break in the target sequence; furthermore, the plasmid carries the donor DNA (homologous sequences flanking the target region), phage A Red recombinase and recA genes required for DNA repair by homologous recombination. Because of a modular plasmid design, it is only necessary to prepare a custom guide sequence (N20, made by annealing two DNA oligos) and donor DNA (approx. 300 bp homology arms, made by PCR) for each target. The invariable components of the plasmid are amplified by PCR (part 1 and part 2) and the four parts are assembled by Golden Gate Assembly with Bsal restriction enzyme and T4 DNA ligase. Primers and oligos used to construct the deletion mutants are shown in Table 1.

[0358] Cell line culture conditions

[0359] The human bladder cell line ATCC 5637 was used to study the adherence capacity of the production strain. Cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37°C and grown in Gibco RPMI 1640 medium (ATCC modification) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and Penicillin-Streptomycin (Pen-Strep; 100 units / ml; 100 pg / ml) (Gibco). When reaching 90% confluence the 5637 cells were trypsinized for 5 min, diluted 1:4 and seeded in 12-well plates (Nunc).

[0360] Adhesion assay

[0361] One hour prior to addition of bacteria, 100 % confluent 5637 cells (approx. 5 x 105cells per well) were washed thrice with lx phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with growth medium without Pen-Strep. A multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.5 was used. Bacteria and cells were incubated for 1 h. Non-adherent bacteria were removed by washing the cells thrice with PBS, vigorously shaking the plate on a plate-shaker on each washing step. Relative adhesion potential was determined by serial dilutions and plating onto selective LA plates. CFU was determined next day, and the adhesion ability of each strain was normalized to the adhesion ability of wild-type strain UTI89. The assay was done in four independent biological replicates, with four wells per strain. Each well was serial diluted, and dilutions spotted twice on selective plates.

[0362] Western blotting

[0363] Denaturing SDS PAGE and western blotting was carried out as described by Thorsing et al. (Thorsing et al., 2021). Antibodies used are specified in figure descriptions.

[0364] A 1:6.000 dilution of rabbit monoclonal anti-His was used as primary antibody. Secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugated antibody was used with a 1:8.000 dilution. Protein bands were visualized using chemiluminescence.

[0365] Protein purification

[0366] Glycosylated YghJ was purified by His-purification essentially as described by Riaz et al. (Riaz et al., 2021) with minor changes. Filtered culture supernatant was adjusted to 200 mM NaCI and 0.05% Triton X-100 and incubated with TALON® resin to capture tagged YghJ. After incubation, the resin was washed twice with wash buffer I (lx PBS, pH 7.2, containing 600 mM NaCI and 0.05% Triton X-100) and once with wash buffer II (0.5x PBS, containing 0.05% Triton X-100, [pH 7.6]). Glycosylated YghJ was eluted by incubating the resin in elution buffer (0.5x PBS, containing 150 mM imidazole and 0.05% Triton X-100, [pH 9.4]). Eluates were spin filter concentrated and purified further by ion exchange on a Toyopearl NH2-750F 1 ml column (Tosoh Bioscience) using an AKTA start (Cytiva) chromatography system. The concentrated eluate was loop loaded onto the column, washed with 10 column volumes (CV) of buffer A (20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, 75 mM NaCI, 0.01% Triton X-100), then 10 CV of buffer A with additional 260 mM NaCI, and eluted with 14 CV buffer A with additional 1.425 M NaCI. Purified proteins were quantified using the BCA Micro Assay (Thermo Fischer Scientific) relative to a bovine serum albumin standard.

[0367] Table 1. DNA primers and oligonucleotides used for construction of the production strain.

[0368]

[0369]

[0370] Example 2 - Production dependent glycosylation pattern

[0371] Aim of study

[0372] To demonstrate that purification of full length YghJ from the detoxified and avirulent production strain results in efficient protein glycosylation (GPV02, as defined in this invention). Further to demonstrate that, in contrast, if full length YghJ is isolated from a conventional E. coli production strain e.g. BL21 (DE3) or MG1655 this results in a protein with significantly fewer glycosylations and a different glycosylation pattern compared to the production strain according to the present invention.

[0373] Materials and methods

[0374] Full length glycosylated YghJ (GPV02) was isolated from the production strain according to the invention and compared to full length YghJ, which was isolated from a conventional E. coll over-expression strain (Conventional YghJ antigen). The BEMAP protocol was used to identify O-linked glycosylated tryptic peptides within the two YghJ protein variants (Boysen et al., 2016). For the BEMAP analysis of GPV02, 3 pg to 138 pg purified protein was used as sample input. For the BEMAP analysis of the conventional YghJ antigen, 300 pg purified protein was used as sample input. The relative abundance of each of the identified glycopeptides within a BEMAP analysis was also determined using the Minora Feature Detector of the Proteome Discoverer software program. Standard settings of the Minora tool were used. Briefly described, the Minora tool measures the area under each identified glycopeptide peak. By summing all the areas, the relative abundance for each peptide can be calculated as a percentage (area of a peptide / total areas of all peaks * 100). Results

[0375] A total of 12 BEMAP analyses using different sample amounts of GPV02 were performed to identify glycopeptides. For GPV02, we observed that the number of identified glycopeptides correlated with an increasing amount of sample used in the BEMAP analysis. For example, where 9.6 pg, 31.8 pg, 82 pg and 138 pg GPV02 sample was used as input 16, 39, 54 and 66 glycopeptides were identified, respectively. For a subset of glyco-peptides, the same glycosylation pattern was observed irrespective of sample amount used for the BEMAP analysis. For another subset of glycopeptides, these were only identified when the highest amounts of sample were used for the analysis. By combining all the BEMAP analyses of GPV02, a total of 102 modified residues were identified, see table 2AB and further glycosylation patterns were established, see table 3AB and Table 4.

[0376] Table 2: Glycosylation sites identified in GPV02 (SEQ ID NO: 1)

[0377] Table 3 - Selected glycosylation sites identified in YghJ (SEQ ID NO: 1)

[0378] Table 4 - Selected glycosylation sites identified in YghJ (SEQ ID NO: 1)

[0379] In order to compare the glycosylation pattern of GPV02 with Conventional YghJ antigen (such as produced and tested in Nesta et al. (Nesta et al., 2014)), one BEMAP analysis of Conventional YghJ antigen was made. To maximize the number of identified glycopeptides originating from the Conventional YghJ antigen, 300 pg protein was used as input to the BEMAP protocol. However, despite this high amount of protein, the BEMAP analysis resulted in the identification of only 11 glycopeptides. The correlation between the number of identified glycopeptides (for both GPV02 and conventional YghJ antigen) and sample amount was plotted and shown in Figure 1. Using Minora Feature Detector software tools, we determined the relative abundance of all identified glycopeptides derived from GPV02. As mentioned above, a small subset of peptides was almost always identified when analysing GPV02. These sequences were also the ones with the highest abundance. For example, and as shown in Figure 2, in four BEMAP analyses where 31.8 pg, 54 pg, 82 pg and 138 pg GPV02 sample was used as input 39, 31, 54 and 66 glycopeptides were identified, respectively. In these four analyses, shown in Figure 2, the relative abundance of two peptides was on average 66% and 13%, respectively. In the analysis, it was also determined that five peptides had an abundance above 1%, whereas the remaining peptides were below. Some peptides were found to have a relative abundance close to 0.001%. We highlight that the dynamic range of the analysis spans five orders of magnitude.

[0380] For comparison we also determined the relative abundance of the 11 identified glycopeptides derived from the conventional full length YghJ, see Figure 2. The relative abundance of these peptides was different from what had been determined when analysing GPV02. For example, the peptide with an average abundance of 66% in GPV02, was not detected at all in the sample derived from the conventional full length YghJ. Conversely, one peptide derived from the conventional full length YghJ that had an abundance of 61.4%, was determined to be approximately 400-fold less abundant in GPV02. At an overall level, the analysis shows that the abundance of eight peptides out of 11 sequences were dissimilar when comparing the two antigens and only three peptides were similar.

[0381] Conclusion

[0382] GPV02 is a 1520 amino acid polypeptide which contains 237 Ser / Thr residues. Using 138 pg GPV02 a total of 102 modified residues were identified (Table 2). This number shows that GPV02 is hyper-glycosylated. It is unlikely that all 237 residues are modified, as many Ser / Thr sites are buried within the tertiary structure and therefor inaccessible for the glycosyltransferases.

[0383] This is supported by the BEMAP analysis depicted in Figure 2 which indicates that there seems to be an upper limit for the number of sites that can be modified. The result of the glycopeptide analysis of the conventional full length YghJ antigen as produced in Nesta et al. (Nesta et al., 2014) was very surprising. Only 11 peptides were identified even though 300 pg protein sample was used as input. One would have expected to identify at least a similar number of glycopeptides when comparing to GPV02 in the analysis where the highest amount of sample had been used. This was however not the case and indicates that the choice of strain used for protein antigen production is important when specifically looking for protein glycosylation. The relative glycopeptide abundance was determined for the two antigens. Surprisingly, the relative abundance and pattern was very dissimilar indicating that the protein glycosylation machinery must be functioning mechanistically different in the two strains.

[0384] It is concluded that GPV02 protein glycosylation heavily depends on the choice of host strain. This has serious implications from a production point of view. It is generally not considered desirable to express immunogens in the natural pathogenic host due to the risk of infections for the personal handling the purification process, waste management and post-production instrument handling. Therefore, to obtain a glycosylated GPV02 vaccine, as defined in this invention, one must engineer a production strain, which is able to produce the antigen with the glycosylation patterns according to the natural pathogenic bacteria and at the same time is non-pathogenic allowing it to be grown in low level biosafety laboratories. We have shown that this can be achieved by deleting genes involved in Lipopolysaccharide production as well as colonization of human cells (Example 3).

[0385] Example 3 - Non-pathogenic production strain

[0386] Aim of study

[0387] To obtain a non-pathogenic UPEC strain for production of full length YghJ antigen (tagged to enable purification), which retains its ability to effectively glycosylate YghJ. Genes for editing were chosen based on their importance in pathogenicity as well undesired immunogenicity. We focused on the elimination of adhesins to hamper the pathogen's ability to establish adhesion to host cells as well as reduction in the pyrogenic O-antigen of the pathogen.

[0388] Materials and methods

[0389] His-tagging: The UTI89 yghJ gene was tagged at the 3' end by the method described by Uzzau et al. 2001. Briefly, a linear dsDNA molecule is prepared by PCR, which carries the epitope tag followed by a kanamycin resistance cassette ( an) flanked by FRT sites (FLP recombinase recognition sites; allow removal of drug resistance once the tagged clone is obtained). The tag-FRT-kan-FRT product is flanked by sequences (60-400 bp) that are homologues to the last part of yghJ and the region immediately downstream from the gene. The linear PCR product is transformed into the target strain, which carries an easily curable helper plasmid (pKD46) expressing the phage A Red recombinase, that facilitates recombination between the homologues regions. Clones expressing the C-terminal-tagged YghJ protein can be identified by standard immuno-detection methods (e.g. Western blotting), and the antibiotic resistance removed by means of a curable helper plasmid, pCP20, expressing the FLP recombinase (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000). Primer sequences used to generate the yghJ-6xHis, -3xFLAG-6xHis and -3xFLAG- lOxHis clones are shown in Table 1.

[0390] Deletions:

[0391] The ! c4349-4351 mutant was generated by the Datsenko and Wanner method (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000), which, similar to epitope-tagging described above, utilizes phage A Red recombinase and a linear PCR product carrying an antibiotic resistance gene (cat) flanked by sequences homologous to chromosomal regions up- and downstream of the area to be deleted. The recombination event, thus, replaces the deleted area on the chromosome by the cat cassette. Additionally, we used this technique in an attempt to delete the O-antigen cluster either fully (c2303-c2312 or partially (c2308-c2312 or c2303-c2307) , however, these efforts were unsuccessful. Primer sequences are shown in Table 1.

[0392] The / waaL, ! fimH ! papG and lacY mutations were created using a CRISPR / Cas9 procedure adapted from Zhao et a / . (Zhao et al., 2016). Briefly, this method relies on a single plasmid encoding the Cas9 endonuclease and sgRNA necessary for generating a double stranded break in the target sequence; furthermore, the plasmid carries the donor DNA (homologous sequences flanking the target region), phage A Red recombinase and recA genes required for DNA repair by homologous recombination. Because of a modular plasmid design, it is only necessary to prepare a custom guide sequence (N20, made by annealing two DNA oligos) and donor DNA (approx. 300 bp homology arms, made by PCR) for each target. The invariable components of the plasmid are amplified by PCR (part 1 and part 2) and the four parts are assembled by Golden Gate Assembly with Bsal restriction enzyme and T4 DNA ligase. Primers and oligos used to construct the deletion mutants are shown in Table 1.

[0393] Results

[0394] For purification purposes, the yghJ gene of UTI89 was modified to encode YghJ with a C-terminal 3xFI_AG-10xHis tag (see Example 5 below for choice of epitope tag). We achieved this by the Datsenko-Wanner method (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000), which leaves some "scar" sequence downstream of the edited region after FLP-mediated excision of the antibiotic selection marker, but other methods (e.g. CRISPR / Cas) could also be used to introduce the tag.

[0395] O-antigen elimination

[0396] Deletion of wzx and wxy genes:

[0397] To eliminate O-antigen from the cell surface, we sought to delete the wzx and wxy genes involved in O-antigen transport and polymerization, respectively (Figure 3). In E. coll, genes involved in O-antigen biosynthesis are generally found in a cluster between the ga / f and gnd genes (Samuel & Reeves, 2003), which is also the case for UTI89 (genes c2303-c2312, of which rfbE / c2308 is a putative O- antigen transporter and c2307 encodes a putative O-antigen polymerase). However, our efforts to delete the entire cluster or part of it c2308-c2312 or c2303-c2307) were unsuccessful, most likely as the deletion was lethal. Therefore, a new strategy was attempted: At a distant locus on the chromosome, wzxE (c4349) and wzyE c4351) are annotated as a putative O-antigen flippase and putative O-antigen polymerase, respectively. We were able to delete both these genes along with c4350, encoding WecF involved in enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) biosynthesis. However, as shown in Figure 3, the ! c4349-4351 mutant only displayed about 2-fold less O-antigen in the culture supernatant relative to the wildtype, which was inadequate for the further use of the mutant as a production strain.

[0398] WaaL deletion: In an alternative approach, we made a deletion in the waaL gene c4167), annotated as an O-antigen ligase (Figure 3), using the CRISPR / Cas9 method that resulted in in-frame deletion of amino acids 35-385 of WaaL. This mutant has approx. 500-fold less O-antigen in the culture supernatant relative to the wildtype strain (Figure 5), and a change in the migration pattern on the SDS gel indicates, that the remaining O-antigen polymers in the ! waaL mutant are generally shorter. Western blot analysis of culture supernatants using antibodies raised against glycosylated YghJ showed, that the amount of exported YghJ is comparable for wildtype and ! waaL mutant, but noticeably, YghJ exported from the deletion mutant appears as two bands rather than one (Figure 6, upper panel). Concerned that knock out of WaaL leads to outer membrane instability either directly, due to lack of O-antigen, or indirectly, by hampering other biosynthetic pathways (e.g peptidoglycan, capsule, or ECA synthesis) that rely on recycling of the common undecaprenyl phosphate carrier (Figure. 3), we analysed the intracellular level of oE, as an indicator of envelope stress, and found comparable levels in wildtype and ! waaL mutant (Figure 6, lower panel).

[0399] Adhesins elimination:

[0400] Deletion of fimH (c5017) and papG (c4887):

[0401] The UTI89 ! waaL yghJ::3xFLAG-10xHis ::FRT strain was further edited to reduce its pathogenicity potential by eliminating two adhesins, encoded by fimH c5017) and papG (c4887), both of which are involved in initial establishment of infection. Using the CRISPR / Cas9 (Zhao et al., 2016) method we sequentially introduced inframe deletions to remove amino acids 19-290 of FimH and amino acids 20-238 of PapG. When testing the resulting production strain (UTI89 ! waaL ! fimH ! papG yghJ::3xFLAG-10xHis ::FRT) in an in vitro adhesion assay with human bladder cell line 5637, we found that adherence of the mutant was significantly reduced compared to the wildtype, and was even lower than the adherence of a non- pathogenic laboratory strain, E. coli K-12 MG1655 (Figure 7).

[0402] Conclusion

[0403] A production strain for expression of YghJ-3xFLAG-10xHis was established based on the natural pathogenic host, E. coli UTI89. The production strain was rendered incapable of colonization by in-frame deletion of the genes encoding adhesins, FimH and PapG. The production strain was furthermore modified to attach less O- antigen to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is the most prominent constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. This was achieved by deletion of the waaL gene, encoding O-antigen ligase, giving rise to a 500-fold reduction in O- antigen levels compared to the wildtype (Figure 5).

[0404] The phenotypic importance of these deletions was confirmed in an in vitro adhesion assay, in which the adherence of the production strain to human bladder cells was comparable to a non-pathogenic control and significantly lower than the wildtype strain (Figure 7). The phenotype of the production strain as defined in this invention was characterized by not only reduced adherence compared to wild type and conventional production strain, but also when compared to single KO mutants AwaaL and AfimH (data not shown).

[0405] Example 4 - Pig challenge study

[0406] Aim of study

[0407] To assess the extent of protection afforded by GPV02, produced in the production strain according to the invention (see example 3) against a UPEC bladder infection in pigs.

[0408] Materials and methods

[0409] The experimental pig model (immunization and bladder infection) uses nine-week- old female LYD pigs which are challenge with UPEC UTI89 in the bladder (Nielsen et al., 2019). All pigs are challenged with a UPEC UTI89 dose of lxlO4CFU's in a total volume of 100ml PBS buffer, grown as described above. This dose has experimentally been determined to be the minimum dose required for 100% of the animals to get a bladder infection (Staerk et al., 2022). The experiment consisted of 40 pigs which were divided into two separate studies. In the first and second leg of the study, the experiment was stopped eight- and four-days postinfection, respectively.

[0410] The animals were immunized three times two weeks apart subcutaneously in the neck. If a Day 28 pre-defined antibody titre threshold was reached for the vaccinated pigs, all animals were to be inoculated on day 42. In each of the two studies 10 pigs were immunized with the GPV02 antigen or mock immunized with a saline buffer. When immunized with GPV02, the dose consisted of 25ug GPV02 as well as 0.5ug dmLT and 8mg Litevax CMS adjuvant in a total volume of 1.5ml. Urine samples were collected before inoculation, 1-day post- infection as well on the last day of the experiment. The number of CFU's in the urine as well as the number of bacteria associated with the bladder tissue were determined by serial dilutions and plate counting. IgG and IgA antibody end-point titres were determined in blood and vaginal swap samples isolated throughout the challenge study using ELISA where the plates had been coated with GPV02. A schematic outline of the challenge study is shown in Table 5.

[0411] Table 5: Outline of challenge study showing timepoints where different types of samples are isolated, and tasks are performed.

[0412] Tasks and samples Day 0 Day 14 Day 28 Day 42 Day 43 Final Day

[0413] Immunization x x x

[0414] Blood x x x x x

[0415] Vaginal swap x x x x

[0416] Stop / Go decision x

[0417] Bladder infection x

[0418] Urine collection x x x

[0419] Bladder collection x

[0420] Results

[0421] Immunization and bladder infection was carried out as described above. At Day 43 (1 day post infection (DPI)), the urine from three out 19 pigs in the vaccinated group did not contain bacteria demonstrating sterilizing immunity (P=0.168). In contrast, the urine samples of all the control group animals contained viable bacteria verifying a bladder infection. The number of bacteria associated with the bladder tissue was enumerated for both groups at the termination of the experiment. As seen in Figure 8, GPV02 vaccination significantly reduces the ability of UTI89 to colonize the bladder tissue. The number of bacteria in the urine was determined 1 DPI for both groups. As shown in Figure 9, the number of bacteria in the urine is reduced in the vaccinated animals compared to the control group.

[0422] Conclusion The presented data demonstrates the biological relevance of GPV02 as a vaccine candidate. GPV02 confers sterilizing immunity in 15.8% of the pigs against a bladder infection, significantly fewer CFU in bladder tissue upon termination as well as fewer urine CFU counts 1 DPI from the vaccinated group of animals compared to the control group, P=0.0026 and P=0.139, respectively.

[0423] In a previous study, the Full length YghJ / SslE antigen failed to protect against a bladder infection in a mouse model (Nesta et al., 2014). To the best of our knowledge the results of the present invention show for the first time a YghJ / SslE derived antigen conferring protection in an animal model for urinary tract infection. The differentiating feature between GPV02 and the antigen used in Nesta et. al 2014 being hyper-glycosylation.

[0424] As outlined above, the antigen used in Nesta et al. is produced in a conventional production strain (and not its original host), which likely gives rise to suboptimal antigens, since the glycosylation pattern is different.

[0425] Example 5 - Tagging

[0426] For the purpose of antigen production from culture supernatants, the yghJ gene was edited to encode an in-frame polyhistidine tag (His-tag) at the end of the open reading frame, thus enabling purification on immobilized metal affinity chromatography resins, such as TALON® resin. As YghJ carries an N-terminal signal peptide targeting the protein for export, the His tag was placed at the C- terminus.

[0427] Initially, we used a 6xHis tag, but were not able detect any binding to TALON® resin under the conditions tested. Next, a triple FLAG tag was added between YghJ and the 6xHis tag, acting as a 22 amino acid spacer that provides some distance between YghJ and the His-tag to make it more available for interaction with the resin. The YghJ-3xFLAG-6xHis fusion bound to TALON® resin, although only weakly. Thus, to increase the strength of the interaction, the production strain was edited further to encode ten histidine residues in the tag. This modification improved the interaction between YghJ-3xFLAG-10xHis fusion and TALON® resin significantly (see Table 6). In a similar setup a construct using a 4xglycine-serine linker (GS linker) (four glycines followed by one serine), instead of a 3xFLAG tag, in front of the His-tag has been tested and shown to be efficient for purification purposes (Table 6). This setup has been tested since it is considered reducing linker immunogenicity.

[0428] Table 6: Relative binding efficiency of C-terminal His tags to TALON® resin when purifying tagged YghJ (YghJ) from complex culture supernatants.

[0429] Conclusion

[0430] To improve the purification process, an YghJ-3xFLAG-10xHis fusion construct was prepared and used in the production stain as defined in this invention.

[0431] Example 6 - Antibody data

[0432] Aim of study

[0433] To demonstrate that immunization with hyper-glycosylated GPV02 induces production of antibodies with higher avidity compared to non-glycosylated full length YghJ version isolated from a conventional E. coll expression strain e.g., BL21 (DE3) or MG1655.

[0434] Materials and methods

[0435] Animal immunization:

[0436] A glycosylated GPV02 as well as a non-glycosylated full length YghJ antigen was purified from their respective strains, using the protocol described (Thorsing et al., 2021). Nine-week-old female LYD pigs were used for the experiment. The study consisted of 8 pigs, which were divided into two groups of four animals each. The animals were immunized twice two weeks apart subcutaneously in the neck. The groups received GPV02 or non-glycosylated full length YghJ variant. The dose consisted of 25 pg antigen as well as 0.5 pg dmLT and 8 mg Litevax CMS adjuvant in a total volume of 1.5 ml. Two weeks after the final dose, serum was isolated from the animals. Serum samples were used for IgG and IgA antibody end-point titres determination and the avidity assay. Avidity assay:

[0437] The avidity assay is ELISA based and is carried out essentially as described in (Luo et al., 2016) with as few modifications. Briefly described, ELISA plates were coated with either 0.15 pg / ml GPV02 or 0.3 pg / ml non-glycosylated full length YghJ in PBS buffer overnight at 4°C. Pre-immune sample start dilution was x50 fold whereas the start serum sample dilution from the immunized animals was x400 fold before being added to the plates. All sera samples were x2 fold serially diluted in the plate. Serum samples were tested on plates coated with the same antigen as used for immunization, GPV02 and non-glycosylated full length YghJ, respectively. After 1 hr of sera incubation at room temperature the plates were washed in PBS buffer (PBS + 0.05% tween 20). PBS buffer with or without 6M urea was then added to the plates for 75 minutes at room temperature. The plates were washed in PBS buffer before X16.000 fold diluted secondary Pig IgG- HRP conjugated antibody was added to the wells for 1 hr at room temperature. Finally, the plates were washed in PBS buffer before the responses were determined by kinetic ELISA. The avidity was calculated as Kinetic ELISA slopes (Vmax) + UREA / -UREA.

[0438] Results

[0439] The avidity index was calculated for both groups of animals and plotted in Figure 10. The analysis shows that pigs immunized with GPV02 produce antibodies with a significantly higher functional affinity towards the antigen compared to the animals vaccinated with the non-glycosylated full length YghJ antigen.

[0440] Conclusion

[0441] Memory B cells are a major component of the antibody-mediated long-term protective immunity following infection or vaccination. High antibody avidity has previously been shown to correlate with the presence of antigen-specific memory B cells in a number of human bacterial pathogens (Alam et al., 2013; Luo et al., 2016). Therefore, the antibody avidity could be a marker for predicting if a vaccine will provide protective immunity.

[0442] Our analysis shows that vaccination with a glycosylated antigen, such as GPV02, results in a significantly higher antibody avidity compared to a non-glycosylated, but otherwise identical variant. This result suggests that GPV02 isolated from the production strain could provide protective immunity to a higher extent than antigens currently produced in conventional production strains by the industry.

[0443] Example 7 - Glycan to polypeptide ratio

[0444] Aim of study

[0445] To further characterize YghJ isolated from a wild type UPEC strain, a standard E. coli K12 production strain and the production strain according to the invention, the services of the biotech company Spectralys Biotech has been used. Spectralys uses FTIR (fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) to analyze proteins with respect to the glycan to protein ratio.

[0446] Materials and methods

[0447] Sample input to the Spectralys analysis was YghJ isolated from i) wild type UPEC strain (yg / jJ-FLAG tag relying on chromosomal expression levels, ii) the production strain (AwaaL, I fimH, I papG, yghJ-GS linker- lOxHis tag) relying on chromosomal expression levels and iii) artificially induced protein expression from plasmid in a standard E. coli K12 genetic background.

[0448] To determine the glycan / peptide ratio Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy was performed on the sample input to obtain FTIR spectra. Subsequently, the spectra have been integrated between 1182 and 1002 cm-1 (glycan absorption) and between 1740 and 1478 cm-1 (protein absorption) to obtain the peak area ratio which reflects the mass ratio between carbohydrates and proteins. For more detailed information, the method is described in Derenne et al. ((2021). Analysis of Glycoproteins by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy: Comparative Assessment. In: Delobel, A. (eds) Mass Spectrometry of Glycoproteins. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2271. Humana, New York, NY. https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / 978-l-0716- 1241-5_25). Table 7: showing the genetic background of the strains used for YghJ purification.

[0449] Sample Genetic background

[0450] Wild type UPEC yghJ-FLAG-tag

[0451] Production strain AwaaL, AfimH, ApapG, yghJ-GS linker-lOxHis

[0452] Standard E. coli production strain K12 commensal E. coli

[0453] Results

[0454] The results from the Spectralys analysis are shown in Figure 11. The analysis shows that YghJ isolated from either the wild type UPEC strain or the production strain have identical glycan to protein ratios of 0.034. In contrast, plasmid expression in a conventional E. coll production strain resulted in the lowest levels of glycosylation with a ratio of only 0.018.

[0455] Conclusion

[0456] The current industry standard for protein expression in conventional E. coli results in proteins dissimilar to what "nature" produces, when considering the glycan to protein ratio. This claim is supported by Figure 1, which shows the YghJ protein isolated from a standard E. coli production strain resulted in a much lower number of unique glycopeptides. Further support for this claim is shown in Figure 2 which demonstrates that the relative glycopeptide abundance and pattern was very dissimilar between the production strain according to the invention and the standard E. coli expression strain. This is again further supported by the data in example 7 and Figure 11, which also shows that the glycan to protein varies between standard production strains and wt strains and the production strain according to the invention.

[0457] In sum, it the data indicates that current industry production standards result in low efficacy vaccines. On the other hand, YghJ isolated from the production strain which has an intact protein glycosylation apparatus results in a protein where the total glycan to protein content shows resemblance to the wild type UPEC strain.

[0458] Example 8 - Ensuring stable plasmid inheritance

[0459] Aim of study To determine if the hok / sok system will stabilize inheritance of the plasmid encoding GPV02 when carried by the production strain.

[0460] Materials and methods

[0461] The full-length E. coll wild type hok / sok nucleotide sequence with an added restriction enzyme Xhol site in both the 5 'and 3 'end was synthesized by the CRO Genewiz. Using the Xhol sites, the hok / sok system was cloned into the pGPV122 plasmid encoding GPV02 (see below) resulting in pGPV123. Plasmid inheritance stability was determined by growing cell cultures without selection for 90 generations. Every 30thgeneration the loss of plasmid frequency was examined by performing appropriate dilution for plating (without antibiotics) on non-selective media. Subsequently, approximately 300 colonies were picked and put on a plate with or without antibiotic selection. Stable inheritance, in percentage, was determined by dividing the number of colonies on media plates containing antibiotics with the number of colonies on non-selective plates * 100.

[0462] Results

[0463] According to the WHO good manufacturing practices for biological products, the use of antibiotics should be well justified, and in some cases not used at all. The plasmid enabling GPV02 expression has therefore the pSClOl origin which is known to ensure stable plasmid inheritance which in turn enables cell growth without the use of antibiotics when produced by a CDMO (Beaucage et al., 1991). However, when the production strain carrying the plasmid was grown in a fermenter, it was discovered that the pSClOl origin did not ensure stable inheritance (Figure 12, circle). To mitigate this, the hok / sok system was cloned into the plasmid. The hok / sok post-segregational system is encoded by R1 plasmids and results in killing of daughter cells lacking the plasmid. Insertion of this system resulted in efficiency plasmid segregation for more than 90 generations (Figure 12, square).

[0464] Conclusion

[0465] Surprisingly, the pSClOl origin did not result in stable plasmid inheritance when the production strain was propagated. However, with the cloning of the hok / sok system into the plasmid, more than 95% of all cells carried the plasmid after 90 generations. Example 9 - The Type 2 secretion system (T2SS) increases GPV02 secretion into the culture supernatant

[0466] Aim of study

[0467] To examine if the Type 2 Secretion system will increase GPV02 secretion into the culture supernatant.

[0468] Materials and methods lad was amplified from pNDM220 using primer GPV376 + GPV377. Digested with Xbal + Xhol and ligated with the 3320 bp fragment of Xbal + Xhol digested pXG- 0 (= pGPV116). Using genomic DNA from UTI89 as template, a 5810 bp sequence covering pppA, yghG, yghF, gspD and part of gspE was amplified with primer GPV380 + GPV381. The PCR product as well as pGPV116 were digested with Notl + SphI and ligated (= pGPV118). Similarly, a 6411 bp sequence covering the remaining part of gspE plus gspFGHIJKL and yghD was amplified using primer GPV382 + GPV383, digested with SphI + Hindlll and ligated into Sphl-Hindlll- digested pGPV118 (= pGPV119). Using pGPVlll (see below) as template together with primer GPV378 + GPV388, a 4760 bp PCR product comprising the IPTG inducible pAl / O4 / O3 promoter in front of the yghJ ORF from UTI89 fused inframe to a C-terminal lxGS spacer sequence followed by lOxHis and a stop codon was amplified. The product was cloned into Notl-Nhel digested pGPV119 (= pGPV122). The plasmid pGPVlll encodes UTI89 yghJ-3xFLAG-10xHis in pNDM220. Briefly described, the insert was made by PCR using primer GPV281 + GPV282 and pGPV108 as template. Inserted in KpnI / XhoI digested pNDM220. pGPV108 = UTI89 yghJ-3xFI_AG in pXG-0. The insert was made by PCR using primer GPV130 + GPV97 and UTI89 yghJ-3xFLAG: :kan gDNA as template - inserted into Xbal / Xhol digested pXG-0. The UTI89 yghJ-3xFLAG::kan strain was made as described by Uzzau et al. PNAS 2001, 98: 15264 using a PCR product made with primer GPV122 + GPV123 and pSUBll as template.

[0469] A T2SS operon (DNA) (11765 nt) is provided as SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0470] Table 8: DNA primers

[0471] Results

[0472] In pathogenic E. coll, YghJ secretion depends on its dedicated co-expressed Type 2 transport system (T2SS) (Luo et al., 2014) (Figure 14). Commensal E. coll strains do not encode the T2SS and therefore YghJ accumulates within the cell. YghJ has previously been purified from whole cell lysates using plasmid expression in a commensal E. coll strain background (Nesta et al., 2014). Addition of O-linked glycans to the protein occurs in the periplasm prior to secretion. A secreted protein is therefore expected to carry the full immunologic potential compared to the intracellular variant. With the artificial induction of GPV02 from plasmid using IPTG, it was expected that the T2SS naturally encoded by the production strain would facilitate secretion of the additional protein. Western blotting was used to examine if IPTG induced GPV02 expression resulted in secretion into the culture supernatant (Figure 13). In this experiment, the GPV02-His tagged version was expressed from a plasmid using 75mM IPTG as inducer in the absence of coexpressed T2SS. Without the T2SS, three hours of IPTG inductions only resulted in modest GPV02 secretion (Figure 13, lane 4, upper panel) and intracellular accumulation (Figure 13, lane 4 lower panel). To increase secretion the T2SS was cloned into the plasmid encoding GPV02 and thus mimicking the pathogenic E. coll operon structure, see figure 3AB. As before, a GPV02-His tagged version was expressed from a plasmid using 75mM IPTG as inducer in the presence of coexpressed T2SS. With co-expression of T2SS together with GPV02 for three hours in the presence of IPTG (Figure 13, lane 9) secretion was increased when compared to the absence of the T2SS (Figure 13, lane 4 upper panel).

[0473] Intracellular accumulation of GPV02 was observed to same extent as without T2SS (Figure 13, lane 9 lower panel).

[0474] As a follow up study, bioinformatics was used to demonstrate that the T2SS is being co-inherited along with yghJ (input to analysis was 293 UPEC genomes) (data not shown). The bioinformatics analysis also showed that the T2SS is not being co-inherited along with yghJ in commensal E. coll strains. These data confirm that yghJ and the T2SS is linked in function as part of the UPEC pathogenesis.

[0475] Conclusion

[0476] Based on a bioinformatics analysis it is concluded that yghJ and the T2SS is genetically linked among UPEC and is to be considered as one functional unit supporting pathogenesis. Using Western blotting, it is demonstrated that coexpression of the T2SS significantly increases secretion of GPV02 into the culture supernatant although minor intracellular accumulation of GPV02 also was observed.

[0477] Example 10 - GPV02 expression using the chromosomal regulatory promoter region significantly increases when placed on a plasmid

[0478] Aim of study

[0479] To identify chromosomal promoter region sequences which increase GPV02 expression from plasmid.

[0480] Materials and methods

[0481] A series of plasmids were constructed to examine how various elements in the natural yghJ promoter contribute to YghJ expression. These were made by excising the IPTG inducible promoter and the 5' end o yghJ from pGPV123 by Nhel-Smil digestion and replacing it with variants of the natural promoter that were amplified by PCR with primer GPV425 + GPV426 and Nhel-Smil digested. Templates for these PCR inserts were synthesized by GeneWiz. A hybrid promoter was constructed by combining the IPTG inducible promoter with the wildtype untranslated region (SEQ ID 49). In brief, transcription of yghJ from the pAl / O4 / O3 promoter results in a 65 nt 5'UTR (untranslated region). The natural yghJ mRNA has a 229 nt 5'UTR. A plasmid was constructed by inserting the natural 229 nt 5'UTR (amplified by PCR with primer GPV427 + GPV428 and UTI89 genomic DNA as template) into KpnI-Smil digested pGPV123, resulting in a transcript with a hybrid 5'UTR (+1 nt to +33 nt (relative to the transcriptional start site) from the pAl / O4 / O3 promoter followed by the natural 229 nt from the yghJ 5'UTR) under control of the IPTG inducible promoter. Cloning of the hybrid promoter resulted in pGPV129. Table 9 : Promoter regions

[0482] SEQ ID NO: 49: Lowercase: IPTG inducible lac promoter (SEQ ID NO: 48); Uppercase: yghJ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 47).

[0483] Table 10: DNA primers Results

[0484] In pathogenic E. coll, the yghJ promoter is weak resulting in rather modest yields when purifying the protein. To increase yield, the chromosomal promoter sequence was investigated. Published papers examining the ETEC H10407 glcA- yghJ promoter sequence had identified several repressor sites within the yghJ intergenic region which upon deletion resulted in increased transcription (Yang et al., 2007). Based on the literature, promoter variants were designed and inserted in front o yghJ and the dedicated T2SS on a plasmid which should increase expression levels (Figure 15 and Table 11).

[0485] Table 11: Overview of modified promoter region constructs cloned into a plasmid pGPV123 to examine yghJ expression. The glcA-yghJ intergenic region is a total of 549 nucleotides. For cloning purposes, the nucleotides -549 to -545 relative to the start codon of yghJ were omitted in all constructs. +1 is defined as the A of the yghJ ATG start codon. In these analyses, the region -545 to -1 is thus defined as the glcA-yghJ intergenic region.

[0486] As a reference, the wildtype promoter sequence glcA-yghJ intergenic region - SEQ ID NO: 46) was cloned into the plasmid encoding GPV02 (figure 15, construct A). Four different promoter constructs, each designed to increase expression were designed and cloned into the plasmid encoding GPV02 (Figure 15 constructs B-E). To assess the GPV02 expression levels from each of the five promoter sequences, Western blotting was used (Figure 16). Unexpectedly, construct B which carried an optimized promoter sequence resulted in very weak bands indicating low GPV02 accumulation and secretion (Figure 16, lane 8). Construct C, where a H-NS repressor site had been deleted did not result in GPV02 accumulation nor secretion (Figure 16, lane 3 and 8). Construct D, where a H-NS repressor site had been deleted but a strong ribosome binding site had been added resulted in GPV02 intracellular accumulation and secretion (Figure 5, lane 10). In contrast, Construct E, where two H-NS repressor sites had been deleted but a strong ribosome binding site had been added resulted only in very weak GPV02 secretion (Figure 5, lane 4). Surprisingly, the reference wild type promoter sequence resulted in high levels of GPV02 expression compared to when the protein was induced with IPTG (Figure 5, lane 2 vs 5 and 7 vs 11). In addition, GPV02 was efficiently secreted and only minute amounts of intracellular accumulation were observed. To assess how much stronger the wildtype promoter had become by cloning it onto the plasmid, GPV02 expression was analyzed.

[0487] As presented in figure 17A, Western blotting was used to compare the relative levels of both secreted and intracellularly accumulated GPV02 when expression was driven by the wildtype promoter when cloned onto a plasmid or from the chromosome. As a reference, promoter construct D and IPTG induced expression was included in the analysis. The analysis showed significantly stronger expression from the wildtype promoter when cloned onto a plasmid compared to the chromosome. The experiment also verified that construct D and IPTG induced expression resulted in secretion as well as intracellular accumulation.

[0488] Expression from the hybrid promoter was tested using IPTG, see figure 17B.In this analysis, Western blotting was used to compare the relative levels of both secreted and intracellularly accumulated GPV02 when expression was driven by the hybrid promoter. With increasing concentrations of IPTG, increasing levels of GPV02 was induced and secreted into the culture supernatant. Similarly, whole cell levels of GPV02 also accumulated with increasing concentrations of IPTG. However, in contrast to the IPTG promoter where GPV02 accumulated with 5 |_iM IPTG (figure 16 and figure 17A), this was not observed within the 5 |_iM - 30 |_LM induction range with the hybrid promoter as only minor levels accumulated.

[0489] Conclusion

[0490] To increase GPV02 production yields, the wildtype chromosomal promoter region was manipulated and cloned into a plasmid to drive expression. The results showed that it was possible to increase yields. Surprisingly, it was demonstrated that when wild type chromosomal promoter was cloned onto a plasmid, the expression levels increased significantly compared to when the sequence was controlling expression on the chromosome. The analysis also showed that the wildtype promoter resulted in strong secretion and almost no intracellular accumulation of GPV02. This is a feature which is not obtained with the promoter Construct D nor with IPTG induced expression. The hybrid promoter displayed features otherwise only obtained with either the IPTG inducible promoter or the wildtype promoter. With the hybrid promoter, GPV02 expression levels can be controlled with IPTG and at the same time ensure secretion to the culture supernatant.

[0491] Example 11 - Increasing GPV02 production yield using a plasmid while ensuring protein glycosylation

[0492] Aim of study

[0493] To identify the level of GPV02 expression from plasmid which also ensures protein glycosylation.

[0494] Materials and methods

[0495] For this experiment, GPV02 was isolated from either the production strain relying on chromosomal expression, or plasmid using the wildtype promoter (Construct A, figure 15) or an IPTG inducible plasmid using two different concentrations of inducer (5 |_iM or 75 |_iM IPTG) or by overexpression (1 mM IPTG) in an E. coll strain background routinely used by the industry for protein expression. Specifically, the production strain relying on chromosomal expression was grown as described in Example 1. Strains relying on IPTG induced plasmid expression were grown to OD600 = 1 after which IPTG was added to the culture medium. Growth continued for three hours before harvested. The strain relying on wild type promoter plasmid expression was grown to OD600 = 1 + three hours before harvested. GPV02 was isolated as described in Example 1. Purified GPV02 was analyzed by Spectralys using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with respect to the glycan to protein ratio achieved by measuring the intensity of the spectral band related to carbohydrates between 1200 and 900 cm-1.

[0496] Results

[0497] A unique feature of GPV02 is its extensive O-linked protein glycosylation. The production strain utilizes the capacity of the cells protein glycosylation apparatus to add the glycans to GPV02. The turn-over rate of the protein glycosylation apparatus is unknown. It is nevertheless assumed that an equilibrium exists between GPV02 expression from the chromosome and capacity of the glycosylation apparatus. This implies that over-expression of GPV02 from a plasmid in the production strain may result in high protein yields but compromise glycosylation levels. To identify the "sweet-spot" between increasing protein yield but ensure glycosylation, GPV02 was expressed from plasmid using different amounts of IPTG inducer. It was also examined if the wildtype promoter region driving GPV02 expression from plasmid would result in higher yields and protein glycosylation. For comparison, GPV02 expressed from the chromosome was included in the analysis. The extent of protein glycosylation was also assessed when expressing GPV02 using current methods employed by the industry. In this analysis Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to assess the glycan to protein ratio (Figure 18). The highest glycan to protein ratio was observed when GPV02 had been isolated from the production strain relying on chromosomal expression. However, similar ratios were observed for protein expressed using either the wildtype promoter cloned onto a plasmid or 5 |_iM of IPTG inducer. The lowest glycan to protein ratio was measured when using 75 |_iM of IPTG inducer or methods employed by the industry.

[0498] Conclusion It is concluded that it is possible to identify the "sweet-spot" between increasing protein yield but at the same time ensuring glycosylation. Based on the obtained data it is shown that methods employed by the industry today only result in inferior levels of protein glycosylation.

[0499] Example 12 - Deletion of the lacY permease results in a more unimodal GPV02 induction on a cell population level

[0500] Aim of study

[0501] Examining if deletion of the lactose permease gene, lacY, in the production strain reduces inhomogeneous GPV02 expression from plasmid when using low levels of IPTG induction.

[0502] Materials and methods

[0503] The flow cytometry measurements are obtained with e.g. a BD FACSCanto II cytometer. For each sample, 5 x 104events are recorded at a typical flow rate ranging from 1 x 104to 2 x 104per second.

[0504] Table 12: DNA primers

[0505] Results and discussion

[0506] The wildtype E. coll lac operon encodes the lactose permease-encoding lacY gene, whose expression is also lactose-dependent and causes a positive feedback loop by actively translocating inducer molecules into the cell (Binder et al., 2014). In turn, this generates a non-gradual and inhomogeneous induction behavior over a bacterial population, especially for low amounts of inducer molecules (Marbach & Bettenbrock, 2012). This implies that some cells in the population will have very high expression levels whereas some will not express the protein of interest at all. As the goal is to balance GPV02 expression with protein glycosylation it is important to achieve homogeneous gene induction on a population level. This is exemplified in Figure 18 where high levels of IPTG induction resulted in some of the lowest glycan to protein ratios. It has previously been demonstrated that deleting the lacY gene increased homogeneous induction behavior on a population level (Marbach & Bettenbrock, 2012).

[0507] We therefore delete the lacY gene in the production strain and assess GPV02 induction behavior using flow cytometry. In the analysis different concentrations of IPTG are added to the cell culture for three hours after which the induction of GPV02 is assessed on a cell population level. The GPV02 induction in a lacY knockout background is compared to a strain carrying the lacY gene.

[0508] Without being bound by theory using the lowest amount of IPTG, the production strain carrying the lacY gene, will display a bimodal induction behavior as described in the literature. In comparison, the production strain where the lacY gene is deleted, a more uniform induction of GPV02 will be observed when the lowest amount IPTG is added to the cell culture.

[0509] Using different concentrations of IPTG as inducer, it will be demonstrated that deleting the lacY gene will result in a more uniform induction of GPV02 compared to the strain carrying the lacY gene.

[0510] Summary of plasmid expression data

[0511] To increase yield, GPV02 expression has been induced from plasmid using two approaches:

[0512] ■ Using a promoter region driven by an artificial inducer of protein expression (IPTG)

[0513] ■ Manipulation of chromosomal yghJ promoter region

[0514] Table 13. Summary of the plasmid data for each construct:

[0515] Example 13 - Superior GPV02 in vivo mouse sepsis efficacy

[0516] Aim of study

[0517] To demonstrate that passive immunization of mice using sera from rabbits immunized with hyper-glycosylated GPV02 affords significantly better protection against sepsis compared to mice passively immunized with sera from rabbits immunized with non-glycosylated YghJ.

[0518] Materials and methods

[0519] Strain and growth:

[0520] E. coli strain UTI89, a uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) belonging to phylogroup B2 recovered from a patient with an acute bladder infection, was used. Bacteria were streaked on agar plate from glycerol stock. The following day, a single colony was used for inoculation of broth media and bacteria were incubated overnight at 37°C. Next day, overnight bacterial culture was centrifuged and washed in sterile PBS. Optical density OD600 of this bacterial suspension was measured and used for preparing an inoculum dose of 2xl07CFU / mL.

[0521] Antigen purification:

[0522] Glycosylated GPV02 as well as an inferior glycosylated (non-glycosylated) full length YghJ antigen was purified from their respective strains, using the protocol described (Thorsing et al., 2021).

[0523] Rabbit immunization: To obtain serum antibodies raised against GPV02 or non-glycosylated YghJ German giant rabbits were immunized four times using a dose of 25 pg antigen. Three rabbits received either GPV02 or non-glycosylated YghJ. For the first immunization, Freunds complete adjuvant was used whereas Freunds incomplete adjuvant was used for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th immunization. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th immunization were given 5, 61 / 2 and 8 weeks after the first immunization. The animals were sacrificed seven days after the last immunization. O-GPV02 and o- non gly YghJ serum IgG titers were determined using ELISA. Serum from rabbits having near identical IgG titers were selected for passive immunization of the mice.

[0524] Mouse immunization and challenge:

[0525] Groups of 10 female, CD-I out-bred mice 8-9 weeks of age at the start of the experiment were passively immunized with rabbit serum IV in the tail vein. Two groups of mice received either 25 pl or 50 pl serum antibodies raised against either GPV02 (O-GPV02) whereas two groups of mice received either 25 pl or 50 pl serum antibodies raised against non-glycosylated YghJ (o-non gly). As a control, one group of mice was passively immunized with 50 pL pre-immune serum (pre-immune serum). 24 hours after passive immunization, the mice were challenged with an inoculum size of 1.14xl07CFU / mouse administered in a volume of 0.5 mL / mouse. Survival monitoring post infection and observation of clinical status to detect signs of ill health or moribund animals was conducted every 3h during the whole duration of the study (72 hours). Individual body weights were assessed once prior to allocation, and twice daily from DO onwards until death or euthanasia. Clinical scoring according to the pre-defined clinical scoring system and body temperature recording (via rectal probe) were performed every 3h following infection. Animals found dead or that reached humane endpoint (HEP) criteria were weighed and body weight was recorded at the time of monitoring. A log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was performed to calculate P values using GraphPad Prism software (version 10.1.0). Differences between groups were considered statistically significant when p<0.05.

[0526] Results

[0527] The survival rates of study groups for 3 days following IP bacterial infection are presented in Figure 19. IP infection with 1.14xl07CFU / mouse of E. coll UTI89 led to 80% mortality in group that received pre-immune serum. In contrast, mice administered with 50 or 25 pL of "o-non gly" showed increased survival rates of 70% and 60%, respectively. Furthermore, administration of 25 pL of "O-GPV02" significantly increased survival to 100% when compared to the corresponding "o- non gly" group. Alike, the group administered with 50 pL of O-GPV02 showed close-to-significant increase in survival rate of 100% when compared to the "o- non gly".

[0528] The body weight, development of clinical signs of infection as well as the body temperature were observed in all study groups following infection. Each parameter was given a value and combined into a humane endpoint (HEP) score. Looking at the individual parameters, mice treated with 25 pL of "o-non gly" exhibited a significant drop in body weight drop 18 and 24 hpi in comparison to the group that received 25 pL of O-GPV02. The group treated with 50 pL of pre- immune serum exhibited a significant drop in body weight from 18 to 72 hpi when compared to the animals receiving 25 pL of O-GPV02. The development of clinical signs of infection in all study groups started 3 hpi. The group administered with 25 pL of "a-GPV02" showed significantly reduced clinical signs in the period from 18- 72 hpi in comparison to the group that received 25 pL of "o-non gly". Also, the body temperature significantly increased in mice treated with 25 pL of "O-GPV02" at 3, 42 and 60 hpi in comparison to the group administered with 25 pL of "o-non gly". The combined HEP score for the two groups receiving either 25 pL of "o- GPV02" or o-non gly is plotted in Figure 20. Collectively, at all time points most mice in 25pL O-GPV02 serum group have lower HEP scores than in 25pL "o-non gly" group (10 / 10 versus 6 / 10 alive at end of study). Moreover, in 25pL "o- GPV02" serum group a faster resolution of clinical symptoms was observed.

[0529] Conclusion

[0530] We have assessed the protective efficacy of hyperimmunized "O-GPV02" serum in an E. coli UTI89 sepsis model in mice. In the study, hyperimmunized "o-non gly" serum was included for direct comparison. The survival rate was significantly higher for the mice administered "O-GPV02" serum compared to "o-non gly" serum. Moreover, a faster resolution of clinical symptoms was also observed for mice receiving O-GPV02 serum. Taken together, these data show that immunization with GPV02 with native glycosylations raises a set of disease relevant antibodies which are absent when immunizing with an antigen isolated using a production strain which results in inferior levels of protein glycosylation (termed non-glycosylated YghJ).

[0531] Example 14 - Superior immunogenicity of GPV02 compared to nonglycosylated full length YghJ

[0532] Aim of study

[0533] To demonstrate that pigs infected in bladder with pathogenic E. coli strain UTI89 raise a stronger serum IgG immune response towards hyper-glycosylated GPV02 compared to a non-glycosylated full length YghJ version isolated from a conventional E. coli expression strain e.g., BL21 (DE3) or MG1655.

[0534] Materials and methods

[0535] Strain and growth:

[0536] E. coli strain UTI89, a uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) belonging to phylogroup B2 recovered from a patient with an acute bladder infection, was used. Bacteria were streaked on agar plate from glycerol stock. The following day, a single colony was used for inoculation of broth media and bacteria were incubated overnight at 37°C. Next day, overnight bacterial culture was centrifuged and washed in sterile PBS. Optical density OD600 of this bacterial suspension was measured and used for preparing an inoculum dose of lxlO2CFU / mL.

[0537] Pig bladder infection:

[0538] Two nine-week-old female LYD pigs were challenge with E. coli strain UPEC UTI89 in the bladder (Nielsen et al., 2019). The pigs were challenged with a UPEC UTI89 dose of lxlO4CFU's in a total volume of 100ml PBS buffer, grown as described in example 13. 14 days post infection, the animals were sacrificed. Serum was isolated from the animals and used to determine either the serum anti-GPV02 IgG or serum anti-non glycosylated YghJ IgG titer.

[0539] Protein purification:

[0540] Antigen for ELISA assay was obtained as described in Example 1.

[0541] ELISA: ELISA was used for determining the IgG response. Plates were coated with either 0.15 pg / mL GPV02 or 0.15 pg / mL non-glycosylated full length YghJ in PBS buffer overnight at 4°C. Start serum sample dilution from the infected pigs was xlOO fold. All sera samples were x3 fold serially diluted in the plate. After 1 hr of sera incubation at room temperature the plates were washed three times with PBS buffer (PBS + 0.05% tween 20). The plates were incubated with x32.000 fold diluted secondary Pig IgG-HRP conjugated antibody for 1 hr at room temperature. The plates were washed three times in PBS buffer and finally developed by adding TMB X-tnd (Kementec). IgG responses were determined by measuring the color development at 450 nm. A two-tailed paired student t-test was performed to calculate P values using GraphPad Prism software (version 10.1.0). Differences between groups were considered statistically significant when p<0.05.

[0542] Results

[0543] To assess the immunogenicity of GPV02 or non-glycosylated full length YghJ, serum antibodies from two pigs carrying a persistent E. coll infection in the bladder for two weeks were used as primary antibody in an ELISA. Pigs were chosen as they are naturally susceptible to urinary tract infections and share immunology and physiology with humans. It was therefore reasoned that a humoral immune response towards E. coll and the expressed YghJ / SslE antigen would be a clinically relevant source for determining the immunogenicity of the antigen produced using two fundamentally different production systems. The serum IgG titers for either GPV02 or non-glycosylated full length YghJ was calculated and plotted in Figure 21. The analysis shows that the pigs had raised an IgG response resulting in a significantly higher titer towards GPV02 compared to the non-glycosylated full length YghJ antigen.

[0544] Conclusion

[0545] We have assessed the immunogenicity of GPV02 and non-glycosylated YghJ using serum antibodies isolated from pigs carrying a bladder infection. Using serum antibodies from pigs exposed to the YghJ / SslE antigen as expressed by E. coll during an infection in an ELISA, it was determined that the humoral immune response was stronger against GPV02 compared to non-glycosylated YghJ. The data show that immunization with GPV02 will raise a set of antibodies which will be absent when immunizing with an antigen isolated using a conventional production strain such as described by e.g. (Moriel et al., 2010).

[0546] Sequences

[0547] SEQ ID NO: 1: (1520 AA) MNKKFKYKKSLI_AAILSATLI_AGCDGGGSGSSSDTPSVDSGSGTLPEVKPDPTPTPEPTP EPTPDPEPTPDPTPDPEPTPEPEPEPVPTKTGYLTLGGSQRVTGATCNGESSDGFTFTPG NTVSCVVGSTTIATFNTQSEAARSLRAVDKVSFSLEDAQELANSENKKTNAISLVTSSDS CPADAEQLCLTFSSVVDRARFEKLYKQIDI-ATDNFSKLVNEEVENNAATDKAPSTHTSTV VPVTTEGTKPDLNASFVSANAEQFYQYQPTEIILSEGQLVDSLGNGVAGVDYYTNSGRGV TDENGKFSFSWGETISFGIDTFELGSVRGNKSTIALTELGDEVRGANIDQLIHRYSTTGQ NNTRVVPDDVRKVFAEYPNVINEIINLSLSNGATLDEGDQNVVLPNEFIEQFKTGQAKEI DTAICAKTDGCNEARWFSLTTRNVNDGQIQGVINKLWGVDTNYQSVSKFHVFHDSTNFYG STGNARGQAVVNISNSAFPILMARNDKNYWI-AFGEKRAWDKNELAYITEAPSIVQPENVT RDTATFNLPFISLGQVGEGKLMVIGNPHYNSILRCPNGYSWGGGVNSKGECTLSGDSDDM KHFMQNVLRYLSNDIWQPNTKSIMTVGTNLENVYFKKAGQVLGNSAPFAFHEDFTGITVK QLTSYGDLNPEEIPLLILNGFEYVTQWSGDPYAVPLRADTSKPKLTQQDVTDLIAYLNKG GSVLIMENVMSNLKEESASSFVRLLDAAGLSMALNKSVVNNDPQGYPDRVRQRRATGIWV YERYPAADGAQPPYTIDPNTGEVTWKYQQDNKPDDKPKLEVASWQEEVEGKQVTRYAFID EAEYTTEESLEAAKAKIFEKFPGLQECKDSTYHYEINCLERRPGTDVPVTGGMYVPRYTQ LNLDADTAKAMVQAADLGTNIQRLYQHELYFRTKGSKGERLNSVDLERLYQNMSVWLWND TKYRYEEGKEDELGFKTFTEFLNCYANDAYAGGTKCSADLKKSLVDNNMIYGDGSSKAGM MNPSYPLNYMEKPLTRLMLGRSWWDLNIKVDVEKYPGSVSAKGESVTENISLYSNPTKWF

[0548] AGNMQSTGLWAPAQQDVTIKSSASVPVTVTVAI-ADDLTGREKHEVALNRPPRVTKTYTLE ANGEVTFKVPYGGLIYIKGDSKDDVSANFTFTGVVKAPFYKDGEWKNDLDSPAPLGELES ASFVYTTPKKNLEASNFTGGVAEFAKDLDTFASSMNDFYGRNDEDGKHRMFTYKNLTGHK HRFTNDVQISIGDAHSGYPVMNSSFSTNSTTLPTTPLNDWLIWHEVGHNAAETPLNVPGA TEVANNVI-ALYMQDRYLGKMNRVADDITVAPEYLDESNGQAWARGGAGDRLLMYAQLKE WAEENFDIKQWYPDGELPKFYSDRKGMKGWNLFQLMHRKARGDDVGNSTFGGKNYCAES NGNAADTLMLCASWVAQADLSEFFKKWNPGASAYQLPGATEMSFQGGVSSSAYSTI_ASLK LPKPEKGPETINKVTEHKMSAE

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Claims

Claims1. A plasmid encoding for- a YghJ polypeptide, and- a type 2 secretion system (T2SS).

2. The plasmid according to claim 1, wherein the T2SS being an E.coli T2SS.

3. The plasmid according to claim 1 or 2, wherein YgHJ and T2SS are expressed from the same RNA, preferably with YgHJ being upstream to T2SS.

4. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the T2SS encodes for pppA, yghG, yghF, gspD gspE, gspF, gspG, gspH, gspl, gspJ, gspK, gspL and gspM.

5. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the T2SS is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 45.

6. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims, encoding for a postsegregational killing mechanism, such as an type I toxin-antitoxin pair, preferably being a hok / sok system or a flmA / B system, more preferably being the hok / sok system.

7. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the YghJ polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1.

8. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims wherein the YghJ polypeptide is derived from an UPEC strain.

9. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein YghJ comprises a promoter region, preferably an upstream promoter region.

10. The plasmid according to claim 9, wherein the promoter region comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of an upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, an upstream intergenic region of chromosomal yghJ, such as SEQ ID NO: 46; and an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48.

11. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims 9-10, wherein the promoter region comprises an upstream intergenic region o yghJ, preferably, UPEC UTI89 yghJ upstream intergenic region, more preferably SEQ ID NO: 46.

12. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims 9-11, wherein the promoter comprises an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48.

13. The plasmid according to any of the preceding claims 9-12, wherein the promoter region comprises an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 48; and an upstream chromosomal yghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, preferably with the IPTG inducable promoter being upstream of the chromosomal yghJ UTR region.

14. The plasmid according to any of claims 9-13, wherein the promoter region is positioned upstream from yghJ, such as being positioned at a position from 1500 nucleotides to 1 nucleotide upstream from the start codon for yghJ, such as from 1000-1 nucleotides upstream, preferably 500-1 nucleotides upstream from from the start codon for yghJ.

15. A host cell, preferably a bacteria, more preferably E. coli, comprising the plasmid according to any of the preceding claims.

16. The host cell according to claim 15, being a bacterial expression cell, preferably E. coli.

17. The host cell according to any of claims 15-16, being an E. coli, such as being an ExPEC, such as UPEC, such as UTI89.

18. The host cell according to any of claims 15-17, being selected from the group consisting of- a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; and o does not express PapG and / or WaaL;- a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; and o does not express WaaL;- a genetically modified E. coli which: o does not express FimH; o does not express PapG; and o does not express WaaL.

19. The host cell according to any of the preceding claims 15-18, which does not express lacY.

20. The host cell according to any of the preceding claims 15-19, which does not express lacY, and does also not express o FimH; and / or o PapG; and / or o WaaL;wherein the yghJ encoded by the plasmid comprises a promoter region comprising an element selected from the group consisting of an upstream chromosomal YghJ UTR region, such as SEQ ID NO: 47, an upstream intergenic region of chromosomal YghJ, such as SEQ ID NO: 46; and an IPTG inducable promoter, such as inducible lac promoter, such as SEQ ID NO: 49.

21. The host cell according to any of claims 15-20, being avirulent and / or non- pathogenic and / or not capable of causing disease.

22. The host cell according to any of claims 15-21, wherein the genes according to any of claims 18-20 are knocked-out by a method selected from the group consisting of in-frame deletions, introduction of stop sites and whole gene removal.

23. The host cell according to any of claims 15-22, wherein the genetically modified E. coli has lower adherence to human bladder cells, such as human bladder cell line 5637, than E. coli K-12 MG1655.

24. A process for producing an YghJ polypeptide of interest, the process comprising a) optionally, inducing expression of the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to any of claims 15-23; b) expressing the YghJ polypeptide in an host cell according to any of claims 15-23; c) purifying produced YghJ polypeptide from the lysate and / or medium and / or supernatant, preferably from the medium and / or supernatant, more preferably from the supernatant.

25. The process according to claim 24, wherein in step c), the polypeptide is purified from the medium and / or supernatant, preferably in the absence of a lysis step.

26. A YghJ polypeptide obtained by or obtainable by the process according to any of claims 24-25.

27. The YghJ polypeptide according to claim 26 being glycosylated.

28. The YghJ polypeptide according to claim 26 or 27, having a glycosylation pattern, such as a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, similar to a strain expressing YghJ from the chromosome, preferably measured by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, such as described in example 7.

29. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of claims 26-28, having a glycan to protein ratio, by weight, preferably measured by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, such as described in example 7, of at least 0.020, such as at least 0.025, such as at least 0.030, such as in the range 0.025-0.034, preferably in the range 0.027-0.034, more preferably in the range 0.030-0.034.

30. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of claims 26-29, wherein the YghJ polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1.

31. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of claims 26-30, wherein the YghJ polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.

32. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of claims 26-31, for use as a medicament, such as a vaccine.

33. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of claims 26-31 for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an E. coli infection, such as an extra- intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infection, such as an UPEC infection.

34. The YghJ polypeptide according to any of claims 26-31 for use in the treatment, prevention and / or alleviation of an UPEC bladder infection.

35. An antibody specific for a polypeptide according to any of claims 26-31.

36. The antibody according to claim 35, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or c) an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and including a fragment of at least 1000 consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO: 1.

37. The antibody according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.

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