Phosphonate-based polymers as adhesion promotors in adhesive formulations
Phosphonate-based polymers in polyurethane adhesives address moisture-related issues and corrosion, enhancing adhesion and stability in battery pack assembly, particularly on aluminum substrates.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/090130
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-30
AI Technical Summary
Polyurethane adhesives used in battery pack assembly face challenges such as moisture absorption leading to byproduct formation, reduced bonding effectiveness on high surface energy substrates like aluminum, and corrosive properties that affect processing and shelf-life.
Incorporation of phosphonate-based polymers in a two-component polyurethane adhesive composition, comprising isocyanate-reactive and isocyanate components, to enhance adhesion and resist hydrolysis, using monomers with specific structures and polymerization methods to improve stability and reduce corrosion.
The phosphonate-based polymers promote strong adhesion on high surface energy substrates, inhibit corrosion, and improve the shelf-life and performance of adhesive compositions, ensuring effective bonding in electronic and EV applications.
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Figure CN2024090130_30102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PHOSPHONATE-BASED POLYMERS AS ADHESION PROMOTORS IN ADHESIVE FORMULATIONSField
[0001] Embodiments relate to adhesive compositions containing phosphonate-based adhesion promoters for use in electronic and EV applications, and methods for using same.
[0002] Introduction
[0003] Mass production of battery packs in an economic way has gained revolutionarily developed during the past years and leaped forward the adoption of electrical vehicles (EV) all over the globe. Due to low cost, low volatility, high body strength and toughness, polyurethane adhesives have become popular solutions to battery pack assembly, where battery cells are bonded onto cooling plates and / or other pack components by polyurethane adhesive compositions. Bonding substrates for battery pack assembly often include metals and alloys, plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonates, and the like. Aluminum and alloys are widely used for their ease in fabrication and strength, but the high surface energy of the materials reduces the effective bonding with many coatings.
[0004] Polyurethanes show promise as candidates for structural adhesives; however, the chemistry has a number of challenges including the tendency to absorb moisture, forming byproducts that hamper workability and quality of the final product.Summary
[0005] In one aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to Two-component adhesive compositions may include a polymer matrix prepared by curing a reaction mixture containing: an isocyanate-reactive component having one or more hydrophobic polyols, one or more chain extenders; and an isocyanate component having one or more isocyanate-terminated prepolymers; wherein the isocyanate-reactive and / or isocyanate component further includes one or more phosphonate-based polymers prepared from a polymerization comprising at least one phosphate monomer having the general structure:
[0006] where R1 is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; R2 is a C1 to C10 carbon chain; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain.
[0007] In another aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to methods of preparing multilayer compositions that include: forming a curable mixture by combining an isocyanate-reactive component and an isocyanate component, the isocyanate-reactive component containing one or more hydrophobic polyols, one or more chain extenders; and the isocyanate component containing one or more isocyanate-terminated prepolymers; wherein the isocyanate-reactive and / or isocyanate component further include one or more phosphonate-based polymers prepared from a polymerization comprising at least one phosphate monomer having the general structure:
[0008] where R1 is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; R2 is a C1 to C10 carbon chain; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; applying the curable mixture to a first substrate; contacting the first substrate with a second substrate; and allowing the curable mixture to cure and form an adhesion between the first and second substrates to form the multilayer composition.Detailed Description
[0009] Embodiments disclosed herein relate to polyurethane (PU) adhesive compositions containing phosphonate-based adhesion promoters for use in electronic and EV applications. Phosphonate-based adhesion promoters may resist hydrolysis reactions that may produce acidic byproducts, and may be used to formulate adhesive compositions that inhibit or reduce corrosion of dispensing machines, adhered substrates, and other sources of contact, particularly for aluminum components. Methods may include the production of phosphonate-based adhesion promoters by polymerization of monomers containing phosphonic acid and / or phosphonate functional groups. Methods may also include the use of phosphonate-based adhesion promoters in polyurethane adhesives, including for electronic and EV applications.
[0010] Phosphorus-containing adhesion promoters have been of interest because of their ability to form strong associations with metal surfaces and substrates, including aluminum. However, phosphate-based adhesion promoters are susceptible to water-hydrolysis and can be corrosive to metals present at stages of processing, application and during end-use. For example, the corrosive properties can impact the shelf-life time of adhesives (e.g., complexing amines, decomposing organo-metallic catalysts, etc. ) and reduce the service lifetime of adhesive dispensing machines.
[0011] Polyurethane compositions disclosed herein may include an adhesion additive that promotes adhesion on substrates, which may include high surface energy substrates such as metals and polar polymers. As used herein, “high surface energy substrate” refers to substrates having a surface energy of 100 dynes / cm or greater, and in some cases 500 dynes / cm or greater (e. g, aluminum at 840 dynes / cm) . Substrates disclosed herein include metals such as aluminum, steel or alloys, zinc, and the like, non-metals, including glass, polar polymers such as epoxy, polyurethane, or polyester, coated materials such as epoxy-coated aluminum, polyacrylate-coated aluminum, polyester liner-covered aluminum, and the like. In some cases, substrates may be uncoated or bare metal substrates, doped and / or coated substrates, contiguous or mosaic multi-substrate surfaces, and the like.
[0012] PU adhesive compositions disclosed herein generally include the product obtained from combining a two-component curable composition: an isocyanate-reactive component ( “A-side” ) and an isocyanate component ( “B-side” ) . During application, the isocyanate (B) and isocyanate-reactive components (A) are mixed, initiating a curing reaction, and forming a polyurethane adhesive and / or article. PU adhesive compositions may also include one or more fillers added to the isocyanate (B) and / or isocyanate-reactive components (A) , or as a third component (C) added during mixing.
[0013] A. ) Isocyanate-reactive component
[0014] The isocyanate-reactive component (or A-side) may contain of one or more of hydrophobic polyols, phosphonate-based polymers, polyether polyols, hydroxy-terminated prepolymers, chain extenders, fillers, and other additives.
[0015] Isocyanate-reactive compositions may include one or more compounds having at least one active hydrogen-containing functional group (e.g., hydroxyl, amine) . PU adhesive compositions may include hydrophobic polyol compounds such as one or more vegetable oil polyols or multi-functional polyether polyols. As used herein, “vegetable oil polyol” refers to vegetable oil-based derivatives of polyols, and oligomers and / or polymers such as polyethers, polyesters, polyurethanes, and mixtures thereof. Vegetable oil polyols may have average hydroxyl group functionality of greater than 1.5, greater than 2.0, or in a range of 2 to 4. In some cases, the vegetable oil polyols include vegetable oil derivatives of a polyol having a hydroxyl number (OH#) according to ASTM D4274-21 in a range of 150 mg KOH / g to 400 mg KOH / g, or 200 mg KOH / g to 400 mg KOH / g. As an example, vegetable oil polyols may include castor oil-modified polyurethane polyol or castor oil-modified polyether polyols. Vegetable oil polyols may have a density according to ASTM D3574-17 Test A of less than 1 g / mL, or in a range of 0.2 g / mL to 1.0 g / mL, or 0.3 g / mL to 0.9 g / mL.
[0016] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more vegetable oil polyols at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 1 wt%to 95 wt%, 1 wt%to 80 wt%, or 10 wt%to 80 wt%.
[0017] In some embodiments, the isocyanate-reactive component includes one or more polyether polyols. Polyether polyols are prepared by polyaddition of alkylene oxides such as propylene oxide and / or ethylene oxide onto polyhydroxy functional starter compounds in the presence of catalysts known in the art. Polyether polyols may be prepared from a starter compound and one or more alkylene oxides, for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and / or butylene oxide. Starter compounds may include, but are not limited to, molecules having 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups per molecule, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, l, 4-butanediol, l, 6-hexanediol, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, bisphenol A, glycerol, diglycerol, triglycerol, trimethylolpropane, di (trimethylolpropane) pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, sugars and sugar alcohols such as sucrose and sorbitol, and the like. Polyether polyols may be a blend of any of these polyether polyols together with one or more starter compounds, and the polyether polyols can also be one or more starter compounds themselves. Polyether polyols may also include polyols reacted with polyethers formed from copolymers of alkylene oxides, including block copolymers and polyethers “capped” with hydroxyethyl and / or hydroxypropyl oligomers or polymers.
[0018] In some cases, the one or more polyether polyols contained in the isocyanate-reactive component may have an average hydroxyl group number of no less than 80 mg KOH / g, such as in a range from 80 to 800 mg KOH / g, or from 200 to 400 mg KOH / g.
[0019] In some cases, PU adhesive compositions may include an isocyanate-reactive component containing one or more “multi-functional” polyether polyols having a functionality of 3 or more. For example, multi-functional polyether polyols may be generated by the polyaddition of alkylene oxide in the presence of a starter compound having a functionality of 3 or more.
[0020] Multi-functional polyether polyols may have a hydroxy functionality ranging from 3 to 8, or 3 to 7. Polyether polyols may have a hydroxyl number (OH#) according to ASTM D4274-21 in a range of 200 mg KOH / g to 700 mg KOH / g, or 200 mg KOH / g to 600 mg KOH / g.
[0021] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more polyether polyols at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 10 wt%to 50 wt%, 10 wt%to 45 wt%, or 10 wt%to 30 wt%.
[0022] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more hydroxy-terminated isocyanate prepolymers, including copolymer polyols. Isocyanate-terminated prepolymers may be any prepolymer (s) prepared by the reaction of one or more polyisocyanates containing two or more isocyanate groups with a stoichiometric excess of polyols selected from vegetable oil polyols and / or polyether polyols. By using the polyol materials in excess, the isocyanate prepolymer can be provided with hydroxyl functionality. In general, hydroxyl-terminated prepolymers can be prepared using the same starting materials as described above, the difference being in the relative ratios of components. Hydroxyl-terminated isocyanate prepolymers may have a density according to ASTM D3574-17 Test A of less than 2 g / mL, or in a range of 0.5 g / mL to 1.9 g / mL, or 0.7 g / mL to 1.9.
[0023] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more hydroxyl-terminated isocyanate prepolymers at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 10 wt%to 50 wt%, 10 wt%to 45 wt%, or 10 wt%to 30 wt%.
[0024] In addition to the above, isocyanate-reactive components may include a balance of additional isocyanate-reactive species, such as polyester polyols, polyether polyols, polyether ester polyols, polycarbonate polyols, polyurethane polyols at a percent by weight (wt%) of the isocyanate-reactive component up to 99 wt%or less, or 95 wt%or less, such as in a range of 5 wt%to 95 wt%.
[0025] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more phosphonate-based polymers (PPOPs) , including polymers generated from the polymerization of monomers containing phosphonic acid and / or phosphonate ester functional groups. Phosphonate-based polymers include homopolymers and copolymers prepared from the polymerization of at least one phosphonate-based monomer having the general structure:
[0026] where R1 is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; R2 is a C1 to C10 carbon chain; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain.
[0027] PPOPs may have (or comonomer blocks / segments having) the general structure:
[0028] where R1 is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; m is the polymerization degree and may range from 1 to 100, or 2 to 100; R2 is a C1 to C10 carbon chain; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain. In some cases, the phosphate-modified polymer may include a homopolymer (or copolymer) containing at least one dialkylphosphoryl acrylate such as (dimethoxyphosphoryl) methyl acrylate (DMPMA) , bis (2-methacryloxyethyl) phosphate, and the like.
[0029] PPOPs may be prepared by free radical polymerization, in the presence of a radical initiators such as Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) , organic and inorganic peroxides, and the like. Polymierzation methods may include reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in the presence of one or more chain transfer agents (CTAs) . Suitable CTAs may include trithiocarbonates such as S, S′-Bis (R, R′-dimethyl-R″-acetic acid) -trithiocarbonate, dithioesters, dithiocarbamates, xanthates, and the like.
[0030] PPOPs may be added to an isocyanate-reactive component at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 0.05 wt%to 10 wt%, or 0.1 wt%to 10 wt%. In some cases, PPOPs may be added ot the isocyanate component and / or the isocyanate-reactive component, or as a third component within the wt%ranges described above.
[0031] Isocyanate-reactive component containing one or more chain extenders. Suitable chain extenders may have a functionality of at least two, and may include 1, 3-propanediol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, 1, 6-hexandiol, 1, 7-heptanediol, 1, 2-dodecanediol, cyclohexanedimethanol, 3-methyl-l, 5-pentanediol, 2, 4-diethyl-1, 5-pentanediol, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ether, bis (6-hydroxyhexyl) ether, and the like.
[0032] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more chain extenders at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 0.5 wt%to 15 wt%, 1 wt%to 15 wt%, or 3 wt%to 7 wt%.
[0033] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more moisture scavengers to improve shelf lift and stability. Suitable moisture scavengers include vinyltrimethoxysilane, oligomeric vinyltrimethoxysilane, triethylortho-formate, triethylorthoacetate, and molecular sieve powders.
[0034] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more moisture scavengers at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 0.1 wt%to 15 wt%, 0.5 wt%to 12.5 wt%, or 0.5 wt%to 10 wt%.
[0035] Isocyanate-reactive components may include one or more catalysts for enhancing polyurethane polymerization to generate the PU adhesive composition. Catalysts may be used individually or as a catalyst package containing multiple catalysts, such as gelling catalysts, blowing catalysts, and trimerization catalysts. Gelling and blowing catalysts may be differentiated by a tendency to favor either the urethane (gel) reaction, in the case of the gelling catalyst, or the urea (blow) reaction, in the case of the blowing catalyst. A trimerization catalyst may be utilized to promote the isocyanurate forming reaction in the compositions. The catalyst package can also be added as a separate stream into the reaction mixture of isocyanate and isocyanate-reactive composition.
[0036] Gelling catalysts include organometallic compounds, cyclic tertiary amines and / or long chain amines, e.g., that contain several nitrogen atoms and combinations thereof. Organometallic compounds include organotin compounds, such as tin (II) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g., tin (II) diacetate, tin (II) dioctanoate, tin (II) diethylhexanoate, and tin (II) dilaurate, and dialkyltin (IV) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g., dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate and dioctyltin diacetate. Bismuth salts of organic carboxylic acids may also be utilized as the gelling catalyst, such as, for example, bismuth octanoate. Cyclic tertiary amines and / or long chain amines include dimethylbenzylamine, triethylenediamine, and combinations thereof. Examples of a commercially available gelling catalysts are 8, 33-LV, and T-12 from Evonik, among other commercially available gelling catalysts.
[0037] Blowing catalysts may include bis- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, triethylamine, tributyl amine, N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine, dimethylethanolamine, N, N, N′, N′-tetra-methylethylenediamine, and combinations thereof, among others. An example of a commercial blowing catalyst is 5, from Evonik, among other commercially available blowing catalysts.
[0038] Trimerization catalysts may include any such catalysts known in the art. Examples of trimerization catalysts include N, N', N” -tris (3-dimethylaminopropyl) hexahydro-S-triazine; N, N-dimethylcyclo-hexylamine; 1, 3, 5-tris (N, N-dimethylaminopropyl) -s-hexahydrotriazine; [2, 4, 6-tris (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol] ; potassium acetate, potassium octoate; tetraalkylammonium hydroxides such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide; alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide; alkali metal alkoxides such as sodium methoxide and potassium isopropoxide; and alkali metal salts of long-chain fatty acids having 10 carbon atoms to 20 carbon atoms, and combinations thereof, among others. Some commercially available trimerization catalysts include, for example, TMR-2, TMR-20, TMR-30, TMR-7, K 2097; K15, 41, and 46, each from Evonik, among other commercially available trimerization catalysts.
[0039] Catalysts may include a “latent catalyst” or “delayed catalyst, ” which is defined as a catalyst compound that is of low catalytic activity or is relatively inactive at ambient temperatures, and which becomes more catalytically active, such as by disassociation, decoordination, ring opening, ionization, or tautomerization upon heating to effect catalysis of least one of the chemical reactions involved in making a PU foam. Ambient temperatures may range 15 ℃ to 35 ℃, where room temperature is often around 23 ℃.
[0040] Latent / delayed catalysts can be gelling, blowing, and / or trimerization types of catalysts in terms of their function in the foaming process. The latent catalyst is often a subset of tertiary amine gelling catalysts (e.g., delayed action tertiary amine based on 1, 8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene) that include acid salts, phenolic salts, or complexes of a tertiary amine catalyst where the acid or phenolic is often a carboxylic acid or phenol species, but not limited to, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, gluconic acid, tataric acid, citric acid, phenol, nonylphenol, diisopropyl phenol, and the like; and mixtures thereof. Some useable commercially available latent catalysts include, for example, TMR-30, SA2 LE, SA-1 / 10, and 8154 from Evonik; A-107, C-31, and C-225 from Momentive; and ZF-54, LED-204 from Huntsman Corporation; and mixtures thereof.
[0041] The catalyst or catalyst package may be present in the PU adhesive composition at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 0.1 wt%to 10 wt%, or 0.1 wt%to 3 wt%. In some cases, a catalyst package may be added to the isocyanate-reactive component in amount sufficient to provide the mixture with the corresponding weight percentages above.
[0042] PU adhesive compositions may include one or more fillers including filler particles such as silica, CaCO3, kaolin, talc, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, alumina trihydrate (ATH) , boron nitride, and the like; and fibers such as fiberglass, carbon fiber, synthetic or natural fibers, and the like. In some cases, the surface of the filler particles may be modified by a treating agent to mediate the interactions between the particles and the surrounding matrix and / or polymer phases, such as by tuning hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. Surface modification may include covalent and ionic attachment chemistries to attach functional groups, such as alkyl chains, siloxane, hydroxyl groups, amines, thiols, isocyanate, epoxies, acrylates, aromatics, and the like.
[0043] Fillers may be present at a percent by weight of the total weight of the adhesive composition (wt%) ranging from 0 wt%to 95 wt%, or 5 wt%to 90 wt%. The fillers may be loaded in the A-side and / or B-side in equal or differing amounts that, when combined, result in an adhesive composition having a fillers concentration within any of the above ranges. For example, the isocyanate component and isocyanate-reactive component, respectively, may contain 0 wt%to 45 wt%of fillers, resulting in a total wt%of 0 wt%to 90 wt%. Further, different fillers sizes / types may be blended to obtain the desired fillers loading and viscosity of a formulation.
[0044] B. ) Isocyanate component
[0045] The isocyanate component (or B-side) may contain one or more isocyanate-terminated prepolymers, phosphonate-based polymers, fillers, and other additives such as plasticizers, and other adhesion promoters.
[0046] Isocyanate components may include one or more isocyanate-terminated prepolymers, which may be any prepolymer (s) prepared by the reaction of one or more polyols with a stoichiometric excess of one or more polyisocyanates containing two or more isocyanate groups. The polyisocyanates may be aromatic, aliphatic, aromatic, or cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates, or mixtures thereof. Suitable polyisocyanates include toluene diisocyanate (TDI) , diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) , isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) , hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) , tetramethylene-l, 4-diisocyanate, cyclohexane-l, 4-diisocyanate, hexahydrotolylene diisocyanate, 1-methoxyphenyl-2, 4-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-4, 4'-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-2, 4'-diisocyanate, 4, 4'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 3, 3'-dimethoxy-4, 4'-diphenyl diisocyanate, and 3, 3'-dimethyldiphenylpropane-4, 4'-diisocyanate; isomers thereof, or mixtures thereof. Suitable polyisocyanates may have an average isocyanate functionality of 1.9 or more, 2.0 or more, 2.1 or more, or 2.2 or more, and at the same time, 3.5 or less, 3.2 or less, 3.0 or less, or 2.8 or less. The isocyanate-terminated prepolymer may have an isocyanate (NCO) content by weight according to ASTM D5155-19 of 0.5%or more, 1.0%or more, or 2.0%or more, and at the same time, 30%or less, 25%or less, or 20%or less.
[0047] The polyols and polyol mixtures used to prepare the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer may include any of those disclosed above and further may include ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, 1, 3-propanediol, neopentylglycol, bis (hydroxy-methyl) cyclohexanes such as 1, 4-bis(hydroxymethyl) cyclohexane, 2-methylpropane-1, 3-diol, methylpentanediols, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and the like. Polyols for preparing the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer may also include oligomers and polymers such as polypropylene glycol, polyester polyols, polyether polyols, and the like. In some cases, polyester polyols may include dimeric acid polyester polyols prepared from the polymerization of a polyol and C13 to C22 dimers of long chain carboxylic acids, hydrophobic polyols described above including vegetable oil-based polyols, polyolefine-based polyols, and the like. Isocyanate-terminated prepolymers may be formed using a catalyst, which may include amine-based catalysts and / or tin-based catalysts. In some cases, the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer may be based on dimer acid polyester polyol and a polyisocyanate such as MDI.
[0048] The isocyanate component may include a isocyanate-terminated isocyanate prepolymer at a percent by weight (wt%) up to 95 wt%such as in a range of 50 wt%to 95 wt%, 55 wt%to 95 wt%, or 70 wt%to 90 wt%.
[0049] The isocyanate component may include one or more plasticizers. Examples of plasticizers include butylcarbitol adipate, hexadecyltrimetoxysilane, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) , dioctyl adipate, isodecyl succinate, diethylene glycol dibenzoate, pentaerythritol ester, butyl oleate, methyl acetyl ricinoleate, tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, propylene glycol adipate polyester, butylene glycol adipate polyester, and combinations thereof. One or more embodiments provide that the A Side includes butylcarbitol adipate, hexadecyltrimetoxysilane, or a combination thereof. Suitable plasticizers include bis (2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl) adipate, bis-dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether adipate, bis-diethylene glycol n-butyl ether malonate, bis-diethylene glycol n-butyl ether glutarate, bis-dipropylene glycol methyl ether maleate, tetraetyleneglycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, and the like.
[0050] The isocyanate component may optionally include one or more plasticizers at a percent by weight (wt%) up to 25 wt%, such as in a range of 0.1 wt%to 25 wt%, 0.1 to 20 wt%, or 1 wt%to 20 wt%.
[0051] Isocyanate components may include one or more bifunctional organosilanes that function as supplementary adhesion promoters, where “bifunctional” refers to organosilanes that include at least on silane functionality and at least one electrophilic functionality. In some cases, bifunctional organosilanes may have a general chemical structure of Si (OR) n (R’Y) 4-n, where n is an integer from 1 to 3, R is independently a C1 to C5 alkyl group, R’ is a C1 to C20 hydrocarbon, and Y is an electrophilic functional group. In some cases, R’ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or aromatic C1 to C20 hydrocarbon. Y is an electrophilic functional group, where “electrophilic functional group” refers to a configuration of ions or atoms that accept an electron pair to form a covalent bond with a nucleophile, such as isocyanates, epoxy, allyl, vinyl, carboxylic acid, anhydrides, succinates, aldehydes, acid chlorides, aziridine, carbodiimides, oxetanes, sulfonyl chlorides, and the like. For example, bifunctional organosilanes may include 3-isocyanatopropyl-trimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, isocyanatomethyl-trimethoxysilane, and triethoxysilylpropyl succinic anhydride, aminopropyl triethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyl trimethoxylsilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, and the like.
[0052] Bifunctional organosilanes may be added optionally to the isocyanate component at a percent by weight (wt%) up to 10 wt%, such as ranging from 0.1 wt%to 10 wt%, or 1 wt%to 10 wt%.
[0053] Isocyanate components may include one or more rheology modifiers to modify the thixotropic properties for different application needs. Rheology modifiers may include colloidal silica, fumed silica, precipitated silica, colloidal silica, fumed silica, precipitated silica, diatomaceous earths, ground quartz, kaolin, calcined kaolin, wollastonite, hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, hydrated alumina, magnesium hydroxide, carbon black, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, vermiculite, zinc oxide, mica, talcum, iron oxide, barium sulphate, and the like.
[0054] The isocyanate component may optionally include one or more rheology modifiers at a percent by weight (wt%) up to 15 wt%, such as in a range of 0.1 wt%to 15 wt%, 0.1 to 10 wt%, or 1 wt%to 10 wt%.
[0055] Isocyanate components and / or isocyanate-reactive components may also include additives such as moisture scavengers, adhesion promoters, thixotropic agents, antioxidants, wetting agents, surface treatment additives, flame resistance additives, and combinations thereof, among other additives.
[0056] C. Method of Preparation
[0057] For PU adhesive compositions disclosed herein may be achieved by mixing the respective components of the isocyanate component and the isocyanate-reactive component in any sequence and allowing the mixture to cure. Suitable mixing techniques include the use of a Ross PD Mixer (Charles Ross) , Myers mixer, FlackTek Speedmixer, butterfly mixer and the like. Various components of the composition could also be mixed using a continuous process.
[0058] In some cases, methods of using the polyurethane adhesive composition include combining an isocyanate-reactive component and an isocyanate component to form a curable mixture, applying the curable mixture to a first substrate, contacting the first substrate with a second substrate; and allowing the curable mixture to cure and form an adhesion between the first and second substrates. The curable mixture can be cured at a room temperature (about 25℃) for several days (for example, 3 to 10 days) . In some cases, the curable mixture can be subjected to pressure or heat (for example, at a temperature of from 30℃ to 90℃, for example, from 30℃ to 60℃) to speed the curing. The material or type of the substrate to be treated (for example, the first substrate and the second substrate) by the PU adhesive composition is not limited. In an exemplary embodiment, the first substrate can be one or more battery cells and the second substrate can be a cooling plate.
[0059] PU adhesive compositions may be prepared by mixing the isocyanate component and the isocyanate-reactive component at a volume ratio of 1: 1 and an ISO index (also known as NCO / OH molar ratio) from 0.95 to 1.9, or 1.05 to 1.85.
[0060] Cured PU adhesive compositions may have a density according to ASTM D3574-17 Test A of less than 1 g / mL, or in a range of 0.1 g / mL to 1.0 g / mL, or 0.1 g / mL to 0.9.
[0061] PU adhesive compositions may have high lap shear strength according to GB / T7124 of 8 MPa or more, or of 10 MPa or more.
[0062] PU adhesive compositions may have a tensile strength of butt joint according to GB / T6329 of 10 MPa or more, or 12 MPa or more.
[0063] Described compositions can be used as structural adhesives for electronic and automotive applications, including for assembly and support in electric vehicle batteries. PU adhesive compositions may be applied as gap fillers and pastes, such as between a battery module and a cooling plate. Manual or automatic dispensing tools can be used to apply adhesive compositions directly to the target surface to minimize waste. In an embodiment, PU adhesive compositions may be prepared by combining an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive component and applying to a cooling plate or heat sink an automated mix-meter-dispense system, followed by installation of a battery cell, module or pack, or other heat source.
[0064] Additionally, PU adhesive compositions may be used to form pre-cured articles such as gap filler pads. In one example, pre-cured articles may be formed by curing a PU adhesive composition at a desired thickness, cutting the article to a desired shape, and then compressed to fix in place as needed. In some cases, cured articles may also help reduce vibration stress for shock dampening.
[0065] Examples
[0066] The following examples are provided to illustrate the embodiments of the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope thereof. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. Table 1 lists the materials used in the following examples:
[0067] Synthesis of Phosphonate-based polymer
[0068] Phosponate-based polymers are generated from the polymerization of phosphate-based monomers by suitable polymerization methods, including RAFT polymerization. Phosphate-based monomer dimethoxyphosphoryl) methyl acrylate (DMPMA) was generated by a two-step synthesis. In the first step, dimethyl-α-hydroxymethylphosphonate (DHP) was prepared. In detail, 100 grams (0.9 mol) of dimethyl hydrogenophosphonate, 27.3 g (0.9 mol) of paraformaldehyde, 300 mL of methanol, and 6.2 g of anhydrous K2CO3 were introduced in a two-necked flask equipped with a condenser. The solution was vigorously stirred under methanol refluxing for 6 h. The reaction solution was then spin-dried and evaporated, and the crude product was filtered using a sand-core Brinell's funnel and pumped in a vacuum oven at 35 ℃ for 6 h before being prepared for use.
[0069] In the second step, DMPMA was prepared. In detail, 45.6 g DHP, 47.0 g triethylamine and 500 mL dichloromethane were charged into a 1 L round-bottom flask and it was immersed into an ice bath. 33.7 g acryloyl chloride was slowly dropped into it under agitation. After addition, the reaction mixture was kept under room temperature for 12 h. Then it was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution three times. After drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtration, the solution was evaporated. The crude product was passed through a neutral alumina column with diameter of 2 cm and length of 5 cm. The product was then pumped in a vacuum oven at 35 ℃for 6h.
[0070] PPOPs were then generatd by RAFT polymerization in which S, S′-Bis (R, R′-dimethyl-R″-acetic acid) -trithiocarbonate (DMAT) was used as the chain transfer agent (CTA) . PPOPs with different polymerization degree was prepared by tuning the molar ratio between DMPMA and CTA. The higher ratio, the higher polymerization degree of the PPOPs.
[0071] PPOP-1 was synthesized as below. 2.907 g DMAT, 20 g DMPMA, 0.169 g AIBN and 80 ml anhydrous1, 4-dioxane were added to a 150 ml single ended flask. The flask was degassed with dry argon for 4 h, and then stir the reaction overnight at 75 ℃. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and then the reaction solution was precipitated three times with n-hexane. The product was dried in vacuum for 6 hours. 1H-NMR determines the polymerization degree is 7.
[0072] PPOP-2 was synthesized as below. 2.907 g DMAT, 40 g DMPMA, 0.169 g AIBN and 80 ml anhydrous1, 4-dioxane were added to a 150 ml single ended flask. The flask was degassed with dry argon for 4 h, and then stir the reaction overnight at 75 ℃. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and then the reaction solution was precipitated three times with n-hexane. The product was dried in vacuum for 6 hours. 1H-NMR determines the polymerization degree is 14.
[0073] Acid forms of PPOPs were prepared by hydrolyzing the respective PPOPs. In detail, trimethylsilyl bromide (TMS-Br) (9.12 mL) was added to a solution of PPOPs (10 g, CAPP 8.74 g) in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 mL) . After stirring for 6 hours at room temperature, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Methanol (200 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the product was dried to a constant weight under vacuum.
[0074] Isocyanate (NCO) Prepolymer was prepared from a dimeric acid-based polyester polyol. In detail, 100 g 1, 6-Hexanediol, 353 g ATUREX-1001 are charged into 500 ml glass reactor, mixed, and heated to 100 ℃ with agitation. Catalyst Tyzor TBT until acid value of the reaction system is less than 10, while maintaining system at 30 mm Hg vacuum condition until the OH value reaches theoretical value. Product was cooled to 60-70 ℃, and product was collected.
[0075] In a separate flask, 75 g ISONATE 143L was charged and kept at 60 ℃ with nitrogen protection, and 25 g dimer acid based polyester polyol was added. The temperature was increased to 80 ℃ slowly and held for 2-3 hour until NCO content meet the theoretical value. Finally, the NCO pre-polymer was charged into well sealed container with nitrogen protection for further application.
[0076] Example 1: Polyurethane adhesive formulations
[0077] Adhesive formulations were prepared and tested for stability and adhesive performance. The comparative examples (denoted “C” ) and inventive examples (denoted “I” ) were organized in two parts based on different filler and surface treatment additions. Examples denoted with a “C” are comparative samples, and examples denoted with an “I” are inventive.
[0078] Sample formulations were prepared as A and B sides separately by blending formulation components in the proportions specified in Table 2 by speedmixer. Part A isocyanate-reactive component was prepared by combining compounds and heating to 80 ℃; applying vacuum and mixing for 1 hour to de-gas. Fillers were then added and mixed for 1.5 h. Part A was then cooled to < 40 ℃.
[0079] Part B isocyanate prepolymer was prepared by NCO-terminated prepolymer into the vessel, adding the other liquid components, and mixing for 30 min. Fillers were then added and mixed for 45 minutes. The mixture was heated to 80 ℃, mixed for 30 min, and cooled to < 40 ℃.
[0080] Sample formulations were combined in two stages, where liquid components were combined first and filler, moisture scavenger, and rheology modifier solids were added as a last component. All units in grams unless otherwise specified.
[0081] For property testing coupons were assembled on the fixture of Instron test machine and tested at strain rate of 5 mm / min for shear strength of lap-joints and tensile strength of butt-joints.
[0082] The lap shear test was performed according to the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association standard GB / T7124. Testing proceeded by cleaning a 25 mm X 12.5 mm sample of 3003 aluminum alloy with ethanol, and masking a 25 mm X 12 mm bonding area by using pressure sensitive tape. The isocyanate-reactive component and isocyanate component were mixed by speed mixer, and 0.5 g to 1.5 g of the curing adhesive mixture was applied in the bonding area of the substrate. Two copper wires with diameter 0.25 mm were used to control the thickness of adhesive. Along the length direction, a second masked substrate was contacted with the bonding area, pressed, and clip-fastened. The adhesive was cured at 25 ℃ for 7 days. Test samples were assembled on the fixture of Instron test machine and tested at strain rate of 5 mm / min for the lap shear strength.
[0083] The butt joint test was performed according to the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association standard GB / T6329. Testing proceeded by cleaning a 60 mm X 15 mm sample of 3003 aluminum alloy with ethanol. The isocyanate-reactive component and isocyanate component were mixed by speed mixer, and 0.5 g to 1.5 g of the curing adhesive mixture was applied in the bonding area of the substrate. Two copper wires with diameter 0.25 mm were used to control the thickness of adhesive. A second cleaned substrate was applied and allowed to cure at 25 ℃ for 7 days, and then tested by Instron testing machine.
[0084] As shown in Table 2, for C1, when no adhesion promoters are used in the adhesive formulation, both the lap shear and cross-tensile bonding strengths are rather low. For C2, when phosphate based adhesion promoter is used, both the lap shear and cross-tensile bonding strengths are very good, but their hydrolysis and corrosion issues are unsatisfactory. For C3, double bond containing phosphonate monomer is used as a control. Their lap shear and cross-tensile bonding strengths are still quite low, although they are improved compared to those of C1.
[0085] For I1, I2 and I3, when PPOPs are used in the isocyanate-reactive component, lap shear and cross tensile strengths increase compared to C1, particularly as polymerization degree is increased from 7 to 14. For I4 and I5, where the PPOPs are converted into acid types, compared to their ester versions, I1 and I3, respectively, I-4 and I-5 show enhanced lap shear strength but reduced cross-tensile strength.
[0086] Example 2: Acid hydrolysis testing
[0087] In this example, 50 mg of Comp. Adhesion Promoter (1 mg of P moiety) and 1 mg PPOP-1-acid were dissolved, respectively, in 1 mL of deuterated methanol (MetOD) and deuterated water mixed solvent (VMetOD / VD2O = 90 / 10) . The mixtures were incubated at room temperatures for 1 week, followed by 31P-NMR characterization.
[0088] Samples containing Comp. Adhesion Promoter where water-hydrolysable, leading to the formation of free phosphoric acid as indicated by the increasing peak height at 0 ppm. In contrast, the PPOP-1-acid showed no change in the NMR signal corresponding to phosphorus, suggesting that PPOP-1-acid is and resistant to water-hydrolysis.
[0089] Samples were also applied to Al substrates to analyze corrosion. After the 12-h incubation, the Comp. Adhesion Promoter strongly corrodes the Al substrate, whereas the PPOP-1-acid showed much less corrosion to the Al substrate.
[0090] While the foregoing is directed to exemplary embodiments, other and further embodiments may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
Claims
1.An two-component adhesive composition, comprising:a polymer matrix prepared by curing a reaction mixture comprising:an isocyanate-reactive component comprising:one or more hydrophobic polyols,one or more chain extenders; andan isocyanate component comprising one or more isocyanate-terminated prepolymers;wherein the isocyanate-reactive and / or isocyanate component further comprises one or more phosphonate-based polymers prepared from a polymerization comprising at least one phosphate monomer having the general structure:where R1 is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; R2 is a C1 to C10 carbon chain; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more phosphonate-based polymers comprise polymer chains or blocks having the structure: where R1 is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; m is 2 to 100; R2 is a C1 to C10 carbon chain; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain.3.The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more phosphonate-based polymers are polymerized by reversible addition fragmentation polymerization in the presence of a chain transfer agent.4.The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more hydrophobic polyols comprises a castor oil or a castor oil-modified polyol.5.The composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is the reaction product of one or more isocyanate monomers and one or more hydrophobic polyols.6.The composition of Claim 5, the said hydrophobic polyols are dimeric acid-based polyester polyols.7.A battery pack comprising the adhesive composition of claim 1.8.A multilayer composition comprising a first substrate adhered to a second substrate by a polyurethane adhesive composition according to claim 1.9.The multilayer composition of claim 8, wherein the polyurethane adhesive composition has a lap shear strength or cross tensile strength according to GB / T7124 of 8 MPa or more; and a tensile strength of butt joint according to GB / T6329 of 10 MPa or more.10.A method of preparing a multilayer composition, comprising:forming a curable mixture by combining an isocyanate-reactive component and an isocyanate component,the isocyanate-reactive component comprising:one or more hydrophobic polyols,one or more chain extenders; andthe isocyanate component comprising one or more isocyanate-terminated prepolymers;wherein the isocyanate-reactive and / or isocyanate component further comprises one or more phosphonate-based polymers prepared from a polymerization comprising at least one phosphate monomer having the general structure:where R1 is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain; R2 is a C1 to C10 carbon chain; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen or a C1 to C10 carbon chain;applying the curable mixture to a first substrate;contacting the first substrate with a second substrate; andallowing the curable mixture to cure and form an adhesion between the first and second substrates to form the multilayer composition.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Bi-component polyurethane structural adhesive with high-temperature adhesive strength larger than cohesive force and preparation method thereof
CN116445121A