Anti-c-met antibodies and uses thereof
Alpaca-derived VHH antibodies targeting c-Met provide a specific and effective treatment for various cancers by inducing degradation and inhibiting proliferation, addressing the limitations of traditional therapies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/092450
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-11
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-06
AI Technical Summary
Current cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, are often ineffective for advanced or metastatic cancers and cause significant side effects, highlighting the need for more specific and targeted therapies.
Development of alpaca-derived VHH antibodies, specifically Anti-c-Met-C1 and its humanized variants, which exhibit high binding affinity and induce c-Met degradation, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and blocking HGF/c-Met interaction.
The antibodies effectively bind to c-Met-expressing cancer cells, inducing degradation and inhibiting proliferation, offering a targeted approach to treat cancers like non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and bladder cancer.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025092450-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025092450-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025092450-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ANTI-C-MET ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 642,263, filed on May 03, 2024, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 669,811, filed on July 11, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0003] SEQUENCE LISTING
[0004] This application contains a Sequence Listing that has been submitted electronically as an XML file named 52246-0024WO1_SL_ST26. xml. The XML file, created on April 16, 2025, is 180, 381 bytes in size. The material in the XML file is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0005] This disclosure relates to antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to c-Met and uses thereof.BACKGROUND
[0006] Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation, often leading to the formation of tumors. Traditional cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, have been effective to varying degrees, but they can also cause significant side effects and may not always be curative, especially for advanced or metastatic cancers. Better treatments of high specificity and targetability are needed to fight again cancer.
[0007] Recent clinical and commercial success of anticancer antibodies has created great interest in antibody-based therapeutics for the treatment of various types of cancer. Antibody-based therapies can target different components involved in cancer progression, including cell surface receptors, signaling molecules, and immune checkpoints, among others. There is a need to identify new targets and develop novel anti-cancer antibodies to improve cancer treatment outcomes and patient survival.SUMMARY
[0008] This disclosure relates to antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and protein constructs thereof that bind to c-Met (e.g., human c-Met) . In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, and protein constructs thereof described herein comprise a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) that binds to c-Met. In some embodiments, the VHHs described herein are humanized VHHs. In some embodiments, affinity maturation was performed to screen for VHHs with an improved antigen-binding affinity and thermostability. In some embodiments, the VHHs described herein can bind to human c-Met and c-Met-expressing cells with a high binding affinity.
[0009] In this disclosure, alpaca immunization was carried out such that lymphocytes were isolated for RNA extraction. Alpaca VHH clones were prepared for initial screenings. An alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone (Anti-c-Met-C1 VHH) was selected after it showed a high binding affinity to human c-Met protein, a good binding capacity to c-Met-expressing cells, a slight inhibition effect of c-Met-expressing cell proliferation, and a significant induction of c-Met degradation. The alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone was selected for humanization. One humanized VHH clone (Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) maintained a high binding ability to c-Met-expressing cells, a slight inhibition effect of c-Met-expressing cell proliferation, a blocking effect of HGF / c-Met interaction, and a significant induction of c-Met degradation. To further improve the binding affinity, affinity maturation was performed. Specifically, site-specific mutations with CDRs of the humanized anti-c-Met VHH clone (Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) were introduced by PCR using randomized primers, and the generated VHH clones were screened by phage display. All of the screened VHH clones were shown to induce c-Met degradation and inhibit c-Met-expressing cell proliferation with a comparable efficacy. In particular, some of the screened VHH clones (e.g., MET-9, MET-10, MET-14, MET-15, MET-25, and MET-26) exhibited a higher binding affinity to c-Met-expressing tumor cells as compared to the parental clone Anti-c-Met-hC1-2. In addition, some of the screened VHH clones (e.g., MET-9, MET-10, MET-14, and MET-15) showed similar or even higher binding affinity than the parental clone Anti-c-Met-hC1-2.
[0010] In some embodiments, the alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-C1) can bind to c-Met-expressing cancer cells, including U-87 MG, SNU-5, and NCI-H596. In some embodiments, the alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-C1) can induce c-Met degradation and / or also exhibit a slight inhibitory effect on U-87 MG cell proliferation. In some embodiments, the alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-C1) can be used as the target for humanization, leading to the generation of humanized anti-c-Met VHH clones (e.g., Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) . In some embodiments, the humanized anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) can maintain the capability to bind to c-Met-expressing cancer cells and / or induce c-Met degradation. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) can be used as the target for affinity maturation. In some embodiments, VHH clones obtained after affinity maturation have a c-Met-binding affinity that is at least 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold as compared to the alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-C1) or the humanized anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) . In some embodiments, the VHH clones obtained after affinity maturation can retain the ability to induce c-Met degradation and / or inhibit c-Met-expressing cancer cell proliferation. In some embodiments, the VHH clones obtained after affinity maturation (e.g., MET-9, MET-10, MET-14, and MET-15) can be further modified for cancer treatment.
[0011] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met (mesenchymal-epithelial-transition factor) , comprising: a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, in some embodiments, the VHH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VHH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VHH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR3 amino acid sequence; in some embodiments, the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in GX1X2FX3X4Y (SEQ ID NO: 156) , X5X6X7X8X9S (SEQ ID NO: 157) , and AQPPX10X11GENWPX12 (SEQ ID NO: 158) , respectively, in some embodiments, X1: F, L, W, or Y; X2: T, S, or I; X3: K or R; X4: S, P, A, or H; X5: N or T; X6: W, A, S, P, Q, or R; X7: G, R, H, or T; X8: G or S; X9: G or A; X10: G, W, or S; X11: Y, K, or R; and X12: L, I, V, or T.
[0012] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met, comprising: a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, in some embodiments, the VHH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VHH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VHH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR3 amino acid sequence; in some embodiments, the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in GX1X2FX3X4Y (SEQ ID NO: 156) , NX13GGS (SEQ ID NO: 161) , and AQPPGX14GENWPX15 (SEQ ID NO: 162) , respectively, in some embodiments, X1: F, L, W, or Y; X2: T, S, or I; X3: K or R; X4: S, P, A, or H; X13: Q, R, or L; X14: Y or R; and X15: L or T.
[0013] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met, comprising: a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, in some embodiments, the VHH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VHH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VHH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR3 amino acid sequence; in some embodiments, the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following: (1) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 41, 42, and 43, respectively; (2) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 44, 45, and 46, respectively; (3) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, and 49, respectively; (4) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 50, 51, and 52, respectively; (5) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 53, 54, and 55, respectively; (6) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 56, 57, and 58, respectively; (7) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 61, respectively; (8) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 62, 63, and 64, respectively; (9) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 65, 66, and 67, respectively; (10) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 68, 69, and 70, respectively; (11) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 71, 72, and 73, respectively; (12) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75, and 76, respectively; (13) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 77, 78, and 79, respectively; (14) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 80, 81 and 82, respectively; (15) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 84, and 85, respectively; (16) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively; (17) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 89, 90, and 91, respectively; (18) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 92, 93, and 94, respectively; (19) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 95, 96, and 97, respectively; (20) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 98, 99, and 100, respectively; (21) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102, and 103, respectively; (22) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105, and 106, respectively; (23) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 107, 108, and 109, respectively; (24) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, and 112, respectively; (25) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 113, 114, and 115, respectively; (26) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 116, 117, and 118, respectively; (27) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, and 121, respectively; (28) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 122, 123, and 124, respectively; (29) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 125, 126, and 127, respectively; (30) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 128, 129, and 130, respectively; (31) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 131, 132, and 133, respectively; (32) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 134, 135, and 136, respectively; (33) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 137, 138, and 139, respectively; (34) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 140, 141, and 142, respectively; (35) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 143, 144, and 145, respectively; (36) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 146, 147, and 148, respectively; (37) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, and 151, respectively; (38) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, and 154, respectively; and (39) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 166, 167, and 168, respectively.
[0014] In some embodiments, the VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 are determined by Chothia definition. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 53, 54, and 55, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 56, 57, and 58, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 61, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 62, 63, and 64, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 65, 66, and 67, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 68, 69, and 70, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 71, 72, and 73, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75, and 76, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 77, 78, and 79, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 80, 81, and 82, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 84, and 85, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 89, 90, and 91, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 92, 93, and 94, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 95, 96, and 97, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 98, 99, and 100, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102, and 103, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105, and 106, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 107, 108, and 109, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, and 112, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 113, 114, and 115, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 116, 117, and 118, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120 and 121, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 122, 123, and 124, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 125, 126, and 127, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 128, 129, and 130, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 131, 132, and 133, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 134, 135, and 136, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 137, 138, and 139, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 140, 141, and 142, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 143, 144, and 145, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 146, 147, and 148, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, and 151, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, and 154, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 166, 167, and 168, respectively.
[0015] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met comprising a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH sequence, in some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, 5, 6, 8-40, and 165. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, and 165.
[0016] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met comprising a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 155, 163, 164, or 169, in some embodiments, X1: F, L, W, or Y; X2: T, S, or I; X3: K or R; X4: S, P, A, or H; X5: N or T; X6: W, A, S, P, Q, or R; X7: G, R, H, or T; X8: G or S; X9: G or A; X10: G, W, or S; X11: Y, K, or R; and X12: L, I, V, or T.
[0017] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met comprising a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 160, in some embodiments, X1: F, L, W, or Y; X2: T, S, or I; X3: K or R; X4: S, P, A, or H; X13: Q, R, or L; X14: Y or R; and X15: L or T.
[0018] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human c-Met or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a camelid antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .
[0019] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising the VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3, of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a human IgG Fc region (e.g., a human IgG1 Fc region) . In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises two or more heavy-chain antibody variable domains.
[0020] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0021] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a protein construct comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein. In some embodiments, the protein construct described herein comprises two or more of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, at least two of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof are identical. In some embodiments, at least two of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof are different. In some embodiments, the protein construct described herein further comprises an Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is an IgG1 Fc region (e.g., a human IgG1 Fc region) .
[0022] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a protein construct comprising a first polypeptide chain comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus: the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, optionally a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain; and a second polypeptide chain comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus: optionally a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain; in some embodiments, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain further comprises a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met.
[0023] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof or the protein construct described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is cDNA.
[0024] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein. In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising the vector described herein. In some embodiments, the cell is a CHO cell. In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein.
[0025] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of producing an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising (a) culturing the cell described herein under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof or the protein construct; and (b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof or the protein construct produced by the cell.
[0026] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody-drug conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof or the protein construct described herein, covalently bound to a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.
[0027] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the protein construct, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein, to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject has a cancer cell expressing c-Met. In some embodiments, the subject has non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer (GC) , pancreatic cancer (PC) , colorectal cancer (CRC) , ovarian cancer, or bladder cancer.
[0028] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the protein construct, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0029] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the protein construct, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0030] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof or the protein construct described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody-drug conjugate described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
[0031] In one aspect, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3, wherein the VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 are identical to the VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 present in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, 5, 6, and 8-40.
[0032] As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to any antigen-binding molecule that contains at least one (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or six) complementary determining region (CDR) (e.g., any of the three CDRs from an immunoglobulin light chain or any of the three CDRs from an immunoglobulin heavy chain) and is capable of specifically binding to an epitope in an antigen. Non-limiting examples of antibodies include: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies (e.g., bi-specific antibodies) , single-chain antibodies, single variable domain (VHH) antibodies, chimeric antibodies, human antibodies, and humanized antibodies. In some embodiments, an antibody can contain an Fc region of a human antibody. The term antibody also includes derivatives, e.g., multi-specific antibodies, bi-specific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, diabodies, and linear antibodies formed from these antibodies or antibody fragments.
[0033] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a portion of a full-length antibody, wherein the portion of the antibody is capable of specifically binding to an antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment contains at least one variable domain (e.g., a variable domain of a heavy chain, a variable domain of light chain or a VHH) . Non-limiting examples of antibody fragments include, e.g., Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, and Fv fragments, ScFv, and VHH.
[0034] As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody that contains a sequence present in at least two different antibodies (e.g., antibodies from two different mammalian species such as a human and a mouse antibody) . A non-limiting example of a chimeric antibody is an antibody containing the variable domain sequences (e.g., all or part of a light chain and / or heavy chain variable domain sequence) of a non-human (e.g., mouse) antibody and the constant domains of a human antibody. Additional examples of chimeric antibodies are described herein and are known in the art.
[0035] As used herein, the term “humanized antibody” refers to a non-human antibody which contains minimal sequence derived from a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and contains sequences derived from a human immunoglobulin. In non-limiting examples, humanized antibodies are human antibodies (recipient antibody) in which hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues of the recipient antibody are replaced by hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues from a non-human antibody (e.g., a donor antibody) , e.g., a mouse, rat, or rabbit antibody, having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some embodiments, the Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin residues. In some embodiments, humanized antibodies may contain residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications can be made to further refine antibody performance. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody contains substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops (CDRs) correspond to those of a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin. The humanized antibody can also contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc) , typically, that of a human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies can be produced using molecular biology methods known in the art. Non-limiting examples of methods for generating humanized antibodies are described herein.
[0036] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated in the present disclosure. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0037] As used herein, when referring to an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, the phrases “specifically binding” and “specifically binds” mean that the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment interacts with its target molecule preferably to other molecules, because the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope) on the target molecule; in other words, the reagent is recognizing and binding to molecules that include a specific structure rather than to all molecules in general. An antibody that specifically binds to the target molecule may be referred to as a target-specific antibody. For example, an antibody that specifically binds to c-Met may be referred to as a c-Met-specific antibody or an anti-c-Met antibody.
[0038] As used herein, the term “bispecific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens.
[0039] As used herein, the term “multi-specific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two or more different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens. A multi-specific antibody can be e.g., a bispecific antibody or a trispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the multi-specific antibody binds to two, three, four, five, or six different epitopes.
[0040] As used herein, a “VHH” refers to the variable domain of a heavy chain antibody. In some embodiments, the VHH is a camelid VHH, a chimeric VHH, or a humanized VHH.
[0041] As used herein, the terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length of at least two amino acids.
[0042] As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid molecule, ” and “nucleic acid sequence” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length of at least two nucleotides, and include, without limitation, DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrids, and modifications thereof.
[0043] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0044] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0045] FIGS. 1A-1C show ELISA binding curves of serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to His-tagged human c-Met (FIG. 1A) , cynomolgus c-Met (FIG. 1B) , and mouse c-Met (FIG. 1C) , respectively. The tested anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules included Anti-c-Met-C1, Anti-c-Met-C2, and Anti-c-Met-C3. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) .
[0046] FIG. 1D shows the binding ability to His-tagged mouse c-Met, with the anti-mouse c-Met antibody serving as a positive control.
[0047] FIG. 1E shows ELISA binding curves of serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to His-tagged human mesothelin (MSLN) . The tested anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules included Anti-c-Met-C1, Anti-c-Met-C2, and Anti-c-Met-C3. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) .
[0048] FIGS. 2A-2C show whole cell binding curves of serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to c-Met-expressing tumor cells, including U-87 MG cells (HGF-autocrine) (FIG. 2A) , SNU-5 cells (c-Met amplification) (FIG. 2B) , and NCI-H596 cells (MET Exon 14 Deletion) (FIG. 2C) , as determined by flow cytometry. The anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules tested included Anti-c-Met-C1, Anti-c-Met-C2, and Anti-c-Met-C3. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . “2nd Ab” indicates the cell binding data point when only the secondary antibody was added.
[0049] FIG. 3 shows the luminescent signal of viable U-87 MG cells after treatment with serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules for 3 days. The tested anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules included Anti-c-Met-C1, Anti-c-Met-C2, and Anti-c-Met-C3. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . “No Ab” indicates the luminescent signal when no antibody was added.
[0050] FIG. 4 shows the luminescent signal of residual c-Met in U-87 MG cells after treatment with serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules for 24 hours. The tested anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules included Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-C2. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . “No Ab” indicates the luminescent signal when no antibody was added.
[0051] FIGS. 5A-5C show whole cell binding curves of serially diluted humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to c-Met-expressing tumor cells, including U-87 MG cells (FIG. 5A) , SNU-5 cells (FIG. 5B) , and NCI-H596 cells (FIG. 5C) , as determined by flow cytometry. The humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules included Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2. Anti-c-Met-C1 was used for comparison. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . “2nd Ab” indicates the cell binding data point when only the secondary antibody was added.
[0052] FIG. 6 shows the luminescent signal of viable U-87 MG cells after treatment with serially diluted humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules for 3 days. The humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules included Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2. Anti-c-Met-C1 was used for comparison. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . “No Ab” indicates the luminescent signal when no antibody was added.
[0053] FIG. 7 shows HGF blocking curves of serially diluted humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules, as determined by ELISA. The humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules included Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2. Anti-c-Met-C1 was used for comparison. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . “0.6 nM biotin-HGF” indicates the blocking data point when only the 0.6 nM biotinylated-HGF was present.
[0054] FIG. 8 shows the luminescent signal of residual c-Met in U-87 MG cells after treatment with serially diluted Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 in U-87 MG cells for 24 hours. Anti-c-Met-C1 was used for comparison. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . “No Ab” indicates the luminescent signal when no antibody was added.
[0055] FIGS. 9A-9D show the OD450 signal of residual c-Met in U-87 MG cells after treatment with serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules containing high-affinity VHH clones generated by affinity maturation. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . VHH-G1Fc molecules Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 were also used as controls. “No Ab” indicates the luminescent signal when no antibody was added.
[0056] FIGS. 10A-10D show cell proliferation curves of U-87 MG cells treated with serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules containing high-affinity VHH clones generated by affinity maturation. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . VHH-G1Fc molecules Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 were also used as controls.
[0057] FIGS. 11A-11D show binding curves of serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules to U-87 MG cells, as determined by flow cytometry. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . VHH-G1Fc molecule Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 was also used as a control. “2nd Ab” indicates the cell binding data point when only the secondary antibody was added. “Cell only” indicates the binding curve when no antibody was added.
[0058] FIG. 12 lists amino acid sequences of alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clones.
[0059] FIG. 13 lists amino acid sequences of humanized anti-c-Met VHH clones.
[0060] FIG. 14 lists amino acid sequences of high-affinity VHH clones after affinity maturation of Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH.
[0061] FIG. 15 lists CDR sequences of anti-c-Met VHH clones according to Chothia definition.
[0062] FIG. 16 lists consensus sequences of anti-c-Met VHH clones.
[0063] FIG. 17 lists consensus CDR sequences of anti-c-Met VHH clones.
[0064] FIG. 18 lists amino acid sequences discussed in the disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 19 shows binding curves of serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecule MET-9, MET-10, MET-14, or MET-15 to U-87 MG cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Onartuzumab (MetMab) analog was used as a control. VHH-G1Fc molecules Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 were also used as controls. “2nd Ab” indicates the cell binding data point when only the secondary antibody was added. “Cell only” indicates the binding curve when no antibody was added.
[0066] FIG. 20 shows the OD450 signal of residual c-Met in U-87 MG cells after treatment with serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecule MET-9, MET-10, MET-14, or MET-15. Onartuzumab (MetMab) analog was used as a control. An anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control ( “NC” ) . VHH-G1Fc molecules Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 were also used as controls. “No Ab” indicates the luminescent signal when no antibody was added.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0067] Mesenchymal-epithelial-transition factor (c-Met) , the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) , is a proto-oncogene involved in embryonic development and throughout life in homeostasis and tissue regeneration. HGF / c-Met signaling pathway plays a crucial role in a wide range of cancer cells, including carcinogenesis, proliferation, survival, metastasis, tumor microenvironment (TME) regulation, metabolism reprogramming, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) , stemness, and drug resistance. Overexpression of c-Met signaling is negatively associated with the clinical prognosis of numerous cancers.
[0068] The present disclosure identified a set of anti-c-Met VHHs with different binding abilities by immunizing alpacas. Selected alpaca VHHs were further humanized and screened after affinity maturation to identify VHH clones with higher c-Met binding ability. These high-affinity clones are also capable of inhibiting c-Met signaling, including inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing c-Met degradation. Hence, they can be further utilized for cancer treatment.
[0069] c-Met
[0070] c-Met (also known as MET Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; or Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor) is produced as a single-chain precursor. The precursor is proteolytically cleaved at a furin site to yield a highly glycosylated extracellular α-subunit and a transmembrane β-subunit, which are linked together by a disulfide bridge. The extracellular region of c-Met, including the α-subunit and the N-terminal part of the β-chain, contains SEMA domains that exhibit homology to sepaphorins. These SEMA domains have low affinity for binding to HGF. The extracellular domain of the β-chain further contains four immunoglobulin-like structures that are capable of binding to HGF with high affinity. Furthermore, the intracellular domain of the β-chain is comprising Juxtamembrane domain (JM domain) , tyrosine kinase domain (TK domain) , and C-terminal multifunctional docking site (MFDS) . TK domain is the catalytic core of c-Met and is responsible for mediating c-Met biological activity. MFDS contains multiple tyrosine residues that serve as docking sites for various adaptor proteins and downstream signaling molecules.
[0071] c-Met is normally expressed by epithelial cells. However, c-Met is also found on endothelial cells, neurons, hepatocytes, hematopoietic cells, melanocytes and neonatal cardiomyocytes. HGF expression is restricted to cells of mesenchymal origin. Upon binding of HGF, c-Met undergoes dimerization and autophosphorylation of its tyrosine residues, triggering kinase c-Met catalytic activities. c-Met activation induces multiple signal transduction pathways, including RAS pathway, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, beta-catenin pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and some others. These signaling pathways collectively are known as the invasive growth program that is extensively engaged in mitogenesis and morphgenesis. c-Met is essential for embryogenesis, because MET- / -mice die in utero due to severe defects in placental development. In embryonic development, c-Met is crucial for gastrulation, angiogenesis, myoblast migration, bone remodeling, and nerve sprouting among others. Furthermore, c-Met is required for such critical processes as liver regeneration and wound healing during adulthood.
[0072] The degradation of c-Met refers to the cellular process by which c-Met protein is broken down and removed from the cell. This degradation plays a crucial role in regulating the levels of c-Met protein within the cell, thereby influencing its activity and downstream signaling pathways. Several mechanisms are involved in c-Met degradation mainly including ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation and lysosomal degradation.
[0073] Aberrant activation of c-Met signaling has been implicated in the progression of various cancers, including lung, breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers, as well as in promoting metastasis and drug resistance. MET gene is overexpressed in many human tumors, including respiratory system tumors, digestive system tumors (DSTs) , urinary system tumors, and reproductive system tumors. Overexpression of c-Met signaling is negatively associated with the clinical prognosis of numerous cancers.
[0074] As such, c-Met has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Approaches of down-regulation of both c-Met and its downstream pathways are strategies being explored, aiming inhibiting c-Met signaling and thereby suppressing cancer growth and metastasis. Previous research have demonstrated that inhibition of c-Met signaling, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer (GC) , pancreatic cancer (PC) , colorectal cancer (CRC) , ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, is an efficient anti-tumor strategy for many tumors.
[0075] Details of c-Met and its functions can be found, e.g., in Koch, et al. "MET targeting: time for a rematch. " Oncogene 39.14 (2020) : 2845-2862; Birchmeier, et al. "Met, metastasis, motility and more. " Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4.12 (2003) : 915-925; Gentile, et al. "The Met tyrosine kinase receptor in development and cancer. " Cancer Metastasis Rev. 27.1 (2008) : 85-94; Boccaccio and Comoglio. "Invasive growth: a MET-driven genetic programme for cancer and stem cells. " Nat. Rev. Cancer. 6.8 (2006) : 637–645; and Zhang, et al. "Opportunities and challenges of targeting c-Met in the treatment of digestive tumors. " Front Oncol. 1.12 (2022) : doi: 10.3389 / fonc. 2022.923260; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0076] Provided herein is the down-regulation of c-Met by degradation induced by anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules. In some embodiments, c-Met degradation is induced by serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules of various clones. In some embodiments, c-Met degradation is induced by anti-c-Met-C1, anti-c-Met-C2, and anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH-G1Fc molecules. In some embodiments, c-Met degradation is induced by affinity matured humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules. Also provided herein is the down-regulation of c-Met downstream pathways by blocking c-Met / HGF binding using serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules of various clones. In some embodiments, c-Met / HGF binding is blocked by anti-c-Met-C1 and anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH-G1Fc molecules. In some embodiments, c-Met / HGF binding is blocked by affinity matured humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules.
[0077] Heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) antibodies
[0078] Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies are important tools in medicine and biotechnology. Like all mammals, camelids (e.g., alpacas and llamas) can produce conventional antibodies made of two heavy chains and two light chains bound together with disulfide bonds in a Y shape (e.g., IgG1) . However, they also produce a unique classis of IgG, also known as heavy chain IgG. These antibodies are made of only two heavy chains, which lack the CH1 region but still bear an antigen-binding domain at their N-terminus called VHH (or nanobody) . Conventional immunoglobulins require the association of variable regions from both heavy and light chains to allow a high diversity of antigen-antibody interactions. Although isolated heavy and light chains still show this capacity, they exhibit very low affinity when compared to paired heavy and light chains. The unique feature of heavy chain IgG is the capacity of their monomeric antigen binding regions to bind antigens with specificity, affinity and especially diversity that are comparable to conventional antibodies without the need of pairing with another region. This feature is mainly due to a couple of major variations within the amino acid sequence of the variable region of the two heavy chains, which induce deep conformational changes when compared to conventional Ig. Major substitutions in the variable regions prevent the light chains from binding to the heavy chains, but also prevent unbound heavy chains from being recycled by the Immunoglobulin Binding Protein (IBP) .
[0079] The single variable domain of these antibodies (designated VHH, sdAb, or nanobody) is the smallest antigen-binding domain generated by adaptive immune systems. The third Complementarity Determining Region (CDR3) of the variable region of these antibodies has been found to be twice as long as the conventional ones. This results in an increased interaction surface with the antigen as well as an increased diversity of antigen-antibody interactions, which compensates the absence of the light chains. With a long complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) , VHHs can extend into crevices on proteins that are not accessible to conventional antibodies, including functionally interesting sites such as the active site of an enzyme or the receptor-binding canyon on a virus surface. Moreover, an additional cysteine residue allow the structure to be more stable, thus increasing the strength of the interaction.
[0080] VHHs offer numerous other advantages compared to conventional antibodies carrying variable domains (VH and VL) of conventional antibodies, including higher stability, solubility, expression yields, and refolding capacity, as well as better in vivo tissue penetration. Moreover, in contrast to the VH domains of conventional antibodies, VHHs do not display an intrinsic tendency to bind to light chains. This facilitates the induction of heavy chain antibodies in the presence of a functional light chain loci. Further, since VHHs do not bind to VL domains, it is much easier to reformat VHHs into bispecific antibody constructs than constructs containing conventional VH-VL pairs or single domains based on VH domains.
[0081] The disclosure provides e.g., anti-c-Met antibodies, the modified antibodies thereof, the camelid antibodies thereof, the chimeric antibodies thereof, and the humanized antibodies thereof.
[0082] The CDR sequences for Anti-c-Met-C1 VHH, and Anti-c-Met-C1 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 41, 42, and 43, respectively.
[0083] The CDR sequences for Anti-c-Met-C2 VHH, and Anti-c-Met-C2 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 44, 45, and 46, respectively.
[0084] The CDR sequences for Anti-c-Met-C3 VHH, and Anti-c-Met-C3 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, and 49, respectively.
[0085] The CDR sequences for Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 VHH, and Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 50, 51, and 52, respectively.
[0086] The CDR sequences for Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH, and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 53, 54, and 55, respectively.
[0087] The CDR sequences for MET-1 VHH, and MET-1 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 56, 57, and 58, respectively.
[0088] The CDR sequences for MET-2 VHH, and MET-2 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 61, respectively.
[0089] The CDR sequences for MET-3 VHH, and MET-3 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 62, 63, and 64, respectively.
[0090] The CDR sequences for MET-4 VHH, and MET-4 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 65, 66, and 67, respectively.
[0091] The CDR sequences for MET-5 VHH, and MET-5 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 68, 69, and 70, respectively.
[0092] The CDR sequences for MET-6 VHH, and MET-6 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 71, 72, and 73, respectively.
[0093] The CDR sequences for MET-7 VHH, and MET-7 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75, and 76, respectively.
[0094] The CDR sequences for MET-8 VHH, and MET-8 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 77, 78, and 79, respectively.
[0095] The CDR sequences for MET-9 VHH, and MET-9 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 80, 81 and 82, respectively.
[0096] The CDR sequences for MET-10 VHH, and MET-10 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 166, 167 and 168, respectively.
[0097] The CDR sequences for MET-11 VHH, and MET-11 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 84, and 85, respectively.
[0098] The CDR sequences for MET-12 VHH, and MET-12 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively.
[0099] The CDR sequences for MET-13 VHH, and MET-13 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 89, 90, and 91, respectively.
[0100] The CDR sequences for MET-14 VHH, and MET-14 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 92, 93, and 94, respectively.
[0101] The CDR sequences for MET-15 VHH, and MET-15 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 95, 96, and 97, respectively.
[0102] The CDR sequences for MET-16 VHH, and MET-16 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 98, 99, and 100, respectively.
[0103] The CDR sequences for MET-17 VHH, and MET-17 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102, and 103, respectively.
[0104] The CDR sequences for MET-18 VHH, and MET-18 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105, and 106, respectively.
[0105] The CDR sequences for MET-19 VHH, and MET-19 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 107, 108, and 109, respectively.
[0106] The CDR sequences for MET-20 VHH, and MET-20 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, and 112, respectively.
[0107] The CDR sequences for MET-21 VHH, and MET-21 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 113, 114, and 115, respectively.
[0108] The CDR sequences for MET-22 VHH, and MET-22 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 116, 117, and 118, respectively.
[0109] The CDR sequences for MET-23 VHH, and MET-23 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, and 121, respectively.
[0110] The CDR sequences for MET-24 VHH, and MET-24 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 122, 123, and 124, respectively.
[0111] The CDR sequences for MET-25 VHH, and MET-25 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 125, 126, and 127, respectively.
[0112] The CDR sequences for MET-26 VHH, and MET-26 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 128, 129, and 130, respectively.
[0113] The CDR sequences for MET-27 VHH, and MET-27 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 131, 132, and 133, respectively.
[0114] The CDR sequences for MET-28 VHH, and MET-28 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 134, 135, and 136, respectively.
[0115] The CDR sequences for MET-29 VHH, and MET-29 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 137, 138, and 139, respectively.
[0116] The CDR sequences for MET-30 VHH, and MET-30 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 140, 141, and 142, respectively.
[0117] The CDR sequences for MET-31 VHH, and MET-31 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 143, 144, and 145, respectively.
[0118] The CDR sequences for MET-32 VHH, and MET-32 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 146, 147, and 148, respectively.
[0119] The CDR sequences for MET-33 VHH, and MET-33 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, and 151, respectively.
[0120] The CDR sequences for MET-34 VHH, and MET-34 VHH derived antibodies (e.g., humanized antibodies) include CDRs of the VHH domain as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, and 154, respectively.
[0121] The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of Anti-c-Met-C1 VHH antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of Anti-c-Met-C2 VHH antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of Anti-c-Met-C3 VHH antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 VHH antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-1 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-2 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-3 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-4 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-5 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-6 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-7 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-8 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-9 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-10 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 165. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-11 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-12 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-13 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-14 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-15 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-16 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-17 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-18 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-19 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-20 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-21 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-22 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-23 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-24 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-25 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-26 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-27 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-28 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-29 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-30 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-31 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-32 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-33 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. The amino acid sequence for the VHH domain of MET-34 antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0122] The amino acid sequences for various modified or humanized VHH are also provided. As there are different ways to modify or humanize a camelid antibody (e.g., a sequence can be modified with different amino acid substitutions) , the VHH domain of an antibody can have more than one version of humanized sequences. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH domain is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, 5, 6, 8-40, 155, 160, 163, 164, and 169.
[0123] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can also contain one, two, or three VHH domain CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43, SEQ ID NOs: 44-46, SEQ ID NOs: 47-49, SEQ ID NOs: 50-52, SEQ ID NOs: 53-55, SEQ ID NOs: 56-58, SEQ ID NOs: 59-61, SEQ ID NOs: 62-64, SEQ ID NOs: 65-67, SEQ ID NOs: 68-70, SEQ ID NOs: 71-73, SEQ ID NOs: 74-76, SEQ ID NOs: 77-79, SEQ ID NOs: 80-82, SEQ ID NOs: 166-168, SEQ ID NOs: 83-85, SEQ ID NOs: 86-88, SEQ ID NOs: 89-91, SEQ ID NOs: 92-94, SEQ ID NOs: 95-97, SEQ ID NOs: 98-100, SEQ ID NOs: 101-103, SEQ ID NOs: 104-106, SEQ ID NOs: 107-109, SEQ ID NOs: 110-112, SEQ ID NOs: 113-115, SEQ ID NOs: 116-118, SEQ ID NOs: 119-121, SEQ ID NOs: 122-124, SEQ ID NOs: 125-127, SEQ ID NOs: 128-130, SEQ ID NOs: 131-133, SEQ ID NOs: 134-136, SEQ ID NOs: 137-139, SEQ ID NOs: 140-142, SEQ ID NOs: 143-145, SEQ ID NOs: 146-148, SEQ ID NOs: 149-151, and SEQ ID NOs: 152-154.
[0124] In some embodiments, the antibodies can have a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VHH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VHH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VHH CDR3 amino acid sequence. The selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 17.
[0125] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) containing one, two, or three of VHH CDR1 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; VHH CDR2 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; VHH CDR3 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions, wherein VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 are selected from the CDRs in FIG. 15 and FIG. 17.
[0126] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 41 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 42 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 43 with zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0127] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 53 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 54 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 55 with zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0128] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 156 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 157 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 158 with zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0129] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 156 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 161 with zero, one, two, three, or four amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 162 with zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0130] The insertions, deletions, and substitutions can be within the CDR sequence, or at one or both terminal ends of the CDR sequence. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on Chothia numbering scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on Kabat numbering scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on IMGT numbering scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on a combination of numbering schemes. Details of different numbering schemes can be found, e.g., in Dondelinger, M., et al. "Understanding the significance and implications of antibody numbering and antigen-binding surface / residue definition. " Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018) : 2278, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0131] The disclosure also provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to c-Met (e.g., human c-Met) . The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof contain a heavy chain single variable region (VHH) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VHH sequence. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 165. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 155. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 160. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 163. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 164. In some embodiments, the selected VHH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 169.
[0132] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For purposes of illustration, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished, e.g., using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0133] The disclosure also provides nucleic acids comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain single variable domain (e.g., any of the VHHs described herein) . In some embodiments, the VHH comprises CDRs as shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 17, or has sequences as shown in FIG. 12, FIG. 13, FIG. 14, and FIG. 16.
[0134] The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can also be antibody variants (including derivatives and conjugates) of antibodies or antibody fragments and multi-specific (e.g., bi-specific) antibodies or antibody fragments. Additional antibodies provided herein are polyclonal, monoclonal, multi-specific (multimeric, e.g., bi-specific) , human antibodies, chimeric antibodies (e.g., human-camelid chimera) , single-chain antibodies, intracellularly-made antibodies (i.e., intrabodies) , and antigen-binding fragments thereof.
[0135] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprises an Fc region (or Fc domain) that can be originated from various types (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) , or subclass. In some embodiments, the Fc region is originated from an IgG antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises one, two, three, four, or more heavy chain constant regions. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises one, two, or more heavy chain hinge regions.
[0136] The present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with any antibody or antigen-binding fragment as described herein. The cross-competing assay is known in the art, and is described e.g., in Moore et al., "Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. " Journal of Virology 70.3 (1996) : 1863-1872, which is incorporated herein reference in its entirety. In one aspect, the present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to the same epitope or region as any antibody or antigen-binding fragment as described herein. The epitope binning assay is known in the art, and is described e.g., in Estep et al. "High throughput solution-based measurement of antibody-antigen affinity and epitope binning. " MAbs. Vol. 5. No. 2. Taylor & Francis, 2013, which is incorporated herein reference in its entirety.
[0137] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein comprises a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) CDR1 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 107, 110, 113, 116, 119, 122, 125, 128, 131, 134, 137, 140, 143, 146, 149, and 152. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) CDR2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132, 135, 138, 141, 144, 147, 150, and 153. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain single variable domain (VHH) CDR3 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 79, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 106, 109, 112, 115, 118, 121, 124, 127, 130, 133, 136, 139, 142, 145, 148, 151, and 154.
[0138] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein comprises a VHH comprising CDRs 1, 2, 3, wherein the VHH CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to GX1X2FX3X4Y (SEQ ID NO: 156) , the VHH CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to X5X6X7X8X9S (SEQ ID NO: 157) , and the VHH CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to AQPPX10X11GENWPX12 (SEQ ID NO: 158) . In some embodiments, X1 is F, L, W, or Y. In some embodiments, X2 is T, S, or I. In some embodiments, X3 is K or R. In some embodiments, X4 is S, P, A, or H. In some embodiments, X5 is N or T. In some embodiments, X6 is W, A, S, P, Q, or R. In some embodiments, X7 is G, R, H, or T. In some embodiments, X8 is G or S. In some embodiments, X9 is G or A. In some embodiments, X10 is G, W, or S. In some embodiments, X11 is Y, K, or R. In some embodiments, X12 is L, I, V, or T. In some embodiments, the VHH CDR1 region comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 156, wherein X1 is F, L, W, or Y; X2 is T, S, or I; X3 is K or R; X4 is S, P, A, or H; In some embodiments, the VHH CDR2 region comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 157, wherein X5 is N or T; X6 is W, A, S, P, Q, or R; X7 is G, R, H, or T; X8 is G or S; and X9 is G or A. In some embodiments, the VHH CDR3 region comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 158, wherein X10 is G, W, or S; X11 is Y, K, or R; and X12 is L, I, V, or T.
[0139] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein comprises a VHH comprising CDRs 1, 2, 3, wherein the VHH CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to GX1X2FX3X4Y (SEQ ID NO: 156) , the VHH CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to NX13GGS (SEQ ID NO: 161) , and the VHH CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to AQPPGX14GENWPX15 (SEQ ID NO: 162) . In some embodiments, X1 is F, L, W, or Y. In some embodiments, X2 is T, S, or I. In some embodiments, X3 is K or R. In some embodiments, X4 is S, P, A, or H. In some embodiments, X13 is Q, R, or L. In some embodiments, X14 is Y or R. In some embodiments, X15 is L or T. In some embodiments, the VHH CDR1 region comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 156, wherein X1 is F, L, W, or Y; X2 is T, S, or I; X3 is K or R; and X4 is S, P, A, or H. In some embodiments, the VHH CDR2 region comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 161, wherein X13 is Q, R, or L. In some embodiments, the VHH CDR3 region comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 162, wherein X14 is Y or R; and X15 is L or T.
[0140] In some embodiments, the VHH CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 107, 110, 113, 116, 119, 122, 125, 128, 131, 134, 137, 140, 143, 146, 149, and 152. In some embodiments, the VHH CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132, 135, 138, 141, 144, 147, 150, and 153. In some embodiments, the VHH CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 79, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 106, 109, 112, 115, 118, 121, 124, 127, 130, 133, 136, 139, 142, 145, 148, 151, and 154. In some embodiments, the VHH described herein comprises any one of the VHH CDR1 regions described herein, any one of the VHH CDR2 regions described herein, and any one of the VHH CDR3 regions described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein comprises a VHH comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 155, 160, 163, 164, or 169.
[0141] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments are humanized antibodies. Humanization percentage means the percentage identity of the heavy chain or light chain variable region sequence as compared to human antibody sequences in International Immunogenetics Information System (IMGT) database. The top hit means that the heavy chain or light chain variable region sequence is closer to a particular species than to other species. For example, top hit to human means that the sequence is closer to human than to other species. Top hit to human and Macaca fascicularis means that the sequence has the same percentage identity to the human sequence and the Macaca fascicularis sequence, and these percentages identities are highest as compared to the sequences of other species. In some embodiments, humanization percentage is greater than 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, or 95%. A detailed description regarding how to determine humanization percentage and how to determine top hits is known in the art, and is described, e.g., in Jones, et al. "The INNs and outs of antibody nonproprietary names. " MAbs. Vol. 8. No. 1. Taylor & Francis, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A high humanization percentage often has various advantages, e.g., more safe and more effective in humans, more likely to be tolerated by a human subject, and / or less likely to have side effects.
[0142] Protein constructs
[0143] The disclosure provides protein constructs comprising the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein) that bind to c-Met. In some embodiments, the protein constructs can be expressed in mammalian cells (e.g., CHO cells) . In some embodiments, the protein constructs described herein include an Fc region, e.g., a human IgG1 Fc region. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein is connected to the N-terminus of the Fc region, optionally via a linker peptide. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein is connected to the C-terminus of the Fc region, optionally via a linker peptide. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein is connected to the Fc region without a linker peptide. In some embodiments, the linker peptide is a flexible linker or a rigid linker. Details of such linkers can be found, e.g., Chen, X., et al. "Fusion protein linkers: property, design and functionality. " Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65.10 (2013) : 1357-1369, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, two or more of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein are linked to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the Fc region. In some embodiments, at least two of the two or more of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are identical. In some embodiments, at least two of the two or more of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are different.
[0144] In some embodiments, the protein constructs described herein have a N-terminal His-tag. In some embodiments, the protein constructs described herein have a C-terminal His-tag.
[0145] In some embodiments, the Fc region described herein has two polypeptide chains, with each comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: a hinge region, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the Fc region described herein is a human IgG1 Fc region. In some embodiments, the human IgG1 Fc region described herein has two polypeptide chain, with each comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus, a human IgG1 hinge region, a human IgG1 CH2 domain, and human IgG1 CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the Fc region described herein is a wildtype Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region described herein contains one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid variants. In some embodiments, one or more endogenous Cys residues in a wildtype Fc region are deleted or substituted. In some embodiments, the Fc region described herein includes a Ala or Ser residue at position 220 according to EU number. In some embodiments, the Fc region described herein includes a Glu or Asp at position 356 according to EU number. In some embodiments, the Fc region described herein includes a Met or Leu at position 358 according to EU number. In some embodiments, the human IgG1 Fc region described herein has two polypeptide chain, with each comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus, a human IgG1 hinge region (with Ala or Ser at position 220 according to EU number) , a human IgG1 CH2 domain, and a human IgG1 CH3 domain (with Glu or Asp at position 356 according to EU numbering, and / or with Met or Leu at position 358 according to EU numbering) . In some embodiments, the Fc region further comprises a cleavage site (an AS dipeptide) at the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the two polypeptide chains of the Fc region described herein comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 7.
[0146] In some embodiments, the protein construct described herein comprises two polypeptide chains: the first polypeptide chain and the second polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, sequences of the first and second polypeptide chains are identical. In some embodiments, sequences of the first and second polypeptide chains are different. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises or consists of, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met (e.g., any of the anti-c-Met antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein) , an optionally first hinge region (e.g., a wildtype human IgG1 hinge region or an engineered human IgG1 hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., a wildtype human IgG1 CH2 domain or an engineered human IgG1 CH2 domain) , and a first CH3 domain (e.g., a wildtype human IgG1 CH3 domain or an engineered human IgG1 CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises or consists of, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met (e.g., any of the anti-c-Met antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein) , an optionally second hinge region (e.g., a wildtype human IgG1 hinge region or an engineered human IgG1 hinge region ) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., a wildtype human IgG1 CH2 domain or an engineered human IgG1 CH2 domain) , and a second CH3 domain (e.g., a wildtype human IgG1 CH3 domain or an engineered human IgG1 CH3 domain) .
[0147] The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof and protein constructs described herein can comprise an Fc region of an antibody. These antibodies can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class or subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgE1, IgE2) . In some embodiments, the Fc region is derived from human IgG (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) . In some embodiments, the Fc region is an IgG1 Fc region (e.g., human IgG1 Fc region) .
[0148] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein is linked to the Fc region through an antibody hinge region (e.g., IgG, IgE hinge region) . In addition, the Fc region can be modified to provide desired effector functions or serum half-life.
[0149] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein include a functional Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human IgG4. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is phagocytosis. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is ADCC and phagocytosis. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein have an Fc region without effector function. In some embodiments, the Fc is a human IgG4 Fc. In some embodiments, the Fc does not have a functional Fc region. For example, the Fc region has LALA mutations (L234A and L235A mutations in EU numbering) , or LALA-PG mutations (L234A, L235A, P329G mutations in EU numbering) .
[0150] Some other modifications to the Fc region can be made. For example, a cysteine residue (s) can be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric fusion protein thus generated may have any increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo. In some embodiments, the IgG4 has S228P mutation (EU numbering) . The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange.
[0151] In some embodiments, Fc regions are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such Fc region composition may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (EU numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about ±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in Fc region sequences. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0152] Antibody and protein construct characteristics
[0153] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to c-Met (e.g., human c-Met) . In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof is c-Met agonist or c-Met antagonist. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof can bind to c-Met, thereby blocking the interaction of c-Met and its ligands (e.g., HGF) ; increasing immune responses; and / or directly killing the cancer cells by ADCC and / or CDC.
[0154] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein have a c-Met binding capability (e.g., determined by ELISA) or a binding ability of c-Met-expressing cells (e.g., U-87 MG, SNU-5, or NCI-H596 cells; as determined by flow cytometry) that is at least or about 50%, at least or about 60%, at least or about 70%, at least or about 80%, at least or about 90%, at least or about 100%, at least or about 110%, at least or about 120%, at least or about 130%, at least or about 140%, at least or about 150%, at least or about 200%as compared to that of a reference antibody.
[0155] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can specifically bind to c-Met (e.g., determined by analysis) with a dissociation rate (Koff) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, less than 0.005 s-1, less than 0.001 s-1, less than 0.0008 s-1, less than 0.0007 s-1, less than 0.0005 s-1, less than 0.0001 s-1, or less than 0.00001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (Koff) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.005 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, greater than 0.0008 s-1, greater than 0.0007 s-1, greater than 0.0005 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, greater than 0.00001 s-1, or greater than 0.000001 s-1. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (Kon) is greater than 1 × 102 / Ms, greater than 1 × 103 / Ms, greater than 1 × 104 / Ms, greater than 1 × 105 / Ms, greater than 2 × 105 / Ms, greater than 3 × 105 / Ms, greater than 4 × 105 / Ms, or greater than 5 ×105 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (Kon) is less than 1 × 105 / Ms, less than 2 × 105 / Ms, less than 3 × 105 / Ms, less than 4 × 105 / Ms, less than 5 × 105 / Ms, less than 1 × 106 / Ms, or less than 1 × 107 / Ms.
[0156] Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD = Koff / Kon) . In some embodiments, KD is less than 1 × 10-4 M, less than 1 × 10-5 M, less than 1 ×10-6 M, less than 1 × 10-7 M, less than 1 × 10-8 M, less than 1 × 10-9 M, or less than 1 × 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 100 nM, 80 nM, 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 15 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 × 10-4 M, greater than 1 × 10-5 M, greater than 1 × 10-6 M, greater than 1 × 10-7 M, greater than 1 × 10-8 M, greater than 1 × 10-9 M, greater than 1 × 10-10 M, greater than 1 × 10-11 M, or greater than 1 × 10-12 M.
[0157] General techniques for measuring the affinity of an antibody for an antigen include, e.g., ELISA, RIA, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) . In some embodiments, the affinity of an antibody for an antigen is determined by Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) , e.g., the analysis described herein.
[0158] In some embodiments, thermostabilities of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein are determined. The antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof can have a Tm greater than 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, or 65 ℃. In some embodiments, Tm is less than 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, or 65 ℃. In some embodiments, the aggregation (Tagg) and onset (Tonset) temperatures of antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can be measured by application on a heat ramp (e.g., from 25-85℃) based on DLS / SLS. DLS / SLS are well-known techniques for determining sample interactions, particle size, and aggregation of molecules dispersed or dissolved in solution. The temperatures that experience the onset of unfolding (Tonset) and aggregation (Tagg) are considered key predictors of stability. In some embodiments, the Tagg of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein is at least 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, or 65 ℃. In some embodiments, the Tonset of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein is at least 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, or 65 ℃.
[0159] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to c-Met (e.g., human c-Met, monkey c-Met, or mouse c-Met) , a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein do not bind to c-Met (e.g., human c-Met, monkey c-Met, or mouse c-Met) , a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to the c-Met, a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof with a binding affinity that is at least or about 50%, at least or about 60%, at least or about 70%, at least or about 80%, at least or about 90%, at least or about 100%, at least or about 110%, at least or about 120%, at least or about 130%, at least or about 140%, at least or about 150%, at least or about 200%as compared to that of a reference antibody, an antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a protein construct thereof (e.g., a commercially available anti-c-Met antibody) .
[0160] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind specifically to c-Met (e.g., human c-Met, monkey c-Met, or mouse c-Met) , a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof. For example, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein have no or minimal non-specific binding activities.
[0161] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to c-Met, a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof expressed on the cell surface. In some embodiments, the cells are selected from U-87 MG cells, SNU-5 cells, and NCI-H596 cells. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to the c-Met, a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof expressed on the cell surface with a binding affinity that is at least or about 50%, at least or about 60%, at least or about 70%, at least or about 80%, at least or about 90%, at least or about 100%, at least or about 110%, at least or about 120%, at least or about 130%, at least or about 140%, at least or about 150%, at least or about 200%as compared to that of a reference antibody, an antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a protein construct thereof (e.g., a commercially available anti-c-Met antibody) . In some embodiments, the reference antibody described herein is onartuzumab or its analog.
[0162] In some embodiments, the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein binding to c-Met, a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof expressed on the cell surface can be determined. In some embodiments, the EC50 value of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein is less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%as compared to that of a reference antibody (e.g., the alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-C1) or the humanized anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) ) , antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof.
[0163] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can inhibit proliferation of cancer cells expressing c-Met (e.g., U-87 MG cells) . In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can reduce the number of viable cancer cells to less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, or less than 50%as compared to a reference antibody (e.g., a non-specific antibody) after an incubation for about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, or 7 days. In some embodiments, the concentration of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof is about 1 nM to about 10 nM, about 10 nM to about 100 nM, or about 100 nM to about 1000 nM. In some embodiments, the concentration above is less than 1000 nM, less than 500 nM, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM.
[0164] In some embodiments, a cell proliferation inhibition rate can be calculated using the following formula:
[0165] Cell proliferation inhibition rate (%) = [1- (Luminescence of treatment at highest dose (1.00 × 103 nM) ) / Luminescence of negative control at lowest dose (9.92 × 10-5 nM) ) ] *100 In some embodiments, the cell proliferation inhibition rate of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein is less than 30%, 29%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 21%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%. In some embodiments, the cell proliferation inhibition rate of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein is less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, or less than 50%as compared to a reference antibody (e.g., the alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-C1) or the humanized anti-c-Met VHH clone (e.g., Anti-c-Met-hC1-2) ) , antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof.
[0166] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can induce c-Met degradation. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can reduce the residual c-Met level in cancer cells expressing c-Met (e.g., U-87 MG cells) to less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, or less than 50%as compared to a reference antibody (e.g., a non-specific antibody) after an incubation for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48 hours. In some embodiments, the concentration of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof is about 0.1 nM to about 1 nM, about 1 nM to about 10 nM, or about 10 nM to about 100 nM. In some embodiments, the concentration above is less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 10 nM, lesss than 5 nM, less than 1 nM, less than 0.5 nM, or less than 0.1 nM. In some embodiments, the reference antibody described herein is onartuzumab or its analog.
[0167] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can block the interaction between c-Met with a ligand thereof (e.g., HGF) . In some embodiments, the blocking effect is determined by ELISA. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can reduce the ELISA signal of the interacted HGF / c-Met to less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, or less than 50%as compared to a reference antibody (e.g., a non-specific antibody) after an incubation for about 20 minutes, 40 minutes, 1 hour, 80 minutes, 100 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, or 12 hours. In some embodiments, the concentration of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof is about 0.1 nM to about 1 nM, about 1 nM to about 10 nM, about 10 nM to about 100 nM, or about 100 nM to about 1000 nM. In some embodiments, the concentration above is less than 1000 nm, less than 500 nM, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, less than 1 nM, less than 0.5 nM, or less than 0.1 nM.
[0168] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein have a tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) that is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein have a tumor growth inhibition percentage that is less than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. The TGI%can be determined, e.g., at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 days after the treatment starts, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months after the treatment starts. As used herein, the tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) is calculated using the following formula:
[0169] TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100
[0170] Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day zero. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on day zero.
[0171] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein have the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) that is at least or about 50%, at least or about 60%, at least or about 70%, at least or about 80%, at least or about 90%, at least or about 100%, at least or about 110%, at least or about 120%, at least or about 130%, at least or about 140%, at least or about 150%, at least or about 200%as compared to that of a reference antibody. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 2 folds, 3 folds, 5 folds, 10 folds, 20 folds, or 100 folds, as compared to that of a non-specific antibody control or an isotype antibody control.
[0172] In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein have the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) that is at least or about 50%, at least or about 60%, at least or about 70%, at least or about 80%, at least or about 90%, at least or about 100%, at least or about 110%, at least or about 120%, at least or about 130%, at least or about 140%, at least or about 150%, at least or about 200%as compared to that of a reference antibody. In some embodiments, the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or protein constructs thereof described herein can increase complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 2 folds, 3 folds, 5 folds, 10 folds, 20 folds, or 100 folds, as compared to that of a non-specific antibody control or an isotype antibody control.
[0173] Antibodies and Antigen Binding Fragments
[0174] In general, antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are made up of two classes of polypeptide chains, light chains and heavy chains. A non-limiting antibody of the present disclosure can be an intact, four immunoglobulin chain antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chain of the antibody can be of any isotype including IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, or IgD or sub-isotype including IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgE1, IgE2, etc. The light chain can be a kappa light chain or a lambda light chain. An antibody can comprise two identical copies of a light chain and / or two identical copies of a heavy chain. The heavy chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VH) and multiple constant domains (or constant regions) , bind to one another via disulfide bonding within their constant domains to form the “stem” of the antibody. The light chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VL) and one constant domain (or constant region) , each bind to one heavy chain via disulfide binding. The variable region of each light chain is aligned with the variable region of the heavy chain to which it is bound. The variable regions of both the light chains and heavy chains contain three hypervariable regions sandwiched between more conserved framework regions (FR) .
[0175] These hypervariable regions, known as the complementary determining regions (CDRs) , form loops that comprise the principle antigen binding surface of the antibody. The four framework regions largely adopt a beta-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held in close proximity by the framework regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding region.
[0176] Methods for identifying the CDR regions of an antibody by analyzing the amino acid sequence of the antibody are well known, and a number of definitions of the CDRs are commonly used. The Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, and the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions. These methods and definitions are described in, e.g., Martin, "Protein sequence and structure analysis of antibody variable domains, " Antibody Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.422-439; Abhinandan, et al. "Analysis and improvements to Kabat and structurally correct numbering of antibody variable domains, " Molecular Immunology 45.14 (2008) : 3832-3839; Wu, T.T. and Kabat, E.A. (1970) J. Exp. Med. 132: 211-250; Martin et al., Methods Enzymol. 203: 121-53 (1991) ; Morea et al., Biophys Chem. 68 (1-3) : 9-16 (Oct. 1997) ; Morea et al., J Mol Biol. 275 (2) : 269-94 (Jan . 1998) ; Chothia et al., Nature 342 (6252) : 877-83 (Dec. 1989) ; Ponomarenko and Bourne, BMC Structural Biology 7: 64 (2007) ; Kontermann, R., & Dübel, S. (Eds. ) . (2010) . Antibody Engineering: Volume 2. Springer; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the CDRs are based on Kabat definition. In some embodiments, the CDRs are based on the Chothia definition.
[0177] The CDRs are important for recognizing an epitope of an antigen. As used herein, an “epitope” is the smallest portion of a target molecule capable of being specifically bound by the antigen binding domain of an antibody. The minimal size of an epitope may be about three, four, five, six, or seven amino acids, but these amino acids need not be in a consecutive linear sequence of the antigen’s primary structure, as the epitope may depend on an antigen’s three-dimensional configuration based on the antigen’s secondary and tertiary structure.
[0178] In some embodiments, the antibody is an intact immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA) . The IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) are highly conserved, differ in their constant region, particularly in their hinges and upper CH2 domains. The sequences and differences of the IgG subclasses are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in Vidarsson, et al, "IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. " Frontiers In Immunology 5 (2014) ; Irani, et al. "Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases. " Molecular Immunology 67.2 (2015) : 171-182; Shakib, Farouk, ed. The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation. Elsevier, 2016; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0179] The antibody can also be an immunoglobulin molecule that is derived from any species (e.g., human, rodent, mouse, rat, camelid) . Antibodies disclosed herein also include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific antibodies, and chimeric antibodies that include an immunoglobulin binding domain fused to another polypeptide. The term “antigen binding domain” or “antigen binding fragment” is a portion of an antibody that retains specific binding activity of the intact antibody, i.e., any portion of an antibody that is capable of specific binding to an epitope on the intact antibody’s target molecule. It includes, e.g., Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, and variants of these fragments. Thus, in some embodiments, an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof can be, e.g., a scFv, a Fv, a Fd, a dAb, a bispecific antibody, a bispecific scFv, a diabody, a linear antibody, a single-chain antibody molecule, a multi-specific antibody formed from antibody fragments, and any polypeptide that includes a binding domain which is, or is homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Non-limiting examples of antigen binding domains include, e.g., the heavy chain and / or light chain CDRs of an intact antibody, the heavy and / or light chain variable regions of an intact antibody, full length heavy or light chains of an intact antibody, or an individual CDR from either the heavy chain or the light chain of an intact antibody.
[0180] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can bind to two different antigens or two different epitopes. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can bind to three different antigens or three different epitopes.
[0181] Multimerization of antibodies may be accomplished through natural aggregation of antibodies or through chemical or recombinant linking techniques known in the art. For example, some percentage of purified antibody preparations (e.g., purified IgG1 molecules) spontaneously form protein aggregates containing antibody homodimers and other higher-order antibody multimers.
[0182] Alternatively, antibody homodimers may be formed through chemical linkage techniques known in the art. For example, heterobifunctional crosslinking agents including, but not limited to SMCC (succinimidyl 4- (maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) and SATA (N-succinimidyl S-acethylthio-acetate) can be used to form antibody multimers. An exemplary protocol for the formation of antibody homodimers is described in Ghetie et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 7509-7514, 1997) . Antibody homodimers can be converted to Fab’2 homodimers through digestion with pepsin. Another way to form antibody homodimers is through the use of the autophilic T15 peptide described in Zhao et al. (J. Immunol. 25: 396-404, 2002) .
[0183] Any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein may be conjugated to a stabilizing molecule (e.g., a molecule that increases the half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof in a subject or in solution) . Non-limiting examples of stabilizing molecules include: a polymer (e.g., a polyethylene glycol) or a protein (e.g., serum albumin, such as human serum albumin) . The conjugation of a stabilizing molecule can increase the half-life or extend the biological activity of an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment in vitro (e.g., in tissue culture or when stored as a pharmaceutical composition) or in vivo (e.g., in a human) .
[0184] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments (e.g., bispecific antibodies) described herein can be conjugated to a therapeutic agent. The antibody-drug conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can covalently or non-covalently bind to a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent (e.g., cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin, maytansinoids such as DM-1 and DM-4, dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide and analogs) .
[0185] Recombinant Vectors
[0186] The present disclosure also provides recombinant vectors (e.g., an expression vectors) that include an isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) , host cells into which are introduced the recombinant vectors (i.e., such that the host cells contain the polynucleotide and / or a vector comprising the polynucleotide) , and the production of recombinant antibody polypeptides or fragments thereof by recombinant techniques.
[0187] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-A tail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest will be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector.
[0188] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0189] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing virus packaging cells. Suitable systems are disclosed, for example, in Fisher-Hoch et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 317-321; Flexner et al., 1989, Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 569: 86-103; Flexner et al., 1990, Vaccine, 8: 17-21; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,112, 4,769,330, and 5,017,487; WO 89 / 01973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127; GB 2, 200, 651; EP 0, 345, 242; WO 91 / 02805; Berkner-Biotechniques, 6: 616-627, 1988; Rosenfeld et al., 1991, Science, 252: 431-434; Kolls et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 215-219; Kass-Eisler et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 11498-11502; Guzman et al., 1993, Circulation, 88: 2838-2848; and Guzman et al., 1993, Cir. Res., 73: 1202-1207. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be “naked, ” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., 1993, Science, 259: 1745-1749, and Cohen, 1993, Science, 259: 1691-1692. The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads that are efficiently transported into the cells.
[0190] For expression, the DNA insert comprising an antibody-encoding or polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter) , such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters are known to the skilled artisan. The expression constructs can further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs may include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
[0191] As indicated, the expression vectors can include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma, and HK 293 cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the host cells described herein are known in the art.
[0192] Non-limiting vectors for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen; pBS vectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene; and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Pharmacia. Non-limiting eukaryotic vectors include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia. Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0193] Non-limiting bacterial promoters suitable for use include the E. coli lacI and lacZ promoters, the T3 and T7 promoters, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR and PL promoters and the trp promoter. Suitable eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, the early and late SV40 promoters, the promoters of retroviral LTRs, such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) , and metallothionein promoters, such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
[0194] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y, and Grant et al., Methods Enzymol., 153: 516-544 (1997) .
[0195] Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be affected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods In Molecular Biology (1986) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0196] Transcription of DNA encoding an antibody of the present disclosure by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act to increase transcriptional activity of a promoter in a given host cell-type. Examples of enhancers include the SV40 enhancer, which is located on the late side of the replication origin at base pairs 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
[0197] For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide. The signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
[0198] The polypeptide (e.g., an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a protein complex thereof described herein) can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein (e.g., a GST-fusion) or with a histidine-tag, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to polypeptides to engender secretion or excretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, among others, are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
[0199] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0200] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0201] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, or 600 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400 amino acid residues.
[0202] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0203] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0204] The percentage of sequence homology (e.g., amino acid sequence homology or nucleic acid homology) can also be determined. How to determine percentage of sequence homology is known in the art. In some embodiments, amino acid residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties (percent homology) , e.g. leucine and isoleucine, can be used to measure sequence similarity. Families of amino acid residues having similar physicochemical properties have been defined in the art. These families include e.g., amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . The homology percentage, in many cases, is higher than the identity percentage.
[0205] Methods of Making Antibodies
[0206] An isolated fragment of human protein (e.g., c-Met extracellular region) can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies using standard techniques for antibody preparation. Animals (e.g., mice, camelids, alpacas, llamas or camels) can be injected with the antigenic peptide or protein more than one time (e.g., twice, three times, or four times) . The full-length polypeptide or protein can be used or, alternatively, antigenic peptide fragments thereof can be used as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of a protein comprises at least 8 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, or 30) amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of the protein and encompasses an epitope of the protein such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the protein.
[0207] An immunogen typically is used to prepare antibodies by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., human or transgenic animal expressing at least one human immunoglobulin locus) . An appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, a recombinantly-expressed or a chemically-synthesized polypeptide. The preparation can further include an adjuvant, such as Freund’s complete or incomplete adjuvant, or a similar immunostimulatory agent.
[0208] Lymphocytes from camelids (e.g., alpacas, llamas or camels) can be obtained, and RNA can be isolated to generate cDNA by reverse transcription. Then, the VHH genes can be amplified by PCR and cloned to a phage display vector to construct the VHH library. And the library screening and tailored biopanning can be performed. VHH can be obtained from designed synthetic camelid VHH libraries. The synthetic (e.g., humanized) VHH library can be prepared by incorporation of shuffled VHH CDRs 1, 2 and 3, generated by overlapping PCR, to a modified human VH scaffold to generate enhanced diversity and keep low immunogenicity. The VHH libraries can be then panned against antigens (e.g., a recombinant human c-Met protein) to obtain VHH with desired binding affinities.
[0209] Variants of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the DNA encoding a human, humanized, or chimeric antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino acids sequences that make-up the antigen-binding site of the antibody or an antigen-binding domain. In a population of such variants, some antibodies or antigen-binding fragments will have increased affinity for the target protein. Any combination of deletions, insertions, and / or combinations can be made to arrive at an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that has increased binding affinity for the target. The amino acid changes introduced into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can also alter or introduce new post-translational modifications into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, such as changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the number of glycosylation sites, changing the type of glycosylation site (e.g., changing the amino acid sequence such that a different sugar is attached by enzymes present in a cell) , or introducing new glycosylation sites.
[0210] Antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any species of animal, including mammals. Non-limiting examples of native antibodies include antibodies derived from humans, primates, e.g., monkeys and apes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camelids (e.g., camels and llamas) , chicken, goats, and rodents (e.g., rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) , including transgenic rodents genetically engineered to produce human antibodies.
[0211] There are many ways to generate antibodies in vivo and in vitro, and the most common being immunization and phage display. However, the antibodies isolated from these methods often require extra steps to improve their affinities and / or drug-like properties, to fulfil the potency required in a therapeutic setting. In vitro affinity maturation usually involves a diversification of the antibody base sequence, followed by stringent selections to isolate higher-affinity binders, a directed evolution process much like the somatic hypermutation that naturally occurs in mammalian B cells. In some embodiments, the methods described herein involve affinity maturation such that one or more mutations within CDRs of the anti-c-Met antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., any anti-c-Met VHH antibodies described herein) are introduced. Details of affinity maturation can be found, e.g., in Chan, D.T., et al. "Affinity maturation: highlights in the application of in vitro strategies for the directed evolution of antibodies. " Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 5.5 (2021) : 601-608; and Li, J., et al. "Affinity maturation of antibody fragments: A review encompassing the development from random approaches to computational rational optimization. " International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2023) : 125733; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0212] Phage display (panning) can be used to optimize antibody sequences with desired binding affinities. In this technique, a gene encoding a VHH can be inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to “display” the VHH on its outside while containing the gene for the protein on its inside, resulting in a connection between genotype and phenotype. These displaying phages can then be screened against target antigens, in order to detect interaction between the displayed antigen binding sites and the target antigen. Thus, large libraries of proteins can be screened and amplified in a process called in vitro selection, and antibodies sequences with desired binding affinities can be obtained.
[0213] Human and humanized antibodies include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from (or having the same amino acid sequence as those derived from) human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodies may include amino acid residues not encoded by camelid or human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) , for example in the CDRs.
[0214] A humanized antibody typically has a human framework (FR) grafted with non-human CDRs. Thus, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid sequence introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed by e.g., substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. These methods are described in e.g., Jones et al., Nature, 321: 522-525 (1986) ; Riechmann et al., Nature, 332: 323-327 (1988) ; Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239: 1534-1536 (1988) ; each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Accordingly, “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies wherein substantially less than an intact human variable region has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In some embodiments, the humanized antibodies described herein are derived from alpaca antibodies in which some CDR residues and some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in human antibodies.
[0215] It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high specificity and affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, humanized antibodies can be prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen (s) , is achieved.
[0216] Identity or homology with respect to an original sequence is usually the percentage of amino acid residues present within the candidate sequence that are identical with a sequence present within the human, humanized, or chimeric antibody or fragment, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
[0217] In some embodiments, a covalent modification can be made to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. These covalent modifications can be made by chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage. Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody or antibody fragment are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody or fragment with an organic derivatization agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N-or C-terminal residues.
[0218] In some embodiments, the methods described here are designed to make a bispecific antibody. Bispecific antibodies can be made by engineering the interface between a pair of antibody molecules to maximize the percentage of heterodimers that are recovered from recombinant cell culture. For example, the interface can contain at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain (s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) . This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers. This method is described, e.g., in WO 96 / 27011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0219] Methods for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments are also known in the art. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage. Brennan et al. (Science 229: 81, 1985) describes a procedure where intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F (ab’) 2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab’ fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab’ TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab’ thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine, and is mixed with an equimolar amount of another Fab’ TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody.
[0220] Methods of Treatment
[0221] The methods described herein include methods for the treatment of disorders associated with cancer. Generally, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, and / or antibody drug conjugates described herein, to a subject who is in need of, or who has been determined to be in need of, such treatment.
[0222] As used in this context, to “treat” means to ameliorate at least one symptom of the disorder associated with cancer. Often, cancer results in death; thus, a treatment can result in an increased life expectancy (e.g., by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, or by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years) . Administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent described herein (e.g., imbalanced bispecific antibodies) for the treatment of a condition associated with cancer will result in decreased number of cancer cells and / or alleviated symptoms.
[0223] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.
[0224] In one aspect, the disclosure also provides methods for treating a cancer in a subject, methods of reducing the rate of the increase of volume of a tumor in a subject over time, methods of reducing the risk of developing a metastasis, or methods of reducing the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0225] In one aspect, the disclosure features methods that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof described herein, or antibody drug conjugates disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof, e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer, e.g., non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer (GC) , pancreatic cancer (PC) , colorectal cancer (CRC) , ovarian cancer, or bladder cancer. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more cancer cells expressing (e.g., overexpressing) c-Met.
[0226] In some embodiments, the disclosure features methods that include: identifying a subject having cancer; and administering a therapeutically effective amount of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof described herein, or antibody drug conjugates disclosed herein to the subject in need thereof, e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer.
[0227] In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is any one selected from respiratory system tumors, Digestive system tumors (DSTs) , urinary system tumors and reproductive system tumors. In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is glioma, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, carcinoid, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, urothelial cancer, prostate cancer, testis cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, skin cancer, or lymphoma.
[0228] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for treatment of patients at risk for a cancer. Patients with cancer can be identified with various methods known in the art.
[0229] As used herein, by an “effective amount” is meant an amount or dosage sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including halting, slowing, retarding, or inhibiting progression of a disease, e.g., a cancer. An effective amount will vary depending upon, e.g., an age and a body weight of a subject to which the antibody, antigen binding fragment, protein construct, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotide, vector comprising the polynucleotide, and / or compositions thereof is to be administered, a severity of symptoms and a route of administration, and thus administration can be determined on an individual basis.
[0230] An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. By way of example, an effective amount of an antibody, an antigen binding fragment, or an antibody-drug conjugate is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, inhibit, slow and / or delay progression of an autoimmune disease or a cancer in a patient or is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, slow and / or delay proliferation of a cell (e.g., a biopsied cell, any of the cancer cells described herein, or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell line) ) in vitro. As is understood in the art, an effective amount of an antibody, antigen binding fragment, or antibody-drug conjugate may vary, depending on, inter alia, patient history as well as other factors such as the type (and / or dosage) of antibody used.
[0231] Effective amounts and schedules for administering the antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antibody-drug conjugates, and / or compositions disclosed herein may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the mammal that will receive the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, protein constructs, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, and / or compositions disclosed herein, the route of administration, the particular type of antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, protein constructs, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, and / or compositions disclosed herein used and other drugs being administered to the mammal. Guidance in selecting appropriate doses for antibody or antigen binding fragment can be found in the literature on therapeutic uses of antibodies and antigen binding fragments, e.g., Handbook of Monoclonal Antibodies, Ferrone et al., eds., Noges Publications, Park Ridge, N.J., 1985, ch. 22 and pp. 303-357; Smith et al., Antibodies in Human Diagnosis and Therapy, Haber et al., eds., Raven Press, New York, 1977, pp. 365-389.
[0232] In any of the methods described herein, the at least one antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, protein construct thereof, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, antibody-drug conjugates, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) and, optionally, at least one additional therapeutic agent can be administered to the subject at least once a week (e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once a day, twice a day, or three times a day) . In some embodiments, at least two different antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, and / or antibody-drug conjugates are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, at least one antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, protein construct thereof, or antibody-drug conjugate, and at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, the at least one antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, protein construct thereof, or antibody-drug conjugate, and the at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in two different compositions (e.g., a liquid composition containing at least one antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, protein construct thereof, or antibody-drug conjugate, and a solid oral composition containing at least one additional therapeutic agent) . In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered as a pill, tablet, or capsule. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered in a sustained-release oral formulation.
[0233] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject prior to, or after administering the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) . In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, protein construct thereof, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, antibody-drug conjugates, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) are administered to the subject such that there is an overlap in the bioactive period of the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, protein construct thereof, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, antibody-drug conjugates, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) in the subject.
[0234] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration
[0235] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that contain at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or four) of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates described herein. Two or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates described herein can be present in a pharmaceutical composition in any combination. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in any manner known in the art.
[0236] Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) . The compositions can include a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811) . Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceutical, Inc. ) .
[0237] Compositions containing one or more of any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, antibody-drug conjugates described herein can be formulated for parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) .
[0238] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals (e.g., monkeys) . One can determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50%of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%of the population) : the therapeutic index being the ratio of LD50: ED50. Agents that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Where an agent exhibits an undesirable side effect, care should be taken to minimize potential damage (i.e., reduce unwanted side effects) . Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by other standard pharmaceutical procedures.
[0239] Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating an appropriate dosage of any given agent for use in a subject (e.g., a human) . A therapeutically effective amount of the one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or four) antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, protein constructs thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates described herein) will be an amount that treats the disease in a subject (e.g., kills cancer cells ) in a subject (e.g., a human subject identified as having cancer) , or a subject identified as being at risk of developing the disease (e.g., a subject who has previously developed cancer but now has been cured) , decreases the severity, frequency, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . The effectiveness and dosing of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be determined by a health care professional or veterinary professional using methods known in the art, as well as by the observation of one or more symptoms of disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . Certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject (e.g., the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and / or age of the subject, and the presence of other diseases) .
[0240] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, or antibody-drug conjugates described herein per kilogram of the subject’s weight (e.g., about 1 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 5 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg; or about 1 μg / kg to about 50 μg / kg) . While these doses cover a broad range, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that therapeutic agents, including antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, vary in their potency, and effective amounts can be determined by methods known in the art. Typically, relatively low doses are administered at first, and the attending health care professional or veterinary professional (in the case of therapeutic application) or a researcher (when still working at the development stage) can subsequently and gradually increase the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and the half-life of the antibody or antibody fragment in vivo.
[0241] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates for various uses as described herein.
[0242] EXAMPLES
[0243] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0244] Example 1. Generation of anti-c-Met VHHs in Lama pacos (alpaca)
[0245] The alpaca anti-c-Met VHHs were produced as follows. First, alpaca immunizations were conducted using His-tagged c-Met extracellular domain (c-Met ECD His (SEQ ID NO: 170) ) as the antigen to produce antibodies. Then, lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples of the immunized alpacas and RNA was extracted therefrom. Afterwards, VHH phage display libraries were constructed to screen for high-affinity monoclonal VHHs capable of binding to human c-Met (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_000236.2, SEQ ID NO: 159) . Finally, the selected recombinant VHH clones were expressed and purified.
[0246] Three alpaca anti-c-Met VHH clones were selected for subsequent experiments, including Anti-c-Met-C1 VHH (or “C1” ; SEQ ID NO: 1) , Anti-c-Met-C2 VHH (or “C2” ; SEQ ID NO: 2) , and Anti-c-Met-C3 VHH (or “C3” ; SEQ ID NO: 3) .
[0247] Two identical anti-c-Met VHHs described above were connected to the N-terminus of a human IgG1 Fc region (SEQ ID NO: 4) , to generate the corresponding anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules (or VHH-G1Fc molecules) . For example, two Anti-c-Met-C1 VHHs can be connected to the N-terminus of a human IgG1 Fc region to generate the corresponding VHH-G1Fc molecule, namely Anti-c-Met-C1 VHH-G1Fc (or “Anti-c-Met-C1” when referred to as a VHH-G1Fc molecule) . Each of the generated VHH-G1Fc molecules has two identical polypeptide chains, with each polypeptide chain comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: a VHH (e.g., any one of the VHH clones described above) , a human IgG1 hinge region (with Ala at position 220 according to EU numbering) , a human IgG1 CH2 domain, and a human IgG1 CH3 domain (with Glu at position 356 and Met at position 358 according to EU numbering) .
[0248] Example 2. Determination of the binding ability of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules to plate-bound human, cynomolgus, and mouse c-Met proteins
[0249] To determine the binding ability of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules to human, cynomolgus, and mouse c-Met, binding titration ELISA assays were performed using the anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules at indicated concentrations. An anti-mouse c-Met antibody was used as a positive control. An anti-PSCA (prostate stem cell antigen) antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control. The assays involved coating a 96-well EIA microplate with 0.25 μg / mL human c-Met-His, 0.25 μg / mL cynomolgus c-Met-His, or 0.5 μg / mL mouse c-Met-His overnight at 4℃. After blocking with 1 × PBST (1× PBS supplemented with 0.05% 20) containing 5%skim milk, diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules were added and incubated at 24℃ for 1 hour. The unbound proteins were removed by washing the wells with 1 × PBST three times. Subsequently, an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1: 5000) was added to the wells and incubated for 1 hour at 24℃. After the incubation, excess secondary antibodies were removed by washing the wells with 1× PBST three times. Finally, 3, 3', 5, 5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added for color development. The reaction was stopped and the HRP activity was measured using a spectrophotometer at 450 nm.
[0250] As shown in FIGS. 1A-1B, all anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules exhibited a binding ability to His-tagged human and cynomolgus c-Met. Specifically, Anti-c-Met-C1 showed the strongest binding ability to His-tagged human and cynomolgus c-Met among the tested samples, followed by Anti-c-Met-C2 and Anti-c-Met-C3. As shown in FIG. 1C, only Anti-c-Met-C3 exhibited a binding ability against His-tagged mouse c-Met. The anti-mouse c-Met antibody was used as a positive control in FIG. 1D to demonstrate an effective binding to His-tagged mouse c-Met. As shown in FIG. 1E, none of the anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules exhibited non-specific binding to His-tagged human mesothelin (human MSLN His) .
[0251] Example 3. Determination of the binding ability of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules to c-Met-expressing tumor cells
[0252] To determine the whole cell binding ability of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules to c-Met expressed on tumor cell surfaces, glioblastoma U-87 MG cells (with HGF (hepatocyte growth factor, a c-Met ligand) -autocrine activity) , gastric carcinoma SNU-5 cells (with amplified c-Met expression level) and lung adenosquamous carcinoma NCI-H596 cells (with a deletion within Exon 14 of MET gene) were used as target cells. In the assay, 5 × 104 tumor cells were incubated with serially diluted anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules at indicated concentrations in FACS buffer (PBS supplemented with 4%FBS (fetal bovine serum) ) at 4℃for 30 minutes. After the incubation, the cells were washed twice with FACS buffer, and then incubated with R-Phycoerythrin-AffiniPureTM Goat Anti-Human IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cat. No.: 109-115-098) at 4℃ for 30 minutes. The samples were analyzed using a CytoFLEX flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter Inc., CA, USA) . The anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0253] As shown in FIGS. 2A-2C, the VHH-G1Fc molecules exhibited varying whole cell binding capabilities. Specifically, Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-C2 exhibited binding to U-87 MG (FIG. 2A) , SNU-5 (FIG. 2B) , and NCI-H596 cells (FIG. 2C) , whereas Anti-c-Met-C3 did not show any binding activities.
[0254] Example 4. Determination of the inhibition of U-87 MG cancer cell proliferation induced by anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules
[0255] To evaluate the cell proliferation inhibition ability of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules, U-87 MG cells were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated overnight. After the incubation, the supernatant was removed, and the medium was replaced with a fresh medium containing 1%FBS. Serial dilutions of the VHH-G1Fc molecules were then added, and the plates were further incubated at 37℃ for 3 days. The number of viable cells was determined by a Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit (Promega, Cat. No.: G7573) . The anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0256] As shown in FIG. 3, both Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-C2 exhibited a slight inhibition of U-87 MG cell proliferation. However, Anti-c-Met-C3 did not show inhibition of cell proliferation.
[0257] Example 5. Determination of c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells induced by anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules
[0258] To evaluate the total c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells induced by anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules, an ELISA-based quantification method was used. Initially, 1.5 × 104 U-87 MG cells were seeded in 96-well culture plates and incubated overnight. Subsequently, the supernatant was discarded, and the medium was replaced with 100 μL serum-free medium, followed by an incubation at 37℃ for 24 hours. The cells were treated with serial dilutions of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules and incubated for an additional 24 hours. After washing with 1× PBS, the cells were resuspended with lysis buffer (Cell Signaling, Cat. No.: 9803S) supplemented with HaltTM Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo Scientific, Cat. No.: 78440) . The cell lysates were added to plates pre-coated with anti-Met capture antibody (Met (D1C2) Rabbit mAb, Cell Signaling, Cat. No.: 8198S) and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, the plates were incubated with human HGFR / c-Met biotinylated antibody (R&D Systems, Cat. No.: BAF358) , followed by Avidin-HRP (BioLegend, Cat. No.: 405103) . The luminescent signal was measured by a VarioskanTM LUX Multimode Microplate Reader. The anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0259] As shown in FIG. 4, Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-C2 induced significant c-Met degradation in the U-87 MG cells. By contrast, the negative control (the anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) ) did not induce c-Met degradation.
[0260] Example 6. Determination of the binding ability of humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules to c-Met-expressing tumor cells
[0261] Anti-c-Met-C1 VHH was selected for humanization due to its superior cell binding affinity, as discussed above. The obtained humanized VHH clones were named Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 VHH (or “hC1-1” ; SEQ ID NO: 5) and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH (or “hC1-2” ; SEQ ID NO: 6) . Two identical humanized anti-c-Met VHHs described above were connected to the N-terminus of a humanIgG1 Fc region (SEQ ID NO: 7) , to generate the corresponding anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules (or VHH-G1Fc molecules) . For example, two Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 VHHs can be connected to the N-terminus of the human IgG1 Fc region to generate the corresponding VHH-G1Fc molecule, namely Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 VHH-G1Fc (or “Anti-c-Met-hC1-1” when referred to as a VHH-G1Fc molecule) . Each of the generated VHH-G1Fc molecules has two identical polypeptide chains, with each polypeptide chain comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: a VHH (e.g., any one of the VHH clones described above) , a human IgG1 hinge region (with Ser at position 220 according to EU numbering) , a human IgG1 CH2 domain, and a human IgG1 CH3 domain (with Asp at position 356 and Leu at position 358 according to EU numbering) . The resulting humanized VHH-G1Fc molecules, Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2, were used for subsequent experiments.
[0262] To determine the whole cell binding ability of Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 to c-Met-expressed on tumor cell surfaces, U-87 MG cells, SNU-5 cells, and NCI-H596 cells were used as target cells. A similar experiment as described in Example 3 was carried out. The anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0263] As shown in FIGS. 5A-5C, Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 maintained a similar binding activity to c-Met-expressing tumor cells, including U-87 MG cells, SNU-5 cells, and NCI-H596 cells, as compared to Anti-c-Met-C1. However, Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and the negative control (anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) ) did not show any binding abilities.
[0264] Example 7. Determination of the inhibition of U-87 MG cell proliferation induced by humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules
[0265] Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 were tested for the capability of inhibiting cell proliferation using U-87 MG cells. A similar experiment as described in Example 4 was carried out.
[0266] As shown in FIG. 6, Anti-c-Met-C1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 exhibited a slight inhibition of U-87 MG cell proliferation. However, Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and the negative control (anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) ) did not show any inhibition activities.
[0267] Example 8. Determination of the blocking effect of humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules on HGF / c-Met interaction
[0268] To determine the HGF / c-Met blocking ability, ELISA plates were first coated with 1 μg / well His-tagged c-Met (Sino Biological, Cat. No.: 10692-H08H) and incubated at 4℃overnight. The wells were then washed with 1× PBST and blocked with 1%BSA for 1 hour at room temperature. Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 were serially diluted in blocking buffer and biotinylated-HGF (Sino Biological, No.: 10463-HNAS) was supplemented in the blocking buffer to a final concentration of 0.6 nM. The plates were then incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. After three washes with 1× PBST, the wells were incubated with Avidin-HRP (1: 3000) at room temperature for 1 hour. After the incubation, excess secondary antibodies were removed by washing the wells with 1× PBST three times. Finally, TMB was added for color development. The reaction was stopped and HRP activity was measured using a spectrophotometer at 450 nm. The anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0269] As shown in FIG. 7, Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 showed a similar HGF-blocking activity as compared to anti-c-Met-C1. However, Anti-c-Met-hC1-1 and the negative control (anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) ) did not show any blocking activities.
[0270] Example 9. Determination of c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells induced by humanized anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules
[0271] To evaluate the total c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells induced by Anti-c-Met-hC1-2, the ELISA-based quantification method as described in Example 5 was carried out. Anti-c-Met-C1 was used as a positive control, and the anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0272] As shown in FIG. 8, Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 induced c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells to a significant extent, comparable to the positive control, Anti-c-Met-C1. The negative control (anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) ) did not induce c-Met degradation.
[0273] Example 10. Affinity maturation of Anti-c-Met-hC1-2
[0274] After humanization, only Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 retained the ability to bind to c-Met on tumor cell, to induce c-Met degradation, and to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Therefore, the Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH clone was selected for affinity maturation. Affinity maturation is the process of enhancing the antibody's affinity for the c-Met antigen. Specifically, PCR and specialized randomized primers were utilized to introduce site-specific mutations of complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH clone to generate a library of phage clones displaying a diverse set of VHHs on their surface. To enrich potent mutants with an increased c-Met binding affinity and the capability to block HGF / c-Met interaction, the phage library was subjected to four rounds of panning using biotinylated c-Met (SEQ ID NO: 159) . The thermostability of the screened clones was evaluated by heating them at 55℃. Details of affinity maturation can be found, e.g., in Marintcheva, B. "Chapter 5 -Phage Display. " Harnessing the Power of Viruses; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2018 (2018) : 133-160; and Bazan, J., et al. "Phage display-A powerful technique for immunotherapy: 1. Introduction and potential of therapeutic applications. " Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 8.12 (2012) : 1817-1828; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0275] After screening, 34 candidate clones of Anti-c-Met-hC1-2 VHH were identified and further constructed in the VHH-G1Fc format to assess their binding and functionality through cell-based assays. The 34 high-affinity VHH clones includes MET-1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , MET-2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , MET-3 (SEQ ID NO: 10) , MET-4 (SEQ ID NO: 11) , MET-5 (SEQ ID NO: 12) , MET-6 (SEQ ID NO: 13) , MET-7 (SEQ ID NO: 14) , MET-8 (SEQ ID NO: 15) , MET-9 (SEQ ID NO: 16) , MET-10 (SEQ ID NO: 165) , MET-11 (SEQ ID NO: 17) , MET-12 (SEQ ID NO: 18) , MET-13 (SEQ ID NO: 19) , MET-14 (SEQ ID NO: 20) , MET-15 (SEQ ID NO: 21) , MET-16 (SEQ ID NO: 22) , MET-17 (SEQ ID NO: 23) , MET-18 (SEQ ID NO: 24) , MET-19 (SEQ ID NO: 25) , MET-20 (SEQ ID NO: 26) , MET-21 (SEQ ID NO: 27) , MET-22 (SEQ ID NO: 28) , MET-23 (SEQ ID NO: 29) , MET-24 (SEQ ID NO: 30) , MET-25 (SEQ ID NO: 31) , MET-26 (SEQ ID NO: 32) , MET-27 (SEQ ID NO: 33) , MET-28 (SEQ ID NO: 34) , MET-29 (SEQ ID NO: 35) , MET-30 (SEQ ID NO: 36) , MET-31 (SEQ ID NO: 37) , MET-32 (SEQ ID NO: 38) , MET-33 (SEQ ID NO: 39) , and MET-34 (SEQ ID NO: 40) .
[0276] Two identical high-affinity VHH clones generated by affinity maturation described above were connected to the N-terminus of a humanIgG1 Fc region (SEQ ID NO: 7) , to generate the corresponding VHH-G1Fc molecules. For example, two MET-1 VHHs can be connected to the N-terminus of the human IgG1 Fc region to generate the corresponding VHH-G1Fc molecule, namely MET-1 VHH-G1Fc (or “MET-1” when referred to as a VHH-G1Fc molecule) .
[0277] Example 11. Determination of c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells induced by affinity maturation clones
[0278] To evaluate the total c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells by VHH-G1Fc molecules containing the high-affinity clones screened after affinity maturation above, an ELISA-based quantification method was used. A similar experiment as described in Example 5 was carried out. Briefly, 1.5 × 104 U-87 MG cells were seeded in 96-well culture plates and incubated overnight. Subsequently, the supernatant was discarded, and the medium was replaced with 100 μL serum free medium, followed by an incubation at 37℃ for 24 hours. The cells were subsequently treated with serial dilutions of the VHH-G1Fc molecules and incubated for 24 hours. After washing with 1× PBS, cells were resuspended with lysis buffer (Cell Signaling, Cat. No.: 9803S) supplemented with HaltTM Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo Scientific, Cat. No.: 78440) . The changes of c-Met protein were analyzed by a human HGFR / c-MET ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Cat. No.: DY358) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0279] As shown in FIGS. 9A-9D, all VHH-G1Fc molecules induced c-Met degradation. More specifically, the degradation effects of the tested VHH-G1Fc molecules were similar to that of Anti-c-Met-hC1-2, except for MET-27 and MET-33.
[0280] Example 12. Determination of the inhibition of U-87 MG cell proliferation induced by affinity maturation clones
[0281] To evaluate the cell proliferation inhibition ability of VHH-G1Fc molecules containing the high-affinity clones screened after affinity maturation, U-87 MG cells were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated overnight. A similar experiment as described in Example 4 was carried out.
[0282] As shown in FIGS. 10A-10D, most of the tested VHH-G1Fc molecules exhibited a slight inhibition of U-87 MG cell proliferation. The proliferation inhibitory rates of the tested anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules are shown in the table below. Cell proliferation inhibition rate (%) was calculated using the following formula:
[0283] Cell proliferation inhibition rate (%) = [1- (Luminescence of treatment at highest dose (1.00 × 103 nM) ) / Luminescence of negative control at lowest dose (9.92 × 10-5 nM) ) ] *100
[0284] Table 1. Proliferation inhibitory rates of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules in U-87 MG cells
[0285] Example 13. Determination of the binding ability of affinity maturation clones to c-Met-expressing tumor cells
[0286] To determine the whole cell binding ability of VHH-G1Fc molecules containing the high-affinity clones screened after affinity maturation to c-Met expressed on tumor cell surfaces, U-87 MG cells were used as target cells. A similar experiment as described in Example 3 was carried out.
[0287] As shown in FIGS. 11A-11D, most of the tested VHH-G1Fc molecules, except for MET-11, MET-16, MET-27, MET-30 and MET-33, exhibited a better binding ability to U-87 MG cells as compared to Anti-c-Met-hC1-2. As shown in the tables below, the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values were also determined. In particular, MET-9, MET-10, MET-14, MET-15, MET-25, and MET-26 exhibited a higher binding affinity to the tumor cells.
[0288] Table 2. EC50 of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to U-87 MG cells
[0289] Table 3. EC50 of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to U-87 MG cells
[0290] Table 4. EC50 of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to U-87 MG cells
[0291] Table 5. EC50 of anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules binding to U-87 MG cells
[0292] Example 14. Binding kinetics analysis of affinity maturation clones
[0293] To measure the binding affinity between VHH-G1Fc molecules containing the high-affinity clones screened after affinity maturation and recombinant His-tagged human c-Met protein, an Red 96 instrument was used with anti-human IgG Fc Capture (AHC) biosensors. The experiments was performed using 96-well black sample plates (200 mL volume per well) at 30℃ and 1000 RPM. Anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules and the recombinant His-tagged human c-Met protein were prepared in assay buffer (PBS, pH 7.4, 0.05% 20, 0.1%BSA) . The binding assay was performed with the following steps: (1) baseline in assay buffer for 60 seconds, (2) loading of 10 mg / mL anti-c-Met VHH-G1Fc molecules to AHC biosensor chips for 150 seconds (final loading levels were 0.8 nM) , (3) baseline in assay buffer for 60 seconds, (4) association of serial diluted His-tagged human c-Met protein (ranging from 150 nM to 1.85 nM) for 120 seconds, and (5) dissociation in assay buffer for 90 seconds. The biosensor chips were regenerated with 10 mM glycine pH 1.5 for repeated measurements (5 seconds for regeneration and 5 seconds for neutralization; 5 times) . In particular, a reference well with antigen loaded onto the biosensor chip (without antibody loaded) was included in all experiments. The results of the reference well were subtracted from those of sample wells, to correct for drift and buffer evaporation. The global 1: 1 binding model fit was used to determine the association rate constant (Kon) , the dissociation rate constant (Kdis) , and the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) .
[0294] As shown in the table below, the results indicate that human c-Met binding ability of MET-15 was similar to that of Anti-c-Met-hC1-2, but was lower than that of MET-9, MET-10, MET-14, and anti-c-Met-C1.
[0295] Table 6. Binding kinetics analysis results
[0296] Example 15. Determination of the binding ability of selected VHH-G1Fc molecules to c-Met-expressing tumor cells
[0297] To determine the whole cell binding ability of VHH-G1Fc molecules containing the high-affinity clones screened after affinity maturation to c-Met expressed on tumor cell surfaces, U-87 MG cells were used as target cells. A similar experiment as described in Example 3 was carried out.
[0298] Onartuzumab (MetMab) was developed by Genentech Inc. as a humanized IgG1 antibody targeting c-Met. Onartuzumab (MetMab) analog was purchased from MedChemExpress (Cat. No.: HY-P99250) and used as a control due to its inability to induce c-Met degradation, to verify the effectiveness of the anti-c-Met clones disclosed herein. The onartuzumab (MetMab) analog contains a heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 171, a light chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 172, and a truncated Fc domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 173. Details of onartuzumab and its structure can be found, e.g., in Merchant, M., et al. "Monovalent antibody design and mechanism of action of onartuzumab, a MET antagonist with anti-tumor activity as a therapeutic agent. " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.32 (2013) : E2987-E2996, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0299] As shown in FIG. 19, all of the tested VHH-G1Fc molecules and the onartuzumab (MetMab) analog can bind to U-87 MG cells.
[0300] Example 16. Determination of c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells induced by selected VHH-G1Fc molecules
[0301] To evaluate the total c-Met degradation in U-87 MG cells by selected VHH-G1Fc molecules, an ELISA-based quantification method was used. A similar experiment as described in Example 11 was carried out. Briefly, 1.5 × 104 U-87 MG cells were seeded in 96-well culture plates and incubated overnight. Subsequently, the supernatant was discarded, and the medium was replaced with 100 μL serum free medium, followed by an incubation at 37℃ for 24 hours. The cells were subsequently treated with serial dilutions of the VHH-G1Fc molecules and incubated for 24 hours. After washing with 1× PBS, cells were resuspended with lysis buffer (Cell Signaling, Cat. No.: 9803S) supplemented with HaltTM Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo Scientific, Cat. No.: 78440) . The changes of c-Met protein were analyzed by a human HGFR / c-MET ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Cat. No.: DY358) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) was used as a negative control.
[0302] As shown in FIG. 20, all of the tested VHH-G1Fc molecules induced c-Met degradation. However, the onartuzumab (MetMab) analog did not induce c-Met degradation.
[0303] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0304] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met (mesenchymal-epithelial-transition factor) , comprising:a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VHH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VHH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VHH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR3 amino acid sequence;wherein the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in GX1X2FX3X4Y (SEQ ID NO: 156) , X5X6X7X8X9S (SEQ ID NO: 157) , and AQPPX10X11GENWPX12 (SEQ ID NO: 158) , respectively, wherein:X1: F, L, W, or Y;X2: T, S, or I;X3: K or R;X4: S, P, A, or H;X5: N or T;X6: W, A, S, P, Q, or R;X7: G, R, H, or T;X8: G or S;X9: G or A;X10: G, W, or S;X11: Y, K, or R; andX12: L, I, V, or T.2.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met, comprising:a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VHH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VHH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VHH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR3 amino acid sequence;wherein the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in GX1X2FX3X4Y (SEQ ID NO: 156) , NX13GGS (SEQ ID NO: 161) , and AQPPGX14GENWPX15 (SEQ ID NO: 162) , respectively, wherein:X1: F, L, W, or Y;X2: T, S, or I;X3: K or R;X4: S, P, A, or H;X13: Q, R, or L;X14: Y or R; andX15: L or T.3.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met, comprising:a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VHH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VHH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VHH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH CDR3 amino acid sequence;wherein the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:(1) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 41, 42, and 43, respectively;(2) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 44, 45, and 46, respectively;(3) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, and 49, respectively;(4) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 50, 51, and 52, respectively;(5) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 53, 54, and 55, respectively;(6) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 56, 57, and 58, respectively;(7) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 61, respectively;(8) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 62, 63, and 64, respectively;(9) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 65, 66, and 67, respectively;(10) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 68, 69, and 70, respectively;(11) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 71, 72, and 73, respectively;(12) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75, and 76, respectively;(13) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 77, 78, and 79, respectively;(14) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 80, 81 and 82, respectively;(15) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 84, and 85, respectively;(16) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively;(17) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 89, 90, and 91, respectively;(18) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 92, 93, and 94, respectively;(19) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 95, 96, and 97, respectively;(20) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 98, 99, and 100, respectively;(21) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102, and 103, respectively;(22) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105, and 106, respectively;(23) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 107, 108, and 109, respectively;(24) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, and 112, respectively;(25) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 113, 114, and 115, respectively;(26) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 116, 117, and 118, respectively;(27) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, and 121, respectively;(28) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 122, 123, and 124, respectively;(29) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 125, 126, and 127, respectively;(30) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 128, 129, and 130, respectively;(31) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 131, 132, and 133, respectively;(32) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 134, 135, and 136, respectively;(33) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 137, 138, and 139, respectively;(34) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 140, 141, and 142, respectively;(35) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 143, 144, and 145, respectively;(36) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 146, 147, and 148, respectively;(37) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, and 151, respectively;(38) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, and 154, respectively; and(39) the selected VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 166, 167, and 168, respectively.4.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 3, wherein the VHH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 are determined by Chothia definition.5.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 3 or 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 53, 54, and 55, respectively.6.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 56, 57, and 58, respectively.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 61, respectively.8.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 62, 63, and 64, respectively.9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 65, 66, and 67, respectively.10.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 68, 69, and 70, respectively.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 71, 72, and 73, respectively.12.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75, and 76, respectively.13.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 77, 78, and 79, respectively.14.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 80, 81, and 82, respectively.15.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 84, and 85, respectively.16.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively.17.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 2-4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 89, 90, and 91, respectively.18.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 92, 93, and 94, respectively.19.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 2-4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 95, 96, and 97, respectively.20.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 98, 99, and 100, respectively.21.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102, and 103, respectively.22.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105, and 106, respectively.23.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 107, 108, and 109, respectively.24.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, and 112, respectively.25.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 113, 114, and 115, respectively.26.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 116, 117, and 118, respectively.27.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120 and 121, respectively.28.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 122, 123, and 124, respectively.29.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 125, 126, and 127, respectively.30.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 128, 129, and 130, respectively.31.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 131, 132, and 133, respectively.32.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 2-4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 134, 135, and 136, respectively.33.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 137, 138, and 139, respectively.34.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 140, 141, and 142, respectively.35.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 143, 144, and 145, respectively.36.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 146, 147, and 148, respectively.37.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 2-4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, and 151, respectively.38.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, and 154, respectively.39.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the VHH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 166, 167, and 168, respectively.40.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met comprising a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VHH sequence, wherein the selected VHH sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, 5, 6, 8-40, and 165.41.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 40, wherein the VHH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, or 165.42.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met comprising a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 155, 163, 164, or 169, wherein:X1: F, L, W, or Y;X2: T, S, or I;X3: K or R;X4: S, P, A, or H;X5: N or T;X6: W, A, S, P, Q, or R;X7: G, R, H, or T;X8: G or S;X9: G or A;X10: G, W, or S;X11: Y, K, or R; andX12: L, I, V, or T.43.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met comprising a heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 160, wherein:X1: F, L, W, or Y;X2: T, S, or I;X3: K or R;X4: S, P, A, or H;X13: Q, R, or L;X14: Y or R; andX15: L or T.44.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-43, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human c-Met or a fragment thereof.45.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-44, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a camelid antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.46.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-45, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .47.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising the VHH CDRs 1, 2, 3, of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-46.48.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-47, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a human IgG Fc region (e.g., a human IgG1 Fc region) .49.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-48, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises two or more heavy-chain antibody variable domains.50.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-49.51.A protein construct comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50.52.The protein construct of claim 51, comprising two or more of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.53.The protein construct of claim 52, wherein at least two of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof are identical.54.The protein construct of claim 52, wherein at least two of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof are different.55.The protein construct of any one of claims 51-54, further comprising an Fc region.56.The protein construct of claim 55, wherein the Fc region is an IgG1 Fc region (e.g., a human IgG1 Fc region) .57.A protein construct comprisinga first polypeptide chain comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus: the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50, optionally a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain; anda second polypeptide chain comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus:optionally a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain;wherein the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.58.The protein construct of claim 57, wherein the second polypeptide chain further comprises a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to c-Met.59.A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50 or the protein construct of any one of claims 50-57.60.The nucleic acid of claim 59, wherein the nucleic acid is cDNA.61.A vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of claim 59 or 60.62.A cell comprising the vector of claim 61.63.The cell of claim 62, wherein the cell is a CHO cell.64.A cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of claim 59 or 60.65.A method of producing an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising(a) culturing the cell of any one of claims 62-64 under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof or the protein construct; and(b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof or the protein construct produced by the cell.66.An antibody-drug conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50, or the protein construct of any one of claims 51-58, covalently bound to a therapeutic agent.67.The antibody drug conjugate of claim 66, wherein the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.68.A method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50, the protein construct of any one of claims 51-58, or the antibody-drug conjugate of claims 66 or 67, to the subject.69.The method of claim 68, wherein the subject has a cancer cell expressing c-Met.70.The method of claim 68 or 69, wherein the subject has non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer (GC) , pancreatic cancer (PC) , colorectal cancer (CRC) , ovarian cancer, or bladder cancer.71.A method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50, the protein construct of any one of claims 51-58, or the antibody-drug conjugate of claims 66 or 67.72.A method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50, the protein construct of any one of claims 51-58, or the antibody-drug conjugate of claims 66 or 67.73.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-50 or the protein construct of any one of claims 51-58, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.74.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody-drug conjugate of claims 66 or 67, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Anti-met antibodies and uses thereof
WO2018001909A1
Antibody binding to c-met and use thereof
WO2023078391A1
Anti-c-met antibody and use thereof
WO2023078393A1