FM0 and differential manchester signals for reader-to-device communications
By generating differential Manchester signals with preambles and postambles for FM0 signals, ambient IoT systems overcome high-complexity decoding issues, conserving reader resources and maintaining performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/091970
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-09
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Ambient IoT systems face challenges with high-complexity decoders in FM0 decoding, leading to excessive resource consumption in readers like user equipment (UE), which is not favorable for low-power devices.
Generating and transmitting differential Manchester signals by adding a preamble and postamble to FM0 signals, enabling low-complexity decoding using Manchester and differential decoders.
Conserves resources at the reader by allowing low-complexity FM0 signal decoding, improving performance without exceeding target resource consumption.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024091970_13112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
FM0 AND DIFFERENTIAL MANCHESTER SIGNALS FOR READER-TO-DEVICE COMMUNICATIONS
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods associated with FM0 and differential Manchester signals for reader-to-device communications.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services that may include carrying voice, text, messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. The services may include unicast, multicast, and / or broadcast services, among other examples. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] The above multiple-access RATs have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, or global level. An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other mobile broadband evolutions beyond NR) may be designed to better support Internet of things (IoT) and reduced capability device deployments, industrial connectivity, millimeter wave (mmWave) expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployment, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansions, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other radio access technologies such as 6G may be introduced, to further advance mobile broadband evolution.
[0005] FM0, which is an example of transition-based coding, may be implemented in an ambient IoT system. For example, an ambient IoT device may encode communications using FM0 and transmit the encoded communications to a reader, which can decode the encoded communications. The performance of FM0 may depend on one or more decoding methods implemented by the reader. For example, FM0 may perform well in cases where the reader uses a high-complexity decoder. However, ambient IoT systems may favor low-complexity components. For example, the reader may be a user equipment (UE) , and high-complexity decoders can introduce consumer excessive UE power resources, UE processing resources, or UE memory resources, among other examples.SUMMARY
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless communication device. The apparatus may include one or more memories storing processor-executable code and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. At least one processor of the one or more processors may be configured to cause the wireless communication device to generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. At least one processor of the one or more processors may be configured to cause the wireless communication device to transmit, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless communication device. The apparatus may include one or more memories storing processor-executable code and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. At least one processor of the one or more processors may be configured to cause the wireless communication device to receive, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. At least one processor of the one or more processors may be configured to cause the wireless communication device to decode the differential Manchester signal.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed at a wireless communication device. The method may include generating a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The method may include transmitting, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed at a wireless communication device. The method may include receiving, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The method may include decoding the differential Manchester signal.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. The set of instructions may include one or more instructions that, when executed at a wireless communication device, cause the wireless communication device to generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The set of instructions may include one or more instructions that, when executed at a wireless communication device, cause the wireless communication device to transmit, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. The set of instructions may include one or more instructions that, when executed at a wireless communication device, cause the wireless communication device to receive, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The set of instructions may include one or more instructions that, when executed at a wireless communication device, cause the wireless communication device to decode the differential Manchester signal.
[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for generating a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal.
[0013] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The apparatus may include means for decoding the differential Manchester signal.
[0014] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, the specification and accompanying drawings.
[0015] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure, but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0017] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network.
[0018] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example network node in communication with an example user equipment (UE) in a wireless network.
[0019] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with backscatter communications.
[0020] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with ambient internet of things (IoT) device communications.
[0021] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with Manchester coding.
[0022] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with Rician fading.
[0023] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with FM0 coding.
[0024] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with waveforms for ambient IoT device-to-reader (D2R) links and corresponding generation schemes.
[0025] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with generating a differential Manchester signal.
[0026] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with adding a preamble and a postamble to an FM0 signal.
[0027] Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with decoding a differential Manchester signal.
[0028] Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with converting a differential Manchester signal to an FM0 signal.
[0029] Figure 13 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with decoding an FM0 signal.
[0030] Figure 14 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a wireless communication device, such as an ambient IoT device, or an apparatus of the wireless communication device that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications.
[0031] Figure 15 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a wireless communication device, such as a UE or a network node, or an apparatus of the wireless communication device that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications.
[0032] Figure 16 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, such as an ambient IoT device, that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications.
[0033] Figure 17 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, such as a UE or a network node, that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0035] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0036] An ambient internet of things (IoT) device may be a low-power terminal (for example, a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, a tag, or a similar device) that may or may not include a battery and may accumulate energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, some types of ambient IoT devices may be backscatter-capable. Ambient IoT devices may be categorized into at least three types of devices: device 1, device 2a, and device 2b. A “device 1” type ambient IoT device may have approximately 1 (one) μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, use an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm (for example, where X can be any suitable value) , and communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided carrier waves. Both “device 2a” and “device 2b” type ambient IoT devices may have less than or equal to a few hundred μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, and use an initial SFO up to 10X ppm. A “device 2a” type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided carrier waves. A “device 2b” type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by internally generating the uplink transmission. An ambient IoT device may transmit communications to a reader over a device-to-reader (D2R) link and receive communications from the reader over a reader-to-device (R2D) link.
[0037] Manchester coding is a coding scheme that involves encoding or decoding a sequence of bits (for example, Manchester bits) based at least in part on a signal transition within each bit period (for example, symbol) of the sequence. For example, each bit may start with a portion of the signal at a first level (for example, one of a high level or a low level relative to an average signal level) and end with a portion of the signal at a low level (for example, the other of the high level or the low level) . The signal may transition from the high level to the low level, or from the low level to the high level, within the bit period. The direction of the signal transition may indicate whether the bit associated with the bit period is a 0 or a 1.
[0038] FM0 coding is a coding scheme that involves encoding or decoding a sequence of bits based at least in part on a quantity of signal transitions within each bit period of the sequence. For example, zero signal transitions within a bit period may indicate that the bit associated with the bit period is a 1, and one signal transition within a bit period may indicate that the bit associated with the bit period is a 0. FM0 may be used for ambient IoT D2R communications.
[0039] FM0 performance may depend on the decoding method (s) implemented by the reader. For example, FM0 may perform well in cases where the reader uses a high-complexity decoder. However, ambient IoT systems may favor low-complexity components. For example, the reader may be a user equipment (UE) , and high-complexity decoders can consume excessive UE power resources, UE processing resources, or UE memory resources, among other examples.
[0040] Various aspects relate generally to a waveform for ambient IoT D2R communications. Some aspects more specifically relate to using differential Manchester signals for ambient IoT D2R communications. A differential Manchester signal may include at least a corresponding FM0 signal. In some aspects, an ambient IoT device may generate a differential Manchester signal and transmit the differential Manchester signal over a D2R link. In some examples, a waveform of the differential Manchester signal may include at least a waveform of the FM0 signal. A reader may receive and decode the differential Manchester signal. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may convert the FM0 signal to the differential Manchester signal by adding a chip of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and a chip of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. A chip is equal to one-half of a symbol.
[0041] In some aspects, the reader may decode the differential Manchester signal using a Manchester decoder and a differential decoder. A differential decoder may convert a first set of bits into a second set of bits such that a signal corresponding to the first set of bits comprises a signal corresponding to the second set of bits. In some examples, the reader may apply the Manchester decoder to the differential Manchester signal and the differential decoder to an output of the Manchester decoder.
[0042] In some aspects, the reader may decode the differential Manchester signal using an FM0 decoder. For example, the reader may remove the chips from the differential Manchester signal, which may produce the FM0 signal, and apply the FM0 decoder to the FM0 signal.
[0043] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by generating the differential Manchester signal, the described techniques can be used to enable the reader to perform low-complexity FM0 signal decoding, which may conserve resources at the reader.
[0044] Decoding the differential Manchester signal using the Manchester decoder and the differential decoder may help the reader to conserve resources in cases where the Manchester decoder and the differential decoder can achieve a target performance.
[0045] Decoding the differential Manchester signal using the FM0 decoder may help the reader to decode the differential Manchester signal in cases where the Manchester decoder and the differential decoder cannot achieve the target performance.
[0046] Multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR supports various technologies and use cases including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) , massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , millimeter wave (mmWave) technology, beamforming, network slicing, edge computing, IoT connectivity and management, and network function virtualization (NFV) .
[0047] As the demand for broadband access increases and as technologies supported by wireless communication networks evolve, further technological improvements may be adopted in or implemented for 5G NR or future RATs, such as 6G, to further advance the evolution of wireless communication for a wide variety of existing and new use cases and applications. Such technological improvements may be associated with new frequency band expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansion, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication, IoT (including passive or ambient IoT) networks, reduced capability (RedCap) UE functionality, industrial connectivity, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, radio frequency (RF) sensing, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples. These technological improvements may support use cases such as wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases.
[0048] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110, shown as a network node (NN) 110a, a network node 110b, a network node 110c, and a network node 110d. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120, shown as a UE 120a, a UE 120b, a UE 120c, a UE 120d, and a UE 120e.
[0049] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency ranges. Examples of RATs include a 4G RAT, a 5G / NR RAT, and / or a 6G RAT, among other examples. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with one another.
[0050] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are included in mid-band frequencies, that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, or FR5, and / or that are within the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, each of FR4a, FR4-1, FR4, and FR5 falls within the EHF band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs (for example, 4G / Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G / NR) are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (for example, FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and techniques described herein may be applicable to those modified frequency ranges.
[0051] A network node 110 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication between a UE 120 and one or more devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, an eNB, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a mobility element, a core, a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) .
[0052] A network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node (having an aggregated architecture) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single node (for example, a single physical structure) in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that uses a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0053] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. For example, a disaggregated network node may have a disaggregated architecture. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating base station functionality into multiple units that can be individually deployed.
[0054] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and / or one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layer control functions, such as radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, and / or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host one or more lower PHY layer functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (iFFT) , beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, and / or scheduling of resources for one or more UEs 120, among other examples. An RU may host RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an iFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120.
[0055] In some aspects, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. Additionally or alternatively, a network node 110 may include one or more Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) and / or one or more Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RICs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples. A virtual unit may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as associated with a cloud deployment.
[0056] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In the 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or multiple (for example, three) cells. In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . A network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. A network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. A network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or an in-home network node.
[0057] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. In the example shown in Figure 1, the network node 110a may be a macro network node for a macro cell 130a, the network node 110b may be a pico network node for a pico cell 130b, and the network node 110c may be a femto network node for a femto cell 130c. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas, and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110. For example, macro network nodes may have a high transmit power level (for example, 5 to 40 watts) , whereas pico network nodes, femto network nodes, and relay network nodes may have lower transmit power levels (for example, 0.1 to 2 watts) .
[0058] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110.
[0059] In some examples, any network node 110 that relays communications may be referred to as a relay network node, a relay station, or simply as a relay. A relay may receive a transmission of a communication from an upstream station (for example, another network node 110 or a UE 120) and transmit the communication to a downstream station (for example, a UE 120 or another network node 110) . In this case, the wireless communication network 100 may include or be referred to as a “multi-hop network. ” In the example shown in Figure 1, the network node 110d (for example, a relay network node) may communicate with the network node 110a (for example, a macro network node) and the UE 120d in order to facilitate communication between the network node 110a and the UE 120d. Additionally or alternatively, a UE 120 may be or may operate as a relay station that can relay transmissions to or from other UEs 120. A UE 120 that relays communications may be referred to as a UE relay or a relay UE, among other examples.
[0060] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may be included in an access terminal, another terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, and / or smart jewelry, such as a smart ring or a smart bracelet) , an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, and / or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0061] A UE 120 and / or a network node 110 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system. The processing system includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “processors” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set, or may include the group of processors all being configured or configurable to perform the set of functions.
[0062] The processing system may further include memory circuitry in the form of one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. The processing system may further include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a Wi-Fi (for example, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) compliant) modem or a cellular (for example, 3GPP 4G LTE, 5G, or 6G compliant) modem) . In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system may further include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains or transceivers. The UE 120 may include or may be included in a housing that houses components associated with the UE 120 including the processing system.
[0063] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (for example, shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) may communicate directly with one another using sidelink communications (for example, without communicating by way of a network node 110 as an intermediary) . As an example, the UE 120a may directly transmit data, control information, or other signaling as a sidelink communication to the UE 120e. This is in contrast to, for example, the UE 120a first transmitting data in an UL communication to a network node 110, which then transmits the data to the UE 120e in a DL communication.
[0064] In some aspects, the UE 120 may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may receive, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and decode the differential Manchester signal. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0065] In some aspects, the network node 110 may include a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may receive, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and decode the differential Manchester signal. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0066] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 135 may include a communication manager 138. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 138 may generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and transmit, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 138 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0067] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example network node 110 in communication with an example UE 120 in a wireless network.
[0068] As shown in Figure 2, the network node 110 may include a data source 212, a transmit processor 214, a transmit (TX) MIMO processor 216, a set of modems 232 (shown as 232a through 232t, where t ≥ 1) , a set of antennas 234 (shown as 234a through 234v, where v ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 236, a receive processor 238, a data sink 239, a controller / processor 240, a memory 242, a communication unit 244, a scheduler 246, and / or a communication manager 150, among other examples. In some configurations, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 234, the modem (s) 232, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the transmit processor 214, and / or the TX MIMO processor 216 may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 240, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 242, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, and / or operations described herein. In some aspects, the network node 110 may include one or more interfaces, communication components, and / or other components that facilitate communication with the UE 120 or another network node.
[0069] The terms “processor, ” “controller, ” or “controller / processor” may refer to one or more controllers and / or one or more processors. For example, reference to “a / the processor” or “a / the controller / processor, ” among other examples (in the singular) should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Figure 2, such as a single processor or a combination of multiple different processors. Reference to “one or more processors” should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Figure 2. For example, one or more processors of the network node 110 may include transmit processor 214, TX MIMO processor 216, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, and / or controller / processor 240. Similarly, one or more processors of the UE 120 may include MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280.
[0070] In some aspects, a single processor may perform all of the operations described as being performed by the one or more processors. In some aspects, a first set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a first operation described as being performed by the one or more processors, and a second set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a second operation described as being performed by the one or more processors. The first set of processors and the second set of processors may be the same set of processors or may be different sets of processors. Reference to “one or more memories” should be understood to refer to any one or more memories of a corresponding device, such as the memory described in connection with Figure 2. For example, operation described as being performed by one or more memories can be performed by the same subset of the one or more memories or different subsets of the one or more memories.
[0071] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the transmit processor 214 may receive data ( “downlink data” ) intended for the UE 120 (or a set of UEs that includes the UE 120) from the data source 212 (such as a data pipeline or a data queue) . In some examples, the transmit processor 214 may select one or more MCSs for the UE 120 in accordance with one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may process the data (for example, including encoding the data) for transmission to the UE 120 on a downlink in accordance with the MCS (s) selected for the UE 120 to generate data symbols. The transmit processor 214 may process system information (for example, semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI) ) and / or control information (for example, CQI requests, grants, and / or upper layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and / or control symbols. The transmit processor 214 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (for example, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) ) and / or synchronization signals (for example, a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signals (SSS) ) .
[0072] The TX MIMO processor 216 may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (for example, T output symbol streams) to the set of modems 232. For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 232. Each modem 232 may use the respective modulator component to process (for example, to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (for example, for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) ) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may further use the respective modulator component to process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a time domain downlink signal. The modems 232a through 232t may together transmit a set of downlink signals (for example, T downlink signals) via the corresponding set of antennas 234.
[0073] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, uplink signals from the UE 120 may be received by an antenna 234, may be processed by a modem 232 (for example, a demodulator component, shown as DEMOD, of a modem 232) , may be detected by the MIMO detector 236 (for example, a receive (Rx) MIMO processor) if applicable, and / or may be further processed by the receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and / or control information. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 (which may be a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or another type of data sink) and provide the decoded control information to a processor, such as the controller / processor 240.
[0074] The network node 110 may use the scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink or uplink communications. In some aspects, the scheduler 246 may use downlink control information (DCI) to dynamically schedule DL transmissions to the UE 120 and / or UL transmissions from the UE 120. In some examples, the scheduler 246 may allocate recurring time domain resources and / or frequency domain resources that the UE 120 may use to transmit and / or receive communications using an RRC configuration (for example, a semi-static configuration) , for example, to perform semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) or to configure a configured grant (CG) for the UE 120.
[0075] One or more of the transmit processor 214, the TX MIMO processor 216, the modem 232, the antenna 234, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, and / or the controller / processor 240 may be included in an RF chain of the network node 110. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by one or more processors of the network node 110) . In some aspects, the RF chain may be or may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110.
[0076] In some examples, the network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to communicate with a core network and / or with other network nodes. The communication unit 244 may support wired and / or wireless communication protocols and / or connections, such as Ethernet, optical fiber, common public radio interface (CPRI) , and / or a wired or wireless backhaul, among other examples. The network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to transmit and / or receive data associated with the UE 120 or to perform network control signaling, among other examples. The communication unit 244 may include a transceiver and / or an interface, such as a network interface.
[0077] The UE 120 may include a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a through 252r, where r ≥ 1) , a set of modems 254 (shown as modems 254a through 254u, where u ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 256, a receive processor 258, a data sink 260, a data source 262, a transmit processor 264, a TX MIMO processor 266, a controller / processor 280, a memory 282, and / or a communication manager 140, among other examples. One or more of the components of the UE 120 may be included in a housing 284. In some aspects, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 252, the modem (s) 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be included in a transceiver that is included in the UE 120. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 280, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 282, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, or operations described herein. In some aspects, the UE 120 may include another interface, another communication component, and / or another component that facilitates communication with the network node 110 and / or another UE 120.
[0078] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the set of antennas 252 may receive the downlink communications or signals from the network node 110 and may provide a set of received downlink signals (for example, R received signals) to the set of modems 254. For example, each received signal may be provided to a respective demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to condition (for example, filter, amplify, downconvert, and / or digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to further demodulate or process the input samples (for example, for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. The MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the set of modems 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and may provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (for example, decode) the detected symbols, may provide decoded data for the UE 120 to the data sink 260 (which may include a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) , and may provide decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280.
[0079] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, the transmit processor 264 may receive and process data ( “uplink data” ) from a data source 262 (such as a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) and control information from the controller / processor 280. The control information may include one or more parameters, feedback, one or more signal measurements, and / or other types of control information. In some aspects, the receive processor 258 and / or the controller / processor 280 may identify, for a received signal (such as received from the network node 110 or another UE) , one or more parameters relating to transmission of the uplink communication. The one or more parameters may include a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, a CQI parameter, or a transmit power control (TPC) parameter, among other examples. The control information may include an indication of the RSRP parameter, the RSSI parameter, the RSRQ parameter, the CQI parameter, the TPC parameter, and / or another parameter. The control information may facilitate parameter selection and / or scheduling for the UE 120 by the network node 110.
[0080] The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals, such as an uplink DMRS, an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS) , and / or another type of reference signal. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, if applicable, and further processed by the set of modems 254 (for example, for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM) . The TX MIMO processor 266 may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (for example, U output symbol streams) to the set of modems 254. For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective modulator component to process (for example, to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (for example, for OFDM) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 254 may further use the respective modulator component to process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain an uplink signal.
[0081] The modems 254a through 254u may transmit a set of uplink signals (for example, R uplink signals or U uplink symbols) via the corresponding set of antennas 252. An uplink signal may include an uplink control information (UCI) communication, a MAC control element (MAC-CE) communication, an RRC communication, or another type of uplink communication. Uplink signals may be transmitted on a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , and / or another type of uplink channel. An uplink signal may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data. Sidelink data and control transmissions (that is, transmissions directly between two or more UEs 120) may generally use similar techniques as were described for uplink data and control transmission, and may use sidelink-specific channels such as a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0082] One or more antennas of the set of antennas 252 or the set of antennas 234 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of Figure 2. As used herein, “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. “Antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters of the group of antennas. “Antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas, which may also include one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device.
[0083] In some examples, each of the antenna elements of an antenna 234 or an antenna 252 may include one or more sub-elements for radiating or receiving radio frequency signals. For example, a single antenna element may include a first sub-element cross-polarized with a second sub-element that can be used to independently transmit cross-polarized signals. The antenna elements may include patch antennas, dipole antennas, and / or other types of antennas arranged in a linear pattern, a two-dimensional pattern, or another pattern. A spacing between antenna elements may be such that signals with a desired wavelength transmitted separately by the antenna elements may interact or interfere constructively and destructively along various directions (such as to form a desired beam) . For example, given an expected range of wavelengths or frequencies, the spacing may provide a quarter wavelength, a half wavelength, or another fraction of a wavelength of spacing between neighboring antenna elements to allow for the desired constructive and destructive interference patterns of signals transmitted by the separate antenna elements within that expected range. The amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating phase shift, phase offset, and / or amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction. “Beam” may also generally refer to a direction associated with such a directional signal transmission, a set of directional resources associated with the signal transmission (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , and / or a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal.
[0084] The network node 110, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, a CU, a DU, an RU, or any other component (s) of Figures 1 or 2 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, any other component (s) of Figure 2, the CU, the DU, or the RU may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 1400 of Figure 14, process 1500 of Figure 15, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . The memory 242 may store data and program codes for the network node 110, the network node 110, the CU, the DU, or the RU. The memory 282 may store data and program codes for the UE 120. In some examples, the memory 242 or the memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions (for example, code or program code) for wireless communication. The memory 242 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . The memory 282 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . For example, the set of instructions, when executed (for example, directly, or after compiling, converting, or interpreting) by one or more processors of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU, the DU, or the RU, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 1400 of Figure 14, process 1500 of Figure 15, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 135 described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Figure 2.
[0085] In some aspects, the UE 120 includes means for receiving, over a D2R link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and / or means for decoding the differential Manchester signal. The means for the UE 120 to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 140, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280, or memory 282.
[0086] In some aspects, the network node 110 includes means for receiving, over a D2R link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and / or means for decoding the differential Manchester signal. The means for the network node 110 to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, transmit processor 214, TX MIMO processor 216, modem 232, antenna 234, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, controller / processor 240, memory 242, or scheduler 246.
[0087] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 135 includes means for generating a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and / or means for transmitting, over a D2R link, the differential Manchester signal. In some aspects, the means for the ambient IoT device 135 to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 138, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280, or memory 282.
[0088] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 associated with backscatter communications.
[0089] Some wireless communication devices may be considered IoT devices, such as ambient IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , or similar IoT devices. In ambient IoT, a terminal (for example, an RFID device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, wireless networks may utilize a type of ambient IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device. ”
[0090] As shown in Figure 3, a backscatter device 305 (for example, a tag or a sensor, among other examples) , which may be one example of an ambient IoT device, may employ a simplified hardware design (for example, including a power splitter, an energy harvester, and a microcontroller) that does not include a battery, such that the backscatter device 305 relies on energy harvesting for power, and that does not include a radio wave generation circuit, such that the backscatter device 305 is capable of transmitting information only by reflecting a radio wave. More particularly, the backscatter device 305 communicates with a reader 308 (for example, a UE 120, a network node 110, or another network device) by modulating a reflecting radio signal from a radio frequency (RF) source 310 (for example, a network node 110, a UE 120, or another network device) . In some examples, the RF source 310 and the reader 308 may be the same device and / or may be co-located. For example, in some instances, the reader 308 and the RF source 310 may be associated with the same network node 110.
[0091] To facilitate communication of the backscatter device 305, the RF source 310 may transmit an energy harvesting wave to the backscatter device 305. The energy harvesting wave may be transmitted for a sufficient duration in order to enable a communication phase for a target range between the reader 308 and the backscatter device 305. Additionally or alternatively, in some instances, a range between the RF source 310 and the backscatter device 305 may be limited by a minimum received power for triggering energy harvesting at the backscatter device 305, such as -20 decibel milliwatts (dBm) .
[0092] Once energy is sufficiently accumulated at the backscatter device 305, the backscatter device 305 may begin to reflect the radio wave that is radiated onto the backscatter device 305 via a backscatter link 315. For example, the RF source 310 may initiate a communication session (sometimes referred to as a query-response communication) with a query, which may be a modulating envelope of a carrier wave. The backscatter device 305 may respond by backscattering of the carrier wave. The communication session may include multiple rounds, such as for purposes of contention resolution when multiple backscatter devices respond to a query. A channel between the RF source 310 and the backscatter device 305 of the backscatter link 315 may be associated with a first backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a first backscatter link channel coefficient or a first backscatter link gain value) , hBD. As described below, the backscatter device 305 may have reflection-on periods and reflection-off periods that follow a pattern that is based at least in part on the transmission of information bits by the backscatter device 305. The reader 308 may detect the reflection pattern of the backscatter device 305 and obtain the backscatter communication information via the backscatter link 315. A channel between the reader 308 and the backscatter device 305 of the backscatter link 315 may be associated with a second backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a second backscatter link channel coefficient or a second backscatter link channel gain value) , hDU. In addition, the RF source 310 and the reader 308 may communicate (for example, reference signals and / or data signals) via a direct link 320. A channel between the RF source 310 and the reader 308 of the direct link 320 may be associated with a direct link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a direct link channel coefficient or a direct link channel gain value) , hBU.
[0093] The backscatter device 305 may use an information modulation scheme, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation or on-off keying (OOK) modulation. For ASK or OOK modulation, the backscatter device 305 may switch on reflection when transmitting an information bit “1” and switch off reflection when transmitting an information bit “0. ” In backscatter communication, the RF source 310 may transmit a particular radio wave (for example, a reference signal or a data signal, such as a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) ) , which may be denoted as x (n) . The reader 308 may receive this radio wave, x (n) , directly from the RF source 310 via the direct link 320, as well as from the backscatter device 305 modulating and reflecting the radio wave to the reader 308 via the backscatter link 315. The signal received at the reader 308 via the direct link 320, indicated by reference number 325, is the product of the radio wave transmitted by the RF source 310, x (n) , multiplied by the direct link channel response value, hBU, plus any signal noise. The information bits signal of the backscatter device 305 may be denoted as s (n) where s (n) ∈ {0, 1} . Accordingly, the signal received at the reader 308 via the backscatter link 315, indicated by reference number 330, is the product of the signal transmitted by the RF source 310, x (n) , multiplied by the first backscatter link channel response value, hBD, the second backscatter link channel response value, hDU, the information bits signal from the backscatter device 305, s (n) , and a reflection coefficient associated with the backscatter device 305 plus any noise.
[0094] Thus, the resulting signal received at the reader 308, which is the superposition of the signal received via the direct link 320 and the signal received via the backscatter link 315, may be denoted as y (n) . This signal, y (n) , is shown by reference number 335. As shown, when s (n) =0 (indicated by reference number 340 in the plot shown at reference number 330) , the backscatter device 305 may switch off reflection, and thus the reader 308 receives only the direct link 320 signal. When s (n) =1 (indicated by reference number 345 in the plot shown at reference number 330) , the backscatter device 305 may switch on reflection, and thus the reader 308 receives a superposition of both the direct link 320 signal and the backscatter link 315 signal. To receive the information bits transmitted by the backscatter device 305, the reader 308 may first decode x (n) based at least in part on the direct link channel response value of h_BU (n) by treating the backscatter link 315 signal as interference. The reader 308 may then detect the existence of the signal component. In some instances, the backscatter device 305 may not maintain a state from communication session to communication session except of what is stored in the backscatter device 305 memory, such as an electronic product code (EPC) associated with backscatter device 305 or similar information.
[0095] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with ambient IoT device communications.
[0096] Example 400 may include a reader 410 and an ambient IoT device 420. The ambient IoT device 420 may be smaller and cheaper than IoT devices of previous generations, such as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , LTE machine-type communication (LTE-M) , or enhanced RedCap (eRedCap) , among other examples. The reader 410 may be a network node 110 or a UE 120, among other examples. The ambient IoT device 420 may harvest energy using radio waves as an energy source and backscatter communications to the reader 410. In some examples, the ambient IoT device 420 may perform energy harvesting and backscatter communications using passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID technology.
[0097] As shown in Figure 4, the reader 410 may transmit, and the ambient IoT device 420 may receive, a carrier wave 430 over a forward link 440. The carrier wave 430 may comprise a continuous wave or an NR signal, among other examples. The ambient IoT device 420 may backscatter the carrier wave 430 to produce a backscatter signal 450. For example, the ambient IoT device 420 may transmit, and the reader 410 may receive, the backscatter signal 450 over the backward link 460. As shown, the ambient IoT device 420 may modulate the backscatter signal 450 using a high amplitude to represent a 0 bit and a low amplitude to represent a 1 bit.
[0098] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 associated with Manchester coding.
[0099] Example 500 shows a signal having low levels and high levels separated from an average signal level 510 by a noise margin 520. In example 500, a high-low transition may represent a 1 bit, and a low-high transition may represent a 0 bit, as shown by bit values 530. In other examples, a low-high transition may represent a 0 bit, and a high-low transition may represent a 1 bit.
[0100] An ambient IoT device may transmit backscatter and / or internally-generated communications to a reader using Manchester coding. Manchester coding may carry timing information, which may help the ambient IoT device to detect clock or other timing information. Manchester coding may also provide a large noise margin (for example, noise margin 520) , which may help to improve a signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the communications. Additionally or alternatively, Manchester coding may use a fixed coding length and / or low decoding complexity.
[0101] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with Rician fading. Rician fading may occur in examples where a signal arrives at a receiver via multiple paths, causing multipath interference and inhibiting communication.
[0102] Example 600 may include a reader 610 (for example, a network node 110 or a UE 120, among other examples) and an ambient IoT device 620. As shown, the reader 610 may transmit a carrier wave 630 to the ambient IoT device 620 over a reader-to-device (R2D) link (for example, a forward link) . The carrier wave 630 may be an incident carrier wave (for example, the carrier wave 630 may be incident to the ambient IoT device 620) . In some examples, the carrier wave 630 may have a single tone (for example, a single frequency) .
[0103] The ambient IoT device 620 may receive the carrier wave 630 and transmit a backscatter signal 640 to the reader 610 over a device-to-reader (D2R) link (for example, a backward link, such as a backscatter link) . For example, the ambient IoT device 620 may generate the backscatter signal 640 by modulating the carrier wave 630 using UHF RFID techniques, which may support phase-shift keying (PSK) or ASK, such as OOK. For example, the ambient IoT device 620 may backscatter PSK and / or ASK coefficients on the carrier wave 630.
[0104] As further shown in Figure 6, the carrier wave 630 may propagate toward an object 650. The object 650 may scatter the carrier wave 630 and thereby produce an environment carrier wave 660 that propagates back toward the reader 610. As shown by phases 670, a phase of the environment carrier wave 660 may be offset by 180° from a phase of the backscatter signal 640, leading to demodulation errors at the reader 610. For example, the reader 610 may receive a signal 680 that is a sum of the backscatter signal 640 and the environment carrier wave 660. For example, the signal 680 may have a low amplitude ( “OFF” ) where the backscatter signal 640 has a high amplitude ( “ON” ) , and the signal 680 may have a high amplitude ( “ON” ) where the backscatter signal 640 has a low amplitude ( “OFF” ) . Signal 680 may be a result of Rician fading, and a channel on which the reader 610 receives the signal 680 may be referred to as a Rician channel.
[0105] In some examples, channel estimation techniques may help the reader 610 to demodulate PSK or ASK signals. However, channel estimation may occupy excessive resources, such as memory and processing resources, of the reader 610.
[0106] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 associated with FM0 coding.
[0107] FM0 coding is a coding scheme that involves encoding or decoding a sequence of bits based at least in part on a quantity of signal transitions within each bit period (for example, an ASK symbol or a PSK symbol) of the sequence. For example, zero signal transitions within a bit period may indicate that the bit associated with the bit period is a 1, and one signal transition within a bit period may indicate that the bit associated with the bit period is a 0. FM0 sequences 710 correspond to bit sequences 00, 01, 10, and 11 in cases where the first bit in the FM0 sequence starts with a signal at a high level. FM0 sequences 720 correspond to bit sequences 00, 01, 10, and 11 in cases where the first bit in the FM0 sequence starts with a signal at a low level.
[0108] FM0 coding is an example of Miller modulated subcarrier (MMS) coding. In MMS coding, X signal transitions within a bit period may indicate that the bit associated with the bit period is a 1, and X+1 signal transitions within a bit period may indicate that the bit associated with the bit period is a 0. Thus, both MMS and FM0 coding may map data using a quantity of modulation symbol transitions, and FM0 coding is the case where X=0. UHF RFID techniques may use FM0 and / or MMS for D2R line coding independently of channel states. Thus, UHF RFID techniques may enable demodulation without channel estimation.
[0109] FM0 may be used for ambient IoT D2R line coding. Although FM0 may enable demodulation without channel estimation, FM0 performance depends on receiver decoding methods. For example, FM0 (which shares certain characteristics with other codes) may perform well in cases where a reader uses a high-complexity decoder, such as a Viterbi decoder or a Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek, and Raviv (BCRJ) decoder. However, ambient IoT may comprise low-complexity systems. For example, the reader may be a UE, and high-complexity decoders can consume excessive UE resources, such as power resources, processing resources, or memory resources, among other examples. Accordingly, in some aspects, an ambient IoT device may generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal, such as the FM0 sequences 710 and / or the FM0 sequences 720, and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal, which may reduce complexity at the reader.
[0110] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 associated with waveforms for ambient IoT D2R links and corresponding generation schemes. As shown in Figure 8, a wireless communication device ( “WCD” ) 810 and a wireless communication device 820 may communicate with one another. The wireless communication device 810 may be a reader, such as a network node 110 or a UE 120, among other examples. The wireless communication device 820 may be an ambient IoT device, such as the ambient IoT device 135, the backscatter device 305, the ambient IoT device 420, the ambient IoT device discussed in connection with Figure 5, or the ambient IoT device 620, among other examples.
[0111] In some examples, the wireless communication device 820 may be a backscatter communication ambient IoT device, which may lack an RF component and transmit communications by backscattering external carrier waves. In some examples, the wireless communication device 820 may be a non-backscatter communication ambient IoT device, which may include an RF component and generate internal carrier waves. In some examples, the wireless communication device 820 may be a “device 1” type ambient IoT device, a “device 2a” type ambient IoT device, or a “device 2b” type ambient IoT device.
[0112] In a first operation 830, the wireless communication device 810 may transmit, and the wireless communication device 820 may receive, over an R2D link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals. For example, the configuration may comprise an R2D control signal. The signal generation scheme may be associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals in that the signal generation scheme may be a scheme for generating an FM0 signal by converting a differential Manchester signal to the FM0 signal or a scheme for generating a differential Manchester signal by converting an FM0 signal to the differential Manchester signal. Schemes for converting a differential Manchester signal to an FM0 signal are described below in connection with Figures 9-11, and schemes for generating a differential Manchester signal are described below in connection with Figures 12 and 13. As described further herein, the wireless communication device 820 may, upon receiving the configuration, employ the signal generation scheme.
[0113] In a second operation 840, the wireless communication device 820 may transmit, and the wireless communication device 810 may receive, over a D2R link, a report indicating the signal generation scheme. For example, the report may comprise a D2R control signal. The wireless communication device 820 may identify the signal generation scheme indicated in the report. In some examples, the first operation 830 and the second operation 840 may be alternative options: for example, the wireless communication device 810 may transmit the R2D control signal to the wireless communication device 820, or the wireless communication device 820 may transmit the D2R control signal to the wireless communication device 810.
[0114] In a third operation 850, the wireless communication device 820 may generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. For example, the wireless communication device 820 may generate the differential Manchester signal responsive to the configured or indicated signal generation scheme (operation 830 or operation 840) being a scheme for generating a differential Manchester signal by converting an FM0 signal to the differential Manchester signal. Thus, for example, the wireless communication device 820 may transform the FM0 signal to an equivalent differential Manchester signal.
[0115] In a fourth operation 860, the wireless communication device 820 may transmit, and the wireless communication device 810 may receive, over the D2R link, the differential Manchester signal. For example, the wireless communication device 810 may receive the differential Manchester signal converted from the FM0 signal in accordance with addition of the at least one portion of the preamble to the beginning of the FM0 signal and the at least one portion of the postamble to the end of the FM0 signal (as discussed above, for example, in connection with third operation 850) . In some examples, such as where the wireless communication device 820 is a backscatter communication ambient IoT device, the wireless communication device 820 may transmit the differential Manchester signal by backscattering a carrier wave toward the wireless communication device 810. In some examples, such as where the wireless communication device 820 is a non-backscatter communication ambient IoT device, the wireless communication device 820 may internally generate and transmit the differential Manchester signal.
[0116] In a fifth operation 870, the wireless communication device 810 may decode the differential Manchester signal. In some examples, the wireless communication device 810 may decode the differential Manchester signal using a Manchester decoder. In some examples, the wireless communication device 810 may decode the differential Manchester signal using an FM0 decoder. Decoding the differential Manchester signal using the Manchester decoder and the FM0 decoder is described in greater detail in connection with Figure 11.
[0117] FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals are examples of line code. Line code may be a signal that represents digital data (for example, a sequence of bits) . “Line coding” may refer to a process of encoding or decoding the digital data in the signal. Line coding may be defined as a form of modulation or as a type of coding. Implementations provided herein may apply to any suitable system regardless of whether the system defines line coding as a form of modulation or as a type of coding.
[0118] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating an example 900 associated with generating a differential Manchester signal. Example 900 may include operations performed at wireless communication device 820.
[0119] In some examples, the wireless communication device 820 may input a bit sequence ( “010” ) into an FM0 encoder 910, which may output an FM0 signal 920. In an operation 930, the wireless communication device 820 may convert the FM0 signal 920 to a differential Manchester signal 940 by adding a chip of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal 920 and a chip of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal 920. Thus, the differential Manchester signal 940 may be equivalent to the FM0 signal 920 in the sense that the differential Manchester signal 940 may include the FM0 signal 920 with the added chips. The preamble may be any suitable preamble, and the postamble may be any suitable postamble.
[0120] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating an example 1000 associated with adding a preamble and a postamble to an FM0 signal. Example 1000 may include operations performed at wireless communication device 820.
[0121] In an operation 1010, the wireless communication device 820 may add a preamble 1020 and a postamble 1030 to the FM0 signal 920 to generate the differential Manchester signal 940. For example, the wireless communication device 820 may add a chip 1040 of the preamble 1020 to the beginning of the FM0 signal 920 and a chip 1050 of the postamble 1030 to the end of the FM0 signal 920. Thus, the FM0 signal 920 may be located between the preamble 1020 and the postamble 1030.
[0122] In some aspects, the chip 1040 may be a last chip of the preamble 1020, and the chip 1050 may be an initial chip of the postamble 1030. In some examples, the chip 1040 may be inverted relative to an initial chip of the FM0 signal 920, and the chip 1050 may be inverted relative to a last chip of the FM0 signal 920. Chips may be inverted relative to each other if the signal levels in the chips differ from each other. For example, if the chip 1040 has a low signal level, then the initial chip of the FM0 signal 920 has a high signal level; similarly, if the chip 1050 has a low signal level, then the last chip of the FM0 signal 920 has a high signal level. In other examples, one or more of the initial chip or the last chip of the FM0 signal 920 may have a low signal level, and one or more of the chip 1040 or the chip 1050 may have a high signal level.
[0123] Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example 1100 associated with decoding a differential Manchester signal. Example 1100 may include operations performed at wireless communication device 810.
[0124] Example 1100 includes at least a first option 1110 for decoding the differential Manchester signal 940 and a second option 1120 for decoding the differential Manchester signal 940. In some aspects, the first option 1110 may involve decoding the differential Manchester signal 940 by applying a Manchester decoder 1130 to the differential Manchester signal and applying a differential decoder 1140 to an output of the Manchester decoder 1130. The differential decoder 1140 may output a bit sequence ( “010” ) encoded by the wireless communication device 820 in the differential Manchester signal 940.
[0125] In some aspects, the second option 1120 may involve decoding the differential Manchester signal 940 by converting the differential Manchester signal 940 to the FM0 signal 920 in an operation 1150 and applying an FM0 decoder 1160 to the FM0 signal 920. The FM0 decoder 1160 may output a bit sequence ( “010” ) encoded by the wireless communication device 820 in the differential Manchester signal 940. In some examples, the operation 1150 may include removing at least one portion of the preamble 1020 from the beginning of the differential Manchester signal 940 and at least one portion of the postamble 1030 from the end of the differential Manchester signal 940. For example, the wireless communication device 810 may convert the differential Manchester signal 940 to the FM0 signal 920 by removing chip 1040 and chip 1050 from the FM0 signal 920.
[0126] In some examples, the wireless communication device 810 may down-select from the first option 1110 and the second option 1120. The wireless communication device 820 may apply one or more decoders based at least in part on the down-selected option 1110 or 1120. For example, the wireless communication device 820 may use the first option 1110 under good signal conditions (for example, high SNR) and the second option 1120 under poor signal conditions (for example, low SNR) .
[0127] Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating an example 1200 associated with converting a differential Manchester signal to an FM0 signal. Example 1200 may include operations performed at the wireless communication device 820. The wireless communication device 820 may perform operations of example 1200 in addition or alternatively to operations of examples 800, 900, 1000, or 1100.
[0128] As shown, the wireless communication device 820 may input a bit sequence ( “010” ) into a differential encoder 1210, which may output an encoded bit sequence ( “1100” ) . The wireless communication device 820 may input the encoded bit sequence into a Manchester encoder 1220, which may generate the differential Manchester signal 940. Thus, the wireless communication device 820 may generate the differential Manchester signal by first applying the differential encoder 1210 to an input signal (for example, the bit sequence 010) and then applying the Manchester encoder 1220 to the output (for example, the encoded bit sequence 1100) of the differential encoder 1210.
[0129] In some aspects, in an operation 1230, the wireless communication device 820 may convert the differential Manchester signal 940 to the FM0 signal 920 by removing at least one portion of the differential Manchester signal 940 from a beginning of the differential Manchester signal 940 and at least one portion of the differential Manchester signal 940 from an end of the differential Manchester signal 940. In some aspects, the wireless communication device 820 may convert the differential Manchester signal 940 to the FM0 signal 920 by removing, from the beginning of the differential Manchester signal 940, a chip at the beginning of the differential Manchester signal 940 and, from the end of the differential Manchester signal 940, a chip at the end of the differential Manchester signal 940. Thus, the wireless communication device 820 may transform the differential Manchester signal 940 to an equivalent FM0 signal 920 in the sense that the FM0 signal 920 may include the differential Manchester signal 940 without the added chips. In some aspects, the wireless communication device 820 may transmit the FM0 signal 920 over the D2R link.
[0130] Figure 13 is a diagram illustrating an example 1300 associated with decoding an FM0 signal. Example 1300 may include operations performed at wireless communication device 810.
[0131] In some aspects, the wireless communication device 810 may receive the FM0 signal 920 over the D2R link and decode the FM0 signal 920. Example 1300 includes at least a first option 1310 for decoding the FM0 signal 920 and a second option 1320 for decoding the FM0 signal 920. In some aspects, the first option 1310 may involve decoding the FM0 signal 920 by applying the FM0 decoder 1160 to the FM0 signal 920. The FM0 decoder 1160 may output a bit sequence ( “010” ) .
[0132] In some aspects, the second option 1320 may involve decoding the FM0 signal 920 by converting the FM0 signal 920 to the differential Manchester signal 940 in an operation 1330, applying the Manchester decoder 1130 to the differential Manchester signal 940, and applying the differential decoder 1140 to an output (for example, “1100” ) of the Manchester decoder 1130. For example, the operation 1330 may include adding chip 1040 and chip 1050 to the FM0 signal 920.
[0133] In some examples, the wireless communication device 810 may down-select from the first option 1310 and the second option 1320. The wireless communication device 820 may apply one or more decoders based at least in part on the down-selected option 1310 or 1320. For example, the wireless communication device 820 may use the first option 1310 under poor signal conditions (for example, low SNR) and the second option 1320 under good signal conditions (for example, high SNR) .
[0134] The wireless communication device 820 may identify the decoder (s) for D2R line coding depending on whether a preamble 1020 and / or the postamble 1030 are used. For example, if the preamble 1020 and / or the postamble 1030 are used, then the wireless communication device 820 may use one of options 1110 or 1120. If the preamble 1020 and / or the postamble 1030 are not used, then the wireless communication device 820 may use one of options 1310 or 1320. In some examples, the wireless communication device 820 may support both options 1110 and 1120 and may down-select from options 1110 and 1120. In some examples, the wireless communication device 820 may support only one of options 1110 and 1120. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication device 820 may support both options 1310 and 1320 and may down-select from options 1310 and 1320. In some examples, the wireless communication device 820 may support only one of options 1310 and 1320.
[0135] In some aspects (for example, where the wireless communication device 820 supports both options 1110 and 1120) , the wireless communication device 820 may decode the differential Manchester signal 940 in accordance with one or more layer 1 (L1) measurements. For example, the wireless communication device 820 may down-select from options 1110 and 1120 based at least in part on the one or more L1 measurements. The L1 measurements may include measurements of signal strength (for example, SNR, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , RSRP, RSRQ, or RSSI, among other examples) or channel estimation, among other examples. The L1 measurements may indicate a power of the wireless communication device 820 or a capability of the wireless communication device 820, among other examples.
[0136] Adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal 920 and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal 920 may enable the low-complexity signal generation schemes for FM0 at the wireless communication device 810 and / or the wireless communication device 820. For example, the wireless communication device 820 may be provided with an option (for example, option 1110) to perform low-complexity decoding of the differential Manchester signal 940, which may conserve resources at the wireless communication device 820.
[0137] The configuration indicating the signal generation scheme may help the wireless communication device 810 to avoid identifying the signal generation scheme, thereby reducing complexity at the wireless communication device 810. The report indicating the signal generation scheme may help the wireless communication device 820 to avoid identifying the signal generation scheme, thereby reducing complexity at the wireless communication device 820.
[0138] Applying the Manchester decoder 1130 to the differential Manchester signal 940 and applying the differential decoder 1140 to an output of the Manchester decoder 1130 may be low-complexity and thereby help the wireless communication device 820 to conserve resources in examples where the first option 1110 can achieve a target performance.
[0139] Removing the at least one portion of the preamble 1020 from the beginning of the differential Manchester signal 940 and the at least one portion of the postamble 1030 from the end of the differential Manchester signal 940 and applying the FM0 decoder 1160 to the FM0 signal 920 may help the wireless communication device 820 to decode the differential Manchester signal 940 in examples where the first option 1110 cannot achieve a target performance.
[0140] Adding the FM0 signal 920 to the differential Manchester signal 940 by adding the chip 1040 to the beginning of the FM0 signal 920 and the chip 1050 to the end of the FM0 signal 920, applying the Manchester decoder 1130 to the differential Manchester signal 940, and applying the differential decoder 1140 to the output of the Manchester decoder 1130 may be low-complexity and thereby help the wireless communication device 820 to conserve resources in examples where the second option 1310 can achieve a target performance.
[0141] Applying the FM0 decoder 1160 to the FM0 signal 920 may help the wireless communication device 820 to decode the FM0 signal 920 in examples where the second option 1320 cannot achieve a target performance.
[0142] Figure 14 is a flowchart illustrating an example process 1400 performed, for example, at a wireless communication device or an apparatus of a wireless communication device that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications. Example process 1400 is an example where the apparatus or the wireless communication device (for example, wireless communication device 820) performs operations associated with FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications.
[0143] As shown in Figure 14, in some aspects, process 1400 may include generating a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal (block 1410) . For example, the wireless communication device (such as by using communication manager 138 or generation component 1608, depicted in Figure 16) may generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal, as described above.
[0144] As further shown in Figure 14, in some aspects, process 1400 may include transmitting, over a D2R link, the differential Manchester signal (block 1420) . For example, the wireless communication device (such as by using communication manager 138 or transmission component 1604, depicted in Figure 16) may transmit, over a D2R link, the differential Manchester signal, as described above.
[0145] Process 1400 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0146] In a first additional aspect, the at least one portion of the preamble is a chip of the preamble, and the at least one portion of the postamble is a chip of the postamble.
[0147] In a second additional aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the chip of the preamble is a last chip of the preamble that is inverted relative to an initial chip of the FM0 signal, and the chip of the postamble is an initial chip of the postamble that is inverted relative to a last chip of the FM0 signal.
[0148] In a third additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the FM0 signal is a first FM0 signal, the differential Manchester signal is a first differential Manchester signal, and process 1400 includes converting a second differential Manchester signal to a second FM0 signal by removing at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from a beginning of the second differential Manchester signal and at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from an end of the second differential Manchester signal, and transmitting, over the D2R link, the second FM0 signal.
[0149] In a fourth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal is a chip at the beginning of the second differential Manchester signal, and the at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal is a chip at the end of the second differential Manchester signal.
[0150] In a fifth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, process 1400 includes receiving, over an R2D link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0151] In a sixth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, process 1400 includes transmitting, over the D2R link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0152] Although Figure 14 shows example blocks of process 1400, in some aspects, process 1400 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Figure 14. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1400 may be performed in parallel.
[0153] Figure 15 is a flowchart illustrating an example process 1500 performed, for example, at a wireless communication device or an apparatus of a wireless communication device that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications. Example process 1500 is an example where the apparatus or the wireless communication device (for example, wireless communication device 810) performs operations associated with FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications.
[0154] As shown in Figure 15, in some aspects, process 1500 may include receiving, over a D2R link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal (block 1510) . For example, the wireless communication device (such as by using communication manager 140, communication manager 150, or reception component 1702, depicted in Figure 17) may receive, over a D2R link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal, as described above.
[0155] As further shown in Figure 15, in some aspects, process 1500 may include decoding the differential Manchester signal (block 1520) . For example, the wireless communication device (such as by using communication manager 140, communication manager 150, or decoding component 1708, depicted in Figure 17) may decode the differential Manchester signal, as described above.
[0156] Process 1500 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0157] In a first additional aspect, decoding the differential Manchester signal includes applying a Manchester decoder to the differential Manchester signal, and applying a differential decoder to an output of the Manchester decoder.
[0158] In a second additional aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, decoding the differential Manchester signal includes converting the differential Manchester signal to the FM0 signal by removing the at least one portion of the preamble from the beginning of the differential Manchester signal and the at least one portion of the postamble from the end of the differential Manchester signal, and applying an FM0 decoder to the FM0 signal.
[0159] In a third additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the FM0 signal is a first FM0 signal and the differential Manchester signal is a first differential Manchester signal, and process 1500 includes receiving, over the D2R link, a second FM0 signal that is converted from a second differential Manchester signal by removing at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from a beginning of the second differential Manchester signal and at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from an end of the second differential Manchester signal, and decoding the second FM0 signal.
[0160] In a fourth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, decoding the second FM0 signal includes applying an FM0 decoder to the second FM0 signal.
[0161] In a fifth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, decoding the second FM0 signal includes converting the second FM0 signal to the second differential Manchester signal by adding a first chip to a beginning of the second FM0 signal and a second chip to an end of the second FM0 signal, applying a Manchester decoder to the second differential Manchester signal, and applying a differential decoder to an output of the Manchester decoder.
[0162] In a sixth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, decoding the differential Manchester signal includes decoding the differential Manchester signal in accordance with one or more L1 measurements.
[0163] In a seventh additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the at least one portion of the preamble is a chip of the preamble, and the at least one portion of the postamble is a chip of the postamble.
[0164] In an eighth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the chip of the preamble is a last chip of the preamble that is inverted relative to an initial chip of the FM0 signal, and the chip of the postamble is an initial chip of the postamble that is inverted relative to a last chip of the FM0 signal.
[0165] In a ninth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 1500 includes transmitting, over a R2D link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0166] In a tenth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 1500 includes receiving, over the D2R link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0167] Although Figure 15 shows example blocks of process 1500, in some aspects, process 1500 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Figure 15. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1500 may be performed in parallel.
[0168] Figure 16 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1600 for wireless communication that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications. The apparatus 1600 may be a wireless communication device, or a wireless communication device may include the apparatus 1600. In some aspects, the apparatus 1600 includes a reception component 1602, a transmission component 1604, and a communication manager 138, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses) . As shown, the apparatus 1600 may communicate with another apparatus 1606 (such as a UE, a network node, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 1602 and the transmission component 1604.
[0169] In some aspects, the apparatus 1600 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figures 8-13. Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1600 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1400 of Figure 14. In some aspects, the apparatus 1600 may include one or more components of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2.
[0170] The reception component 1602 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, from the apparatus 1606. The reception component 1602 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1600, such as the communication manager 138. In some aspects, the reception component 1602 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) , and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components. In some aspects, the reception component 1602 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more demodulators, one or more MIMO detectors, one or more receive processors, one or more controllers / processors, and / or one or more memories of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2.
[0171] The transmission component 1604 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, to the apparatus 1606. In some aspects, the communication manager 138 may generate communications and may transmit the generated communications to the transmission component 1604 for transmission to the apparatus 1606. In some aspects, the transmission component 1604 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) , and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1606. In some aspects, the transmission component 1604 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more modulators, one or more transmit MIMO processors, one or more transmit processors, one or more controllers / processors, and / or one or more memories of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 1604 may be co-located with the reception component 1602 in one or more transceivers.
[0172] The communication manager 138 may generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The communication manager 138 may transmit or may cause the transmission component 1604 to transmit, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal. In some aspects, the communication manager 138 may perform one or more operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by one or more components of the communication manager 138.
[0173] The communication manager 138 may include one or more controllers / processors and / or one or more memories of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2. In some aspects, the communication manager 138 includes a set of components, such as a generation component 1608. Alternatively, the set of components may be separate and distinct from the communication manager 138. In some aspects, one or more components of the set of components may include or may be implemented within one or more controllers / processors and / or one or more memories of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0174] The generation component 1608 may generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The transmission component 1604 may transmit, over a D2R link, the differential Manchester signal. In some aspects, the reception component 1602 may receive, over an R2D link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals. In some aspects, the transmission component 1604 may transmit, over the D2R link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0175] The number and arrangement of components shown in Figure 16 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Figure 16. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Figure 16 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Figure 16 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Figure 16 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Figure 16.
[0176] Figure 17 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1700 for wireless communication that supports FM0 and differential Manchester signals for D2R communications. The apparatus 1700 may be a wireless communication device, or a wireless communication device may include the apparatus 1700. In some aspects, the apparatus 1700 includes a reception component 1702, a transmission component 1704, and a communication manager 140 or 150, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses) . As shown, the apparatus 1700 may communicate with another apparatus 1706 (such as a UE, a network node, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 1702 and the transmission component 1704.
[0177] In some aspects, the apparatus 1700 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figures 8-13. Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1700 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1500 of Figure 15. In some aspects, the apparatus 1700 may include one or more components of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2.
[0178] The reception component 1702 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, from the apparatus 1706. The reception component 1702 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1700, such as the communication manager 140 or 150. In some aspects, the reception component 1702 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) , and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components. In some aspects, the reception component 1702 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more demodulators, one or more MIMO detectors, one or more receive processors, one or more controllers / processors, and / or one or more memories of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2.
[0179] The transmission component 1704 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, to the apparatus 1706. In some aspects, the communication manager 140 or 150 may generate communications and may transmit the generated communications to the transmission component 1704 for transmission to the apparatus 1706. In some aspects, the transmission component 1704 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) , and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1706. In some aspects, the transmission component 1704 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more modulators, one or more transmit MIMO processors, one or more transmit processors, one or more controllers / processors, and / or one or more memories of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 1704 may be co-located with the reception component 1702 in one or more transceivers.
[0180] The communication manager 140 or 150 may receive or may cause the reception component 1702 to receive, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The communication manager 140 or 150 may decode the differential Manchester signal. In some aspects, the communication manager 140 or 150 may perform one or more operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by one or more components of the communication manager 140 or 150.
[0181] The communication manager 140 or 150 may include one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, one or more schedulers, and / or one or more communication units of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2. In some aspects, the communication manager 140 or 150 includes a set of components, such as a decoding component 1708. Alternatively, the set of components may be separate and distinct from the communication manager 140 or 150. In some aspects, one or more components of the set of components may include or may be implemented within one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, one or more schedulers, and / or one or more communication units of the wireless communication device described above in connection with Figure 2. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0182] The reception component 1702 may receive, over a D2R link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal. The decoding component 1708 may decode the differential Manchester signal. In some aspects, the transmission component 1704 may transmit, over an R2D link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals. In some aspects, the reception component 1702 may receive, over the D2R link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0183] The number and arrangement of components shown in Figure 17 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Figure 17. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Figure 17 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Figure 17 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Figure 17 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Figure 17.
[0184] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0185] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed at a wireless communication device, comprising: generating a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and transmitting, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal.
[0186] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the at least one portion of the preamble is a chip of the preamble, and wherein the at least one portion of the postamble is a chip of the postamble.
[0187] Aspect 3: The method of Aspect 2, wherein the chip of the preamble is a last chip of the preamble that is inverted relative to an initial chip of the FM0 signal, and wherein the chip of the postamble is an initial chip of the postamble that is inverted relative to a last chip of the FM0 signal.
[0188] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the FM0 signal is a first FM0 signal and wherein the differential Manchester signal is a first differential Manchester signal, the method further comprising: converting a second differential Manchester signal to a second FM0 signal by removing at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from a beginning of the second differential Manchester signal and at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from an end of the second differential Manchester signal; and transmitting, over the device-to-reader link, the second FM0 signal.
[0189] Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 4, wherein the at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal is a chip at the beginning of the second differential Manchester signal, and wherein the at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal is a chip at the end of the second differential Manchester signal.
[0190] Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 1-5, further comprising: receiving, over a reader-to-device link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0191] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, further comprising: transmitting, over the device-to-reader link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0192] Aspect 8: A method of wireless communication performed at a wireless communication device, comprising: receiving, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; and decoding the differential Manchester signal.
[0193] Aspect 9: The method of Aspect 8, wherein decoding the differential Manchester signal includes: applying a Manchester decoder to the differential Manchester signal; and applying a differential decoder to an output of the Manchester decoder.
[0194] Aspect 10: The method of any of Aspects 8-9, wherein decoding the differential Manchester signal includes: converting the differential Manchester signal to the FM0 signal by removing the at least one portion of the preamble from the beginning of the differential Manchester signal and the at least one portion of the postamble from the end of the differential Manchester signal; and applying an FM0 decoder to the FM0 signal.
[0195] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 8-10, wherein the FM0 signal is a first FM0 signal and wherein the differential Manchester signal is a first differential Manchester signal, the method further comprising: receiving, over the device-to-reader link, a second FM0 signal that is converted from a second differential Manchester signal by removing at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from a beginning of the second differential Manchester signal and at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from an end of the second differential Manchester signal; and decoding the second FM0 signal.
[0196] Aspect 12: The method of Aspect 11, wherein decoding the second FM0 signal includes applying an FM0 decoder to the second FM0 signal.
[0197] Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 11, wherein decoding the second FM0 signal includes: converting the second FM0 signal to the second differential Manchester signal by adding a first chip to a beginning of the second FM0 signal and a second chip to an end of the second FM0 signal; applying a Manchester decoder to the second differential Manchester signal; and applying a differential decoder to an output of the Manchester decoder.
[0198] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 8-13, wherein decoding the differential Manchester signal includes decoding the differential Manchester signal in accordance with one or more layer 1 measurements.
[0199] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 8-14, wherein the at least one portion of the preamble is a chip of the preamble, and wherein the at least one portion of the postamble is a chip of the postamble.
[0200] Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the chip of the preamble is a last chip of the preamble that is inverted relative to an initial chip of the FM0 signal, and wherein the chip of the postamble is an initial chip of the postamble that is inverted relative to a last chip of the FM0 signal.
[0201] Aspect 17: The method of any of Aspects 8-16, further comprising: transmitting, over a reader-to-device link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0202] Aspect 18: The method of any of Aspects 8-17, further comprising: receiving, over the device-to-reader link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.
[0203] Aspect 19: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.
[0204] Aspect 20: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.
[0205] Aspect 21: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.
[0206] Aspect 22: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.
[0207] Aspect 23: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.
[0208] Aspect 24: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.
[0209] Aspect 25: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.
[0210] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.
[0211] As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware or a combination of hardware and at least one of software or firmware. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a “processor” is implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0212] As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0213] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , identifying, inferring, ascertaining, measuring, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information or receiving an indication) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) , transmitting (such as transmitting information) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing and other such similar actions. The term “identify” or “identifying” also encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “identifying” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , inferring, ascertaining, measuring, and the like. Also, “identifying” can include receiving (such as receiving information or receiving an indication) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) , transmitting (such as transmitting information) and the like. Also, “identifying” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing and other such similar actions.
[0214] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0215] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” and similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Further, as used herein, “based on” is intended to be interpreted in the inclusive sense, unless otherwise explicitly indicated. For example, “based on” may be used interchangeably with “based at least in part on, ” “associated with” , or “in accordance with” unless otherwise explicitly indicated. Specifically, unless a phrase refers to “based on only ‘a, ’ ” or the equivalent in context, whatever it is that is “based on ‘a, ’ ” or “based at least in part on ‘a, ’ ” may be based on “a” alone or based on a combination of “a” and one or more other factors, conditions or information. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . It should be understood that “one or more” is equivalent to “at least one. ”
[0216] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless communication device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories, at least one processor of the one or more processors configured to cause the wireless communication device to:generate a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; andtransmit, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one portion of the preamble is a chip of the preamble, and wherein the at least one portion of the postamble is a chip of the postamble.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the chip of the preamble is a last chip of the preamble that is inverted relative to an initial chip of the FM0 signal, and wherein the chip of the postamble is an initial chip of the postamble that is inverted relative to a last chip of the FM0 signal.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the FM0 signal is a first FM0 signal and wherein the differential Manchester signal is a first differential Manchester signal, and wherein at least one processor of the one or more processors is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:convert a second differential Manchester signal to a second FM0 signal by removing at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from a beginning of the second differential Manchester signal and at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from an end of the second differential Manchester signal; andtransmit, over the device-to-reader link, the second FM0 signal.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal is a chip at the beginning of the second differential Manchester signal, and wherein the at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal is a chip at the end of the second differential Manchester signal.6.An apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless communication device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories, at least one processor of the one or more processors configured to cause the wireless communication device to:receive, over a device-to-reader link, a differential Manchester signal converted from an FM0 signal in accordance with addition of at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of the FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; anddecode the differential Manchester signal.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor, to cause the wireless communication device to decode the differential Manchester signal, is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:apply a Manchester decoder to the differential Manchester signal; andapply a differential decoder to an output of the Manchester decoder.8.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor, to cause the wireless communication device to decode the differential Manchester signal, is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:convert the differential Manchester signal to the FM0 signal by removing the at least one portion of the preamble from the beginning of the differential Manchester signal and the at least one portion of the postamble from the end of the differential Manchester signal; andapply an FM0 decoder to the FM0 signal.9.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the FM0 signal is a first FM0 signal and wherein the differential Manchester signal is a first differential Manchester signal, and wherein at least one processor of the one or more processors is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:receive, over the device-to-reader link, a second FM0 signal that is converted from a second differential Manchester signal by removing at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from a beginning of the second differential Manchester signal and at least one portion of the second differential Manchester signal from an end of the second differential Manchester signal; anddecode the second FM0 signal.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor, to cause the wireless communication device to decode the second FM0 signal, is configured to cause the wireless communication device to apply an FM0 decoder to the second FM0 signal.11.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor, to cause the wireless communication device to decode the second FM0 signal, is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:convert the second FM0 signal to the second differential Manchester signal by adding a first chip to a beginning of the second FM0 signal and a second chip to an end of the second FM0 signal;apply a Manchester decoder to the second differential Manchester signal; andapply a differential decoder to an output of the Manchester decoder.12.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor, to cause the wireless communication device to decode the differential Manchester signal, is configured to cause the wireless communication device to decode the differential Manchester signal in accordance with one or more layer 1 measurements.13.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one portion of the preamble is a chip of the preamble, and wherein the at least one portion of the postamble is a chip of the postamble.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the chip of the preamble is a last chip of the preamble that is inverted relative to an initial chip of the FM0 signal, and wherein the chip of the postamble is an initial chip of the postamble that is inverted relative to a last chip of the FM0 signal.15.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein at least one processor of the one or more processors is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:transmit, over a reader-to-device link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.16.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein at least one processor of the one or more processors is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:receive, over the device-to-reader link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.17.A method of wireless communication performed at a wireless communication device, comprising:generating a differential Manchester signal by adding at least one portion of a preamble to a beginning of an FM0 signal and at least one portion of a postamble to an end of the FM0 signal; andtransmitting, over a device-to-reader link, the differential Manchester signal.18.The method of claim 17, further comprising:receiving, over a reader-to-device link, a configuration indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.19.The method of claim 17, further comprising:transmitting, over the device-to-reader link, a report indicating a signal generation scheme associated with converting between FM0 signals and differential Manchester signals.20.The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one portion of the preamble is a chip of the preamble, and wherein the at least one portion of the postamble is a chip of the postamble.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Radio communication apparatus and radio communication method
US20120146771A1
Methods and Apparatus for Acoustic Backscatter Communication
US20200374013A1
Signal synchronization method and related device
WO2022218120A1
Communication method, communication device, computer readable storage medium, and chip
WO2023220991A1