Methods and systems for use of reference point signatures
By applying modulation-specific signatures to passive reference points, the challenge of distinguishing them is overcome, improving network sensing and reducing energy use in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/097615
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in distinguishing passive reference points, which can offset the advantages of introducing multiple sensing reference points due to non-distinguishability.
Implementing a signature at passive reference points with sub-symbols having intervals for reflecting received signals with and without modulation, allowing for signal parameter estimation and modulation property determination.
Enables effective differentiation of passive reference points, enhancing network-wide sensing capabilities and reducing energy consumption in wireless communication systems.
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Figure CN2024097615_11122025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR USE OF REFERENCE POINT SIGNATURESTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates, generally, to sensing in wireless communication networks and, in particular embodiments, to use of reference points to enhance such sensing and, in more particular embodiments, use of signatures at the reference points.BACKGROUND
[0002] It is expected that sustainability will be one of many main pillars of future generation wireless communication systems. Aspects of future communication systems are expected to attempt to achieve in the neighborhood of a 100 times reduction in overall energy use, by terminals and by infrastructure. This attempt includes an attempt to develop low-power sensing and communication methods and systems. The introduction of multiple sensing reference points to wireless communication systems in development is expected to be a beneficial step toward a destination of enabling network-wide sensing. Indeed, sensing reference points have been introduced in current, i.e., fifth generation (5G) , systems. Notably, however, the reference points have only been introduced into base stations. It follows that base stations are the only nodes in the network with a known location, whereas other nodes may be able to estimate their location relative to the locations of the base stations.SUMMARY
[0003] Low-power sensing and communication may benefit from the introduction of multiple sensing reference points to wireless communication systems. For a transmitted sensing signal, a given reference point may add a signature. The signature may be made up of a plurality of sub-symbols and each sub-symbol may have a plurality of intervals. To implement the signature, the given reference point may, in a first interval, reflect a received sensing signal without alteration and, in another interval, reflect the received sensing signal while applying an alteration.
[0004] It may be shown that there are advantages to adding, to a network, a plurality of passive reference points. However, these advantages may be understood to be offset with a disadvantage related to a non-distinguishability of passive reference points.
[0005] Conveniently, aspects of the present application allow for passive reference points to be distinguished.
[0006] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for carrying out at a passive reference point. The method includes receiving, at the passive reference point, a signal and implementing, by the passive reference point, a signature on the received signal, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols. The implementing of the signature includes, in one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols, reflecting the received signal without modulation and, in another interval of the given sub-symbol, reflecting the received signal while applying modulation. In other aspects of the present application, a reference point is provided for carrying out this method and a computer-readable medium is provided storing instructions that cause a processor in a reference point to carry out this method.
[0007] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method includes receiving a configuration for a signature associated with a reference point, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols and receiving a signal reflected by the reference point. The method includes, in one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols, processing the received signal to obtain an estimate of transmitted signal parameters and, in another interval of the given sub-symbol, processing the received signal to obtain an estimate of received signal parameters. the method further includes processing the estimate of received signal parameters in conjunction with the estimate of transmitted signal parameters to obtain parameters of modulation applied, by the reference point, to the received signal in the other interval in accordance with the signature and processing the parameters of the modulation to obtain a property of the reference point. In other aspects of the present application, an apparatus is provided for carrying out this method and a computer-readable medium is provided storing instructions that cause a processor to carry out this method.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] For a more complete understanding of the present embodiments, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, a communication system in which embodiments of the disclosure may occur, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices and multiple example transmit receive points along with various networks;
[0010] FIG. 2 illustrates, in a block diagram, the communication system of FIG. 1, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point along with various networks;
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates, as a block diagram, elements of an example electronic device of FIG. 2, elements of an example terrestrial transmit receive point of FIG. 2 and elements of an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point of FIG. 2, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates, as a block diagram, various modules that may be included in an example electronic device, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0013] FIG. 5 illustrates, as a block diagram, a sensing management function, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0014] FIG. 6 illustrates an environment suitable for implementation of aspects of the present application;
[0015] FIG. 7 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, one possible implementation of aspects of the present application that are related to passive reference point signature design; and
[0016] FIG. 8 illustrates, in a signal flow diagram, a signaling procedure representative of aspects of the present application.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures.
[0018] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0019] Moreover, it will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement an application or module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0020] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next or future generation radio access network, or a legacy (e.g., 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also, the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0021] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast and unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system and / or a non-terrestrial communication system. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system and a non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. Compared to conventional communication networks, the heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0022] The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system. In the example shown in FIG. 2, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , radio access networks (RANs) 120a, 120b, a non-terrestrial communication network 120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150 and other networks 160. The RANs 120a, 120b include respective base stations (BSs) 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b. The non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes an access node 172, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0023] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any T-TRP 170a, 170b and NT-TRP 172, the Internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0024] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , space division multiple access (SDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA, also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDMA, DFT-s-OFDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0025] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0026] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c with various services such as voice, data and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130 and may, or may not, employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) and to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . The EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies and may incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0027] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and a base station 170a, 170b and / or 170c. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , Internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0028] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, wearable devices such as a watch, head mounted equipment, a pair of glasses, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g., communication module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base stations 170a and 170b each T-TRPs and will, hereafter, be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 3, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability; and connection necessity.
[0029] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may, alternatively, be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g., as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the at least one antenna 204 or by a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0030] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processing unit (s) (e.g., a processor 210) . Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache and the like.
[0031] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the Internet 150 in FIG. 1) . The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to, or receiving information from, a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a keyboard, a display or a touch screen, etc.
[0032] The ED 110 includes the processor 210 for performing operations including those operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, those operations related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, and those operations related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g., by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the NT-TRP 172 and / or by the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g., beam angle information (BAI) , received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g., using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or from the T-TRP 170.
[0033] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0034] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g., in the memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or a hardware accelerator such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) or an artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator.
[0035] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a remote radio head, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a base band unit (BBU) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be a macro BS, a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forgoing devices or refer to apparatus (e.g., a communication module, a modem or a chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0036] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g., through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0037] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may, alternatively, be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to the NT-TRP 172; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., multiple input multiple output, “MIMO, ” precoding) , transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, e.g., BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy the NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling, ” as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Signaling may be transmitted in a physical layer control channel, e.g., a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as dynamic signaling. Signaling transmitted in a downlink physical layer control channel may be known as Downlink Control Information (DCI) . Signaling transmitted in an uplink physical layer control channel may be known as Uplink Control Information (UCI) . Signaling transmitted in a sidelink physical layer control channel may be known as Sidelink Control Information (SCI) . Signaling may be included in a higher-layer (e.g., higher than physical layer) packet transmitted in a physical layer data channel, e.g., in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as higher-layer signaling, static signaling, or semi-static signaling. Higher-layer signaling may also refer to Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol signaling or Media Access Control –Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling.
[0038] The scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within, or operated separately from, the T-TRP 170. The scheduler 253 may schedule uplink, downlink, sidelink and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (e.g., “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0039] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0040] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252 and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same, or different one of, one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252 and the processing components of the receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or an AI accelerator) or an ASIC.
[0041] Notably, the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form, such as satellites and high altitude platforms, including international mobile telecommunication base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles, for example. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received signals and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g., BAI) received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0042] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or part of the receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0043] The processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272 and the processing components of the receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272 and the processing components of the receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a CPU, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or an AI accelerator) or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g., through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0044] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0045] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in the ED 110, in the T-TRP 170 or in the NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or by a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or by a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or by a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be a circuit such as an integrated circuit. Examples of an integrated circuit include a programmed FPGA, a CPU, a GPU or an ASIC. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be logical such as a logical function performed by a circuit, by a portion of an integrated circuit, or by software instructions executed by a processor. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor, for example, the modules may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0046] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0047] An air interface generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (e.g., data) over a wireless communications link. The wireless communications link may support a link between a radio access network and user equipment (e.g., a “Uu” link) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between device and device, such as between two user equipments (e.g., a “sidelink” ) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between a non-terrestrial (NT) -communication network and user equipment (UE) . The following are some examples for the above components.
[0048] A waveform component may specify a shape and form of a signal being transmitted. Waveform options may include orthogonal multiple access waveforms and non-orthogonal multiple access waveforms. Non-limiting examples of such waveform options include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , Direct Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-OFDM) , Filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) , Time windowing OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) , Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) , Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) , Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) , Faster Than Nyquist (FTN) Waveform and low Peak to Average Power Ratio Waveform (low PAPR WF) .
[0049] A frame structure component may specify a configuration of a frame or group of frames. The frame structure component may indicate one or more of a time, frequency, pilot signature, code or other parameter of the frame or group of frames. More details of frame structure will be discussed hereinafter.
[0050] A multiple access scheme component may specify multiple access technique options, including technologies defining how communicating devices share a common physical channel, such as: TDMA; FDMA; CDMA; SDMA; OFDMA; SC-FDMA; Low Density Signature Multicarrier CDMA (LDS-MC-CDMA) ; Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) ; Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) ; Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) ; Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) ; and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) . Furthermore, multiple access technique options may include: scheduled access vs. non-scheduled access, also known as grant-free access; non-orthogonal multiple access vs. orthogonal multiple access, e.g., via a dedicated channel resource (e.g., no sharing between multiple communicating devices) ; contention-based shared channel resources vs. non-contention-based shared channel resources; and cognitive radio-based access.
[0051] A hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol component may specify how a transmission and / or a re-transmission is to be made. Non-limiting examples of transmission and / or re-transmission mechanism options include those that specify a scheduled data pipe size, a signaling mechanism for transmission and / or re-transmission and a re-transmission mechanism.
[0052] A coding and modulation component may specify how information being transmitted may be encoded / decoded and modulated / demodulated for transmission / reception purposes. Coding may refer to methods of error detection and forward error correction. Non-limiting examples of coding options include turbo trellis codes, turbo product codes, fountain codes, low-density parity check codes and polar codes. Modulation may refer, simply, to the constellation (including, for example, the modulation technique and order) , or more specifically to various types of advanced modulation methods such as hierarchical modulation and low PAPR modulation.
[0053] In some embodiments, the air interface may be a “one-size-fits-all” concept. For example, it may be that the components within the air interface cannot be changed or adapted once the air interface is defined. In some implementations, only limited parameters or modes of an air interface, such as a cyclic prefix (CP) length or a MIMO mode, can be configured. In some embodiments, an air interface design may provide a unified or flexible framework to support frequencies below known 6 GHz bands and frequencies beyond the 6 GHz bands (e.g., mmWave bands) for both licensed and unlicensed access. As an example, flexibility of a configurable air interface provided by a scalable numerology and symbol duration may allow for transmission parameter optimization for different spectrum bands and for different services / devices. As another example, a unified air interface may be self-contained in a frequency domain and a frequency domain self-contained design may support more flexible RAN slicing through channel resource sharing between different services in both frequency and time.
[0054] A frame structure is a feature of the wireless communication physical layer that defines a time domain signal transmission structure to, e.g., allow for timing reference and timing alignment of basic time domain transmission units. Wireless communication between communicating devices may occur on time-frequency resources governed by a frame structure. The frame structure may, sometimes, instead be called a radio frame structure.
[0055] Depending upon the frame structure and / or configuration of frames in the frame structure, frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time-division duplex (TDD) and / or full duplex (FD) communication may be possible. FDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur in different frequency bands. TDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur over different time durations. FD communication is when transmission and reception occurs on the same time-frequency resource, i.e., a device can both transmit and receive on the same frequency resource contemporaneously.
[0056] One example of a frame structure is a frame structure, specified for use in the known long-term evolution (LTE) cellular systems, having the following specifications: each frame is 10 ms in duration; each frame has 10 subframes, which subframes are each 1 ms in duration; each subframe includes two slots, each of which slots is 0.5 ms in duration; each slot is for the transmission of seven OFDM symbols (assuming normal CP) ; each OFDM symbol has a symbol duration and a particular bandwidth (or partial bandwidth or bandwidth partition) related to the number of subcarriers and subcarrier spacing; the frame structure is based on OFDM waveform parameters such as subcarrier spacing and CP length (where the CP has a fixed length or limited length options) ; and the switching gap between uplink and downlink in TDD is specified as the integer time of OFDM symbol duration.
[0057] Another example of a frame structure is a frame structure, specified for use in the known new radio (NR) cellular systems, having the following specifications: multiple subcarrier spacings are supported, each subcarrier spacing corresponding to a respective numerology; the frame structure depends on the numerology but, in any case, the frame length is set at 10 ms and each frame consists of ten subframes, each subframe of 1 ms duration; a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols; and slot length depends upon the numerology. For example, the NR frame structure for normal CP 15 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 1” ) and the NR frame structure for normal CP 30 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 2” ) are different. For 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 1 ms and, for 30 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 0.5 ms. The NR frame structure may have more flexibility than the LTE frame structure.
[0058] Another example of a frame structure is, e.g., for use in a future communication network. In a flexible frame structure, a symbol block may be defined to have a duration that is the minimum duration of time that may be scheduled in the flexible frame structure. A symbol block may be a unit of transmission having an optional redundancy portion (e.g., CP portion) and an information (e.g., data) portion. An OFDM symbol is an example of a symbol block. A symbol block may alternatively be called a symbol. Embodiments of flexible frame structures include different parameters that may be configurable, e.g., frame length, subframe length, symbol block length, etc. A non-exhaustive list of possible configurable parameters, in some embodiments of a flexible frame structure, includes: frame length; subframe duration; slot configuration; subcarrier spacing (SCS) ; flexible transmission duration of basic transmission unit; and flexible switch gap.
[0059] The frame length need not be limited to 10 ms and the frame length may be configurable and change over time. In some embodiments, each frame includes one or multiple downlink synchronization channels and / or one or multiple downlink broadcast channels and each synchronization channel and / or broadcast channel may be transmitted in a different direction by different beamforming. The frame length may be more than one possible value and configured based on the application scenario. For example, autonomous vehicles may require relatively fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set to 5 ms for autonomous vehicle applications. As another example, smart meters on houses may not require fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 20 ms for smart meter applications.
[0060] A subframe might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. For example, a frame may be defined to include slots, but no subframes. In frames in which a subframe is defined, e.g., for time domain alignment, the duration of the subframe may be configurable. For example, a subframe may be configured to have a length of 0.1 ms or 0.2 ms or 0.5 ms or 1 ms or 2 ms or 5 ms, etc. In some embodiments, if a subframe is not needed in a particular scenario, then the subframe length may be defined to be the same as the frame length or not defined.
[0061] A slot might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. In frames in which a slot is defined, then the definition of a slot (e.g., in time duration and / or in number of symbol blocks) may be configurable. In one embodiment, the slot configuration is common to all UEs 110 or a group of UEs 110. For this case, the slot configuration information may be transmitted to the UEs 110 in a broadcast channel or common control channel (s) . In other embodiments, the slot configuration may be UE specific, in which case the slot configuration information may be transmitted in a UE-specific control channel. In some embodiments, the slot configuration signaling can be transmitted together with frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In other embodiments, the slot configuration may be transmitted independently from the frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In general, the slot configuration may be system common, base station common, UE group common or UE specific.
[0062] The SCS may range from 15 KHz to 480 KHz. The SCS may vary with the frequency of the spectrum and / or maximum UE speed to minimize the impact of Doppler shift and phase noise. In some examples, there may be separate transmission and reception frames and the SCS of symbols in the reception frame structure may be configured independently from the SCS of symbols in the transmission frame structure. The SCS in a reception frame may be different from the SCS in a transmission frame. In some examples, the SCS of each transmission frame may be half the SCS of each reception frame. If the SCS between a reception frame and a transmission frame is different, the difference does not necessarily have to scale by a factor of two, e.g., if more flexible symbol durations are implemented using inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) instead of fast Fourier transform (FFT) . Additional examples of frame structures can be used with different SCSs.
[0063] The basic transmission unit may be a symbol block (alternatively called a symbol) , which, in general, includes a redundancy portion (referred to as the CP) and an information (e.g., data) portion. In some embodiments, the CP may be omitted from the symbol block. The CP length may be flexible and configurable. The CP length may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and the CP length may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling. The information (e.g., data) portion may be flexible and configurable. Another possible parameter relating to a symbol block that may be defined is ratio of CP duration to information (e.g., data) duration. In some embodiments, the symbol block length may be adjusted according to: a channel condition (e.g., multi-path delay, Doppler) ; and / or a latency requirement; and / or an available time duration. As another example, a symbol block length may be adjusted to fit an available time duration in the frame.
[0064] A frame may include both a downlink portion, for downlink transmissions from a base station 170, and an uplink portion, for uplink transmissions from the UEs 110. A gap may be present between each uplink and downlink portion, which gap is referred to as a switching gap. The switching gap length (duration) may be configurable. A switching gap duration may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and a switching gap duration may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling.
[0065] A device, such as a base station 170, may provide coverage over a cell. Wireless communication with the device may occur over one or more carrier frequencies. A carrier frequency will be referred to as a carrier. A carrier may alternatively be called a component carrier (CC) . A carrier may be characterized by its bandwidth and a reference frequency, e.g., the center frequency, the lowest frequency or the highest frequency of the carrier. A carrier may be on a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. Wireless communication with the device may also, or instead, occur over one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) . For example, a carrier may have one or more BWPs. More generally, wireless communication with the device may occur over spectrum. The spectrum may comprise one or more carriers and / or one or more BWPs.
[0066] A cell may include one or multiple downlink resources and, optionally, one or multiple uplink resources. A cell may include one or multiple uplink resources and, optionally, one or multiple downlink resources. A cell may include both one or multiple downlink resources and one or multiple uplink resources. As an example, a cell might only include one downlink carrier / BWP, or only include one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs. In some embodiments, a cell may, instead or additionally, include one or multiple sidelink resources, including sidelink transmitting and receiving resources.
[0067] A BWP is a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on a carrier, or a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on multiple carriers, or a set of non-contiguous or contiguous frequency subcarriers, which may have one or more carriers.
[0068] In some embodiments, a carrier may have one or more BWPs, e.g., a carrier may have a bandwidth of 20 MHz and consist of one BWP or a carrier may have a bandwidth of 80 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous BWPs, etc. In other embodiments, a BWP may have one or more carriers, e.g., a BWP may have a bandwidth of 40 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous carriers, where each carrier has a bandwidth of 20 MHz. In some embodiments, a BWP may comprise non-contiguous spectrum resources, which consists of multiple non-contiguous multiple carriers, where the first carrier of the non-contiguous multiple carriers may be in the mmW band, the second carrier may be in a low band (such as the 2 GHz band) , the third carrier (if it exists) may be in THz band and the fourth carrier (if it exists) may be in visible light band. Resources in one carrier which belong to the BWP may be contiguous or non-contiguous. In some embodiments, a BWP has non-contiguous spectrum resources on one carrier.
[0069] Wireless communication may occur over an occupied bandwidth. The occupied bandwidth may be defined as the width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage, β / 2, of the total mean transmitted power, for example, the value of β / 2 is taken as 0.5%.
[0070] The carrier, the BWP or the occupied bandwidth may be signaled by a network device (e.g., by a base station 170) dynamically, e.g., in physical layer control signaling such as the known downlink control channel (DCI) , or semi-statically, e.g., in radio resource control (RRC) signaling or in signaling in the medium access control (MAC) layer, or be predefined based on the application scenario; or be determined by the UE 110 as a function of other parameters that are known by the UE 110, or may be fixed, e.g., by a standard.
[0071] UE position information is often used in cellular communication networks to improve various performance metrics for the network. Such performance metrics may, for example, include capacity, agility and efficiency. The improvement may be achieved when elements of the network exploit the position, the behavior, the mobility pattern, etc., of the UE in the context of a priori information describing a wireless environment in which the UE is operating.
[0072] A sensing system may be used to help gather UE pose information, including UE location in a global coordinate system, UE velocity and direction of movement in the global coordinate system, orientation information and the information about the wireless environment. “Location” is also known as “position” and these two terms may be used interchangeably herein. Examples of well-known sensing systems include RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) . While the sensing system is typically separate from the communication system, it could be advantageous to gather the information using an integrated system, which reduces the hardware (and cost) in the system as well as the time, frequency or spatial resources needed to perform both functionalities. However, using the communication system hardware to perform sensing of UE pose and environment information is a highly challenging and open problem. The difficulty of the problem relates to factors such as the limited resolution of the communication system, the dynamicity of the environment, and the huge number of objects whose electromagnetic properties and position are to be estimated.
[0073] Accordingly, integrated sensing and communication (also known as integrated communication and sensing) is a desirable feature in existing and future communication systems.
[0074] Any or all of the EDs 110 and BS 170 may be sensing nodes in the system 100. Sensing nodes are network entities that perform sensing by transmitting and receiving sensing signals. Some sensing nodes are communication equipment that perform both communications and sensing. However, it is possible that some sensing nodes do not perform communications and are, instead, dedicated to sensing. The sensing agent 174 is an example of a sensing node that is dedicated to sensing. Unlike the EDs 110 and BS 170, the sensing agent 174 does not transmit or receive communication signals. However, the sensing agent 174 may communicate configuration information, sensing information, signaling information, or other information within the communication system 100. The sensing agent 174 may be in communication with the core network 130 to communicate information with the rest of the communication system 100. By way of example, the sensing agent 174 may determine the location of the ED 110a, and transmit this information to the base station 170a via the core network 130. Although only one sensing agent 174 is shown in FIG. 2, any number of sensing agents may be implemented in the communication system 100. In some embodiments, one or more sensing agents may be implemented at one or more of the RANs 120.
[0075] A sensing node may combine sensing-based techniques with reference signal-based techniques to enhance UE pose determination. This type of sensing node may also be known as a sensing management function (SMF) . In some networks, the SMF may also be known as a location management function (LMF) . The SMF may be implemented as a physically independent entity located at the core network 130 with connection to the multiple BSs 170. In other aspects of the present application, the SMF may be implemented as a logical entity co-located inside a BS 170 through logic carried out by the processor 260.
[0076] As shown in FIG. 5, an SMF 176, when implemented as a physically independent entity, includes at least one processor 290, at least one transmitter 282, at least one receiver 284, one or more antennas 286 and at least one memory 288. A transceiver, not shown, may be used instead of the transmitter 282 and the receiver 284. A scheduler 283 may be coupled to the processor 290. The scheduler 283 may be included within or operated separately from the SMF 176. The processor 290 implements various processing operations of the SMF 176, such as signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing or any other functionality. The processor 290 can also be configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described in more detail above. Each processor 290 includes any suitable processing or computing device configured to perform one or more operations. Each processor 290 could, for example, include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array or application specific integrated circuit.
[0077] A reference signal-based pose determination technique belongs to an “active” pose estimation paradigm. In an active pose estimation paradigm, the enquirer of pose information (e.g., the UE 110) takes part in process of determining the pose of the enquirer. The enquirer may transmit or receive (or both) a signal specific to pose determination process. Positioning techniques based on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS) are other examples of the active pose estimation paradigm.
[0078] In contrast, a sensing technique, based on radar for example, may be considered as belonging to a “passive” pose determination paradigm. In a passive pose determination paradigm, the target is oblivious to the pose determination process.
[0079] By integrating sensing and communications in one system, the system need not operate according to only a single paradigm. Thus, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques can yield enhanced pose determination.
[0080] The enhanced pose determination may, for example, include obtaining UE channel sub-space information, which is particularly useful for UE channel reconstruction at the sensing node, especially for a beam-based operation and communication. The UE channel sub-space is a subset of the entire algebraic space, defined over the spatial domain, in which the entire channel from the TP to the UE lies. Accordingly, the UE channel sub-space defines the TP-to-UE channel with very high accuracy. The signals transmitted over other sub-spaces result in a negligible contribution to the UE channel. Knowledge of the UE channel sub-space helps to reduce the effort needed for channel measurement at the UE and channel reconstruction at the network-side. Therefore, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques may enable the UE channel reconstruction with much less overhead as compared to traditional methods. Sub-space information can also facilitate sub-space-based sensing to reduce sensing complexity and improve sensing accuracy.
[0081] In some embodiments of integrated sensing and communication, a same radio access technology (RAT) is used for sensing and communication. This avoids the need to multiplex two different RATs under one carrier spectrum, or necessitating two different carrier spectrums for the two different RATs.
[0082] In embodiments that integrate sensing and communication under one RAT, a first set of channels may be used to transmit a sensing signal and a second set of channels may be used to transmit a communications signal. In some embodiments, each channel in the first set of channels and each channel in the second set of channels is a logical channel, a transport channel or a physical channel.
[0083] At the physical layer, communication and sensing may be performed via separate physical channels. For example, a first physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-C is defined for data communication, while a second physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-Sis defined for sensing. Similarly, separate physical uplink shared channels (PUSCH) , PUSCH-C and PUSCH-S, could be defined for uplink communication and sensing.
[0084] In another example, the same PDSCH and PUSCH could be also used for both communication and sensing, with separate logical layer channels and / or transport layer channels defined for communication and sensing. Note also that control channel (s) and data channel (s) for sensing can have the same or different channel structure (format) , occupy same or different frequency bands or bandwidth parts.
[0085] In a further example, a common physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a common physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be used to carry control information for both sensing and communication. Alternatively, separate physical layer control channels may be used to carry separate control information for communication and sensing. For example, PUCCH-Sand PUCCH-C could be used for uplink control for sensing and communication respectively and PDCCH-Sand PDCCH-C for downlink control for sensing and communication respectively.
[0086] Different combinations of shared and dedicated channels for sensing and communication, at each of the physical, transport, and logical layers, are possible.
[0087] The term RADAR originates from the phrase Radio Detection and Ranging; however, expressions with different forms of capitalization (e.g., Radar and radar) are equally valid and now more common. Radar is typically used for detecting a presence and a location of an object. A radar system radiates radio frequency energy and receives echoes of the energy reflected from one or more targets. The system determines the pose of a given target based on the echoes returned from the given target. The radiated energy can be in the form of an energy pulse or a continuous wave, which can be expressed or defined by a particular waveform. Examples of waveforms used in radar include frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and ultra-wideband (UWB) waveforms.
[0088] Radar systems can be monostatic, bi-static or multi-static. In a monostatic radar system, the radar signal transmitter and receiver are co-located, such as being integrated in a transceiver. In a bi-static radar system, the transmitter and receiver are spatially separated, and the distance of separation is comparable to, or larger than, the expected target distance (often referred to as the range) . In a multi-static radar system, two or more radar components are spatially diverse but with a shared area of coverage. A multi-static radar is also referred to as a multisite or netted radar.
[0089] Terrestrial radar applications encounter challenges such as multipath propagation and shadowing impairments. Another challenge is the problem of identifiability because terrestrial targets have similar physical attributes. Integrating sensing into a communication system is likely to suffer from these same challenges, and more.
[0090] Communication nodes can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. A half-duplex node cannot both transmit and receive using the same physical resources (time, frequency, etc. ) ; conversely, a full-duplex node can transmit and receive using the same physical resources. Existing commercial wireless communications networks are all half-duplex. Even if full-duplex communications networks become practical in the future, it is expected that at least some of the nodes in the network will still be half-duplex nodes because half-duplex devices are less complex, and have lower cost and lower power consumption. In particular, full-duplex implementation is more challenging at higher frequencies (e.g., in millimeter wave bands) and very challenging for small and low-cost devices, such as femtocell base stations and UEs.
[0091] The limitation of half-duplex nodes in the communications network presents further challenges toward integrating sensing and communications into the devices and systems of the communications network. For example, both half-duplex and full-duplex nodes can perform bi-static or multi-static sensing, but monostatic sensing typically requires the sensing node have full-duplex capability. A half-duplex node may perform monostatic sensing with certain limitations, such as in a pulsed radar with a specific duty cycle and ranging capability.
[0092] Properties of a sensing signal, or a signal used for both sensing and communication, include the waveform of the signal and the frame structure of the signal. The frame structure defines the time-domain boundaries of the signal. The waveform describes the shape of the signal as a function of time and frequency. Examples of waveforms that can be used for a sensing signal include ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse, Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) or “chirp” , orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) , cyclic prefix (CP) -OFDM, and Discrete Fourier Transform spread (DFT-s) -OFDM.
[0093] In an embodiment, the sensing signal is a linear chirp signal with bandwidth B and time duration T. Such a linear chirp signal is generally known from its use in FMCW radar systems. A linear chirp signal is defined by an increase in frequency from an initial frequency, fchirp0, at an initial time, tchirp0, to a final frequency, fchirp1, at a final time, tchirp1 where the relation between the frequency (f) and time (t) can be expressed as a linear relation of f-fchirp0=α (t-tchirp0) , where is defined as the chirp slope. The bandwidth of the linear chirp signal may be defined as B=fchirp1-fchirp0 and the time duration of the linear chirp signal may be defined as T=tchirp1-tchirp0. Such linear chirp signal can be presented as in the baseband representation.
[0094] Precoding, as used herein, may refer to any coding operation (s) or modulation (s) that transform an input signal into an output signal. Precoding may be performed in different domains and typically transforms the input signal in a first domain to an output signal in a second domain. Precoding may include linear operations.
[0095] A terrestrial communication system may also be referred to as a land-based or ground-based communication system, although a terrestrial communication system can also, or instead, be implemented on or in water. The non-terrestrial communication system may bridge coverage gaps in underserved areas by extending the coverage of cellular networks through the use of non-terrestrial nodes, which will be key to establishing global, seamless coverage and providing mobile broadband services to unserved / underserved regions. In the current case, it is hardly possible to implement terrestrial access-points / base-stations infrastructure in areas like oceans, mountains, forests, or other remote areas.
[0096] The terrestrial communication system may be a wireless communications system using 5G technology and / or future generation wireless technology. In some examples, the terrestrial communication system may also accommodate some legacy wireless technologies (e.g., 3G or 4G wireless technology) . The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using satellite constellations, like conventional Geo-Stationary Orbit (GEO) satellites, which utilize broadcast public / popular contents to a local server. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are known to establish a better balance between large coverage area and propagation path-loss / delay. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using stabilized satellites in very low earth orbits (VLEO) technologies, thereby substantially reducing the costs for launching satellites to lower orbits. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using high altitude platforms (HAPs) , which are known to provide a low path-loss air interface for the users with limited power budget. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (or unmanned aerial system, “UAS” ) achieving a dense deployment, since their coverage can be limited to a local area, such as airborne, balloon, quadcopter, drones, etc. In some examples, GEO satellites, LEO satellites, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be horizontal and two-dimensional. In some examples, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be coupled to integrate satellite communications to cellular networks. Emerging 3D vertical networks consist of many moving (other than geostationary satellites) and high altitude access points such as UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs.
[0097] MIMO technology allows an antenna array of multiple antennas to perform signal transmissions and receptions to meet high transmission rate requirements. The ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP may use MIMO to communicate using wireless resource blocks. MIMO utilizes multiple antennas at the transmitter to transmit wireless resource blocks over parallel wireless signals. It follows that multiple antennas may be utilized at the receiver. MIMO may beamform parallel wireless signals for reliable multipath transmission of a wireless resource block. MIMO may bond parallel wireless signals that transport different data to increase the data rate of the wireless resource block.
[0098] In recent years, a MIMO (large-scale MIMO) wireless communication system with the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 configured with a large number of antennas has gained wide attention from academia and industry. In the large-scale MIMO system, the T-TRP 170, and / or the NT-TRP 172, is generally configured with more than ten antenna units (see antennas 256 and antennas 280 in FIG. 3) . The T-TRP 170, and / or the NT-TRP 172, is generally operable to serve dozens (such as 40) of EDs 110. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 can greatly increase the degree of spatial freedom of wireless communication, greatly improve the transmission rate, spectral efficiency and power efficiency, and, to a large extent, reduce interference between cells. The increase of the number of antennas allows for each antenna unit to be made in a smaller size with a lower cost. Using the degree of spatial freedom provided by the large-scale antenna units, the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 of each cell can communicate with many EDs 110 in the cell on the same time-frequency resource at the same time, thus greatly increasing the spectral efficiency. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 also enable each user to have better spatial directivity for uplink and downlink transmission, so that the transmitting power of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 and an ED 110 is reduced and the power efficiency is correspondingly increased. When the antenna number of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 is sufficiently large, random channels between each ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can approach orthogonality such that interference between cells and users and the effect of noise can be reduced. The plurality of advantages described hereinbefore enable large-scale MIMO to have a magnificent application prospect.
[0099] A MIMO system may include a receiver connected to a receive (Rx) antenna, a transmitter connected to transmit (Tx) antenna and a signal processor connected to the transmitter and the receiver. Each of the Rx antenna and the Tx antenna may include a plurality of antennas. For instance, the Rx antenna may have a uniform linear array (ULA) antenna, in which the plurality of antennas are arranged in line at even intervals. When a radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted through the Tx antenna, the Rx antenna may receive a signal reflected and returned from a forward target.
[0100] A non-exhaustive list of possible unit or possible configurable parameters or in some embodiments of a MIMO system include: a panel; and a beam.
[0101] A panel is a unit of an antenna group, or antenna array, or antenna sub-array, which unit can control a Tx beam or a Rx beam independently.
[0102] A beam may be formed by performing amplitude and / or phase weighting on data transmitted or received by at least one antenna port. A beam may be formed by using another method, for example, adjusting a related parameter of an antenna unit. The beam may include a Tx beam and / or a Rx beam. The transmit beam indicates distribution of signal strength formed in different directions in space after a signal is transmitted through an antenna. The receive beam indicates distribution of signal strength that is of a wireless signal received from an antenna and that is in different directions in space. Beam information may include a beam identifier, or an antenna port (s) identifier, or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource identifier, or a SSB resource identifier, or a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource identifier, or other reference signal resource identifier.
[0103] In next-generation wireless communication systems, with a large number of refence points deployed, it may be shown to be power inefficient to insist that every node communicate with a serving base station to obtain a corresponding node-specific sensing state (e.g., node position, node velocity, node orientation, etc. ) . Similarly, it may be shown to be power inefficient to insist that all reference points be deployed as active reference points. An active reference point may be defined as a reference point that has an ability to generate RF signals, transmit RF signals and receive RF signals. In contrast to active reference points, there exist passive reference points. A passive reference point may be defined as a reference point that has limited capabilities related to RF signal transmission and limited capabilities related to RF signal reception.
[0104] Due to a degree of power consumption associated with active reference points, it is expected that infrastructure in next-generation wireless communication systems will include, and may be dominated by, passive reference points. Indeed, it may be shown that passive reference points have additional advantages over active reference points in that passive reference points are associated with low power consumption and low complexity of deployment. However, these advantages may be understood to be offset with a disadvantage related to a non-distinguishability of passive reference points.
[0105] A sensing application, carried out in a given environment, may be understood to involve a sensing transmitter ( “TX-SeN” ) and a sensing receiver ( “RX-SeN” ) . It may be shown that various types of sensing applications may benefit from a presence, in the given environment, of a plurality passive reference points ( “RPs” ) .
[0106] Aspects of the present application are related to distinguishing, at the RX-SeN, between RPs. The ability to distinguish between the RPs may be shown to allow the RX-SeN to obtain information. The nature of the information and the amount of the information may be shown to depend upon a type of the sensing application being carried out.
[0107] Some aspects of the present application relate, generally, to RP signatures and, more particularly, to embedding information in an RP signature. Other aspects of the present application are related to behavior that is carried out, at a receiving node, subsequent to successfully decoding information embedded in an RP signature. An RP signature may be understood to be associated with a total signature duration, T. Producing an RP signature may involve defining a total signature duration, T, divided into a plurality, L, of sub-symbols. The respective durations of the L sub-symbols may be represented as {T1, T2, …, TL} .
[0108] FIG. 6 illustrates an environment 600 suitable for implementation of aspects of the present application. The environment 600 includes the SMF 176 of FIG. 5. The environment 600 also includes a plurality of RPs, including a first RP 602-1, a second RP 602-2 and a third RP 602-3 (collectively or individually 602) . The environment 600 further includes a BS 170 and a UE 110. The BS 170 may be shown to act as a transmitter of sensing signals (a “TX-SeN” hereinafter) . The UE 110 may be shown to act as a receiver of sensing signals (an “RX-SeN” hereinafter) . It should be understood that the SMF 176 may be co-located with the TX-SeN 170.
[0109] The first RP 602-1 illustrated as including an RP memory 604, an RP processor 606 and an RP receiver 608. The RP memory 604 may store computer-readable instructions. The RP processor 606 may be caused, by executing the instructions, to carry out aspects of the present application.
[0110] The UE 110 illustrated as including a UE memory 614, a UE processor 616 and a UE receiver 618. The UE memory 614 may store computer-readable instructions. The UE processor 616 may be caused, by executing the instructions, to carry out aspects of the present application.
[0111] Some aspects of the present application are related to a design for an RP signature. Other aspects of the present application are related to various manners for implementing the RP signature at the RP 602.
[0112] The design for the RP signature involves a total RP signature duration, T, divided into a plurality, L, of sub-symbols. A kth sub-symbol may be understood to be associated with a sub-symbol duration, Tk. Each sub-symbol may include at least three intervals. The intervals may include an unmodulated interval, a modulated interval and a gap interval.
[0113] The unmodulated interval in the kth sub-symbol (which may also be referenced as the kth unmodulated interval) may be associated with a duration, tk, um. During the unmodulated interval, a given RP 602 may be configured to simply reflect, relay or backscatter a received sensing signal, as if the RP 602 is an ordinary environment object (a so-called “dummy object” ) .
[0114] The modulated interval in the kth sub-symbol (which may also be referenced as the kth modulated interval) may be associated with a duration, tk, m. During the modulated interval, the given RP 602 may be configured to apply a modulation to a received sensing signal while reflecting the received sensing signal. The modulation may be applied as a chirp-based modulation.
[0115] The gap interval in the kth sub-symbol (which may also be referenced as the kth gap interval) may be associated with a duration, tk, g. To distinguish the kth gap interval from the kth unmodulated interval and the kth modulated interval, the given RP 602 may be configured to simply absorb the received sensing signal. According to aspects of the present application, the given RP 602 may be configured to absorb the received sensing signal in some guard bands and reflect the received sensing signal in other guard bands. The gap interval may be understood to account for timing synchronization error between the given RP 602 and the TX-SeN 170. It may be shown that the gap interval provides flexibility to the rendering of the modulated interval. On one hand, if the gap interval happens to be positioned in the beginning of the sensing signal or at the end of the sensing signal, there may be no specific action to be carried out by the given RP 602. On the other hand, if the gap interval is positioned in between the unmodulated interval and the modulated interval, it is expected that the given RP 602 will absorb part of the unmodulated signal.
[0116] As discussed, a chirp-based modulation may be applied, during the kth modulated interval, to a received signal, xk, in (t) , to, thereby, obtain a signed signal, xk, out (t) . A function that may be used to illustrate application of the chirp-based modulation may be expressed as In this example function, the kth chirp-based modulation has two modulation parameters, a frequency shift, fk, and a slope, αk.
[0117] The entirety of the signature can be defined based on a set of modulation parameters, The modulation parameters, (fk, αk) , may encode aspects of the sensing state (e.g., position, velocity, orientation, etc. ) of the RP 602 and / or an identity for the RP 602 (e.g., a sensing node ID) . The modulation parameters, (fk, αk) , may also encode an indication of the mean square error ( “MSE” ) associated with the sensing state of the RP or an indication of the accuracy of the sensing state of the RP.
[0118] FIG. 7 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, one possible implementation of aspects of the present application that are related to RP signature design.
[0119] FIG. 7 illustrates an RP signature 700 having a total signature duration, T. The signature 700 is illustrated as having a plurality, L, of sub-symbols. Three sub-symbols are illustrated in FIG. 7: a first sub-symbol; a second sub-symbol; and an Lth sub-symbol. The durations of the sub-symbols are represented as {T1, T2, …, TL} .
[0120] The first sub-symbol is illustrated as including a first unmodulated interval with a duration of t1, um. The first sub-symbol is illustrated as including a first modulated interval with a duration of t1, m. The signal in the first modulated interval is illustrated as having been modulated using a function with first modulation parameters, (f1, α1) . The first sub-symbol is illustrated as including a first gap interval with a duration of t1, g.
[0121] The second sub-symbol is illustrated as including a second unmodulated interval with a duration of t2, um. The second sub-symbol is illustrated as including a second modulated interval with a duration of t2, m. The signal in the second modulated interval is illustrated as having been modulated using a function with second modulation parameters, (f2, α2) . The second sub-symbol is illustrated as including a second gap interval with a duration of t2, g.
[0122] The Lth sub-symbol is illustrated as including a Lth unmodulated interval with a duration of tL, um. The Lth sub-symbol is illustrated as including a Lth modulated interval with a duration of tL, m. The signal in the Lth modulated interval is illustrated as having been modulated using a function with Lth modulation parameters, (fL, αL) . The Lth sub-symbol is illustrated as including a Lth gap interval with a duration of tL, g.
[0123] Conveniently, signature design according to aspects of the present application may employ a mapping function. That is, the mapping function may map the set, of modulation parameters to an RP sensing state, an RP ID and / or a indication of RP sensing state accuracy.
[0124] A sensing state may be considered to be represented by a plurality of elements. In one example aspect of the present application, each of the elements that represents the sensing state may be mapped to one or more values used for the frequency shift, fk, in some of the sub-symbols. One manner in which the mapping may be implemented involves mapping the sensing state to frequency shifts in a linear (analog) mapping. For one example, elements of the sensing state are representative of three coordinates, (x, y, z) , of an RP location, and each coordinate may be mapped to a frequency shift, fk. In such an example, the mapping may be represented as (x, y, z) → (f1, f2, f3) . Notably, f1, f2 and f3 may simply be the first three frequency shifts among L frequency shifts.
[0125] An RP ID, ID, may be considered to be represented by M bits of information. When M bits are used, there may be up to 2M unique RP IDs. Accordingly, a particular RP ID, ID, may be selected from a set, where each ID is represented as ID = (b1, b2, …, bM) . In another example aspect of the present application, each RP ID may be mapped to one or more values used for the chirp rate, αk, in some of the sub-symbols. For a first example, a single RP ID, IDj, may be mapped to the chirp rate, αk, of the signal in the kth sub-symbol. In such an example, the mapping may be represented as IDj→αk, where the chirp rate, αk, has been selected from among 2M possible chirp rates. In an example wherein eight bits are used to represent the RP ID (i.e., M=8) , there are 256 possible RP IDs and 256 possible values for the chirp rate, αk, of the signal in the kth sub-symbol.
[0126] Notably, a given RP ID may be broken down into a plurality of sub-IDs, with each sub-ID among the plurality of sub-IDs being mapped to a single chirp rate among the plurality of chirp rates available to modulate in an interval of a plurality of sub-symbols. In an example wherein eight bits are used to represent the RP ID (i.e., M=8) , each RP ID may be broken into two 4-bit sub-IDs. In this example, the number of possible RP IDs remains at 256. However, each RP ID may be represented over two sub-symbols. Accordingly, the number of possible values for the chirp rate, αk, of the signal in the kth sub-symbol may be reduced to 16.
[0127] In another example, a single chirp rate, αs, may be implemented for all sub-symbols in a signature, that is, αk=αs. In such a case, the single chirp rate, αs, may take on a value selected from a set of 2M available chirp rates. The quantity of available chirp rates, 2M, may be established in view of a configuration parameter, M. In this example, when M=1, it may be understood that no information is carried by the chirp rate. In this example, when the chirp rate is zero, αs=0, the signature function is reduced to function that does not change over the modulation interval,
[0128] Aspects of the present application relate to actions carried out by the RX-SeN 110 upon receiving an RF signal that has been relayed / reflected / backscattered by a given RP 602.
[0129] FIG. 8 illustrates, in a signal flow diagram, a signaling procedure representative of aspects of the present application. The signal flow diagram includes the SMF 176, the TX-SeN 170, the RX-SeN 110 and the first RP 602-1.
[0130] The SMF 176 may be assumed to be configured to control and handle sensing resources and signature resources. It should be understood that the SMF 176 may be co-located with the TX-SeN 170. More broadly, the SMF may be part of a network node that can transmit signature configurations and receive, and process, feedback reports.
[0131] The signaling procedure illustrated in FIG. 8 commences with the SMF 176 transmitting (step 802) , to the TX-SeN 170 and to the RX-SeN 110, an indication of a signature configuration for the first RP 602-1. Notably, the SMF 176 may also transmit (step 802) , to the TX-SeN 170, a configuration for TX sensing signals. The SMF 176 may carry out the transmitting (step 802) using control signaling, e.g., RRC signaling or control element (CE) signaling in the MAC layer. The TX-SeN 170 receives (step 804) the indication of the signature configuration for the first RP 602-1. The RX-SeN 110 also receives (step 806) the indication of the signature configuration for the first RP 602-1. The RX-SeN 110 may also receive (step 806) , from the SMF 176, a mapping function relating an RP property and the modulation parameters. The RP property may, for one example, be RP sensing state and, for another example, be RP ID.
[0132] The indication of the signature configuration may specify that the signature includes unmodulated intervals, modulated intervals and gap intervals. The indication of the signature configuration may also specify a duration for each of the intervals.
[0133] The SMF 176 may then transmit (step 808) a TX sensing signal. As discussed hereinbefore, the first RP 602-1 may be configured to apply (step 810) , in a specific interval of a sub-symbol, modulation to an incident TX sensing signal while reflecting the incident TX sensing signal to, thereby, cause a reflected signal. The reflected signal may then be received (step 812) at the RX-SeN 110, at which point, the reflected signal may be considered to be an RX sensing signal. The RX sensing signal may appear, when received (step 812) by the RX-SeN 110, to have been emitted by the first RP 602-1.
[0134] Notably, the TX sensing signal may also be received (step 811) , by the RX-SeN 110, directly from the TX-SeN 170.
[0135] On the basis of measurements taken during the unmodulated intervals, the RX-SeN 110 may obtain (step 814) configuration parameters for the TX sensing signal. For a case wherein the TX sensing signal is a linear frequency modulated ( “LFM” ) signal, also known as a chirp signal, the RX-SeN 110 may obtain (step 814) , by processing the signal in the kth unmodulated interval, an initial frequency shift, fk, tx, and an initial chirp rate, αk, tx. Accordingly, on the basis of measurements taken during the unmodulated intervals over the course of the total signature duration, T, the RX-SeN 110 may obtain (step 814) a set, of TX sensing signal parameters.
[0136] Alternatively, on the basis of measurements taken of the TX sensing signal that has been received (step 811) , by the RX-SeN 110, directly from the TX-SeN 170, the RX-SeN 110 may obtain (step 814) configuration parameters for the TX sensing signal.
[0137] Despite the initial sensing signal parameters being illustrated, in FIG. 7, as having consistent TX sensing signal parameters over the first sub-symbol, the second sub-symbol and the Lth sub-symbol, it may be the case that the initial sensing signal parameters vary for each sub-symbol. The act of varying, at the TX-SeN 170, the initial sensing signal parameters may be referred to as “parameter hopping. ”
[0138] On the basis of measurements taken of the RX sensing signal during the kth modulated interval, the RX-SeN 110 may use a chirp receiver to obtain (step 816) RX sensing signal parameters, (fk, rx, αk, rx) , for the kth sub-symbol. Accordingly, on the basis of measurements taken of the RX sensing signal during the modulated intervals over the course of the total signature duration, T, the RX-SeN 110 may obtain (step 816) a set, of RX sensing signal parameters.
[0139] The RX-SeN 110 may, subsequently, obtain (step 818) a so-called “difference” set, representative of a difference between the two sets, where The difference set, may serve as an estimate of the set, of modulation parameters that were used by the first RP 602-1 when applying (step 810) a signature to the TX sensing signal.
[0140] Using an inverse of the mapping function between sensing state and the modulation parameters, the RX-SeN 110 may obtain (step 820) an estimate for the RP sensing state. Using an inverse of the mapping function between the RP ID and the modulation parameters, the RX-SeN 110 may obtain (step 820) an estimate for the RP ID.
[0141] The RX-SeN 110 may use the estimated RP sensing state (or the estimated RP ID) when estimating a sensing parameter of interest. The sensing parameter of interest may be estimated by taking measurements of the RX sensing signal. By processing the measurements, the RX-SeN 110 may estimate the sensing parameter of interest. The processing may involve taking into consideration multi-path component parameters. The sensing parameter of interest may, for example, be a delay in the RX sensing signal, a Doppler shift in the RX sensing signal or an angle of arrival of the RX sensing signal. The sensing parameter of interest may be self-determined, by the RX-SeN 110, or may be based on a configuration received, by the RX-SeN 110, from the SMF 176.
[0142] The RX-SeN 110 may include the sensing parameter of interest when preparing (step 822) a sensing feedback report. The RX-SeN 110 may also include the estimated RP sensing state (or the estimated RP ID) when preparing (step 822) the sensing feedback report. Once the sensing feedback report has been prepared (step 822) , the RX-SeN 110 may transmit (step 824) , to the SMF 176, the sensing feedback report.
[0143] It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, data may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. Data may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. Data may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The respective units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units / modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . It will be appreciated that where the modules are software, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances as required, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0144] Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated embodiments, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system or method designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments.
[0145] Although this disclosure has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
Claims
1.A method for carrying out at a passive reference point, the method comprising:receiving, at the passive reference point, a signal;implementing, by the passive reference point, a signature on the received signal, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols, the implementing the signature including:in one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols, reflecting the received signal without modulation; andin another interval of the given sub-symbol, reflecting the received signal while applying modulation.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the applying modulation comprises using a linear, frequency modulated signal having a plurality of modulation parameters.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of modulation parameters includes a frequency offset.4.The method of claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the plurality of modulation parameters includes a chirp slope.5.The method of any one of claims 2 to 4, further comprising mapping an element of a sensing state to a modulation parameter among the plurality of modulation parameters.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the sensing state comprises a position of the passive reference point.7.The method of claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the sensing state comprises a velocity of the passive reference point.8.The method of any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the sensing state comprises an orientation of the passive reference point.9.The method of any one of claims 5 to 8, further comprising mapping an element of a representation of an accuracy of the sensing state to a modulation parameter among the plurality of modulation parameters.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the representation of the accuracy of the sensing state comprises a mean-square-error.11.The method of any one of claims 2 to 10, further comprising mapping an element of an identity of the passive reference point to a modulation parameter among the plurality of modulation parameters.12.The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising, in a further interval of the given sub-symbol, absorbing the received signal.13.The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising, in a further interval of the given sub-symbol, reflecting the received signal.14.A reference point comprising:a memory storing computer-readable instructions;a receiver adapted to receive a signal; anda processor caused, by executing the instructions, to:implement a signature on the received signal, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols, the implementing the signature including:in one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols, reflecting the received signal without modulation; andin another interval of the given sub-symbol, reflecting the received signal while applying modulation.15.A computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor in a reference point, cause the processor to:receive a signal, the received signal including a plurality of sub-symbols;implement a signature on the received signal, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols, the implementing the signature including:in one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols, reflecting the received signal without modulation; andin another interval of the given sub-symbol, reflecting the received signal while applying modulation.16.A method comprising:receiving a configuration for a signature associated with a reference point, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols;receiving a signal reflected by the reference point;in one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols:processing the received signal to obtain an estimate of transmitted signal parameters;in another interval of the given sub-symbol:processing the received signal to obtain an estimate of received signal parameters;processing the estimate of received signal parameters in conjunction with the estimate of transmitted signal parameters to obtain parameters of modulation applied, by the reference point, to the received signal in the other interval in accordance with the signature; andprocessing the parameters of the modulation to obtain a property of the reference point.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the property comprises an indication of a sensing state of the reference point.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the property comprises an indication of a mean square error associated with the indication of the sensing state.19.The method of claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the property comprises an indication of an accuracy for the indication of the sensing state.20.The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the property comprises an identity of the reference point.21.The method of any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the processing the parameters of modulation comprises:receiving a mapping function between the property and the parameters of modulation; andusing the parameters of modulation and an inverse of the mapping function to obtain the property.22.The method of any one of claims 16 to 21, further comprising, based on the property, obtaining a sensing parameter of interest.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the sensing parameter of interest comprises a delay in the received signal.24.The method of claim 22 or claim 23, wherein the sensing parameter of interest comprises a Doppler shift in the received signal.25.The method of any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the sensing parameter of interest comprises an angle of arrival of the received signal.26.An apparatus comprising:a memory storing computer-readable instructions;a receiver adapted to:receive a configuration for a signature associated with a reference point, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols;receive a signal reflected by the reference point; anda processor caused, by executing the instructions, to:in one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols:process the received signal to obtain an estimate of transmitted signal parameters;in another interval of the given sub-symbol:process the received signal to obtain an estimate of received signal parameters;process the estimate of received signal parameters in conjunction with the estimate of transmitted signal parameters to obtain parameters of modulation applied, by the reference point, to the received signal in the other interval in accordance with the signature; andprocess the parameters of modulation to obtain a property of the reference point.27.A computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor in a reference point, cause the processor to:receive a configuration for a signature associated with a reference point, the signature having a duration divided into a plurality of sub-symbols;receive a signal reflected by the reference point; andin one interval of a given sub-symbol among the plurality of sub-symbols:process the received signal to obtain an estimate of transmitted signal parameters;in another interval of the given sub-symbol:process the received signal to obtain an estimate of received signal parameters;process the estimate of received signal parameters in conjunction with the estimate of transmitted signal parameters to obtain parameters of modulation applied, by the reference point, to the received signal in the other interval in accordance with the signature; andprocess the parameters of modulation to obtain a property of the reference point.28.An apparatus comprising a processor configured to cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 13 and 16 to 25.
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