Exhaust analysis systems and methods

Abstract

A controller that determines a temperature sensor value based on a signal received from a temperature sensor disposed in an exhaust conduit downstream of a heater. The controller further determines an estimated heater inlet temperature of the heater, determines an estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit, determines a heater input power provided to the heater, and determines a temperature control parameter of the heater based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power. The controller further transmits, to a controllable aftertreatment component, a control signal based on the temperature control parameter.

Description

EXHAUST ANALYSIS SYSTEMS AND METHODSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION|0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 657,289, filed June 7, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present application relates generally to exhaust analysis systems and methods for exhaust aftertreatment systems of internal combustion engines.BACKGROUND[00031 The exhaust of internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines, includes nitrogen oxide (NOx) compounds. It is desirable to reduce NOx emissions to comply with environmental regulations, for example. To reduce NOx emissions, a treatment fluid may be dosed into the exhaust by a doser assembly within an aftertreatment system. The treatment fluid facilitates conversion of a portion of the exhaust into non-NOx emissions, such as nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O), thereby reducing NOx emissions. These aftertreatment systems may include a heater than increases a temperature of the exhaust.SUMMARY[0004[ In one embodiment, a controller that determines a temperature sensor value based on a signal received from a temperature sensor disposed in an exhaust conduit downstream of a heater. The controller also determines an estimated heater inlet temperature of the heater. The controller also determines an estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit. The controller also determines a heater input power provided to the heater. The controller also determines a temperature control parameter of the heater based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heaterinput power. The controller also transmits, to a controllable aftertreatment component, a control signal based on the temperature control parameter.|0005] In some embodiments, the controller further determines an estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater based on the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power, and determines the temperature control parameter based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, and the estimated heater outlet temperature.

[0006] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the temperature control parameter using a model, and in response to at least one of: (i) the estimated exhaust flowrate being below an exhaust flowrate threshold or (ii) the heater input power being above a heater input power threshold, increases a weight coefficient of the estimated heater outlet temperature in the model.[0007| In some embodiments, the controller further increases the weight coefficient in response to (i) the heater input power being above the heater input power threshold and (ii) an injector actively injecting a treatment fluid in a decomposition chamber.10008] In some embodiments, the heater input power threshold corresponds to an amount of heating that damages a component downstream of the heater.

[0009] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater based on the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, a heater input voltage of the heater, a duty cycle output limit of the heater, and a target heater outlet temperature of the heater.

[0010] In some embodiments, the controller further determines a heater outlet temperature error based on the temperature sensor value and the estimated heater outlet temperature. The controller further compares the heater outlet temperature error to the error threshold. The controller further, after determining that the heater outlet temperature error is greater than the error threshold, decreases the heater input power.

[0011] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the error threshold based on at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, or the heater input power.

[0012] In some embodiments, the controller further determines a temperature profile downstream of the heater based on at least one of the estimated exhaust flowrate, the estimated heater inlet temperature, or the heater input power. The temperature profile is coplanar with a cross-sectional plane of the exhaust conduit located downstream of the heater. The temperature control parameter is a first temperature control parameter associated with a first spatial location along a reference plane coplanar with the cross-sectional plane. The controller further determines a second temperature control parameter of the heater based a second spatial location associated with the second temperature control parameter and the temperature profile. The second spatial location is along the reference plane and different from the first spatial location.|0013] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the estimated heater inlet temperature based on at least one of an engine operation mode of an engine in exhaust providing communication with the heater, a turbine outlet temperature of a turbine in exhaust providing communication with the heater, or the temperature sensor value.[O014| In some embodiments, the controller further determines the turbine outlet temperature based on at least one of a second signal from a temperature sensor disposed downstream of the turbine, a rotational speed of the turbine, or a flowrate of the exhaust.|0015] In some embodiments, the controllable aftertreatment component is the heater and the control signal is associated with the heater input power.

[0016] In some embodiments, the controller further determines an injection amount of a treatment fluid an injector of a dosing module injects into a decomposition chamber. The controllable aftertreatment component is the dosing module and the control signal is associated the injection amount.-J-

[0017] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the amount of the treatment fluid the injector injects based on a dosing limit function that is based on at least one of the heater input power or the temperature control parameter.

[0018] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the temperature sensor value based on at least one of a voltage of the signal, a current of the signal, or an impedance of the signal.[00191 In some embodiments, the controller further determines the estimated heater inlet temperature based on at least one of a speed of an engine, a torque of the engine, or an air flow parameter of the engine.

[0020] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the estimated exhaust flowrate based on (i) a first rotational speed of a turbine in exhaust providing communication with the heater, (ii) a second rotational speed of a compressor rotationally coupled to the turbine, (iii) a position of an intake air throttle value that throttles flow of air to an engine in exhaust providing communication with the heater and a flow of fuel to the engine, or (iv) a second signal from a mass air flow sensor disposed at least partially within the exhaust conduit.

[0021] In some embodiments, the controller further determines the heater input power based on at least one of the temperature sensor value or a target catalyst temperature of a catalyst member in fluid communication with a decomposition chamber disposed upstream of the heater.

[0022] In some embodiments, the controller further generates, based on a spatial function and at least one of the estimated exhaust flowrate, the estimated heater inlet temperature, or the heater input power, a temperature profile of an upstream face of a catalyst member disposed downstream of the heater. The temperature profile includes a plurality of areas. Each of the areas has an average temperature different from other areas. The controller determines, based on the temperature profiles and the areas, a hot spot on the upstream face. The control signal is based on the temperature control parameter and the hot spot.

[0023] In another embodiment, a method includes determining, by a controller, a temperature sensor value based on a signal received from a temperature sensor disposed in an exhaust conduit downstream of a heater, determining, by the controller, an estimated heater inlet temperature of the heater, determining, by the controller, an estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit, determining, by the controller, a heater input power provided to the heater, and determining, by the controller, a temperature control parameter of the heater based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power. The method further includes transmitting, by the controller to a controllable aftertreatment component, a control signal based on the temperature control parameter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims, in which:|0025] FIG. l is a block schematic diagram of an example exhaust aftertreatment system including an exhaust analysis system;

[0026] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exhaust analysis process implemented in the exhaust analysis system in FIG. 1;

[0027] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exhaust error analysis process implemented in the exhaust analysis system in FIG. 1;

[0028] FIG. 4 is a block schematic diagram of an example estimated heater outlet temperature model;

[0029] FIG. 5 is a first temperature profile of an upstream face of a catalyst member;

[0030] FIG. 6 is a second temperature profile of the upstream face of the catalyst member;

[0031] FIG. 7 is a third temperature profile of the upstream face of the catalyst member; and|0032] FIG. 8 is a fourth temperature profile of the upstream face of the catalyst member.|0033] It will be recognized that the Figures are schematic representations for purposes of illustration. The Figures are provided for the purpose of illustrating one or more implementations with the explicit understanding that the Figures will not be used to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTION[00341 Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and implementations of, methods, apparatuses, and systems for performing exhaust analysis. The various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of a number of ways, as the described concepts are not limited to any particular manner of implementation. Examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes.I. Overview[O035| Internal combustion engines (e.g., diesel internal combustion engines, etc.) produce exhaust that may be treated by a doser assembly within an exhaust aftertreatment system. The doser assembly treats the exhaust using a treatment fluid (e.g., reductant, hydrocarbon fluid, etc.) released from the doser assembly by an injector of a doser. Different treatment fluids can be utilized to achieve different benefits. For example, a treatment fluid, such as reductant, may be adsorbed by a catalyst member and the adsorbed treatment fluid in the catalyst member may function to reduce NOx in the exhaust. In another example, a treatment fluid, such as hydrocarbon fluid, may increase a temperature of the exhaust to reduce NOx in the exhaust. The doser assembly is mounted on a component of the exhaust aftertreatment system. For example, the doser assembly may be mounted to a decomposition reactor, an exhaust conduit, a panel, or other similar components of the exhaust aftertreatment system.

[0036] In some situations, the treatment fluid may form deposits within an aftertreatment system. For example, the treatment fluid may form deposits by crystalizing on surfaces of an exhaust conduit downstream of the doser assembly. A heater may be disposed downstream of the doser assembly and upstream of the catalyst member and may be utilized to increase temperatures of the exhaust and / or a fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid. This increase in temperature may mitigate formation of the deposits. The heater and the doser assembly may be controlled based on temperature readings from a temperature sensor, such as a temperature sensor disposed between the heater and the catalyst member. However, the temperature readings may not represent an accurate average temperature of the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid at low exhaust flowrates due to heating maldistribution downstream of the heater caused by the low exhaust flowrates. This can result in the heater overheating the catalyst member or the injector injecting the treatment fluid while the heater is heating / overheating the catalyst member, which can have undesirable impacts on the catalyst member.[0037| Implementations described herein relate to an exhaust analysis system that is configured to implement an exhaust analysis process to determine an outlet temperature of the heater (e.g., temperature control parameter) based on one or more inputs and control the heater and / or the doser assembly based on the temperature control parameter to prevent, or minimize, undesirable impacts on the catalyst member. The inputs may include at least one of a temperature sensor value determined based on a signal received from the temperature sensor, an estimated inlet temperature of the heater (e.g., heater inlet temperature), an estimated exhaust flowrate, a heater input power, or an estimated heater outlet temperature. The exhaust analysis system may be configured to determine hot spots on an upstream face of the catalyst member to more accurately determine a maximum temperature on the upstream face of the catalyst member and control operations of the heater and / or the doser assembly based on the maximum temperature, thereby minimizing or preventing damage to the catalyst member. The exhaust analysis system may be configured to implement an exhaust error analysis process to determine a temperature error between the temperature sensor value and an estimated outlettemperature of the heater (e.g., the estimated heater outlet temperature) and control operations of the heater based on the temperature error.II. Overview of Example Exhaust Aftertreatment System|0038[ FIG. 1 depicts an engine system 100. The engine system 100 includes an engine 102 (e.g., an internal combustion engine, etc.) configured to receive a fluid mixture of fuel and air, combust the fluid mixture, and provide an exhaust based on combustion of the fluid mixture. The engine system 100 may include a turbocharger 104. The turbocharger 104 is configured to provide additional energy from the exhaust to the engine 102. In this way, the turbocharger 104 can increase the output (e.g., power, etc.) and / or efficiency of the engine 102. The turbocharger 104 includes a compressor 106. The compressor 106 is configured to receive air from an air source 107 (e.g., an air intake, an atmosphere, an air cooler, etc.). The compressor 106 is further configured to compress the air and provide the air to the engine 102. The turbocharger 104 further includes a turbine 108. The turbine 108 is configured to receive the exhaust from the engine 102, extract energy from the exhaust, and provide the exhaust to a downstream system and / or component of the engine system 100. The turbine 108 harnesses energy in the exhaust.[0039 [ The compressor 106 includes an inner portion 110 and a compressor wheel 112 configured to be received at least partially within the inner portion 110 of the compressor 106. The turbine 108 includes an inner portion 114 and a turbine wheel 116 configured to be received at least partially within the inner portion 114 of the turbine 108. The turbine wheel 116 is configured to rotate due to flow of the exhaust from the engine 102. The compressor wheel 112 is configured to rotate due to rotation of the turbine wheel 116. The turbocharger 104 further includes a shaft 118 coupled to the compressor wheel 112 and the turbine wheel 116. The shaft 118 is configured to rotate the compressor wheel 112 based on rotation of the turbine wheel 116.[0040 [ The engine system 100 further includes an exhaust aftertreatment system 120 configured to treat the exhaust released by the engine 102. The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 includes an exhaust conduit system 122 configured to receive the exhaust from the engine102 and / or the turbine 108 via an inlet 123. The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 further includes a particulate filter 124 (e.g., a diesel particulate filter (DPF), etc.). The particulate filter 124 is coupled to the exhaust conduit system 122 and configured to (e.g., structured to, able to, etc.) remove particulate matter, such as soot, from the exhaust flowing in the exhaust conduit system 122. The particulate filter 124 includes an inlet, where the exhaust is received, and an outlet, where the exhaust exits after having particulate matter substantially filtered from the exhaust and / or converting the particulate matter into CO2. In some embodiments, the particulate filter 124 is omitted from the exhaust aftertreatment system 120.

[0041] The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 further includes a decomposition chamber 126 (e.g., reactor, reactor pipe, conduit, housing, etc.) disposed downstream of the particulate filter 124. The decomposition chamber 126 is configured to receive the exhaust from the particulate filter 124. The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 further includes a treatment fluid delivery system 128 coupled to the decomposition chamber 126. The treatment fluid delivery system 128 is configured to deliver treatment fluid to the decomposition chamber 126. The treatment fluid may be, for example, a reductant (e.g., a urea, a diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), Adblue®, a urea water solution (UWS), an aqueous urea solution (e.g., AUS32, etc.), and / or other similar fluids) or a hydrocarbon fluid (e.g., a fuel, an oil, an additive, etc.). When the reductant is introduced into the exhaust, reduction of emission of undesirable components (e.g., NOx, etc.) in the exhaust may be facilitated. When the hydrocarbon fluid is introduced into the exhaust, the temperature of the exhaust may be increased (e.g., to facilitate regeneration of components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120, etc.). For example, the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 may include an igniter 130 (e.g., spark plug, etc.) configured to increase the temperature of the exhaust by combusting the hydrocarbon fluid within the exhaust. The decomposition chamber 126 includes an inlet in fluid communication with the particulate filter 124 to receive the exhaust containing NOx emissions and an outlet for the exhaust, NOx emissions, ammonia, and / or the treatment fluid to flow to downstream components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120.

[0042] The treatment fluid delivery system 128 includes a doser assembly 132 (e.g., a dosing module, etc.) configured to dose the treatment fluid into the decomposition chamber 126(e.g., via an injector). The doser assembly 132 is mounted to the decomposition chamber 126 such that the doser assembly 132 may dose the treatment fluid into the exhaust flowing through the exhaust conduit system 122.

[0043] The doser assembly 132 is fluidly coupled to (e.g., fluidly configured to communicate with, etc.) a treatment fluid source 134. The treatment fluid source 134 may include multiple treatment fluid sources 134. The treatment fluid source 134 may be, for example, a diesel exhaust fluid tank containing Adblue®. A treatment fluid pump 136 (e.g., a supply unit, etc.) is used to pressurize the treatment fluid from the treatment fluid source 134 for delivery to the doser assembly 132. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid pump 136 is pressure-controlled (e.g., controlled to obtain a target pressure, etc.). The treatment fluid pump 136 may include a treatment fluid filter 138. The treatment fluid filter 138 filters (e.g., strains, etc.) the treatment fluid prior to the treatment fluid being provided to internal components (e.g., pistons, vanes, etc.) of the treatment fluid pump 136. For example, the treatment fluid filter 138 may inhibit or prevent the transmission of solids (e.g., solidified treatment fluid, contaminants, etc.) to the internal components of the treatment fluid pump 136. In this way, the treatment fluid filter 138 may facilitate prolonged desirable operation of the treatment fluid pump 136. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid pump 136 is coupled (e.g., fastened, attached, affixed, welded, etc.) to a chassis of a vehicle associated with the exhaust aftertreatment system 120.

[0044] The doser assembly 132 includes at least one injector 140. Each injector 140 is configured to dose the treatment fluid into the exhaust (e.g., within the decomposition chamber 126, etc.) at an injection axis 142. The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 may include a mixer 144 (e.g., a mixing body assembly, a swirl generating device, a vane plate, an inlet plate, a deflector plate, etc.). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the mixer 144 may be located within the decomposition chamber 126. In further embodiments, at least a portion of the mixer 144 may also be located in a conduit of the exhaust conduit system 122 (e.g., a conduit upstream of the decomposition chamber 126, etc.). The mixer 144 is configured to receive the exhaust from the decomposition chamber 126 and the treatment fluid from the injector 140. The mixer 144 is also configured to facilitate mixing of the exhaust and the treatment fluid. The mixer 144 is configured to facilitate swirling (e.g., tumbling, rotation, etc.) of the exhaustand / or the treatment fluid and mixing (e.g., combination, etc.) of the exhaust and the treatment fluid so as to disperse the treatment fluid within the exhaust downstream of the mixer 144. By dispersing the treatment fluid within the exhaust (e.g., to obtain an increased uniformity index, etc.) using the mixer 144, reduction of emission of undesirable components in the exhaust is enhanced.[0045 | In some embodiments, the injection axis 142 extends into the mixer 144. The injection axis 142 may extend into the mixer 144 at an angle relative to a central axis of the mixer 144. For example, in some embodiments, the injection axis 142 may be substantially coincident with the central axis of the mixer 144. In other embodiments, the injection axis 142 may be substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the mixer 144. In yet other embodiment, the injection axis 142 may be substantially parallel to the central axis of the mixer 144.|0046] In some embodiments, the injector 140 is not directly coupled to the mixer 144. In these embodiments, the injector 140 and the mixer 144 may each be coupled to a same component (e.g., a housing, a panel, a chamber, a body, etc.). In other embodiments, the injector 140 is directly coupled to the mixer 144. In these embodiments, the injector 140 and the mixer 144 may also each be coupled to the same component. In some embodiments, the injector 140 is not disposed within the mixer 144. In other embodiments, the injector 140 may be at least partially disposed within the mixer 144.

[0047] The treatment fluid delivery system 128 may include an air pump 146. The air pump 146 draws air from the air source 107 (e.g., an air intake, etc.) through an air filter 150 disposed upstream of the air pump 146 and provides the air to the doser assembly 132 via a conduit. In these embodiments, the doser assembly 132 is configured to mix the air and the treatment fluid into an air-treatment fluid mixture and to provide the air-treatment fluid mixture into the decomposition chamber 126. In other embodiments, the treatment fluid delivery system 128 does not include the air pump 146, the air source 107, and / or the air filter 150. In such embodiments, the doser assembly 132 is not configured to mix the treatment fluid with the air.

[0048] The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 further includes a catalyst member 152 (e.g., a SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) catalyst member, etc.) disposed downstream of the decomposition chamber 126. As a result, the treatment fluid is injected upstream of the catalyst member 152 such that the catalyst member 152 receives a mixture of the treatment fluid and exhaust. Droplets of the treatment fluid undergo processes of evaporation, thermolysis, and hydrolysis to form non-NOx emissions (e.g., gaseous ammonia, etc.) within the exhaust conduit system 122.|0049] The catalyst member 152 includes an upstream face in fluid communication with the decomposition chamber 126 from which the exhaust and the treatment fluid are received and a downstream face in fluid communication with an outlet 154 of the exhaust conduit system 122. The outlet 154 may release the treated exhaust into an ambient environment or another treatment system.|0050] The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 may further include an oxidation catalyst member (e.g., a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), an ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOx), etc.) in fluid communication with the exhaust conduit system 122 (e.g., downstream of the catalyst member 152, upstream of the catalyst member 152, upstream of the particulate filter 124, upstream of the decomposition chamber 126, etc.) to oxidize hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust.[005.1] In some implementations, the particulate filter 124 may be positioned downstream of the decomposition chamber 126. For instance, the particulate filter 124 and the catalyst member 152 may be combined into a single unit. In some implementations, the doser assembly 132 may instead be positioned downstream of a turbocharger or upstream of the turbocharger.[00521 The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 may further include a doser mounting bracket 156 (e.g., a coupler, a plate, etc.). The doser mounting bracket 156 couples the doser assembly 132 to a component of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 (e.g., the decomposition chamber 126, etc.). The doser mounting bracket 156 may be configured as an insulator (e.g., a vibrational insulator, a thermal insulator, etc.). For example, the doser mounting bracket 156 may be configured to mitigate the transfer of heat from the exhaust passing through the exhaustconduit system 122 and / or the decomposition chamber 126 to the doser assembly 132. In this way, the doser assembly 132 is capable of operating more efficiently and desirably. The doser mounting bracket 156 may be configured to mitigate transfer of vibrations from components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 (e.g., the exhaust conduit system 122, the decomposition chamber 126, etc.) to the doser assembly 132. The doser mounting bracket 156 may be configured to aid in reliable installation of the doser assembly 132, thereby decreasing manufacturing costs associated with the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 and ensuring repeated desirable installation of the doser assembly 132.

[0053] In various embodiments, the doser mounting bracket 156 couples the doser assembly 132 to the decomposition chamber 126. In some embodiments, the doser mounting bracket 156 couples the doser assembly 132 to a conduit of the exhaust conduit system 122. For example, the doser mounting bracket 156 may couple the doser assembly 132 to a conduit of the exhaust conduit system 122 that is upstream of the decomposition chamber 126. In some embodiments, the doser mounting bracket 156 couples the doser assembly 132 to the particulate filter 124 and / or the catalyst member 152. The location of the doser mounting bracket 156 may be varied depending on the application of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120. For example, in some exhaust aftertreatment systems 120, the doser mounting bracket 156 may be located further upstream than in other exhaust aftertreatment systems 120. Furthermore, some exhaust aftertreatment systems 120 may include multiple doser assemblies 132 and therefore may include multiple doser mounting brackets 156.III. Overview of Example Exhaust Analysis System{0054] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 includes an exhaust analysis system 160. The exhaust analysis system 160 is configured to implement an exhaust analysis process, as illustrated in FIG. 2 and discussed in more detail herein, to determine an outlet temperature of a heater (e.g., a temperature control parameter), and to implement an exhaust error analysis process, as illustrated in FIG. 3 and discussed in more detail herein, to determine a temperature error between a temperature value determined based on a signal from atemperature sensor (e.g., a temperature sensor value) and an estimated outlet temperature of the of the heater (e.g., an estimated heater outlet temperature).(0055] The exhaust analysis system 160 includes a controller 162 (e.g., a treatment fluid delivery system controller, etc.). The controller 162 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the igniter 130. The controller 162 may control the igniter 130 to ignite the treatment fluid in the decomposition chamber 126. For example, where the controller 162 may cause the igniter 130 to provide an electrical arc in a region traversed by the hydrocarbon fluid, and the electrical arc may ignite the hydrocarbon fluid. The controller 162 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the doser assembly 132. The controller 162 may control the doser assembly 132 to dose the treatment fluid into the decomposition chamber 126. The controller 162 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the treatment fluid pump 136 and / or the air pump 146. The controller 162 may also control operations of the treatment fluid pump 136 and / or the air pump 146.|0056] The controller 162 includes a processing circuit 164. The processing circuit 164 includes a processor 166 and a memory 168. The processor 166 may include a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), etc., or combinations thereof. The memory 168 may include, but is not limited to, electronic, optical, magnetic, or any other storage or transmission device capable of providing the processor 166 with program instructions. This memory 168 may include a memory chip, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other suitable memory from which the controller 162 can read instructions. The instructions may include code from any suitable programming language. The memory 168 may include various modules that include instructions which are configured to be implemented by the processor 166. f0057] The controller 162 may be configured to communicate with a central controller 170 (e.g., engine control unit (ECU), engine control module (ECM), etc.) of the engine 102. In some embodiments, the central controller 170 and the controller 162 are integrated into a single controller.

[0058] In some embodiments, the central controller 170 is communicable with a display device (e.g., a screen, a monitor, a touch screen, a heads up display (HUD), an indicator light, etc.). The display device may be configured to change state in response to receiving information from the central controller 170. For example, the display device may be configured to change between a static state (e.g., displaying a green light, displaying a “SYSTEM OK” message, etc.) and an alarm state (e.g., displaying a blinking red light, displaying a “SERVICE NEEDED” message, etc.) based on a communication from the central controller 170. By changing state, the display device may provide an indication to a user (e.g., an operator, a technician, etc.) of a status (e.g., operation, in need of service, etc.) of the treatment fluid delivery system 128.[O059| The exhaust analysis system 160 further includes a heater assembly 172 (e.g., an assembly of one or more heaters, a grid gas heater assembly, a surface heater assembly, a resistance heater assembly, a ceramic heater assembly, a thermoelectric heater assembly, a combustion heater assembly, an electrical heater assembly, etc ). The heater assembly 172 may be disposed downstream of an inlet 123 of the exhaust conduit system 122 and upstream of the catalyst member 152. The heater assembly 172 may be disposed downstream of the decomposition chamber 126. The heater assembly 172 is configured to increase temperatures of the exhaust and / or the treatment fluid, which may allow the catalyst member 152 to transition from an ambient temperature to an operating temperature (e.g., a temperature higher than the ambient temperature, etc.) relatively quickly (i.e., at a faster rate than the catalyst member 152 would reach the operating temperature without heating assistance from the heater assembly 172). Increasing the temperature of the exhaust may improve mixing between the exhaust and the treatment fluid and mitigate deposit accumulation in the exhaust conduit system 122. The heater assembly 172 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the controller 162. The controller 162 may be configured to control operations of the heater assembly 172, such as causing the heater assembly 172 to operate at a target input power (e.g., a heater input power, etc.) and / or a target heater temperature. The heater assembly 172 may include one or more heaters 173 (e.g., a grid gas heater, a surface heater, a resistance heater, a ceramic heater, athermoelectric heater, a combustion heater, an electrical heater, etc.). Each of the heaters 173 is configured to generate heat via energy (e.g., electrical current, etc.).|0060] The exhaust analysis system 160 further includes a sensor 174. The sensor 174 may be disposed downstream of the heater assembly 172. The sensor 174 may be further disposed upstream of the catalyst member 152. The sensor 174 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the controller 162 and is configured to provide one or more signals associated with the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid to the controller 162. The controller 162 may be configured to receive the one or more signals from the sensor 174 and determine a temperature of the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid based on the signal. In some embodiments, the sensor 174 is a temperature sensor and the signal is a temperature signal, such that the controller 162 determines the temperature of the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid based on the temperature signal. In other embodiments, the sensor 174 is a non-temperature sensor and the signal is a non-temperature signal associated with the temperature of the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid, such that the controller 162 determines the temperature of the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture based on the non-temperature signal. For example, the sensor 174 may be a pressure sensor and / or a velocity sensor and the signal may be a pressure signal and / or a velocity signal, and the controller 162 is configured to determine the temperature of the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid based on the pressure signal and / or the velocity signal.

[0061] In some embodiments, the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 includes multiple sensor 174. The multiple sensors 174 may be circumferentially spaced relative to each other. The multiple sensors 174 may be disposed in different locations. For example, a first sensor of the sensors 174 may be disposed upstream of the decomposition chamber 126, a second sensor of the sensors 174 may be disposed downstream of the decomposition chamber 126 and upstream of the heater assembly 172, a third sensor of the sensors 174 may be disposed downstream of the heater assembly 172 and upstream of the catalyst member 152, and / or a fourth sensor of the sensors 174 may be disposed downstream of the catalyst member 152.

[0062] The exhaust aftertreatment system 120 may include a controllable aftertreatment component. The controllable aftertreatment component may include one or more of the doser assembly 132, the heater assembly 172, and / or other components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120. The controller 162 may control operations of the controllable aftertreatment component. For example, in embodiments in which the controllable aftertreatment component includes the doser assembly 132, the controller 162 may control an amount of the treatment fluid the injector 140 injects into the decomposition chamber 126. In embodiments in which the controllable aftertreatment component includes the heater assembly 172, the controller may control an amount of heat the heater assembly 172 provides to the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid by controlling a heater input power provided to the heater assembly 172 and / or a target heater temperature of the heater assembly 172.IV. Overview of Example Exhaust Analysis Process|0063] FIG. 2 illustrates an example exhaust analysis process 200 (e.g., a method, a procedure, etc.), or operations of the exhaust analysis process 200, for determining a temperature control parameter (e.g., a predicted heater outlet temperature, etc.) for the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 and / or controlling the controllable aftertreatment component of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120. The exhaust analysis process 200 may be performed by the controller 162 or the components of the controller 162 (e.g., the processing circuit 164, the processor 166, etc.).

[0064] As shown in FIG. 2, at 202, the controller 162 determines a temperature sensor value (e.g., a temperature measurement, etc.) based on a signal (e.g., the temperature signal, an electrical signal, etc.) received from a sensor (e.g., the sensor 174 disposed in an exhaust conduit (e.g., a conduit of the exhaust conduit system 122, etc.) downstream of the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the temperature sensor value of the sensor 174 based on at least one of a voltage of the signal from the sensor 174, a current of the signal from the sensor 174, or an impedance of the signal from the sensor 174.[O065| At 204, the controller 162 determines an estimated heater inlet temperature of the heater assembly 172. The estimated heater inlet temperature is an estimate of an inlettemperature of the heater assembly 172 (i.e., a temperature of the exhaust and / or treatment fluid at an inlet of the heater assembly 172).|0066[ The engine 102 is in exhaust providing communication with the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 and / or components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 (e.g., the exhaust conduit system 122, the particulate filter 124, the decomposition chamber 126, the heater assembly 172, the catalyst member 152, etc.). In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater inlet temperature based on an engine operation mode of the engine 102 in exhaust providing communication with the heater assembly 172. For example, the engine 102 may be operable between various engine operation modes, where each engine operation mode is associated with an inlet temperature value and / or range of the heater assembly 172. For example, the engine operation modes may include a low-load operation mode, a normal -load operation mode (i.e., an operation mode in which the engine 102 has a greater load than in the low-load operation mode), a high-load operation mode (i.e., an operation mode in which the engine 102 has a greater load than in the normal-load operation mode), a cold-start operation mode, an idling operation mode, or the like. The low-load operation mode may be associated with a first inlet temperature value or range, the normal-load operation mode may be associated with a second inlet temperature value or range that is higher than the first inlet temperature value or range, and the high-load operation mode may be associated with a third inlet temperature value or range that is higher than the second inlet temperature value or range.

[0067] The turbine 108 may be in exhaust providing communication with the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 and / or components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 (e.g., the exhaust conduit system 122, the particulate filter 124, the decomposition chamber 126, the heater assembly 172, the catalyst member 1 2, etc.). In other embodiments, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater inlet temperature based on a turbine outlet temperature of the turbine 108 in exhaust providing communication with the heater assembly 172. The controller 162 may determine the turbine outlet temperature based on a signal received from a sensor (e.g., one of the sensors 174, a temperature sensor, etc.) disposed downstream of the turbine 108. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 162 may determine the turbine outlettemperature based on a rotational speed of the turbine 108 (i.e., a rotational speed of the turbine wheel 116). For example, the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 may include a turbine sensor 176 configured to be received at least partially within the inner portion 114 of the turbine 108 and provide turbine signals associated with rotational speeds of the turbine wheel 116. The turbine sensor 176 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the controller 162. The controller 162 is configured to receive the turbine signals from the turbine sensor 176 and determine the rotational speeds of the turbine wheel 116 based on the turbine signals. Further additionally, or alternatively, the controller 162 may determine the turbine outlet temperature based on a flowrate of the exhaust. The controller 162 may determine the flowrate of the exhaust based on a flowrate signal from a flowrate sensor (e.g., a mass air flow sensor, one of the sensors 174, etc.) disposed downstream of the engine 102 or downstream of the turbine 108 and / or the turbine signal from the turbine sensor 176.

[0068] In yet other embodiments, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater inlet temperature based on the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200) determined based on a signal (e.g., the temperature signal, an electrical signal, etc.) received from sensor 174.

[0069] In yet other embodiments, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater inlet temperature based on at least one of the engine operation mode of the engine 102 in exhaust providing communication with the heater assembly 172, the turbine outlet temperature of the turbine 108 in exhaust providing communication with the heater assembly 172, or the temperature sensor value.

[0070] The controller 162 may determine the estimated heater inlet temperature based on a speed of the engine 102, a torque or the engine 102, and / or an air flow parameter (e.g., air handling parameters disclosed herein) of the engine 102. The controller 162 may determine the estimated heater inlet temperature based on a thermal mass of the engine 102, an exhaust manifold of the engine 102, a downpipe of the engine 102, the turbocharger 104, and / or the like.

[0071] At 206, the controller 162 determines an estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit. The estimated exhaust flowrate is an estimate of a flowrate of the exhaust within the exhaust conduit. In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit based on air handling parameters of the engine and / or the engine system. For example, one of the air handling parameters may include a rotational speed of the turbine 108 (i.e., the rotational speed of the turbine wheel 116), where the controller 162 determines the estimated exhaust flowrate with the exhaust conduit based on the rotational speed of the turbine 108. The controller 162 may determine the rotational speed of the turbine 108 based on the turbine signal from the turbine sensor 176.[00721 In some examples, one of the air handling parameters may include a rotational speed of the compressor 106 (i.e., a rotational speed of the compressor wheel 112), where the controller 162 determines the estimated exhaust flowrate with the exhaust conduit based on the rotational speed of the compressor 106. For example, the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 may include a compressor sensor 178 configured to be received at least partially within the inner portion 110 of the compressor 106 and provide compressor signals associated with rotational speeds of the compressor wheel 112. The compressor sensor 178 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the controller 162. The controller 162 is configured to receive the compressor signals from the compressor sensor 178 and determine the rotational speeds of the compressor wheel 112 based on the compressor signals.[00731 The engine system 100 may include an intake air throttle (IAT) valve 180 disposed upstream of the engine 102 and / or the compressor 106. The IAT valve 180 is configured to throttle (e.g., intermittently allow, etc.) flow of the air from the air source 107 and / or the compressor 106.) to the engine 102. The IAT valve 180 is operable at least between (i) a first position, where flow of the air from the air source 107 to the engine 102 is facilitated (e.g., the IAT valve 180 is open), and (ii) a second position, where flow of the air from the air source 107 to the engine 102 is prohibited (e.g., the IAT valve 180 is closed). The IAT valve 180 may further be operable at a third position that is between the first position and the second position (e.g., the IAT valve 180 is partially open). The IAT valve 180 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the controller 162. The controller 162 may be configured to causethe IAT valve 180 to operate between the first position, the second position, and the third position. In some examples, one of the air handling parameters may include the position of IAT valve 180, where the controller 162 determines the estimated exhaust flowrate with the exhaust conduit based on the position of the IAT valve 180. The controller 162 may determine the estimated exhaust flowrate with the exhaust conduit based on the position of the IAT valve 180 and a flow of the fuel (e.g., a fuel mass, a fuel volume, a fuel flowrate, etc.) to the engine 102 (e.g., combusted by the engine 102, received by the cylinders of the engine 102, etc ).|0074] In other embodiments, the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 includes a mass air flow (MAF) sensor 182. The MAF sensor 182 may be disposed downstream of the engine 102 and / or the turbine 108. The MAF sensor 182 may be disposed at least partially within the exhaust conduit (e.g., the conduit of the exhaust conduit system 122). In some embodiments, the MAF sensor 182 is disposed downstream of the heater assembly 172. The MAF sensor 182 is electrically or communicatively coupled to the controller 162. The MAF sensor 182 is configured to provide one or more flowrate signals associated with the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid to the controller 162. The controller 162 is configured to receive the one or more flowrate signals from the MAF sensor 182 and determine a flowrate of the exhaust and / or the fluid mixture of the exhaust and the treatment fluid based on the flowrate signal. The controller 162 may determine the estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit based on the flowrate signal from the MAF sensor 182.(00751 At 208, the controller 162 determines a heater input power provided to the heater assembly 172. The controller 162 may be configured to determine the heater input power provided to the heater assembly 172 based on a target catalyst temperature of the catalyst member 152 and / or the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200). In addition, or alternatively, the controller 162 may be configured to determine the heater input power provided to the heater assembly 172 based on at least one of the engine operation mode of the engine in exhaust providing communication with the heater assembly 172, the turbine outlet temperature of the turbine in exhaust providing communication with the heater assembly 172, or the temperature sensor value.

[0076] At 210, the controller 162 determines an estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172 based on the estimated heater inlet temperature (determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200), the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200), and the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200). In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172 based on at least one of the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, or the heater input power. In yet other embodiments, the controller 162 may determine the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172 via an estimated heater outlet temperature model discussed in further detail with respect to FIG. 4.

[0077] At 212, the controller 162 determines a temperature control parameter of the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the temperature control parameter based on the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200), the estimated heater inlet temperature (determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200), the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200), the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200), and the estimated heater outlet temperature (determined at operation 210 of the exhaust analysis process 200). In other embodiments, the controller 162 determines the temperature control parameter based on at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, or the estimated heater outlet temperature. In yet other embodiments, the controller 162 determines the temperature control parameter based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power. In yet other embodiments, the controller 162 determines the temperature control parameter based on at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, or the heater input power.|0078] The controller 162 may determine the temperature control parameter using a model (e.g., a temperature control parameter model). In some embodiments, the temperature control parameter model is an artificial intelligence model or a machine learning model. In someembodiments, in response to the controller 162 determining at least one of (i) the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200) being below an exhaust flowrate threshold or (ii) the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200) being above a heater input power threshold, the controller 162 increases a weight coefficient of the estimated heater outlet temperature in the temperature control parameter model. The weight coefficient may be a numerical value representing impact of the estimated heater outlet temperature on an output of the temperature control parameter model (i.e., the temperature control parameter). In other embodiments, in response to the controller 162 determining at least one of (i) the estimated exhaust flowrate being below the exhaust flowrate threshold or (ii) (a) the heater input power being above the heater input power threshold and (b) the injector 140 actively injecting the treatment fluid in the decomposition chamber 126, the controller 162 increases the weight coefficient of the estimated heater outlet temperature in the model.[00791 The exhaust flowrate threshold may correspond to a flowrate of the exhaust in which the exhaust sufficiently distributes heat provided by the heater assembly 172 to components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172 (e.g., the catalyst member 152, etc.). In some embodiments, exhaust flowrate values below the exhaust flowrate threshold are associated with maldistribution of the heat provided by the heater assembly 172 to the components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172. For example, the exhaust flowrate values below the exhaust flowrate threshold may correspond to maldistribution of the heating on the upstream face of the catalyst member 152 (i.e., a temperature of the upstream face of the catalyst member 152 is substantially nonuniform (e.g., a range of the temperature of the upstream face is approximately (e.g., + / - 10% of, + / - 5% of, + / - 1% of, etc.) 25 degrees Celsius (°C) or greater, etc.)). Further in these embodiments, exhaust flowrate values equal to or above the exhaust flowrate threshold are associated with even distribution of the heat provided by the heater assembly 172 to the components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172. For example, the exhaust flowrate values equal to or above the exhaust flowrate threshold may correspond to even distribution of the heating on the upstream face of the catalyst member 152(i.e., the temperature of the upstream face of the catalyst member 152 is substantially uniform (e.g., the range of the temperature of the upstream face is less than 25 °C, etc.). In some embodiments, the exhaust flowrate threshold is equal to approximately 6 kilograms per minute (kg / min). In other embodiments, the exhaust flowrate threshold is less than or greater than 6 kg / min (e.g., 0 kg / min, 1 kg / min, 15 kg / min, etc.).

[0080] The heater input power threshold may correspond to an input power of the heater assembly 172 that results in an amount of heating of the components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172 that is undesirable. For example, this amount of heating may damage (e.g., degrade, break, crack, reduce or remove functional coating, etc.) the components. In some embodiments, heater input power values equal to or above the heater input power threshold are associated with heating that damages the components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172. For example, the heater input power values equal to or above the heater input power threshold may correspond to cracking of at least a portion of the catalyst member 152 (i.e., a temperature of the catalyst member 152 or the at least the portion of the catalyst member 152 is raised to a temperature cracking threshold or above, in which the at least the portion of the catalyst member 152 cracks). Further in these embodiments, heater input power values below the heater input power threshold are associated with heating that does not cause damage to the components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172. For example, the heater input power values below the heater input power threshold may not correspond to cracking of at least the portion of the catalyst member 152 (i.e., the temperature of the catalyst member 152 or the at least the portion of the catalyst member 152 does not reach the temperature cracking threshold).

[0081] At 214, the controller 162 transmits, to a controllable aftertreatment component (e.g., the doser assembly 132, the heater assembly 172, etc.) of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120, a control signal based on the temperature control parameter (determined at operation 212 of the exhaust analysis process 200). The control signal may affect operations (e.g., injection, temperature, power, etc.) of the controllable aftertreatment component.

[0082] The controllable aftertreatment component may be the doser assembly 132 that includes the injector 140 configured to inject the treatment fluid into the decomposition chamber 126 disposed upstream of the heater assembly 172. The control signal may be associated with an amount of the treatment fluid the injector 140 injects into the decomposition chamber 126. In some examples, the controller 162 determines the amount of the treatment fluid the injector 140 injects based on a dosing limit function that is based on the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200) and / or temperature control parameter (determined at operation 212 of the exhaust analysis process 200). For example, a first heater input power and / or a first temperature control parameter of the dosing limit function is associated with a first dosing limit, a second heater input power and / or a second temperature control parameter of the dosing limit function that is greater than the first heater input power and / or the first temperature control parameter is associated a second dosing limit that is greater than the first dosing limit, and a third heater input power and / or a third temperature control parameter of the dosing limit function that is greater than the second heater input power and / or the second temperature control parameter is associated with a third dosing limit that is greater than the second dosing limit.|0083] In some embodiments, the first heater input power, the second heater input power, and / or the third heater input power are ranges (e.g., a first heater input power range, a second heater input power range, a third heater input power range, etc.). The first heater input power range may be between approximately 2 kW and approximately 3.9 kW, inclusive, the second heater input power range may be between approximately 4 kW and approximately 5.9 kW, inclusive, and the third heater input power range may be between approximately 6 kW and approximately 10 kW, inclusive. It is to be appreciated that the example values provided for the first heater input power range, the second heater input power range, and the third heater input power range are non-limiting and that other example values may be included within or outside of the provided ranges.|0084] In some embodiments, the first temperature control parameter, the second temperature control parameter, and the third temperature control parameter range are between approximately -50 °C and approximately 400 °C, inclusive. In other embodiments, at least oneof the first temperature control parameter, the second temperature control parameter, or the third temperature control parameter is less than -50 °C or greater than 400 °C.

[0085] In some embodiments, the first dosing limit is approximately 30% less than a full dosing capability of the injector 140, the second dosing limit is approximately 60% less than the full dosing capability of the injector 140, and the third dosing limit is approximately 100% less than the full dosing capacity (i.e., the injector 140 does not dose). In other embodiments, the dosing limit function includes a fourth dosing limit greater than the third dosing limit and associated with a fourth heater input power range and / or a fourth temperature control parameter greater than the third heater input power range and / or the third temperature control parameter. In some examples, the first dosing limit is approximately 25% less than the full dosing capability of the injector 140, the second dosing limit is approximately 35% less than the full dosing capability of the injector 140, the third dosing limit is approximately 50% less than the full dosing capability of the injector 140, and the fourth dosing limit is approximately 80% less than the full dosing capability of the injector 140. It is to be appreciated that the example values provided for the first dosing limit, the second dosing limit, the third dosing limit, and the fourth dosing limit are non-limiting and that other example values may be included.

[0086] It is to be appreciated that the dosing limit function may include any number of the heater input power (e.g., the first heater input power range, the second heater input power range, the third heater input power range, the fourth heater input power range, etc.), the temperature control parameters (e.g., the first temperature control parameter, the second temperature control parameter, the third temperature control parameter, the fourth temperature control parameter, etc.), and / or the dosing limits (e.g., the first dosing limit, the second dosing limit, the third dosing limit, the fourth dosing limit, etc.).|0087[ The controllable aftertreatment component may be the heater assembly 172. The control signal may be associated with the heater input power of the heater assembly 172. The controller 162 may determine the control signal based on an operation mode of the injector 140 and at least one of a heater inlet temperature (e.g., the estimated heater inlet temperature determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200, etc.) or an exhaust flowrate(e.g., the estimated exhaust flowrate determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200, etc.). In some embodiments, when the injector 140 operates in an active dosing mode (i.e., a mode in which the injector 140 injects the treatment fluid), the controller 162 may determine the heater input power of the heater assembly 172 for the control signal based on a standard heat map that defines a function of the heater input power based on the heater inlet temperature and the exhaust flowrate, where the heater input power may increase with increasing exhaust flowrate and decrease with increasing heater inlet temperature.|0088] Further in these embodiments, when the injector 140 operates in an inactive dosing mode (i.e., a mode in which the injector 140 does not inject the treatment fluid), the controller 162 may determine the heater input power of the heater assembly 172 for the control signal based on a limited heat map. Like the standard heat map, the limited heat map defines a function of the heater input power based on the heater inlet temperature and the exhaust flowrate, where the heater input power may increase with increasing exhaust flowrate and decrease with increasing heater inlet temperature. Differently from the standard heat map, each value of the heater input power within the limited heat map corresponding to a respective heater inlet temperature and a respective exhaust flowrate is less than a corresponding value of the heater input power within the standard heat map corresponding to the respective heater inlet temperature and the respective exhaust flowrate.

[0089] In some embodiments, the heater input power of the limited heat map corresponding to the respective heater inlet temperature and the respective exhaust flowrate is less than the heater input power of the standard heat map corresponding to the respective heater inlet temperature and the respective exhaust flowrate.|0090] FIG. 3 illustrates an example exhaust error analysis process 300 (e.g., a method, a procedure, etc.), or operations of the exhaust error analysis process 300, for determining a heater outlet temperature error (e.g., the temperature error, etc.) for the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 between the temperature sensor value and the estimated heater outlet temperature. The exhaust error analysis process 300 may be performed by the controller 162 or the components of the controller 162 (e.g., the processing circuit 164, the processor 166, etc.).

[0091] As shown in FIG. 3, at 302, as in operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 determines the temperature sensor value based on the signal (e.g., the temperature signal, an electrical signal, etc.) received from sensor 174 disposed in the exhaust conduit downstream of the heater assembly 172. The controller 162 may determine the temperature sensor value based on the signal as disclosed herein with respect to operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200.

[0092] At 304, as in operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater inlet temperature of the heater assembly 172. The controller 162 may determine the estimated heater inlet temperature as disclosed herein with respect to operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200.[0093 | At 306, as in operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 determines the estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit. The controller 162 may determine the estimated exhaust flowrate as disclosed herein with respect to operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200.|0094] At 308, as in operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 determines the heater input power provided to the heater assembly 172. The controller 162 may determine the heater input power as disclosed herein with respect to operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200.

[0095] At 310, as in operation 210 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172 based on the estimated heater inlet temperature (determined at operation 304 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200), the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 306 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200), and the heater input power (determined at operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200). In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172 based on at least one of the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, or the heater input power. The controller 162 maydetermine the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172 via the estimated heater outlet temperature model discussed in further detail with respect to FIG. 4.|0096[ At 312, the controller 162 determines the heater outlet temperature error based on the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 302 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200) and the estimated heater outlet temperature (determined at operation 310 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 210 of the exhaust analysis process 200). In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the heater outlet temperature error by determining a difference between the temperature sensor value and the estimated heater outlet temperature.

[0097] At 314, the controller 162 determines whether the heater outlet temperature error (determined at operation 312 of the exhaust error analysis process 300) is above an error threshold. The controller 162 may determine the error threshold based on at least one of the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 302 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200), the estimated heater inlet temperature (determined at operation 304 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200), the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 306 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200), or the heater input power (determined at operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 and / or operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200). The controller 162 may receive the error threshold based on experimental results associated with the engine system 100 and / or the exhaust aftertreatment system 120.[0098| At 316, in response to determining that the heater outlet temperature error is greater than the error threshold, the controller 162 limits the heater input power of the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the controller 162 limits the heater input power by setting the heater input power to a limited value that is less than a normal value that is determined for the heater input power at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300. For example, the controller 162 may determine the limited value of the heater input power based on the limited heat map discussed above.|0099] At 318, in response to determining that the heater outlet temperature error is less than the error threshold, the controller 162 maintains normal heater input power operation for the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the normal heater input power operation includes the controller 162 determining the heater input power as described herein with respect to operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300. In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the heater input power based on the standard heat map discussed above.|0100] It is to be appreciated that the operations of the exhaust analysis process 200 (i.e., 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, etc.) can be combined, omitted, and / or reordered relative to each other. Similarly, it is to be appreciated that the operations of the exhaust error analysis process 300 (i.e., 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, etc.) can be combined, omitted, and / or reordered relative to each other. For example, the operations 210 and 214 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and the operations 310, 316, and 318 of the exhaust error analysis process 300 can be omitted. Similarly, other operations of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or the exhaust error analysis process 300 can be omitted.[0101 { FIG. 4 illustrates a block schematic diagram of an estimated heater outlet temperature model 400 (i.e., a model the controller 162 may utilize to determine the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172), according to an example embodiment. The estimated heater outlet temperature model 400 is configured to receive one or more inputs 402. The inputs 402 may include a heater inlet temperature 404 of the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the heater inlet temperature 404 is the estimated heater inlet temperature determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 304 of the exhaust error analysis process 300.|0102] The inputs 402 may include an exhaust flowrate 406 of the exhaust flowing through the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 (e.g., the exhaust conduit, etc.). In some embodiments, the exhaust flowrate 406 is the estimated exhaust flowrate determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 306 of the exhaust error analysis process 300.

[0103] The inputs 402 may include a heater input voltage 408 (e.g., an input voltage of the heater assembly 172 and / or the heaters 173, etc.). In some embodiments, the heater input voltage 408 is equal to one of 12 volts (V), 24 V, or 48 V. In other embodiments, the heater input voltage 408 is less than 12V, between 12 V and 24 V, between 24 V and 48V, or greater than 48 V.

[0104] The inputs 402 may include a number 410 of the heaters 173 of the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the number 410 of the heaters 173 of the heater assembly 172 based on a number of connections between the controller 162 and the heater assembly 172. For example, the heater assembly 172 may include one or more electrical connections between each of the heaters 173 and the controller 162. The one or more electrical connections may connect to the controller 162 via channels of the controller 162, where each channel or group of channels is dedicated to a single heater of the heaters 173. Further in these embodiments, the controller 162 is able to determine the number 410 of the heaters 173 based on the number of the channels or the group of channels that are connected to the heaters 173 and / or the heater assembly 172.

[0105] In other embodiments, the controller 162 receives data corresponding to an input power capacity of each of the heaters 173. The controller 162 may determine a total input power capacity of the heater assembly 172 (i.e., a combined input power of all the heaters 173). The controller 162 may determine the number 410 of the heaters 173 based on the input power capacity of each of the heaters 173 and the total input power capacity of the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the input power capacity of each of the heaters 173 is equal or approximately equal. In other embodiments, the input power capacity of each of the heaters 173 is different (e.g., unequal, not approximately equal, etc.). In yet other embodiments, some of the input power capacities of the heaters 173 is equal or approximately equal and some of the input power capacities of the heaters 173 is different. In some embodiments, the input power capacity of at least one of the heaters 173 is equal to or approximately equal to 6 kW. In other embodiments, the input power capacity of at least one of the heaters 173 is less than or greater than 6 kW (e.g., 1 kW, 3 kW, 11 kW, etc.).

[0106] The inputs 402 may include a control set point 412. The control set point 412 may include a target heater outlet temperature of the heater assembly 172. The target heater outlet temperature may be based on the target catalyst temperature of the catalyst member 152.

[0107] The inputs 402 may include a duty cycle output limit 414. The duty cycle outlet limit 414 may be a heater power limit based on a power capacity of the heater assembly 172 (e.g., a maximum input power the heater assembly 172 can operate on, etc ).[0108| The inputs 402 may include a process temperature control location 416. The process temperature control location 416 may include an identifier of the heater 173 of the heaters that is in active operation (e.g., powered on, actively heating, configured to heat the catalyst member 152, etc.). In embodiments in which the exhaust analysis system 160 includes multiple of the heater assembly 172, the process temperature control location 416 may include an identifier of the heater assembly 172 of the heater assemblies that is in the active operation.

[0109] The estimated heater outlet temperature model 400 is configured to provide one or more outputs 418 based on the one or more inputs 402 or at least one of the one or more inputs 402. The outputs 418 may include an estimated heater outlet temperature 420. In some embodiments, the estimated heater outlet temperature 420 is the estimated heater outlet temperature determined at the operation 210 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or the operation 310 of the exhaust error analysis process 300. The controller 162 may determine the estimated heater outlet temperature 420 using the estimated heater outlet temperature model 400 and one or more of the inputs 402.

[0110] The outputs 418 may include a heater input power 422 of the heater assembly 172. In some embodiments, the heater input power 422 is the heater input power determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300. The controller 162 may determine the heater input power 422 using the estimated heater outlet temperature model 400 and one or more of the inputs 402.10111] FIGS. 5-8 illustrate temperatures profiles of the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, according to various example embodiments. FIG. 5 illustrates a first temperatureprofile 500 of the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, according to an example embodiment. The first temperature profile 500 may be associated with a first flow condition. The first flow condition may include a first exhaust flowrate (e.g., the estimated exhaust flowrate, etc.), a first heater inlet temperature (e.g., the estimated heater inlet temperature, etc.), and a first heater input power (e.g., the heater input power, etc.). The controller 162 may generate the first temperature profile 500 based on at least one of the first exhaust flowrate, the first heater inlet temperature, or the first heater input power.10112] The first temperature profile 500 includes several areas, each of which has an average temperature different from the other areas. More specifically, the first temperature profile 500 includes a first area 502 having a first average temperature, a second area 504 having a second average temperature higher than the first average temperature, a third area 506 having a third average temperature higher than the second average temperature, a fourth area 508 having a fourth average temperature higher than the third average temperature, a fifth area 510 having a fifth average temperature higher than the fourth average temperature, a sixth area 512 having a sixth average temperature higher than the fifth average temperature, a seventh area 514 having a seventh average temperature higher than the sixth average temperature, and an eighth area 516 having an eighth average temperature higher than the seventh average temperature. The first area 502 may be larger than the second area 504, the second area 504 may be larger than the third area 506, the third area 506 may be larger than the fourth area 508, the fourth area 508 may be larger than the fifth area 510, the fifth area 510 may be larger than the sixth area 512, the sixth area 512 may be larger than the seventh area 514, and the seventh area 514 may be larger than the eighth area 516.|0113] FIG. 6 illustrates a second temperature profile 600 of the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, according to an example embodiment. The second temperature profile 600 may be associated with a second flow condition. The second flow condition may include a second exhaust flowrate (e.g., the estimated exhaust flowrate, etc.), a second heater inlet temperature (e.g., the estimated heater inlet temperature, etc.), and a second heater input power (e.g., the heater input power, etc.). The second exhaust flowrate may be equal to, or approximately equal to, the first exhaust flowrate, the second heater inlet temperature may beless than, equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than the first heater inlet temperature, and / or the second heater input power may be less than the first heater input power. The controller 162 may generate the second temperature profile 600 based on at least one of the second exhaust flowrate, the second heater inlet temperature, or the second heater input power.[0U4| The second temperature profile 600 includes a first area 602, a second area 604, a third area 606, a fourth area 608, a fifth area 610, a sixth area 612, a seventh area 614, and an eighth area 616. In some embodiments, the first area 602, the second area 604, the third area 606, the fourth area 608, the fifth area 610, the sixth area 612, the seventh area 614, and the eighth area 616 of the second temperature profile 600 are similar to the first area 502, the second area 504, the third area 506, the fourth area 508, the fifth area 510, the sixth area 512, the seventh area 514, the eighth area 516 of the first temperature profile 500, respectively, as disclosed herein.10115] FIG. 7 illustrates a third temperature profile 700 of the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, according to an example embodiment. The third temperature profile 700 may be associated with a third flow condition. The third flow condition may include a third exhaust flowrate (e.g., the estimated exhaust flowrate, etc.), a third heater inlet temperature (e.g., the estimated heater inlet temperature, etc.), and a third heater input power (e g., the heater input power, etc.). The third exhaust flowrate may be equal to, or approximately equal to, the second exhaust flowrate, the third heater inlet temperature may be less than, equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than the second heater inlet temperature, and / or the third heater input power may be less than the second heater input power. The controller 162 may generate the third temperature profile 700 based on at least one of the third exhaust flowrate, the third heater inlet temperature, or the third heater input power.(0116J The third temperature profile 700 includes a first area 702, a second area 704, a third area 706, a fourth area 708, a fifth area 710, a sixth area 712, a seventh area 714, and an eighth area 716. In some embodiments, the first area 702, the second area 704, the third area 706, the fourth area 708, the fifth area 710, the sixth area 712, the seventh area 714, and the eighth area 716 of the third temperature profile 700 are similar to the first area 502, the secondarea 504, the third area 506, the fourth area 508, the fifth area 510, the sixth area 512, the seventh area 514, the eighth area 516 of the first temperature profile 500, respectively, as disclosed herein.

[0117] FIG. 8 illustrates a fourth temperature profile 800 of the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, according to an example embodiment. The fourth temperature profile 800 may be associated with a fourth flow condition. The fourth flow condition may include a fourth exhaust flowrate (e.g., the estimated exhaust flowrate, etc.), a fourth heater inlet temperature (e.g., the estimated heater inlet temperature, etc.), and a fourth heater input power (e.g., the heater input power, etc.). The fourth exhaust flowrate may be equal to, or approximately equal to, the third exhaust flowrate, the fourth heater inlet temperature may be less than, equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than the third heater inlet temperature, and / or the fourth heater input power may be less than the third heater input power. The controller 162 may generate the fourth temperature profile 800 based on at least one of the fourth exhaust flowrate, the fourth heater inlet temperature, or the fourth heater input power.[0U8| The fourth temperature profile 800 includes a first area 802, a second area 804, a third area 806, a fourth area 808, a fifth area 810, a sixth area 812, a seventh area 814, and an eighth area 816. In some embodiments, the first area 802, the second area 804, the third area 806, the fourth area 808, the fifth area 810, the sixth area 812, the seventh area 814, and the eighth area 816 of the fourth temperature profile 800 are similar to the first area 502, the second area 504, the third area 506, the fourth area 508, the fifth area 510, the sixth area 512, the seventh area 514, the eighth area 516 of the first temperature profile 500, respectively, as disclosed herein.|0 19J It is to be appreciated that the number, shape, size, and relative temperature between the various areas of the first temperature profile 500 (e.g., the first area 502, the second area 504, the third area 506, the fourth area 508, the fifth area 510, the sixth area 512, the seventh area 514, the eighth area 516, etc.), the second temperature profile 600 (e.g., the first area 602, the second area 604, the third area 606, the fourth area 608, the fifth area 610, the sixth area 612, the seventh area 614, the eighth area 616, etc.), the third temperature profile 700 (e.g., thefirst area 702, the second area 704, the third area 706, the fourth area 708, the fifth area 710, the sixth area 712, the seventh area 714, the eighth area 716, etc.), and the fourth temperature profile 800 (the first area 802, the second area 804, the third area 806, the fourth area 808, the fifth area 810, the sixth area 812, the seventh area 814, the eighth area 816, etc.) are for exemplary purposes only and are not limited by the shape, size, and relative temperature between the various areas that are illustrated in FIGS. 5-8 and described above.(0120] In some embodiments, the controller 162 determines the shapes, sizes, and relative temperatures of the areas of the temperature profiles (e.g., the first temperature profile 500, the second temperature profile 600, the third temperature profile 700, the fourth temperature profile 800, etc.) based on the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 306 of the exhaust error analysis process 300) (e.g., the first exhaust flowrate, the second exhaust flowrate, the third exhaust flowrate, the fourth exhaust flowrate, etc.), the estimated heater inlet temperature (determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 304 of the exhaust error analysis process 300) (e.g., the first heater inlet temperature, the second heater inlet temperature, the third heater inlet temperature, the fourth heater inlet temperature, etc.), and / or the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300) (e.g., the first heater input power, the second heater input power, the third heater input power, the fourth heater input power, etc.).(01211 In other embodiments, the controller 162 can additionally, or alternatively, determine the shapes, sizes, and relative temperatures of the areas of the temperature profiles based on a spatial function (e.g., a mathematical model, a mathematical relationship, a graph, a diagram, a look-up-table, a physics-based model, temperature data based on multiple sensor array that measure temperature profile, etc ). The spatial function may define relationships between each of the areas and one or more parameters. The parameters may include scaling factors (e.g., 1.5 times greater or lesser, 2 times greater of lesser, 3.2 times greater or lesser, etc.) and / or change factors (e.g., + 1 unit, -3 units, +3 %, -7%, etc.) corresponding to any one of the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 302 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the estimated heater inlettemperature (determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 304 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 306 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), or the estimated heater outlet temperature (determined at operation 210 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 310 of the exhaust error analysis process 300).|0122] The controller 162 can generate a grid 900 on any of the first temperature profile 500, the second temperature profile 600, the third temperature profile 700, and / or the fourth temperature profile 800. The grid 900 includes a plurality of cells 910. Each of the cells 910 corresponds to a specific portion of one or more of the areas of a corresponding temperature profile of the temperature profiles (e.g., the first temperature profile 500, the second temperature profile 600, the third temperature profile 700, the fourth temperature profile 800, etc.) different from other cells of the cells 910 of the corresponding temperature profile. Each of the cells 910 may correspond to a specific spatial location along a reference plane that is coplanar with a cross-sectional plane of the exhaust conduit (e.g., the conduit of the exhaust conduit system 122, etc.) downstream of the heater assembly 172. The specific spatial location corresponds to specific portions of the areas of the temperature profiles. In some embodiments, the cross-sectional plane of the exhaust conduit downstream of the heater assembly 172 is coplanar with the upstream face of the catalyst member 152 (i.e., the temperature profile is coplanar with the cross-sectional plane, the reference plane is coplanar with the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, etc.).|0123] The temperature control parameter (determined at operation 212 of the exhaust analysis process 200) may be associated with one of the cells 910 that corresponds to the specific spatial location along the reference plane (i.e., a spatial temperature control parameter). In some embodiments, the spatial temperature control parameter associated with one of the cells 910 represents an average temperature of the corresponding cell of the cells 910. For example, the corresponding cell may include several areas of a temperature profile of the temperature profiles (e.g., the first temperature profile 500, the second temperature profile 600,the third temperature profile 700, the fourth temperature profile 800, etc.), each of which may occupy various portions of the corresponding cell and be associated with different temperatures. The spatial temperature control parameter associated with the corresponding cell may be the average temperature of the one or more areas of the temperature profile located within the corresponding cell. In other embodiments, the spatial temperature control parameter associated with one of the cells 910 represents a maximum temperature of the corresponding cell of the cells 910 (i.e., the maximum temperature of the one or more areas of the temperature profile located within the corresponding cell). In yet other embodiments, the spatial temperature control parameter associated with one of the cells 910 represents a minimum temperature of the corresponding cell of the cells 910 (i.e., the minimum temperature of the one or more areas of the temperature profile located within the corresponding cell).

[0124] In some embodiments, the controller 162 may determine the spatial temperature control parameter based on (i) at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, or the estimated heater outlet temperature, and (ii) the parameters (e.g., the scaling factors, the change factors, etc.) associated with the at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, or the estimated heater outlet temperature. The parameters may additionally or alternatively include spatial factors (e.g., the scaling factors, the change factors, etc.) corresponding to the temperature control parameter (determined at operation 212 of the exhaust analysis process 200). For example, the controller 162 may determine the spatial temperature control parameter associated with a particular cell of the cells 910 based on the temperature control parameter and the spatial factor.|0125] The temperature control parameter may be a first temperature control parameter associated with a first spatial location (e.g., a first spatial temperature control parameter, etc.) along the reference plane (e g., a first cell of the cells 910, etc.). The controller 162 may determine a second temperature control parameter of the heater assembly 172 based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power, where the second temperature control parameter is associated with a second spatial location (e.g., a second spatial temperature control parameter,etc.) along the reference plane that is different from the first spatial location. The controller 162 can determine the second temperature control parameter as described herein with respect to operation 212 of the exhaust analysis process 200.

[0126] The controller 162 may determine the first spatial temperature control parameter of the heater assembly 172 based on the first spatial location and at least one of the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 302 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the estimated heater inlet temperature (determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 304 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 306 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), or the estimated heater outlet temperature (determined at operation 210 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 310 of the exhaust error analysis process 300). For example, one or more of the at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, or the estimated heater outlet temperature may be dependent on spatial locations, such that (i) the one or more of the at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, or the estimated heater outlet temperature, and (ii) the first spatial temperature control parameter of the heater assembly 172 are dependent on the first spatial location.

[0127] The controller 162 may determine the second spatial temperature control parameter of the heater assembly 172 based on the second spatial location and at least one of the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 302 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the estimated heater inlet temperature (determined at operation 204 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 304 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the estimated exhaust flowrate (determined at operation 206 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 306 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), the heater input power (determined at operation 208 of the exhaustanalysis process 200 and / or operation 308 of the exhaust error analysis process 300), or the estimated heater outlet temperature (determined at operation 210 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or operation 310 of the exhaust error analysis process 300). For example, one or more of the at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, or the estimated heater outlet temperature may be dependent on spatial locations, such that (i) the one or more of the at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, or the estimated heater outlet temperature, and (ii) the second spatial temperature control parameter of the heater assembly 172 are dependent on the second spatial location.

[0128] The controller 162 may determine the temperature control parameters and / or the spatial temperature control parameters using a model (e.g., an artificial intelligence model, a machine learning model, etc.). One or more of the cells 910 may correspond to a location of a temperature sensing element of the sensor 174. For example, the one or more cells 910 corresponding to the location of the temperature sensing element may intersect the temperature sensing element or be disposed upstream or downstream proximate to the temperature sensing element. The controller 162 may retrain the model used to determine the temperature control parameter and / or the spatial temperature control parameter by providing the temperature sensor value (determined at operation 202 of the exhaust analysis process 200 and / or at operation 302 of the exhaust error analysis process 300) to the model as the correct temperature value (e.g., average temperature value, etc.) of the one or more cells 910 corresponding to the location of the temperature sensing element.|0129] The controller 162 may determine an interpolated heater outlet temperature by interpolating between the first spatial temperature control parameter and the second spatial temperature control parameter. Further in these embodiments, the cell of the cells 910 corresponding to the interpolated heater outlet temperature is disposed proximate the first spatial location and / or the second spatial location. For example, the cell of the cells 910 corresponding to the interpolated heater outlet temperature may be disposed between the first spatial location and the second spatial location.

[0130] In some embodiments, the controller 162 predicts hot spots on the upstream face of the catalyst member 152 based on temperatures of the areas of the temperature profiles (e.g., the first area 502, the second area 504, the third area 506, the fourth area 508, the fifth area 510, the sixth area 512, the seventh area 514, the eighth area 516 of the first temperature profile 500, the first area 602, the second area 604, the third area 606, the fourth area 608, the fifth area 610, the sixth area 612, the seventh area 614, and the eighth area 616 of the second temperature profile 600, the first area 702, the second area 704, the third area 706, the fourth area 708, the fifth area 710, the sixth area 712, the seventh area 714, and the eighth area 716 of the third temperature profile 700, and the first area 802, the second area 804, the third area 806, the fourth area 808, the fifth area 810, the sixth area 812, the seventh area 814, and the eighth area 816 of the fourth temperature profile 800, etc.). For example, the controller 162 may determine an area of the areas for a particular temperature profile that is associated with a maximum temperature relative to other areas of the particular temperature profile as being the hot spot (e.g., the eighth area 516 of the first temperature profile 500, the eighth area 616 of the second temperature profile 600, the eighth area 716 of the third temperature profile 700, the eighth area 816 of the fourth temperature profile 800, etc.).|0131] In some further embodiments, at operation 214 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 transmitting, to the controllable aftertreatment component, the control signal based on the temperature control parameter includes the controller 162 transmitting, to the controllable aftertreatment component, the control signal based on the maximum temperature of the area associated with the hot spot. Therefore, the controller 162 is capable of predicting hot spots downstream of the heater assembly 172 (e.g., at the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, etc.) and controlling operations of the controllable aftertreatment component based on the hot spots, thereby minimizing or preventing damage to the components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172 (e g., the catalyst member 152, etc.).|0132] In some embodiments, at operation 212 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 determining the temperature control parameter of the heater assembly 172 includes the controller 162 determining a plurality of temperature control parameters, each ofwhich is associated with one of the cells 910 (e.g., spatial temperature control parameters, etc.). The spatial temperature control parameters can be determined by the controller 162 based on spatial location of the corresponding cells of the cells 910 as discussed above. Further in these embodiments, at operation 214 of the exhaust analysis process 200, the controller 162 transmitting, to the controllable aftertreatment component, the control signal based on the temperature control parameter includes the controller 162 transmitting, to the controllable aftertreatment component, the control signal based on a maximum temperature of the spatial temperature control parameters. Therefore, the controller 162 is capable of predicting hot spots downstream of the heater assembly 172 (e.g., at the upstream face of the catalyst member 152, etc.) and controlling operations of the controllable aftertreatment component based on the hot spots, thereby minimizing or preventing damage to the components of the exhaust aftertreatment system 120 downstream of the heater assembly 172 (e.g., the catalyst member 152, etc.). In other embodiments, the controller 162 transmitting, to the controllable aftertreatment component, the control signal based on the temperature control parameter includes the controller 162 transmitting, to the controllable aftertreatment component, the control signal based on a minimum temperature of the spatial temperature control parameters.|0133] The controller 162 may determine the exhaust flowrate threshold based on a temperature range of the spatial temperature control parameters. The temperature range is the difference between a maximum spatial temperature control parameter of the spatial temperature control parameters and a minimum spatial temperature control parameter of the spatial temperature control parameters. The temperature range may be associated with the exhaust flowrate threshold. In some embodiments, the temperature range and the exhaust flowrate threshold have an inverse relationship. For example, a first temperature range may be associated with a first exhaust flowrate threshold and a second temperature range greater than the first temperature range may be associated with a second exhaust flowrate threshold less than the first exhaust flowrate threshold.V. Configuration of Example Embodiments

[0134] While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations. Certain features described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

[0135] As utilized herein, the terms “substantially,” “generally,” “approximately,” and similar terms are intended to have a broad meaning in harmony with the common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. It should be understood by those of skill in the art who review this disclosure that these terms are intended to allow a description of certain features described and claimed without restricting the scope of these features to the precise numerical ranges provided. Accordingly, these terms should be interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequential modifications or alterations of the subject matter described and claimed are considered to be within the scope of the appended claims.

[0136] The term “coupled” and the like, as used herein, mean the joining of two components directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary (e.g., permanent) or moveable (e g., removable or releasable). Such joining may be achieved with the two components or the two components and any additional intermediate components being integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another, with the two components, or with the two components and any additional intermediate components being attached to one another.[0L37| The terms “fluidly coupled to” and the like, as used herein, mean the two components or objects have a pathway formed between the two components or objects in whicha fluid, such as air, treatment fluid, an air-treatment fluid mixture, exhaust, hydrocarbon fluid, an air-hydrocarbon fluid mixture, may flow, either with or without intervening components or objects. Examples of fluid couplings or configurations for enabling fluid communication may include piping, channels, or any other suitable components for enabling the flow of a fluid from one component or object to another.[0138| It is important to note that the construction and arrangement of the various systems shown in the various example implementations is illustrative only and not restrictive in character. All changes and modifications that come within the spirit and / or scope of the described implementations are desired to be protected. It should be understood that some features may not be necessary, and implementations lacking the various features may be contemplated as within the scope of the disclosure, the scope being defined by the claims that follow. When the language “a portion” is used, the item can include a portion and / or the entire item unless specifically stated to the contrary.|0139] Also, the term “or” is used, in the context of a list of elements, in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, Z, X and Y, X and Z, Y and Z, or X, Y, and Z (i.e., any combination of X, Y, and Z). Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z to each be present, unless otherwise indicated.

[0140] Additionally, the use of ranges of values (e.g., W1 to W2, etc.) herein are inclusive of their maximum values and minimum values (e.g., W1 to W2 includes W1 and includes W2, etc.), unless otherwise indicated. Furthermore, a range of values (e.g., W1 to W2, etc.) does not necessarily require the inclusion of intermediate values within the range of values (e.g., W1 to W2 can include only W1 and W2, etc.), unless otherwise indicated.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A controller configured to: determine a temperature sensor value based on a signal received from a temperature sensor disposed in an exhaust conduit downstream of a heater; determine an estimated heater inlet temperature of the heater; determine an estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit; determine a heater input power provided to the heater; determine a temperature control parameter of the heater based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power; and transmit, to a controllable aftertreatment component, a control signal based on the temperature control parameter.

2. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to: determine an estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater based on the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power; and determine the temperature control parameter based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, and the estimated heater outlet temperature.

3. The controller of claim 2, wherein: the controller is further configured to determine the temperature control parameter using a model; and in response to at least one of: (i) the estimated exhaust flowrate being below an exhaust flowrate threshold or (ii) the heater input power being above a heater input power threshold, increase a weight coefficient of the estimated heater outlet temperature in the model.

4. The controller of claim 3, wherein the controller is further configured to increase the weight coefficient in response to: (i) the heater input power being above the heater input power threshold and (ii) an injector actively injecting a treatment fluid in a decomposition chamber.

5. The controller of claim 3, wherein the heater input power threshold corresponds to an amount of heating that damages a component downstream of the heater.

6. The controller of claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the estimated heater outlet temperature of the heater based on the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, the heater input power, a heater input voltage of the heater, a duty cycle output limit of the heater, and a target heater outlet temperature of the heater.

7. The controller of claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to: determine a heater outlet temperature error based on the temperature sensor value and the estimated heater outlet temperature; compare the heater outlet temperature error to the error threshold; and after determining that the heater outlet temperature error is greater than the error threshold, decreasing the heater input power.

8. The controller of claim 7, wherein the controller is further configured determine the error threshold based on at least one of the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, or the heater input power.

9. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to: determine a temperature profile downstream of the heater based on at least one of the estimated exhaust flowrate, the estimated heater inlet temperature, or the heater input power, the temperature profile being coplanar with a cross-sectional plane of the exhaust conduit located downstream of the heater, wherein the temperature control parameter is a firsttemperature control parameter associated with a first spatial location along a reference plane coplanar with the cross-sectional plane; and determine a second temperature control parameter of the heater based a second spatial location associated with the second temperature control parameter and the temperature profile, the second spatial location being along the reference plane and different from the first spatial location.

10. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to determine the estimated heater inlet temperature based on at least one of an engine operation mode of an engine in exhaust providing communication with the heater, a turbine outlet temperature of a turbine in exhaust providing communication with the heater, or the temperature sensor value.

11. The controller of claim 10, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the turbine outlet temperature based on at least one of a second signal from a temperature sensor disposed downstream of the turbine; a rotational speed of the turbine; or a flowrate of the exhaust.

12. The controller of claim 1, wherein: the controllable aftertreatment component is the heater; and the control signal is associated with the heater input power.

13. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to determine an injection amount of a treatment fluid an injector of a dosing module injects into a decomposition chamber, wherein the controllable aftertreatment component is the dosing module and the control signal is associated the injection amount.

14. The controller of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the amount of the treatment fluid the injector injects based on a dosing limit function that is based on at least one of the heater input power or the temperature control parameter.

15. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the temperature sensor value based on at least one of a voltage of the signal, a current of the signal, or an impedance of the signal.

16. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the estimated heater inlet temperature based on at least one of a speed of an engine, a torque of the engine, or an air flow parameter of the engine.

17. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the estimated exhaust flowrate based on at least one of: (i) a first rotational speed of a turbine in exhaust providing communication with the heater, (ii) a second rotational speed of a compressor rotationally coupled to the turbine, (iii) a position of an intake air throttle value configured to throttle flow of air to an engine in exhaust providing communication with the heater and a flow of fuel to the engine, or (iv) a second signal from a mass air flow sensor disposed at least partially within the exhaust conduit.

18. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the heater input power based on at least one of the temperature sensor value or a target catalyst temperature of a catalyst member in fluid communication with a decomposition chamber disposed upstream of the heater.

19. The controller of claim 1, wherein: the controller is further configured to: generate, based on a spatial function and at least one of the estimated exhaust flowrate, the estimated heater inlet temperature, or the heater input power, a temperature profile of an upstream face of a catalyst member disposed downstream of the heater, the temperature profile comprising a plurality of areas, each of the areas has an average temperature different from other areas, anddetermine, based on the temperature profiles and the areas, a hot spot on the upstream face; and the control signal is based on the temperature control parameter and the hot spot.

20. A method comprising: determining, by a controller, a temperature sensor value based on a signal received from a temperature sensor disposed in an exhaust conduit downstream of a heater; determining, by the controller, an estimated heater inlet temperature of the heater; determining, by the controller, an estimated exhaust flowrate within the exhaust conduit; determining, by the controller, a heater input power provided to the heater; determining, by the controller, a temperature control parameter of the heater based on the temperature sensor value, the estimated heater inlet temperature, the estimated exhaust flowrate, and the heater input power; and transmitting, by the controller to a controllable aftertreatment component, a control signal based on the temperature control parameter.

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