Printing paste and method for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece using a printing paste

Abstract

A printing paste, in particular for producing three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces, comprising a solid, at least one monomer, a photoinitiator, and at least one rheology additive, the solid comprising at least one metal material and the percentage by weight of the solid being at least 50%.

Description

[0001] Printing paste and methods for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece using a printing paste

[0002] The present invention relates to a printing paste, in particular for the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces. The invention also relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece using such a printing paste.

[0003] In the screen printing process, a printing ink or printing paste can be printed in the conventional way with a squeegee through a printing screen or through a stencil onto the material to be printed or onto the existing substrate.

[0004] The printing inks or pastes used for simple screen printing are often unsuitable, or only marginally suitable, for the layer-by-layer construction of a three-dimensional workpiece using the three-dimensional screen printing process. Such inks or pastes can lead to smearing or significant printing inaccuracies after just two or three layers, and these problems can worsen with an increasing number of layers. Therefore, inks or pastes developed and used for two-dimensional screen printing are generally too fluid and thus unsuitable for three-dimensional screen printing.

[0005] For the production of a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece, namely one with numerous superimposed layers, suitable printability of the printing paste must be ensured. This is intended to enable the creation of a precise printed layer through a printing screen using a squeegee with sufficiently high repeatability. Simultaneously, good dimensional stability after the printing of a layer is required to allow for the precise printing of a subsequently applied layer.

[0006] This requires, among other things, good drying properties of the printing paste after printing. Drying is achieved primarily through heating in separate drying ovens and involves relatively high equipment and energy costs. Furthermore, thermal drying can be accompanied by significant shrinkage. This must be taken into account when determining the precise composition of the printing paste to be used and may lead to further restrictions.

[0007] Against the background outlined above, the object of the invention was to provide a printing paste that enables or facilitates the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces with reduced effort. The object also included providing a method for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece using such a printing paste.

[0008] With regard to the printing paste, this problem has been solved by the subject matter of claim 1. A method according to the invention is the subject matter of claim 15. Advantageous embodiments are the subject matter of the dependent claims and are discussed below.

[0009] A printing paste according to the invention is designed and / or configured for the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces. A printing paste according to the invention comprises a solid, at least one monomer, a photoinitiator, and at least one rheology additive. The solid comprises at least one metallic material, and the mass fraction of the solid is at least 50%. A photoinitiator provided according to the invention enables the curing of the printing paste after printing with minimal effort. In particular, a photoinitiator allows the curing of a printed layer to be achieved with relatively low energy consumption and a relatively short process time.

[0010] A photoinitiator is a chemical compound that, upon absorption of light, particularly ultraviolet light, decomposes in a photolysis reaction, forming reactive species. This can initiate a reaction, which may be a polymerization. Such a polymerization reaction is, in particular, a chain reaction in which monomers are linked to form polymers. The monomers possess multiple bonds that are attacked by radicals. These multiple bonds break, and the monomers are linked together. Such a reaction can be initiated by a photoinitiator with minimal effort and enables curing or drying in a short process time.

[0011] The production of a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece can be achieved in a significantly shorter production time using this method. Furthermore, curing can be carried out using a photoinitiator with reduced heat input and thus less thermal stress on the printed material.

[0012] At the same time, the technical effort required for the plant can be reduced, as separate thermal drying, especially in a drying oven, can be avoided.

[0013] The rheology additive provided according to the invention also allows the rheological properties of the printing paste to be specifically influenced. In particular, the addition of a rheology additive can prevent undesirable flow of the printing paste after printing, thus ensuring sufficiently high printing precision. Furthermore, the addition of a rheology additive enables adequate wetting of the printing screen without it becoming clogged or blocked. The rheology additive can also specifically prevent excessive thickening.

[0014] Finally, a relatively high solids content of at least 50 wt% can ensure particularly good mechanical properties of the printed workpieces. At the same time, a high solids content can promote high printing precision. Finally, such a high solids content can simplify debinding and prevent unwanted shrinkage before, during, and / or after curing and / or sintering.

[0015] Overall, this method ensures high workpiece quality while simultaneously providing good printability and efficient process control.

[0016] According to a preferred embodiment, the solid material can be made of steel and / or stainless steel. Such a material exhibits particularly good mechanical properties and ensures a high degree of durability. At the same time, good printability can be guaranteed.

[0017] According to a further preferred embodiment, the solid material can be an austenitic stainless steel alloy. Such a material exhibits particularly good corrosion resistance and toughness, thus ensuring a high degree of durability. At the same time, good printability can be guaranteed.

[0018] According to a further preferred embodiment, the solid material can be a ferritic stainless steel alloy. Such a material also exhibits particularly good corrosion resistance and toughness, thus ensuring a similarly high degree of durability. At the same time, good printability can also be guaranteed with a ferritic stainless steel alloy.

[0019] According to a further preferred embodiment, the solid material can comprise a nickel-based alloy, in particular a material called Inconel or an Inconel alloy. Such a material also exhibits particularly good corrosion resistance and, moreover, extremely high temperature resistance, thus ensuring a similarly high degree of durability. At the same time, good printability can also be guaranteed with a nickel-based alloy.

[0020] According to a further preferred embodiment, the solid material can be an aluminum alloy and / or a copper alloy. Such a material exhibits particularly good weight properties and / or electrical conductivity and also ensures a high degree of durability. At the same time, good printability can be guaranteed.

[0021] According to a further preferred embodiment, the solid can be produced and / or mixed in as a powder and / or the solid can consist of powder material. In particular, the solid can be produced and / or consist of a metal powder, especially stainless steel powder. Such a solid can be provided with relatively little effort and distributed uniformly within the printing paste, so that a high printing quality can be achieved as a result.

[0022] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the solid and / or the at least one metallic material and / or the steel material and / or stainless steel material can be more than 50%, preferably more than 55%, more preferably more than 60%, even more preferably more than 65%, even more preferably more than 70%, and even more preferably more than 75%. In this way, the mechanical properties of the printed workpieces and / or the printing precision can be further improved. Furthermore, this method ensures a simplified debinding process and avoids undesirable shrinkage before, during, and / or after curing and / or sintering in a further improved manner.

[0023] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the solid and / or the at least one metallic material and / or the steel material and / or stainless steel material can be less than 95%, preferably less than 90%, more preferably less than 85%, and more preferably less than 80%. This ensures good printability. In particular, the printing paste can be sufficiently fluid to allow printing through a printing screen.

[0024] According to a further preferred embodiment, the metallic material can be a steel or stainless steel with minimum amounts of carbon and / or manganese and / or silicon and / or phosphorus and / or sulfur and / or chromium and / or nickel and / or molybdenum and / or nitrogen. Such a steel or stainless steel can exhibit particularly good mechanical properties, good workability, and durability even under high material stresses.

[0025] According to a further preferred embodiment, the metallic material can be steel or stainless steel, in particular austenitic stainless steel, with the following components in mass percent:

[0026] - Carbon: 0% to 0.05%

[0027] - Manganese: 0% to 3%

[0028] - Silicon: 0% to 1.5%

[0029] - Phosphorus: 0% to 0.06%

[0030] - Sulfur: 0% to 0.04%

[0031] - Chromium: 15% to 20%

[0032] - Nickel: 8% to 15%

[0033] - Molybdenum: 1% to 3% - Nitrogen: 0% to 0.2%

[0034] - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

[0035] Such steel or stainless steel has particularly good material properties, and a printing paste made with such steel or stainless steel also exhibits good printability by means of three-dimensional screen printing.

[0036] According to a further preferred embodiment, the metallic material can be steel or stainless steel, in particular austenitic stainless steel, with the following components in mass percent:

[0037] - Carbon: 0% to 0.03%

[0038] - Manganese: 0% to 2%

[0039] - Silicon: 0% to 1%

[0040] - Phosphorus: 0% to 0.045%

[0041] - Sulfur: 0% to 0.03%

[0042] - Chromium: 16.5% to 18.5%

[0043] - Nickel: 10% to 13%

[0044] - Molybdenum: 2% to 2.5%

[0045] - Nitrogen: 0% to 0.1%

[0046] - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

[0047] This steel material can be a steel with the material number 1.4404 and the short designation 316L. A printing paste composed of such a steel can be advantageously printed into a workpiece using three-dimensional screen printing. Simultaneously, a workpiece produced with such a printing paste exhibits particularly advantageous mechanical properties as well as high durability and corrosion resistance. According to a further preferred embodiment, the metal material can be a steel or stainless steel, in particular high-grade stainless steel, with the following components in mass percent:

[0048] - Carbon: 0% to 0.08%

[0049] - Manganese: 0% to 1%

[0050] - Silicon: 0% to 1%

[0051] - Phosphorus: 0% to 0.04%

[0052] - Sulfur: 0% to 0.03%

[0053] - Chromium: 16% to 18%

[0054] - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

[0055] This steel material could be one with the material number 1.4016 and the abbreviation 430. A printing paste composed of this type of steel can be particularly advantageously printed into a workpiece using three-dimensional screen printing. Simultaneously, a workpiece produced with such a printing paste exhibits particularly favorable mechanical properties as well as high durability and corrosion resistance.

[0056] According to a further preferred embodiment, the metallic material can comprise a nickel-based alloy, in particular Inconel, with the following components in mass percent:

[0057] - Nickel: min. 58%

[0058] - Chromium: 20% to 23%

[0059] - Molybdenum: 8% to 10%

[0060] - Iron: 0% to 5%

[0061] - Niobium: 3.15% to 4.15%

[0062] - Manganese: 0% to 0.5%

[0063] - Silicon: 0% to 0.5%

[0064] - Aluminum: 0% to 0.4% - Titanium: 0% to 0.4%

[0065] - Carbon: 0% to 0.1%

[0066] - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

[0067] This steel material could be a steel with the material number 2.4856 and the abbreviation 625. A printing paste composed of such a nickel-based alloy can be advantageously printed into a workpiece using three-dimensional screen printing. Simultaneously, a workpiece produced with such a printing paste exhibits particularly favorable mechanical properties as well as high durability, corrosion resistance, and temperature resistance.

[0068] According to a further preferred embodiment, the photoinitiator can be configured to generate and / or initiate photopolymerization, in particular by absorption of visible or ultraviolet light. Likewise, the photoinitiator can be configured to generate and / or initiate UV-based curing. Such a photoinitiator enables suitable curing of the printing paste with minimal effort and a short process time. Furthermore, such a photoinitiator can be provided cost-effectively, thus enabling particularly economical production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces.

[0069] According to a further preferred embodiment, the photoinitiator can be configured to decompose in a photolysis reaction upon absorption of visible or ultraviolet light, forming reactive species that initiate polymerization, in particular UV curing via radical chain polymerization. In this way, the printing paste can be cured with particularly high reliability and a high curing rate. According to a further preferred embodiment, the photoinitiator can comprise ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate, preferably with a purity of at least 90% or at least 95%. Such a photoinitiator is relatively inexpensive and ensures good curing properties and high reactivity.

[0070] According to a further preferred embodiment, the photoinitiator can contain a hydroxyacetophenone. Such a photoinitiator is also relatively inexpensive to purchase and simultaneously ensures good curing properties without impairing printing performance.

[0071] According to a further preferred embodiment, the photoinitiator can comprise 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone. Such a photoinitiator also ensures good curing properties and a low tendency to yellow.

[0072] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the photoinitiator can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5% or less than 1%, more preferably less than 0.5%, and more preferably less than 0.1%. Such a low mass fraction of the photoinitiator does not impair, or only minimally impairs, the printing behavior or the mechanical behavior after printing.

[0073] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the photoinitiator can be at least 0.01%, preferably more than 0.01%, more than 0.02%, more than 0.03%, or about 0.04%, preferably more than 0.05%, more than 0.1%, more than 0.2%, more than 0.5%, about 0.7%, or more than 1%. Such a minimum amount of photoinitiator ensures a sufficiently high level of process reliability for the curing of the printing paste. According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain a plurality of different monomers. The printing properties as well as the polymerization properties of the printing paste can be particularly advantageously influenced in this way.

[0074] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one monomer, or at least one monomer, or a plurality of monomers of the printing paste can be an acrylate monomer, in particular a diacrylate. Additionally or alternatively, several or all of the monomers of the printing paste can be acrylate monomers. The use of one or more acrylate monomers has proven particularly advantageous for curing by means of a photoinitiator. Good printing results can be achieved while simultaneously ensuring good curability.

[0075] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one monomer of the printing paste can be a monofunctional, bifunctional, or trifunctional monomer. Additionally or alternatively, several or all monomers of the printing paste can be monofunctional, bifunctional, and / or trifunctional monomers, or at most bifunctional or at most trifunctional monomers. The reactivity or polymerization properties of the printing paste can thus be specifically tailored.

[0076] Additionally or alternatively, at least one monomer of the printing paste can be a trifunctional or multifunctional monomer, particularly with three or more functionalities. This can increase the reactivity, thereby influencing the polymerization properties of the printing paste.

[0077] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the

[0078] The proportion of monomer(s) must be at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, more preferably more than 6%, more preferably more than 7%, more preferably more than 8%, more preferably more than 9%, more preferably more than 10%, more preferably more than 11%, more preferably more than 12%, or approximately 12%. Such a minimum proportion of a monomer or monomers is sufficient to ensure polymerization and thus curing after printing.

[0079] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the monomer or monomers can be less than 15%, preferably less than 14%, more preferably less than 13%, and more preferably less than 12.5%. By limiting the mass fraction of the monomer or monomers in this way, a relatively high mass fraction of solids in the printing paste can be achieved, which can have a favorable effect on the properties of the final workpiece.

[0080] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one monomer can be polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate. Polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate is a bifunctional acrylic monomer that is particularly suitable for curing by the use of a photoinitiator, especially using ultraviolet light and / or electron beam treatment, or as a co-monomer for polymer synthesis. At the same time, a relatively high flexibility of the generated pressure can be achieved with such a monomer.

[0081] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate can be at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, more preferably more than 6%, more preferably more than 7%, more preferably more than 8%, more preferably more than 9%, more preferably more than 10%, more preferably more than 11%, more preferably more than 11%. With such a minimum mass fraction of polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate, curing or polymerization can be achieved with particularly high safety and reliability. According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate can be less than 15%, preferably less than 14%, more preferably less than 13%, more preferably less than 12%.By using such a mass fraction of polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate, a sufficiently high mass fraction of solids can be provided in the printing paste, which in turn can improve the mechanical properties of the produced workpiece and also the manufacturing precision.

[0082] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one monomer can be a tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate. In particular, such a monomer can be a monomer with the registered name 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)cyclohexyl acrylate. The monomer tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate, or 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)cyclohexyl acrylate, is a low-viscosity, aliphatic, monofunctional monomer that is particularly suitable for curing in printing pastes by the use of a photoinitiator, especially with ultraviolet light and / or electron beam treatment. Such a monomer also improves adhesion. The monomer tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate is therefore particularly advantageous as an adhesion promoter and thus also promotes the structural cohesion of the printing paste and / or the bonding of different printed layers to one another.

[0083] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate or 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)cyclohexyl acrylate can be at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, more preferably more than 0.6%, more preferably more than 0.7%, more preferably more than 0.8%, more preferably more than 0.9%, and more preferably about 1%. This results in particularly good adhesion properties for the respective printing process or the layer-by-layer build-up of several printed layers by means of three-dimensional screen printing, without producing excessive adhesion. According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate or 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)cyclohexyl acrylate can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, and more preferably less than 1.1%.By limiting the mass fraction in this way, excessive adhesion of the printing paste during the printing process can be avoided with a high degree of certainty.

[0084] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one monomer can be an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate. This is a low-viscosity, bifunctional monomer, particularly an acrylate monomer, which is especially suitable for curing in printing pastes by the use of a photoinitiator, particularly using ultraviolet light and / or electron beam treatment. Such a monomer exhibits particularly good polymerization properties, flexibility, and advantageous adhesion properties.

[0085] An ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate may in particular be a compound with the registered name Poly(oxy-1,2-ethandiyl). alpha, -hydro-, omega. -[(1-oxo-2-propenyl) oxy]-, ether with 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl) -1,3-propanediol (3:1 ).

[0086] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be at least 3%, preferably more than 4%, more than 5%, more than 6%, more than 8%, or more than 10%. With such a mass fraction, reliable polymerization can be ensured while maintaining high flexibility and sufficient adhesion of the printed layers.

[0087] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be less than 15%, preferably less than 13%, 12%, or 11%. Such a limitation of the mass fraction reliably prevents excessive clumping of the printing paste during the printing process while simultaneously allowing for a high mass fraction of the solid.

[0088] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, more than 1%, more than 1.2%, or approximately 1.4%. Such a minimum mass fraction ensures reliable polymerization while maintaining high flexibility and sufficient adhesion of the printed layers.

[0089] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be less than 5%, preferably less than 4%, less than 3%, or less than 2%. Such a limitation of the mass fraction allows for a further improvement in the reliability of preventing the printing paste from sticking together during the printing process, while simultaneously enabling a particularly high mass fraction of the solid.

[0090] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one monomer can be an ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. Such a monomer is in particular a tetrafunctional methacrylate monomer, which is especially advantageous for curing by the use of a photoinitiator, particularly by ultraviolet light and / or electron beam treatment, in printing pastes. Furthermore, such a monomer exhibits high temperature resistance and ensures reliable polymerization.

[0091] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate can be at least 3%, preferably more than 4%, more than 5%, more than 6%, more than 8%, more than 9%, or more than 10%. With such a mass fraction, reliable polymerization can be ensured while simultaneously guaranteeing high temperature resistance of the printing paste.

[0092] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate can be less than 15%, preferably less than 13%, 12%, or 11%. Such a limitation of the mass fraction allows for reliable polymerization while maintaining a high mass fraction of the solid.

[0093] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one monomer can be a low-viscosity bifunctional acrylate monomer. A suitable reactivity of the printing paste with regard to polymerization can be achieved by using a bifunctional acrylate monomer. Furthermore, a low-viscosity bifunctional acrylate monomer enables sufficient flowability, which can be adjusted as needed by a specific amount of the rheology additive.

[0094] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one monomer can be a tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate. This is also a bifunctional monomer, in particular an acrylate monomer, which is especially suitable for curing in printing pastes by the use of a photoinitiator, particularly using ultraviolet light and / or electron beam treatment. Such a monomer exhibits particularly good polymerization properties, flexibility, and advantageous adhesion properties.

[0095] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate can be at least 1% or at least 2% and / or less than 5% or less than 4%. Such a mass fraction prevents excessive clumping of the printing paste during the printing process while simultaneously enabling good polymerization and a high mass fraction of the solid.

[0096] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one monomer can be a dipropylene glycol diacrylate. Dipropylene glycol diacrylate (DPGDA) is an acrylate monomer with relatively low viscosity, low volatility, rapid curing, and good dilution properties. This component can advantageously be added to and / or contained in the printing paste as a clear liquid and is particularly suitable for curing by polymerization using a photoinitiator.

[0097] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of dipropylene glycol diacrylate can be at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 5%, less than 10%, less than 8%, or less than 7%. Such a mass fraction ensures advantageous curing of the printing paste after the printing process, good printability, and simultaneously allows for a high mass fraction of the solid.

[0098] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can comprise at least one oligomer or a plurality of different oligomers. Polymerization, particularly triggered by absorption of light by a photoinitiator, can be carried out with exceptional advantage and high reliability by at least one oligomer or a plurality of oligomers.

[0099] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one oligomer can be an acrylate oligomer, or several or all of the oligomers can be acrylate oligomers. An acrylate oligomer can exhibit excellent reactivity and advantageously promote suitable curing by polymerization. According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one oligomer can be a polyester or polyether. Such an oligomer can be provided particularly cost-effectively, thus enabling the highly economical production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces.

[0100] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one oligomer can be a monofunctional or bifunctional oligomer, and / or several or all oligomers can be monofunctional and / or bifunctional oligomers, or at most bifunctional oligomers. Likewise, the printing paste can contain exclusively monofunctional or bifunctional oligomers. In this way, the reactivity of the printing paste can be adjusted in a particularly advantageous manner, and a safe and reliable polymerization process can be ensured.

[0101] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one oligomer can be an aliphatic urethane acrylate. Aliphatic urethane acrylate exhibits good mechanical properties, good reactivity and curability, as well as low viscosity.

[0102] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one oligomer can be a hexafunctional aliphatic urethane acrylate. Such a urethane acrylate exhibits particularly advantageous mechanical properties, especially suitable reactivity and curability, as well as low viscosity.

[0103] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one oligomer can be an aliphatic polyester / polyether-based urethane acrylate oligomer. Such a urethane acrylate can be provided relatively inexpensively and simultaneously exhibits advantageous mechanical properties, particularly suitable reactivity and curability, and ensures low viscosity. According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one oligomer can be a bifunctional epoxy acrylate. This can be, in particular, a bisphenol A epoxy acrylate. Such an epoxy acrylate can be added as a colorless liquid and ensures high reactivity and promotes excellent chemical and mechanical resistance properties. Such an epoxy acrylate is particularly suitable for curing the printing paste by absorption of light.

[0104] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the oligomer or oligomers can be at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, more preferably more than 6%, more preferably more than 7%, more preferably more than 8% or about 8%, or more than 10%, preferably more than 12% or more than 14%. Such a fraction ensures good mechanical properties and particularly advantageous reactivity of the printing paste.

[0105] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the oligomer or oligomers can be less than 20%, preferably less than 19%, preferably less than 18%, preferably less than 17%, preferably less than 16%, preferably less than 15%, preferably less than 12%, more preferably less than 10%, and more preferably less than 9%. By limiting the mass fraction of the oligomer or oligomers in this way, a relatively high mass fraction of solids in the printing paste can be achieved, and excessive reactivity of the printing paste can be avoided. Overall, such a printing paste can have a beneficial effect on the properties of the final workpiece.

[0106] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can be produced free of polyfunctional monomers and / or free of polyfunctional oligomers. This prevents undesirably high reactivity. According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can comprise at least one separate solvent, in particular an organic solvent. Such a solvent is particularly suitable for diluting the printing paste and can thus ensure good flowability and / or printability by means of three-dimensional screen printing.

[0107] According to a further preferred embodiment, the separate solvent can comprise glycol ethers, in particular dipropylene glycol methyl ether and / or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. Such a solvent has proven particularly advantageous as a component of a printing paste for use in three-dimensional screen printing.

[0108] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of separate solvent can be at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, more preferably more than 0.6%, more preferably more than 0.7%, more preferably more than 0.8%, more preferably more than 0.9%, more preferably about 1%, more preferably more than 1%, more preferably more than 2%, more preferably more than 3%, and more preferably more than 4%. A solvent in such a quantity can be removed again after printing with minimal effort by debinding and simultaneously ensures sufficient dilution.

[0109] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of separate solvent can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, and more preferably less than 1.1%. This can particularly favorably improve the flow properties, especially avoiding excessive flowability.

[0110] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of separate solvent can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, more preferably less than 1.1%, more preferably less than 3%, more preferably less than 4%, more preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 7%, and more preferably less than 8%. This can particularly favorably improve the flow properties, especially avoiding excessive flowability.

[0111] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain at least one dispersing additive. The use of such a dispersing additive allows for a particularly high solids content in the printing paste. This ensures a particularly uniform mixing of the respective solids in the printing paste and thus guarantees high print quality.

[0112] According to a further preferred embodiment, the dispersing additive can be a wetting and dispersing additive or act exclusively as a dispersing additive. A wetting and dispersing additive can particularly preferably ensure good utilization of the printing paste, especially without the formation or remaining of unwetted areas or dry spots in a printing screen or after printing. An embodiment as an exclusive dispersing additive can be provided with minimal effort and at reduced costs.

[0113] According to a further preferred embodiment, the dispersing additive can be a solution of a high-molecular-weight block copolymer with pigment-affine groups. Such an additive achieves particularly advantageous stabilization, especially of organic pigments or particles. Furthermore, a deflocculent effect can be ensured. Such an additive can exhibit particularly high compatibility with numerous oligomers and monomers, especially oligomers and monomers used in UV-curing systems.

[0114] According to a further preferred embodiment, the dispersing additive can comprise a copolymer with acidic groups. Such a dispersing additive can, in particular, be a phosphoric acid ester. Such an additive can ensure the defloccation of pigments or particles through steric stabilization. Furthermore, the viscosity can be reduced and the opacity improved. In this way, the flow behavior can also be improved.

[0115] According to a further preferred embodiment, the dispersing additive can have a mass fraction of the active substance of at least 20% and / or less than 40%, in particular 30% or about 30%. Likewise, the dispersing additive can have a mass fraction of the active substance of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or 100% or about 100%. Such a dispersing additive can therefore have a low concentration and thus be dosed precisely. Likewise, a high concentration can be provided, so that the addition of the dispersing additive results in only a slight dilution of the printing paste.

[0116] According to a further preferred embodiment, the dispersing additive can comprise propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate (GPTA) as a solvent. Such a solvent can be provided cost-effectively and ensures suitable dilution of the respective active substance.

[0117] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the dispersing additive can be at least 0.1%, preferably more than 0.1%, preferably more than 0.2%, preferably more than 0.3%, preferably more than 0.4%, preferably more than 0.5%, more preferably more than 0.6%, more preferably more than 0.7%, more preferably more than 0.8%, more preferably more than 0.9%, and more preferably about 1%. Such a mass fraction can ensure sufficient mixing and wetting while minimally affecting the overall composition of the printing paste.

[0118] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the dispersing additive can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, and more preferably less than 1.1%. By limiting the dispersing additive in this way, other components of the printing paste can be provided in relatively high mass fractions, in particular a high mass fraction of the solid.

[0119] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain a plurality of different rheological additives. The rheological properties can thus be particularly advantageously tailored, especially with regard to the other components of the printing paste and their mass fractions.

[0120] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the rheology additive(s) can be at least 1%, preferably more than 1%, more preferably more than 1.5%, more preferably more than 2%, more preferably more than 2.5%, more preferably more than 3%, more preferably more than 3.5%, more preferably about 3.6%, or about 3.5%, or more preferably more than 4%. By adding a rheological additive in such a mass fraction, the flow behavior of the printing paste can be sufficiently influenced, thus facilitating manufacturing by means of 3D screen printing.

[0121] According to a further preferred embodiment, the mass fraction of the rheology additive(s) can be less than 5%, preferably less than 4.5%, more preferably less than 4%, and more preferably less than 3.8%. Adding a rheological additive in such a limited mass fraction allows the flow behavior of the printing paste to be sufficiently influenced and facilitates its production by 3D screen printing. Furthermore, debinding such a limited mass fraction can be achieved with minimal effort. According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one rheology additive can be a liquid substance and / or be mixed in liquid form. In this way, the printing paste can be produced with minimal effort and, for example, made available for a three-dimensional screen printing process.

[0122] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one rheology additive can be a powdered substance and / or be mixed in powder form. The at least one rheology additive can comprise cellulose and / or a cellulose derivative and / or consist of cellulose and / or a cellulose derivative. This can be achieved cost-effectively and allows for simple storage for the subsequent production of the printing paste.

[0123] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one rheology additive can be a liquid substance and / or be mixed in liquid form. In this way, the printing paste can be produced with minimal effort and, for example, made available for a three-dimensional screen printing process.

[0124] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one rheology additive can be a powdered substance and / or be mixed in powder form. The at least one rheology additive can contain cellulose and / or consist of cellulose. This can be achieved cost-effectively and allows for simple storage for the subsequent production of the printing paste.

[0125] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one rheology additive can be configured to generate thixotropic flow behavior. This can promote the flow behavior during printing and simultaneously prevent undesirable flowing before or after printing. Three-dimensional screen printing with such a printing paste can thus be facilitated, and high printing precision can be achieved. According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one rheology additive can be configured for medium-polar solvent-containing and / or solvent-free systems. The rheology additive can therefore be used particularly for medium-polar solvent-containing and / or solvent-free systems, thereby ensuring particularly high functionality for such a system.

[0126] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one rheology additive can be designed for highly polar or low-polar solvent-containing and / or solvent-free systems. The rheology additive can therefore be used particularly for highly polar or low-polar solvent-containing and / or solvent-free systems, thereby ensuring particularly high functionality for such a system.

[0127] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one rheology additive can be formulated as a solution of modified urea. Such a rheology additive can be provided particularly cost-effectively, thus ensuring economical production. After being stirred into the printing paste, this additive forms a three-dimensional network structure. The resulting thixotropic flow behavior is particularly advantageous for preventing sediment formation and increasing stability. The flow of the printing paste is not, or only minimally, impaired.

[0128] According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one rheology additive can comprise dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent. Such a solvent ensures suitable dilution of the additive without negatively affecting its effectiveness in influencing the flow behavior. According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one rheology additive can comprise amide ethers as a solvent. Such a solvent also ensures suitable dilution of the additive without negatively affecting its effectiveness in influencing the flow behavior.

[0129] According to a further preferred embodiment, the rheology additive can have a mass fraction of the active substance of at least 20%, preferably more than 20%, more preferably more than 30%, more preferably more than 40%, or 40%, and more preferably more than 50%, or 50%, or 52%. Such a minimum active ingredient content allows sufficient rheological effect to be achieved with a relatively small addition.

[0130] According to a further preferred embodiment, the rheology additive can have a mass fraction of the active substance of less than 70%, in particular less than 60% or less than 55%. This allows for particularly precise dosing of the active substance and an overall minimal impact on the mass fractions of the other components of the printing paste.

[0131] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can have a minimum content of reactive alumina and / or magnesium oxide, in particular a mass fraction of reactive alumina and / or magnesium oxide of up to 20% or up to 15% or up to 10%.

[0132] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain a minimum proportion of binder and / or polyvinyl butyral as a binder, in particular with a mass fraction of at least 0.05% or at least 0.1% and / or less than 1% or less than 0.5%. The addition of a binder and / or polyvinyl butyral as a binder also results in even better processability of the printing paste for three-dimensional screen printing. According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain the following components in mass percentages:

[0133] - Metallic solid: 75% to 90%

[0134] - Monomer(s): 10% to 15%

[0135] - Photoinitiator(s): 0.3% to 0.9%

[0136] - Rheology additive(s): 1.5% to 4.5%

[0137] - Remaining unavoidable impurities

[0138] Such a printing paste is particularly well-suited for the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces. It offers excellent printability via three-dimensional screen printing and allows for curing through polymerization, especially photopolymerization, with minimal effort. This type of printing paste enables the production of meta II-based workpieces with high-quality characteristics, particularly high manufacturing accuracy and good mechanical properties.

[0139] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain the following components in mass percent:

[0140] - Solid stainless steel: 80% to 85%

[0141] - Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate: 5% to 8%

[0142] - Ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate: 5% to 8%

[0143] - Photoinitiator(s), in particular ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate: 0.3% to 0.9%

[0144] - Rheology additive(s) in the form of urea solution(s): 1.5% to 4.5%

[0145] - Remaining unavoidable impurities

[0146] This type of printing paste is also particularly well-suited for the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces. It ensures good printability using three-dimensional screen printing, and curing through polymerization, especially photopolymerization, can be achieved with minimal effort. This printing paste enables the production of metal-based workpieces with high-quality characteristics, particularly high manufacturing accuracy and good mechanical properties, while simultaneously offering high cost-effectiveness.

[0147] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain the following components in mass percent:

[0148] - Metallic solid: 70% to 85%

[0149] - Monomer(s): 2% to 4%

[0150] - Oligomer(s): 12% to 18%

[0151] - Photoinitiator(s): 0.4% to 1%

[0152] - Dispersing additive(s): 0.1% to 0.5%

[0153] - Rheology additive(s): 0.5% to 3.5%

[0154] - Separate solvent(s): 3.5% to 5%

[0155] - Remaining unavoidable impurities

[0156] Such a printing paste can also be used to great advantage in the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces. Excellent printability via three-dimensional screen printing is guaranteed, and curing through polymerization, especially photopolymerization, can be achieved with minimal effort. With such a printing paste, metal-based workpieces can be produced very economically while simultaneously offering high quality characteristics, particularly high manufacturing accuracy and good mechanical properties.

[0157] According to a further preferred embodiment, the printing paste can contain the following components in mass percent:

[0158] Solid stainless steel: 70% to 85%

[0159] Aliphatic urethane acrylate: 15% to 17%

[0160] Tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate: 0.5% to 1.5% - Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate: 1% to 2%

[0161] - Photoinitiator(s), in particular ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate: 0.4% to 1%

[0162] - Dispersing additive(s) in the form of a high molecular weight block copolymer with pigment-affine groups: 0.1% to 0.5%

[0163] - Rheology additive(s) in the form of urea solution(s): 1% to 2%

[0164] - Dipropylene glycol methyl ether: 3.5% to 5%

[0165] - Remaining unavoidable impurities

[0166] Finally, such a printing paste can also be used to particularly advantageously produce three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces. It results in very good printability via three-dimensional screen printing, and at the same time, curing through polymerization, especially photopolymerization, is enabled with minimal effort. With such a printing paste, metal-based workpieces can be produced very economically while maintaining high quality characteristics, especially high manufacturing accuracy and good mechanical properties.

[0167] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece using a printing paste as described above.

[0168] A further aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece with a printing paste comprising a photoinitiator as an ingredient and preferably also a metallic solid.

[0169] The details described above regarding the printing paste also apply equally to the method for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece according to the further aspects of the present invention. The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0170] They show:

[0171] Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of the composition of a printing paste according to an embodiment of the present invention before hardening;

[0172] Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the composition of the printing paste according to Figure 1 after photopolymerization;

[0173] Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of the composition of a printing paste according to a further embodiment of the present invention;

[0174] Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of the printing paste according to Figure 3 after photopolymerization.

[0175] Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the composition of a printing paste 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention before curing, and Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of the composition of the printing paste 10 according to Figure 1 after photopolymerization.

[0176] The printing paste 10 is particularly suitable for the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces and comprises a solid 12, at least one monomer 14, a photoinitiator 16, and at least one rheology additive 18. The solid 12 may comprise at least one metallic material 20, and the mass fraction of the solid 12 may be at least 50%.

[0177] Furthermore, the printing paste can preferably comprise at least one oligomer, which is not described in detail here. The printing paste 10 can be cured by photopolymerization in a short time and with minimal effort, as can be seen with reference to Figure 2. The photoinitiator 16 is, in particular, a chemical compound that, upon absorption of light 25, especially ultraviolet light, decomposes in a photolysis reaction and forms reactive species. This can initiate a reaction, in particular a polymerization reaction. It can therefore be a polymerization reaction.

[0178] Such a polymerization reaction triggered by the photoinitiator 16 is, in particular, a chain reaction in which the monomers 14 are linked to form polymers and / or the monomers 14 and any oligomers (not shown here) are linked to form polymers, as schematically illustrated in Figure 2. The monomers 14 possess multiple bonds at which radicals attack. These multiple bonds break, and the monomers 14 or oligomers are linked together. Such a reaction can be initiated by the photoinitiator 16 with minimal effort and enables the curing or drying of the printing paste 10 in a short process time.

[0179] In the embodiment according to Figures 1 and 2, the solid material 12 can in particular be a stainless steel material 24. Likewise, the solid material 12 can be aluminum nitride, which is not shown in detail here.

[0180] The solid 12 can be produced and / or mixed in powder form and / or consist of powder material. The solid 12 can be produced and / or consist of a stainless steel material, in particular a stainless steel material 24 in powder form.

[0181] The mass fraction of the solid 12 can preferably be more than 50%, more preferably more than 55%, more preferably more than 60%, even more preferably more than 65%, even more preferably more than 70%, and even more preferably more than 75%. Furthermore, the mass fraction of the solid 12 and / or of the at least one metallic material 20 and / or of the stainless steel material 24 can be less than 95%, more preferably less than 90%, more preferably less than 85%, and more preferably less than 80%.

[0182] The metallic material 20 can be a steel or stainless steel with minimum amounts of carbon and / or manganese and / or silicon and / or phosphorus and / or sulfur and / or chromium and / or nickel and / or molybdenum and / or nitrogen. In particular, it can be a steel or stainless steel 24 with the following components in mass percent:

[0183] - Carbon: 0% to 0.05%

[0184] - Manganese: 0% to 3%

[0185] - Silicon: 0% to 1.5%

[0186] - Phosphorus: 0% to 0.06%

[0187] - Sulfur: 0% to 0.04%

[0188] - Chromium: 15% to 20%

[0189] - Nickel: 8% to 15%

[0190] - Molybdenum: 1% to 3%

[0191] - Nitrogen: 0% to 0.2%

[0192] - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

[0193] The metal material 20 can in particular be a stainless steel 24 with the following components in mass percent:

[0194] - Carbon: 0% to 0.03%

[0195] - Manganese: 0% to 2%

[0196] - Silicon: 0% to 1%

[0197] - Phosphorus: 0% to 0.045%

[0198] - Sulfur: 0% to 0.03%

[0199] - Chromium: 16.5% to 18.5%

[0200] - Nickel: 10% to 13% - Molybdenum: 2% to 2.5%

[0201] - Nitrogen: 0% to 0.1%

[0202] - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

[0203] Photoinitiator 16 may contain ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate, preferably with a purity of at least 90% or at least 95%. Photoinitiator 16 may also contain a hydroxyacetophenone. Furthermore, photoinitiator 16 may contain 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone.

[0204] The mass fraction of photoinitiator 16 can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5% or less than 1%, more preferably less than 0.5%, and further preferably less than 0.1%. Likewise, the mass fraction of photoinitiator 16 can be at least 0.01%, more preferably more than 0.01%, more preferably more than 0.02%, more preferably more than 0.03%, or approximately 0.04%. Likewise, the mass fraction of photoinitiator 16 can be less than 2%, more preferably less than 1.5% or less than 1%, more preferably less than 0.5%, and further preferably less than 0.1%.

[0205] Likewise, the mass fraction of the photoinitiator 16 can be at least 0.01%, preferably more than 0.01% or more than 0.02% or more than 0.03% or about 0.04%, preferably more than 0.05% or more than 0.1% or more than 0.2% or more than 0.5% or about 0.7% or more than 1%.

[0206] The at least one monomer 14 can be an acrylate monomer, in particular a diacrylate, or several or all of the monomers 14 can be acrylate monomers. The at least one monomer 14 can be a monofunctional or bifunctional monomer 14, and / or several or all of the monomers 14 can be monofunctional and / or bifunctional monomers 14, or at most bifunctional monomers 14. The mass fraction of the monomer or monomers 14 can be at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, more preferably more than 6%, more preferably more than 7%, more preferably more than 8%, more preferably more than 9%, more preferably more than 10%, more preferably more than 11%, more preferably more than 12%, or about 12%.The mass fraction of monomer 14 or monomers 14 can further be less than 15%, preferably less than 14%, more preferably less than 13%, and more preferably less than 12.5%.

[0207] The at least one monomer 14 can be an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate. The mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be at least 3%, preferably more than 4%, more than 5%, more than 6%, more than 8%, or more than 10%. Furthermore, the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be less than 15%, preferably less than 13%, less than 12%, or less than 11%. Likewise, the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, more than 1%, more than 1.2%, or about 1.4%. Finally, the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate can be less than 5%, preferably less than 4%, less than 3%, or less than 2%.

[0208] In the embodiment of the printing paste 10 according to Figures 1 and 2, the at least one monomer 14 can be or comprise an ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. The mass fraction of ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate can be at least 3%, preferably more than 4%, more than 5%, more than 6%, more than 8%, more than 9%, or more than 10%. The mass fraction of ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate can be less than 15%, preferably less than 13%, less than 12%, or less than 11%.

[0209] In the embodiment of the printing paste 10 according to Figures 1 and 2, the mass fraction of the rheology additive 18 or rheology additives 18 can be at least 1%, preferably more than 1%, more preferably more than 1.5%, more preferably more than 2%, more preferably more than 2.5%, more preferably more than 3%, more preferably more than 3.5%, more preferably about 3.6%, or about 3.5%, or more preferably more than 4%. Likewise, the mass fraction of the rheology additive 18 or rheology additives 18 can be less than 5%, preferably less than 4.5%, more preferably less than 4%, and more preferably less than 3.8%.

[0210] The at least one rheology additive 18 or rheology additives 18 can be configured to produce thixotropic flow behavior. The at least one rheology additive 18 can be a solution of a modified urea and / or contain dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent.

[0211] The printing paste 10 according to the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 can contain the following components in mass percent before hardening:

[0212] Metallic solid: 75% to 90%

[0213] Monomer(s): 10% to 15% Photoinitiator(s): 0.3% to 0.9% Rheology additive(s): 1.5% to 4.5% Remainder unavoidable impurities

[0214] Preferably, the printing paste 10 according to the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 may contain the following components in mass percent before hardening:

[0215] Solid stainless steel: 80% to 85%

[0216] Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate: 5% to 8% Ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate: 5% to 8% Photoinitiator(s), in particular ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate: 0.3% to 0.9%

[0217] Rheology additive(s) in the form of urea solution(s): 1.5% to 4.5% Remainder unavoidable impurities

[0218] Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of the composition of a printing paste 10 according to a further embodiment of the present invention before curing, and Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of the printing paste 10 according to Figure 4 after photopolymerization.

[0219] As a key difference compared to the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2, the printing paste 10 in the embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4 may contain an oligomer 22 and / or a dispersing additive 28.

[0220] The at least one oligomer 22 can be an acrylate oligomer, or several or all of the oligomers 22 can be acrylate oligomers. In particular, the at least one oligomer 22 can be or comprise a polyester or polyether. Furthermore, the at least one oligomer 22 can be or comprise an aliphatic urethane acrylate. The oligomer 22 can be an aliphatic polyester-based and / or polyether-based urethane acrylate oligomer.

[0221] The mass fraction of the oligomer 22 or oligomers 22 in the printing paste 10 according to the embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4 can be at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, more preferably more than 6%, more preferably more than 7%, more preferably more than 8% or about 8%, or more than 10%, more preferably more than 12% or more than 14%. Likewise, the mass fraction of the oligomer 22 or oligomers 22 can be less than 20%, more preferably less than 19%, more preferably less than 18%, more preferably less than 17%, more preferably less than 16%, more preferably less than 15%, more preferably less than 12%, more preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 9%.

[0222] In the embodiment of the printing paste 10 according to Figures 3 and 4, the at least one monomer 14 can be or comprise a tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate (4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)cyclohexyl acrylate). The mass fraction of tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate can be at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, more preferably more than 0.6%, more preferably more than 0.7%, more preferably more than 0.8%, more preferably more than 0.9%, and more preferably about 1%. Likewise, the mass fraction of tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, and more preferably less than 1.1%.

[0223] The printing paste 10 in the embodiment according to Figures 3 and 4 can further comprise a separate solvent 26, in particular an organic solvent 26. The separate solvent 26 can comprise glycol ethers, in particular dipropylene glycol methyl ether and / or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. The mass fraction of the separate solvent 26 can be at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, more preferably more than 0.6%, more preferably more than 0.7%, more preferably more than 0.8%, more preferably more than 0.9%, more preferably about 1%, more preferably more than 2%, more preferably more than 3%, and more preferably more than 4%.

[0224] Furthermore, the mass fraction of separate solvent 26 can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, more preferably less than 1.1%, more preferably less than 2%, more preferably less than 3%, more preferably less than 4%, more preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 7%, more preferably less than 8%.

[0225] The printing paste 10 in the embodiment according to Figures 3 and 4 may more preferably comprise at least one dispersing additive 28. The dispersing additive 28 may be a wetting and dispersing additive. The dispersing additive 28 may be a solution of a high-molecular-weight block copolymer with pigment-affine groups. The mass fraction of the dispersing additive 28 may be at least 0.1%, preferably more than 0.1%, more preferably more than 0.2%, more preferably more than 0.3%, more preferably more than 0.4%, more preferably more than 0.5%, more preferably more than 0.6%, more preferably more than 0.7%, more preferably more than 0.8%, more preferably more than 0.9%, and more preferably about 1%. Furthermore, the mass fraction of the dispersing additive 28 can be less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, and more preferably less than 1.1%.

[0226] The printing paste 10 according to the embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4 can contain the following components in mass percent before hardening:

[0227] Metallic solid: 70% to 85%

[0228] Monomer(s): 2% to 4% Oligomer(s): 12% to 18% Photoinitiator(s): 0.4% to 1% Dispersing additive(s): 0.1% to 0.5% Rheology additive(s): 0.5% to 3.5% Separate solvent(s): 3.5% to 5% Remainder: unavoidable impurities

[0229] Preferably, the printing paste 10 according to the embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4 may contain the following components in mass percent before hardening:

[0230] Solid stainless steel: 70% to 85%

[0231] Aliphatic urethane acrylate: 15% to 17% Tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate: 0.5% to 1.5% Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate: 1% to 2% Photoinitiator(s), in particular ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate: 0.4% to 1%

[0232] Dispersing additive(s) in the form of a high molecular weight block copolymer with pigment-affine groups: 0.1% to 0.5% Rheology additive(s) in the form of urea solution(s): 1% to 2% Dipropylene glycol methyl ether: 3.5% to 5% Remainder unavoidable impurities In a process for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece, a layer-by-layer workpiece build-up can be carried out by repeated printing with a printing paste 10 according to the preceding description.

[0233] For this purpose, the printing paste 10 can be pressed through a printing screen (also not shown) using a squeegee (not shown in detail here) and applied to a printing substrate or to a partially constructed screen-printed workpiece. Following printing, the respective printed layer can be cured by photopolymerization in such a process.

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS 1. Printing paste, in particular for the production of three-dimensional screen-printed workpieces, comprising a solid, at least one monomer, a photoinitiator and at least one rheology additive, wherein the solid comprises at least one metallic material and wherein the mass fraction of the solid is at least 50%.

2. Printing paste according to claim 1, characterized in that the solid material comprises a steel material and / or a stainless steel material.

3. Printing paste according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the solid is produced and / or mixed in powder form and / or that the solid consists of powder material and / or that the solid is produced or consists of a metal powder, in particular stainless steel powder.

4. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the solid and / or of the at least one metallic material and / or of the steel material and / or stainless steel material is more than 50%, preferably more than 55%, further preferably more than 60%, even more preferably more than 65%, even more preferably more than 70%, even more preferably more than 75%.

5. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the solid and / or of the at least one metallic material and / or of the steel material and / or stainless steel material is less than 95%, preferably less than 90%, preferably less than 85%, more preferably less than 80%.

6. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the metallic material is a steel or stainless steel with minimum components of carbon and / or manganese and / or silicon and / or phosphorus and / or sulfur and / or chromium and / or nickel and / or molybdenum and / or nitrogen.

7. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the metallic material comprises a steel or stainless steel with the following components in mass percent: - Carbon: 0% to 0.05% - Manganese: 0% to 3% - Silicon: 0% to 1.5% - Phosphorus: 0% to 0.06% - Sulfur: 0% to 0.04% - Chromium: 15% to 20% - Nickel: 8% to 15% - Molybdenum: 1% to 3% - Nitrogen: 0% to 0.2% - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

8. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the metallic material comprises a steel or stainless steel with the following components in mass percent: - Carbon: 0% to 0.03% - Manganese: 0% to 2% - Silicon: 0% to 1% - Phosphorus: 0% to 0.045% - Sulfur: 0% to 0.03% - Chromium: 16.5% to 18.5% - Nickel: 10% to 13% - Molybdenum: 2% to 2.5% - Nitrogen: 0% to 0.1% - Remaining unavoidable impurities.

9. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the photoinitiator is configured to generate and / or initiate a photopolymerization, in particular initiated by absorption of visible or ultraviolet light, and / or that the photoinitiator is configured to generate and / or initiate a UV-based curing.

10. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the photoinitiator is configured to decompose in a photolysis reaction after absorption of visible or ultraviolet light and to form reactive species which are configured to initiate a polymerization, in particular to initiate a UV curing according to the mechanism of radical chain polymerization.

11. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the photoinitiator comprises ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate, preferably with a purity of at least 90% or at least 95%.

12. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the photoinitiator comprises a hydroxyacetophenone.

13. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the photoinitiator comprises 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone.

1. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the photoinitiator is less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5% or less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5%, further preferably less than 0.1%.

15. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the photoinitiator is at least 0.01%, preferably more than 0.01% or more than 0.02% or more than 0.03% or about 0.04%, preferably more than 0.05% or more than 0.1% or more than 0.2% or more than 0.5% or about 0.7% or more than 1%.

16. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a plurality of different monomers.

17. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is an acrylate monomer, in particular a diacrylate, or that several or all monomers are acrylate monomers.

18. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is a monofunctional or bifunctional or trifunctional monomer and / or that several or all monomers are monofunctional and / or bifunctional monomers or at most bifunctional monomers or trifunctional monomers.

19. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the monomer or monomers is at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, further preferably more than 6%, further preferably more than 7%, further preferably more than 8%, further preferably more than 9%, further preferably more than 10%, further preferably more than 11%, further preferably more than 12% or about 12%.

20. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the monomer or monomers is less than 15%, preferably less than 14%, more preferably less than 13%, more preferably less than 12.5%.

21. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is a polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate.

22. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate is at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, further preferably more than 6%, further preferably more than 7%, further preferably more than 8%, further preferably more than 9%, further preferably more than 10%, further preferably more than 11%, further preferably more than 11%.

23. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate is less than 15%, preferably less than 14%, more preferably less than 13%, more preferably less than 12%.

24. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is a tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate (4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)cyclohexylac acrylate).

25. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate is at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, further preferably more than 0.6%, further preferably more than 0.7%, further preferably more than 0.8%, further preferably more than 0.9%, further preferably about 1%.

26. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate is less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, more preferably less than 1.1%.

27. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane thacrylate.

28. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate is at least 3%, preferably more than 4%, more than 5% or more than 6% or more than 8% or more than 10%.

29. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate is less than 15%, preferably less than 13% or less than 12% or less than 11%.

30. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate is at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, more than 1% or more than 1.2% or about 1.4%.

31. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate is less than 5%, preferably less than 4% or less than 3% or less than 2%.

32. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is an ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.

33. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate is at least 3%, preferably more than 4%, more than 5% or more than 6% or more than 8% or more than 9% or more than 10%.

34. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate is less than 15%, preferably less than 13% or less than 12% or less than 11%.

35. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is a low-viscosity bifunctional acrylate monomer.

36. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is a tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate.

37. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate is at least 1% or at least 2% and / or less than 5% or less than 4%.

38. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one monomer or at least one monomer is a dipropylene glycol diacrylate.

39. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of dipropylene glycol diacrylate is at least 1% or at least 2% or at least 5% or less than 10% or less than 8% or less than 7%.

40. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by at least one oligomer or by a plurality of different oligomers.

41. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one oligomer is an acrylate oligomer or that several or all oligomers are acrylate oligomers.

42. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one oligomer is a polyester or polyether.

43. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one oligomer is a monofunctional or bifunctional oligomer and / or that several or all oligomers are monofunctional and / or bifunctional oligomers or at most bifunctional oligomers and / or that the oligomers consist exclusively of monofunctional or bifunctional oligomers.

44. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one oligomer is an aliphatic urethane acrylate.

45. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one oligomer is a hexafunctional aliphatic urethane acrylate.

46. ​​Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one oligomer is an aliphatic polyester-based and / or polyether-based urethane acrylate oligomer.

47. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one oligomer is a bifunctional epoxy acrylate.

48. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the oligomer or oligomers is at least 5%, preferably more than 5%, more preferably more than 6%, more preferably more than 7%, more preferably more than 8% or about 8%, or more than 10%, preferably more than 12% or more than 14%.

49. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the oligomer or oligomers is less than 20%, preferably less than 19%, preferably less than 18%, preferably less than 17%, preferably less than 16%, preferably less than 15%, preferably less than 12%, further preferably less than 10%, further preferably less than 9%.

50. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is produced free of polyfunctional monomers and / or free of polyfunctional oligomers.

51. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by at least one separate solvent, in particular an organic solvent.

52. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the separate solvent comprises glycol ethers, in particular dipropylene glycol methyl ether and / or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether.

53. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of separate solvent is at least 0.5%, preferably more than 0.5%, further preferably more than 0.6%, further preferably more than 0.7%, further preferably more than 0.8%, further preferably more than 0.9%, further preferably about 1%, further preferably more than 1%, further preferably more than 2%, further preferably more than 3%, further preferably more than 4%.

54. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of separate solvent is less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, more preferably less than 1.1%, more preferably less than 2%, more preferably less than 3%, more preferably less than 4%, more preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 7%, more preferably less than 8%.

55. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by at least one dispersing additive.

56. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the dispersing additive is a wetting and dispersing additive or acts exclusively as a dispersing additive.

57. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the dispersing additive is a solution of a high molecular weight block copolymer with pigment-affine groups.

58. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the dispersing additive comprises a copolymer with acidic groups.

59. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the dispersing additive has a mass fraction of the active substance of at least 20% and / or of less than 40%, in particular of 30% or about 30%, and / or that the dispersing additive has a mass fraction of the active substance of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% or about 100%.

60. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the dispersing additive comprises propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate (GPTA) as a solvent.

61. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the dispersing additive is at least 0.1%, preferably more than 0.1%, preferably more than 0.2%, preferably more than 0.3%, preferably more than 0.4%, preferably more than 0.5%, further preferably more than 0.6%, further preferably more than 0.7%, further preferably more than 0.8%, further preferably more than 0.9%, further preferably about 1%.

62. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the dispersing additive is less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1.2%, more preferably less than 1.1%.

63. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a plurality of different rheology additives.

64. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the rheology additive or rheology additives is at least 1%, preferably more than 1%, further preferably more than 1.5%, further preferably more than 2%, further preferably more than 2.5%, further preferably more than 3%, further preferably more than 3.5%, further preferably about 3.6% or 3.6% or about 3.5% or 3.5% or more than 4%.

65. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mass fraction of the rheology additive or rheology additives is less than 5%, preferably less than 4.5%, more preferably less than 4%, more preferably less than 3.8%.

66. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive is a liquid substance and / or is mixed in liquid form.

67. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive is a powdered substance and / or is mixed in powder form and / or that the at least one rheology additive comprises cellulose and / or consists of cellulose.

68. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive is designed to produce thixotropic flow behavior.

69. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive is designed for medium-polar solvent-containing and / or solvent-free systems.

70. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive is designed for highly polar or low polar solvent-containing and / or solvent-free systems.

71. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive is formed as a solution of a modified urea.

72. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive comprises dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent.

73. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one rheology additive comprises an amide ether as a solvent.

74. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rheology additive has a mass fraction of the active substance of at least 20%, preferably more than 20%, more preferably more than 30%, more preferably more than 40% or 40%, more preferably more than 50% or 50% or 52%.

75. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rheology additive has a mass fraction of the active substance of less than 70%, in particular of less than 60% or of less than 55%.

76. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a minimum component of reactive alumina and / or magnesium oxide, in particular a mass fraction of reactive alumina and / or magnesium oxide of up to 20% or up to 15% or up to 10%.

77. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a minimum component of binder and / or polyvinyl butyral as a binder, in particular with a mass fraction of at least 0.05% or at least 0.1% and / or less than 1% or less than 0.5%.

78. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the following components in mass percent: - Metallic solid: 75% to 90% - Monomer(s): 10% to 15% - Photoinitiator(s): 0.3% to 0.9% - Rheology additive(s): 1.5% to 4.5% - Remaining unavoidable impurities 79. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the following components in mass percent: - Solid stainless steel: 80% to 85% - Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate: 5% to 8% - Ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate: 5% to 8% - Photoinitiator(s), in particular ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate: 0.3% to 0.9% - Rheology additive(s) in the form of hemp solution(s): 1.5% to 4.5% - Remaining unavoidable impurities 80. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the following components in mass percent: Metallic solid: 70% to 85% Monomer(s): 2% to 4% Oligomer(s): 12% to 18% - Photoinitiator(s): 0.4% to 1% - Dispersing additive(s): 0.1% to 0.5% - Rheology additive(s): 0.5% to 3.5% - Separate solvent(s): 3.5% to 5% - Remaining unavoidable impurities 81. Printing paste according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the following components in mass percent: - Solid stainless steel: 70% to 85% - Aliphatic urethane acrylate: 15% to 17% - Tertiobutyl cyclohexyl acrylate: 0.5% to 1.5% - Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate: 1% to 2% - Photoinitiator(s), in particular ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate: 0.4% to 1% - Dispersing additive(s) in the form of a high molecular weight block copolymer with pigment-affine groups: 0.1% to 0.5% - Rheology additive(s) in the form of urea solution(s): 1% to 2% - Dipropylene glycol methyl ether: 3.5% to 5% - Remaining unavoidable impurities 82. Method for producing a three-dimensional screen-printed workpiece using a printing paste according to one of the preceding claims.

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