Transgenic plants expressing FERN rapid non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) proteins

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to transgenic plants. In particular, the present disclosure relates to transgenic non-fern plants with one or more nucleotide sequences encoding (a) a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex b1 (lhcb1) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (b) a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or (c) a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the frNPQ ZEP protein and the frNPQ VDE protein. Further, the present disclosure relates to methods of increasing plant growth and methods of selecting a plant for improved growth characteristics.

Description

TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING FERN RAPID NON-PHOTOCHEMICAL QUENCHING (NPQ) PROTEINSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 665,134, filed June 27, 2024, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] The content of the electronic sequence listing (794542001740SEQLIST.xml; Size: 713,358 bytes; and Date of Creation: June 25, 2025) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure relates to transgenic plants. In particular, the present disclosure relates to transgenic non-fern plants with one or more nucleotide sequences encoding (a) a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (b) a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or (c) a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the frNPQ ZEP protein and the frNPQ VDE protein. Further, the present disclosure relates to methods of increasing plant growth and methods of selecting a plant for improved growth characteristics.BACKGROUND

[0004] When grown in natural environments and in crop fields, plants have to cope with large fluctuations in the intensity of solar radiation incident on their leaves. For one, the intensity of solar radiation varies throughout the day, with sun exposure growing more intense from morning and peaking at high noon. For another, there are also massive fluctuations in photon flux density experienced by individual leaves. These fluctuations depend on where the individual leaves are in the canopy, as the angle of light changes over the course of the day, and natural shading occurs intermittently by clouds passing overhead or by neighboring leaves. Although light is necessary for photosynthesis, damage can occur when leaves are exposed to high light intensity. To avoid this, plants have developed several photoprotective mechanisms.

[0005] Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is one of those mechanisms, which allows excessive absorbed irradiance to be dissipated as heat. NPQ is a collection of reversible processes that redirect energy away from the photosynthetic reaction center. However, when a plant is transitionedfrom high to low light intensity, the quantum yield of photosynthesis is temporarily reduced, due to the fact that NPQ competes with photochemical charge separation in the photosynthetic reaction center. In addition, NPQ turns on (induces) relatively rapidly at high light intensity, but turns off (relaxes) more slowly upon a return to limiting irradiance. As a result of this mismatch between the kinetics of light fluctuations and the induction and relaxation of NPQ, the photosynthetic efficiency and growth of plants under fluctuating light are compromised. This means that the transition between photochemistry and photoprotection that NPQ provides must be optimized. If the induction of NPQ is too slow, the result is photodamage, whereas if the relaxation of NPQ is too slow, the result is a reduction in biomass accumulation.

[0006] The rapidly relaxing components of NPQ are called qE and qZ. qE is energy-dependent quenching that is regulated by ApH across the thylakoid membrane. qE is triggered by high light, and induces and relaxes on the order of seconds to minutes. qZ is zeaxanthin-dependent quenching, which operates on a slightly longer timescale, and is regulated by the xanthophyll cycle. One part of the xanthophyll cycle is the interconversion of the light harvesting pigment violaxanthin to the photoprotective pigment zeaxanthin by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), and this part occurs quite quickly. Another part of the xanthophyll cycle is the relaxation, which is controlled by the reversion of zeaxanthin back to violaxanthin by the stromal enzyme zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). This part occurs more slowly and is primarily responsible for the longer relaxation time of NPQ in the model plants Nicotiana tabacum and A. thaliana, which occurs on the 10-20 minute timescale. The slowly relaxing components of NPQ are photoinhibition, sustained antenna quenching, as well as other inhibitory mechanisms.

[0007] The rapidly relaxing components of NPQ are the first line of defense against the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that causes photoinhibition. It has already been demonstrated that overexpression of VDE and ZEP can increase yields in plants with a further increase when PsbS is also overexpressed. There exists a clear need for additional genetic engineering approaches based on rapidly relaxing components of NPQ in order to further improve efficiency and growth of plants under fluctuating light for even higher yield improvements.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0008] In order to meet these needs, the present disclosure provides transgenic non-fern plants that utilize the rapidly relaxing NPQ components of fern species. It was hypothesized that some plants had evolved faster NPQ relaxation than that exhibited by crop plants, so a broad survey of over 100 species of land plants was conducted to identify species with rapid (<1 min) NPQ relaxation. Fern species were identified that exhibited nearly instantaneous induction and relaxation of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions. The fact that this was very common throughout the fern lineage suggested that this surprising trait had a genetic basis. For the purpose of identifying the genetic basis of therapid NPQ, immediate further studies were focused on the species Astrolepis windhamii, which demonstrated the strongest high NPQ and fast relaxation phenotype, as well as closely related species and the model fern species Ceratopteris richardii. Surprisingly, it was found that A. windhamii is primed to induce pH-dependent NPQ (qE), but that relaxation is not dependent on the conversion of zeaxanthin back to violaxanthin in the dark. While not wanting to be limited to theory, aspects of this disclosure are based upon this surprising discovery.

[0009] In particular, fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex b proteins (lhcbl-6) and frNPQ additional light harvesting complex proteins (aLHC) are believed to contribute to the beneficial qE characteristics of ferns. These frNPQ LHC proteins may act in combination with frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) proteins and / or frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) proteins. Transferring these frNPQ proteins (e.g., entirely, partially, only the active site amino acid residues, etc.) to non-fern plants provides non-fern plants with the rapid NPQ relaxation characteristics of ferns.

[0010] An aspect of the disclosure includes a transgenic non-fern plant including one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences selected from: (a) one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (b) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or (c) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ PsbS protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), anAstrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405). In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein or the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein, the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), aPleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431). In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes three or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes four or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes five or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes six or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, thefrNPQ lhcb2, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or the frNPQ aLHC protein, the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, anAstrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20); PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, aPleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49); PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175),an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ IDNO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).

[0011] In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is a crop plant, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant has: (a) increased growth under fluctuating light conditions; (b) increased photosynthetic efficiency under fluctuating light conditions; (c) improved photoprotection efficiency under fluctuating light conditions; (d) an increased rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under fluctuating light conditions; (e) improved quantum yield and CO2 fixation under fluctuating light conditions; and / or (f) increased yield, in each case as compared to a control plant lacking the one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences grown under the same fluctuating light conditions. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, the control plant is a null segregant of the transgenic plant. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is an elite line or elite strain. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant further includes expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.

[0012] An additional aspect of this disclosure includes an expression vector or isolated DNA molecule including one or more nucleotide sequences encoding: (a) a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (b) a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or (c) a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein and / or a frNPQviolaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein; wherein the one or more nucleotide sequences are operably linked to at least one expression control sequence. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the at least one expression control sequence includes a promoter selected from the group of a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the at least one expression control sequence includes a promoter selected from the group of a tissue specific promoter or a developmental stage specific promoter. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the expression vector is a T-DNA. An additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, further includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that provides antibiotic resistance. Yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, further includes a left border (LB) domain and a right border (RB) domain flanking the expression control sequences and the nucleotide sequences. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ PsbS protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405). In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ ZEP protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, one of the one or morenucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ VDE protein. Yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes both one of the one or more nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein, the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria line ata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431). An additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes two or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, thefrNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins. A further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes three or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein. Yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes four or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. Still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes five or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. An additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes six or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. A further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or the frNPQ aLHC protein, the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20);PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49);PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, aPleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO:325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).

[0013] Yet another embodiment of this aspect that can be combined with any of the preceding embodiments includes a bacterial cell or an Agrobacterium cell including the expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments. An additional embodiment of this aspect that can be combined with any of the preceding embodiments includes a transgenic plant, seed, or plant cell including the expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments. Still another embodiment of this aspect includes a progeny plant from the seed of the preceding embodiment.

[0014] A further aspect of this disclosure includes methods for increasing growth, increasing photosynthetic efficiency, improving photoprotection efficiency, improving quantum yield and CO2 fixation, or increasing the rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in a plant under fluctuating light conditions, including expressing in the plant one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences selected from: (a) one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvestingcomplex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (b) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or (c) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein; thereby producing a plant with increased expression of the one or more polypeptides and increased growth, increased photosynthetic efficiency, improved photoprotection efficiency, improved quantum yield and CO2 fixation as compared to a control plant lacking the one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences grown under the same conditions. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ PsbS protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405). In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding thefrNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein or the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein, the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431). In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may becombined with any of the preceding embodiments, the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes three or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes four or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes five or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes six or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or the frNPQ aLHC protein, the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein,a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%,at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20);PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49);PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltisthyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).

[0015] In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is a crop plant, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, theconditions are fluctuating light conditions. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, the control plant is a null segregant of the transgenic plant. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is an elite line or elite strain. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant further includes expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.

[0016] Yet another aspect of this disclosure includes methods of selecting a plant for improved growth characteristics under fluctuating light conditions, including: (a) providing a population of plants; (b) genetically modifying the plants to introduce one or more mutations that correspond to an amino acid alteration or deletion or insertion thereof that is not conserved in non-fern plants but is conserved in fern plants with rapid non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) into each of one or more endogenous gene each encoding a target protein homologous to a frNPQ protein selected from: (i) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (ii) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein, operably linked to at least one expression control sequence; and / or (iii) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein and / or a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein; (c) detecting the level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions in the plants; (d) comparing the level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions in the plants with a control level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions; and (e) selecting a plant having an increased rate of NPQ relaxation when the plant is transitioned from high light intensity to low light intensity; thereby selecting a plant with improved growth characteristics under fluctuating light conditions. A further embodiment of this aspect includes the control level of NPQ being selected from the group of a lowest level of NPQ in the population, a median level of NPQ in the population, a mean level of NPQ in the population, or a level of NPQ in a control plant. An additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes the plants being genetically modified by inducing the one or more mutations with a mutagen. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, the mutagen is ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS). In a further embodiment of this aspect, may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plants are genetically modified by transforming the plants with one or more gene editing components that target a nuclear genome sequence. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, the one or more gene editing components include a ribonucleoprotein complex that targets the nuclear genome sequence; a vectorincluding a TALEN protein encoding sequence, wherein the TALEN protein targets the nuclear genome sequence; a vector including a ZFN protein encoding sequence, wherein the ZFN protein targets the nuclear genome sequence; an oligonucleotide donor (OND), wherein the OND targets the nuclear genome sequence; or a vector CRISPR / Cas enzyme encoding sequence and a targeting sequence, wherein the targeting sequence targets the nuclear genome sequence. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the plants being genetically modified, the plants are genetically modified by transforming the plants with an expression vector or an isolated DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the target protein is homologous to the frNPQ PsbS protein. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azollafiliculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405). In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the target protein is homologous to the frNPQ ZEP protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the target protein is homologous to the frNPQ VDE protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, a first target protein is homologous to the frNPQ ZEP protein and a second target protein is homologous to the frNPQ VDE protein. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has a target protein being homologous to the frNPQ ZEP protein or the frNPQ VDEprotein, the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria line ata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431). In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of two or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the two or more endogenous genes encode proteins homologous to two different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of three or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of four or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of five or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of six or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the plant being genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into endogenous genes encoding target proteins homologous to the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or the frNPQ aLHC protein, frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcblprotein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticumfrNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20); PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49); PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQaLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).

[0017] In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is a crop plant, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant,a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is an elite line or elite strain. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant further includes expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.EmbodimentsEmbodiment 1. A transgenic non-fern plant comprising one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences selected from:(a) one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(b) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or(c) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 2. The transgenic plant of embodiment 1 , wherein the plant comprises the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ PsbS protein.Embodiment 3. The transgenic plant of embodiment 2, wherein the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ IDNO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405).Embodiment 4. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the plant comprises the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein.Embodiment 5. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the plant comprises the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 6. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the plant comprises both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 7. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 4-6, wherein the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO:440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431).Embodiment 8. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the plant comprises two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 9. The transgenic plant of embodiment 8, wherein the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins.Embodiment 10. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the plant comprises three or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein.Embodiment 11. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the plant comprises four or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 12. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the plant comprises five or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 13. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the plant comprises six or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 14. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 8-13, wherein the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcblprotein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity toa Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20);PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepissinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49);PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO:232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).Embodiment 15. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein the plant is a crop plant, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant.Embodiment 16. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein the plant has:(a) increased growth under fluctuating light conditions;(b) increased photosynthetic efficiency under fluctuating light conditions;(c) improved photoprotection efficiency under fluctuating light conditions;(d) an increased rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under fluctuating light conditions;(e) improved quantum yield and CO2 fixation under fluctuating light conditions; and / or(f) increased yield, in each case as compared to a control plant lacking the one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences grown under the same fluctuating light conditions.Embodiment 17. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-16, wherein the control plant is a null segregant of the transgenic plant.Embodiment 18. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-17, wherein the plant is an elite line or elite strain.Embodiment 19. The transgenic plant of any one of embodiments 1-18, wherein the plant further comprises expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.Embodiment 20. An expression vector or isolated DNA molecule comprising one or more nucleotide sequences encoding:(a) a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(b) a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or(c) a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein and / or a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein; wherein the one or more nucleotide sequences are operably linked to at least one expression control sequence.Embodiment 21. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of embodiment 20, wherein the at least one expression control sequence comprises a promoter selected from the group consisting of a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter.Embodiment 22. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of embodiment 20 or embodiment 21, wherein the at least one expression control sequence comprises a promoter selected from the group consisting of a tissue specific promoter or a developmental stage specific promoter.Embodiment 23. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-22, wherein the expression vector is a T-DNA.Embodiment 24. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-23, further comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that provides antibiotic resistance.Embodiment 25. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of embodiment 23 or embodiment 24, further comprising a left border (LB) domain and a right border (RB) domain flanking the expression control sequences and the nucleotide sequences.Embodiment 26. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-25, wherein one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ PsbS protein.Embodiment 27. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of embodiment 26, wherein the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405).Embodiment 28. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-27, wherein one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ ZEP protein.Embodiment 29. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-27, wherein one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 30. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-27, comprising both one of the one or more nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 31. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 28-30, wherein the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO:440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431).Embodiment 32. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-31 , comprising two or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 33. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of embodiment 32, wherein the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins.Embodiment 34. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-31 , comprising three or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein.Embodiment 35. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-31, comprising four or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 36. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-31, comprising five or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 37. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-31, comprising six or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 38. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 32-37, wherein the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltispolypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20); PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, anAstrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49); PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azollafiliculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).Embodiment 39. A bacterial cell or an Agrobacterium cell comprising the expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-38.Embodiment 40. A transgenic plant, seed, or plant cell comprising the expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-38.Embodiment 41. A progeny plant from the seed of embodiment 40.Embodiment 42. A method for increasing growth, increasing photosynthetic efficiency, improving photoprotection efficiency, improving quantum yield and CO2 fixation, or increasing the rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in a plant under fluctuating light conditions, comprising expressing in the plant one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences selected from:(a) one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(b) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or(c) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein; thereby producing a plant with increased expression of the one or more polypeptides and increased growth, increased photosynthetic efficiency, improved photoprotection efficiency, improved quantum yield and CO2 fixation as compared to a control plant lacking the one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences grown under the same conditions.Embodiment 43. The method of embodiment 42, wherein the plant comprises the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ PsbS protein.Embodiment 44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), anAstrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405).Embodiment 45. The method of any one of embodiments 42-44, wherein the plant comprises the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein.Embodiment 46. The method of any one of embodiments 42-44, wherein the plant comprises the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 47. The method of any one of embodiments 42-44, wherein the plant comprises both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 48. The method of any one of embodiments 45-47, wherein the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQVDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431).Embodiment 49. The method of any one of embodiments 42-48, wherein the plant comprises two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins.Embodiment 51. The method of any one of embodiments 42-48, wherein the plant comprises three or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein.Embodiment 52. The method of any one of embodiments 42-48, wherein the plant comprises four or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 53. The method of any one of embodiments 42-48, wherein the plant comprises five or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 54. The method of any one of embodiments 42-48, wherein the plant comprises six or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 55. The method of any one of embodiments 49-54, wherein the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatumfrNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20);PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQlhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49);PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein(SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).Embodiment 56. The method of any one of embodiments 42-55, wherein the plant is a crop plant, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant.Embodiment 57. The method of any one of embodiments 42-56, wherein the conditions are fluctuating light conditions.Embodiment 58. The method of any one of embodiments 42-57, wherein the control plant is a null segregant of the transgenic plant.Embodiment 59. The method of any one of embodiments 42-58, wherein the plant is an elite line or elite strain.Embodiment 60. The method of any one of embodiments 42-59, wherein the plant further comprises expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.Embodiment 61. A method of selecting a plant for improved growth characteristics under fluctuating light conditions, comprising:(a) providing a population of plants;(b) genetically modifying the plants to introduce one or more mutations that correspond to an amino acid alteration or deletion or insertion thereof that is not conserved in non-fern plants but is conserved in fern plants with rapid non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) into each of one or more endogenous gene each encoding a target protein homologous to a frNPQ protein selected from:(i) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4)protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(ii) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein, operably linked to at least one expression control sequence; and / or(iii) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein and / or a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein;(c) detecting the level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions in the plants;(d) comparing the level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions in the plants with a control level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions; and(e) selecting a plant having an increased rate of NPQ relaxation when the plant is transitioned from high light intensity to low light intensity; thereby selecting a plant with improved growth characteristics under fluctuating light conditions.Embodiment 62. The method of embodiment 61, wherein the control level of NPQ is selected from the group consisting of a lowest level of NPQ in the population, a median level of NPQ in the population, a mean level of NPQ in the population, and a level of NPQ in a control plant.Embodiment 63. The method of embodiment 61 or embodiment 62, wherein the plants are genetically modified by inducing the one or more mutations with a mutagen.Embodiment 64. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the mutagen is ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS).Embodiment 65. The method of embodiment 61 or embodiment 62, wherein the plants are genetically modified by transforming the plants with one or more gene editing components that target a nuclear genome sequence.Embodiment 66. The method of embodiment 65, wherein the one or more gene editing components comprise a ribonucleoprotein complex that targets the nuclear genome sequence; a vector comprising a TALEN protein encoding sequence, wherein the TALEN protein targets the nuclear genome sequence; a vector comprising a ZFN protein encoding sequence, wherein the ZFN protein targets the nuclear genome sequence; an oligonucleotide donor (OND), wherein the OND targets the nuclear genome sequence; or a vector CRISPR / Cas enzyme encoding sequence and a targeting sequence, wherein the targeting sequence targets the nuclear genome sequence.Embodiment 67. The method of embodiment 61 or embodiment 62, wherein the plants are genetically modified by transforming the plants with an expression vector or an isolated DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 20-38.Embodiment 68. The method of any one of embodiments 61-67, wherein the target protein is homologous to the frNPQ PsbS protein.Embodiment 69. The method of embodiment 68, wherein the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405).Embodiment 70. The method of any one of embodiments 61-69, wherein the target protein is homologous to the frNPQ ZEP protein.Embodiment 71. The method of any one of embodiments 61-69, wherein the target protein is homologous to the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 72. The method of any one of embodiments 61-69, wherein a first target protein is homologous to the frNPQ ZEP protein and a second target protein is homologous to the frNPQ VDE protein.Embodiment 73. The method of any one of embodiments 70-72, wherein the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, aCheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria line ata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431).Embodiment 74. The method of any one of embodiments 61-73, wherein the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of two or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 75. The method of embodiment 74, wherein the two or more endogenous genes encode proteins homologous to two different frNPQ aLHC proteins.Embodiment 76. The method of any one of embodiments 61-73, wherein the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of three or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein.Embodiment 77. The method of any one of embodiments 61-73, wherein the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of four or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 78. The method of any one of embodiments 61-73, wherein the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of five or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 79. The method of any one of embodiments 61-73, wherein the plant is genetically modified to introduce one or more mutations into each of six or more endogenous genes each encoding a target protein homologous to the frNPQ protein selected from the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein.Embodiment 80. The method of any one of embodiments 74-79, wherein the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, aCheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepisfrNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria line ata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20);PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49);PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aureafrNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, orSEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).Embodiment 81. The method of any one of embodiments 61-80, wherein the plant is a crop plant, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant.Embodiment 82. The method of any one of embodiments 61-81, wherein the plant is an elite line or elite strain.Embodiment 83. The method of any one of embodiments 61-82, wherein the plant further comprises expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pestresistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] FIG. 1 shows representative images of fern species with fast kinetics and high NPQ capacity, Pleopeltis guttata (top left), Astrolepis windhamii (top right), and Cheilanthes bonariensis (bottom).

[0019] FIGS. 2A-2F show raw and normalized NPQ measurements in 1400 pE or 1400 pmol photons m2s ’for Nicotiana benthamiana, and three fern species, Astrolepis windhamii, Myriopteris aurea, and Pleopeltis guttata. FIG. 2A shows raw NPQ measurements. FIG. 2B shows normalized NPQ measurements. In FIGS. 2A-2B, NPQ was measured using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. The bar at the top shows the light cycle, with high light periods shown in white and dark periods shown in black. Each plotted dot represents a timepoint taken during the corresponding period. Timepoints from Nicotiana benthamiana plants are shown as triangles, while those from Astrolepis windhamii are shown as circles, those from Myriopteris rufa are shown as squares, and those from Pleopeltis guttata are shown as inverted triangles, n = 6 for Nicotiana benthamiana (5- week-old plants); n = 10-12 for each of Astrolepis windhamii, Myriopteris aurea, and Pleopeltis guttata. FIGS. 2C-2F show raw NPQ measurements under two different light regimes for Nicotiana benthamiana (“Tobacco”, solid lines in FIGS. 2C and 2E, white boxes in FIGS. 2D and 2F) and fern species Astrolepis windhamii (“Astrolepis”, dotted lines in FIGS. 2C and 2E, grey boxes in FIGS. 2D and 2F). In FIGS. 2C and 2E, the bar at the top shows the light cycle, with high light periods shown in white, dark periods shown in black, and low light periods shown in grey when applicable. FIG. 2C shows raw NPQ measurements under a light regime of alternating l,180pE of light (high light) and darkness; first ten minutes of light, then ten minutes of darkness, then five minutes of light, and then five minutes of darkness. FIG. 2D plots the area under the curves of FIG. 2C, wherein the bar plot on the left compares the plants’ area under the curve during NPQ induction and the bar plot on the right compares the plants’ area under the curve during the dark conditions. FIG. 2E shows raw NPQ measurements under a light regime of low light 60pE for five minutes, high light l,180pE for five minutes, and five minutes of darkness. FIG. 2F plots the area under the curves of FIG. 2E, wherein the bar plot on the left compares the plants’ area under the curve during NPQ induction and the bar plot on the right compares the plants’ area under the curve during the dark conditions.

[0020] FIGS. 3A-3F show results of different chemical treatments with various inhibitory effects on NPQ in Nicotiana benthamiana and Astrolepis windhamii. For FIGS. 3A-3E, the bar at the top shows the light cycle, with high light periods shown in white, low light periods shown in gray, and dark periods shown in black. High light was 1180 pE (1180 pmol photons m2s ’), and low light was 60 pE (60 pmol photons m2s ’). Each plotted dot represents a timepoint taken during thecorresponding period. FIG. 3A shows the raw NPQ measurements of N. benthamiana and A. windhamii, after 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (DCMU) or sorbitol treatment, under a series of light conditions. Timepoints from N. benthamiana plants treated with sorbitol are shown as slash-filled triangles with a thicker trendline, those from N. benthamiana plants treated with DCMU are shown as dot-filled triangles with a thinner trendline, those from A. windhamii plants treated with sorbitol are shown as dot-filled squares with a dashed trendline, and those from A. windhamii plants treated with DCMU are shown as slash-filled squares with a solid trendline, n = 3 for each treatment on each plant species (5-week-old plants). FIG. 3B shows the raw NPQ measurements of N. benthamiana and A. windhamii, after nigericin or sorbitol treatment, under a series of light conditions. Timepoints from N. benthamiana plants treated with sorbitol are shown as slash-filled triangles with a thicker trendline, those from N. benthamiana plants treated with nigericin are shown as dot-filled triangles with a thinner trendline, those from A. windhamii plants treated with sorbitol are shown as dot-filled squares with a dashed trendline, and those from A. windhamii plants treated with nigericin are shown as crosshatch-filled squares with a solid trendline, n = 3 for each treatment on each plant species (5-week-old plants). FIG. 3C shows the raw NPQ measurements of N. benthamiana under a series of light conditions after nonactin, valinomycin, or sorbitol treatment. Timepoints from N. benthamiana plants treated with sorbitol are shown as slash-filled triangles with a thicker trendline, those from N. benthamiana plants treated with nonactin are shown as open triangles with a thinner trendline, and those from N. benthamiana plants treated with valinomycin are shown as dot-filled triangles with a thinner trendline, n = 3 for each treatment (5-week-old plants). FIG. 3D shows the raw NPQ measurements of A. windhamii under a series of light conditions after nonactin, valinomycin, or sorbitol treatment. Timepoints from A. windhamii plants treated with sorbitol are shown as dot-filled squares with a dashed trendline, those from A. windhamii plants treated with nonactin are shown as open squares with a solid trendline, and those from A. windhamii plants treated with valinomycin are shown as dot-filled squares with a solid trendline, n = 3 for each treatment (5- week-old plants). FIG. 3E shows the raw NPQ measurements of N. benthamiana and A. windhamii, after dithiothreitol (DTT) or sorbitol treatment, under a series of light conditions. Timepoints from N. benthamiana plants treated with sorbitol are shown as slash-filled triangles with a thicker trendline, those from N. benthamiana plants treated with DTT are shown as dot-filled triangles with a thinner trendline, those from A. windhamii plants treated with sorbitol are shown as dot-filled squares with a dashed trendline, and those from A. windhamii plants treated with DTT are shown as slash-filled squares with a very thick trendline, n = 3 for each treatment on each plant species (5-week-old plants). FIG. 3F shows a bar plot of de-epoxidation state (vertical axis) across increasing levels of DTT treatment (horizontal axis) for N. benthamiana and A. windhamii. N. benthamiana is represented by slash-filled triangles and slash-filled bars, and A. windhamii is represented by dot-filled squares anddot-filled bars. Each triangle or square represents a timepoint of measuring de-epoxidation state and its corresponding DTT treatment concentration.

[0021] FIGS. 4A-4B show raw and normalized NPQ measurements in 1000 pmol photons m2s'1high light for Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, and five fern species, Astrolepis windhamii, Cheilanthes bonariensis, Myriopteris rufa, Pleopeltis guttata, and Pleopeltis polypodioides . FIG. 4A shows raw NPQ measurements. FIG. 4B shows normalized NPQ measurements. In FIGS. 4A-4B, NPQ was measured using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. The bar at the top shows the light cycle, with high light periods shown in white and dark periods shown in black. Each plotted dot represents a timepoint taken during the corresponding period. Normalized NPQ was significantly different between 4-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants (open circles), Nicotiana benthamiana (open squares), Astrolepis windhamii (slash-filled squares), Cheilanthes bonariensis (upright triangles with a dashed trendline), Myriopteris rufa (inverted triangles with a solid trendline), Pleopeltis guttata (Xs with a light grey trendline), and Pleopeltis polypodioides (crosses or vertical bars with a thicker trendline) (p < 0.0001).

[0022] FIGS. 5A-5B show raw and normalized NPQ measurements under fluctuating high light (1000 pmol photons m2s ’) for 4-week-old A. thaliana and five fern species, Astrolepis windhamii, Cheilanthes bonariensis, Myriopteris rufa, Pleopeltis guttata, and Pleopeltis polypodioides. FIG. 5A shows raw NPQ measurements. FIG. 5B shows normalized NPQ measurements. In FIGS. 5A-5B, NPQ was measured using PAM fluorometry. The bar at the top shows the light cycle, with high light periods shown in white and dark periods shown in black. Each plotted dot represents a timepoint taken during the corresponding period; Arabidopsis thaliana (open circles), Astrolepis windhamii (slash-filled squares), Cheilanthes bonariensis (upright closed triangles with a dashed trendline), Myriopteris rufa (inverted triangles with a solid trendline), Pleopeltis guttata (Xs), and Pleopeltis polypodioides (crosses or vertical bars with a thicker trendline).

[0023] FIG. 6 is a schematic of the xanthophyll cycle occurring in the light harvesting complex (LHC) and the three carotenoid pigments that are involved in the xanthophyll cycle. During light exposure, violaxanthin (Vio, spotted carbon rings) is converted to the photoprotective pigments, zeaxanthin (Zea, barred carbon rings) and antheraxanthin (Anth, open carbon rings). Conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin is performed by violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) (darker grey ribbon diagram to the right), while conversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin is performed by zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) (lighter grey ribbon diagram, to the left), with antheraxanthin as an intermediate product. The formula used to determine DES is depicted below the diagram.

[0024] FIGS. 7A-7D show the NPQ and levels of xanthophyll cycle components in Pleopeltis guttata ferns. FIG. 7A shows NPQ measurements for Pleopeltis guttata in high light. FIG. 7B shows the levels of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin in Pleopeltis guttata in dark (slash-filledbars and black filled circles), light ( bars and circles filled with larger dots), and recovery (bars and circles filled with smaller dots) periods. FIG. 7C shows NPQ measurements for Pleopeltis guttata after a 3-hour incubation with water (samples plotted as bar-filled shapes with thicker trendlines) or 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT; samples plotted as dot-filled shapes with thinner trendlines). FIG. 7D shows violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin levels in Pleopeltis guttata after a 3-hour incubation with water (diamonds and slash-filled bars) or 5 mM DTT (squares and grid-filled bars).

[0025] FIG. 8 shows transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of Pleopeltis guttata chloroplasts. Pleopeltis guttata chloroplasts vary in size and shape, with grana that can be highly stacked. In the left panel, a scale of 0.5 pm is shown (bottom left corner), and in the right panel, a scale of 0.2 pm is shown (bottom left corner). In the right panel, the dashed arrow indicates the plastoglobuli, and the white arrow indicates the grana.

[0026] FIG. 9 shows TEM images of Astrolepis windhamii chloroplasts. Astrolepis windhamii chloroplasts have densely packed clusters of plastoglobuli, where excess carotenoids could be stored. In the left and right panels, scales of 0.5 pm are shown (bottom left corners). In the left panel, the dashed arrow indicates the plastoglobuli, and the white arrow indicates the grana.

[0027] FIG. 10 shows TEM images of Cheilanthe bonariensis chloroplasts. In the left panel, a scale of 0.5 pm is shown (bottom left corner), and in the right panel, a scale of 0.2 pm is shown (bottom left corner). In the left panel, the dashed arrow indicates the plastoglobuli, and the white arrow indicates the grana.

[0028] FIGS. 11A-11H depict CLUSTAL Omega alignments of Myriopteris rufa (Mr; also known as Myriopteris eatonii) and Pleopeltis polypodioides (Pp) genes that clustered with Arabidopsis thaliana (At) LHC and VPZ genes in a gene tree. FIGS. 11A-11D shows the alignment of the LHC protein sequences At_lhcbl.l (SEQ ID NO: 10), At_lhcbl.2 (SEQ ID NO: 11), At_lhcbl.3 (SEQ ID NO: 12), At_lhcb2.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13), At_lhcb2.2 (SEQ ID NO: 14), At_lhcb2.4 (SEQ ID NO: 15), At_lhcb3.1 (SEQ ID NO: 16), Mr LHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17), Pp LHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18), At_lhcb6_CP24 (SEQ ID NO: 19), Pp LHC (SEQ ID NO: 20), Mr LHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21), Mr LHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22), Pp LHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23), Pp LHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24), Mr LHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25), Pp LHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26), Pp LHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27), At_lhcb41_CP291 (SEQ ID NO: 28), Pp LHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29), Mr LHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30), Pp LHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31), At_lhcb5_CP26 (SEQ ID NO: 32), Pp LHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33), Mr LHC10 (SEQ ID NO: 34), Mr LHC11 (SEQ ID NO: 35). FIG. 11A shows the alignment of the N terminal portion of the LHC proteins. FIG. 11B shows the alignment of the first central portion of the LHC proteins. FIG. 11C shows the alignment of the second central portion of the LHC proteins. FIG. 11D shows the alignment of the C terminal portion of the LHC proteins. FIG. HE shows the alignment of AT_VDE (SEQ ID NO: 7), MyriopterisRufa_VDE (SEQ ID NO: 8), andPleopeltisPolypodioides_VDE (SEQ ID NO: 9). For protein VDE, the Cys-rich domain is characterized by disulfide bridges across 12 conserved cysteine residues, and the Glu-rich domain is characterized by 20 conserved glutamates acting as pH-dependent switches. FIG. 11F shows the alignment of At_PsbS (SEQ ID NO: 1), MyriopterisRufa_PsbS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and PleopeltisPolypodioides_PsbS (SEQ ID NO: 3). FIGS. 11G-11H show the alignment of At_ZEP (SEQ ID NO: 4), MyriopterisRufa_ZEP (SEQ ID NO: 5), and PleopeltisPolypodioides_ZEP (SEQ ID NO: 6).

[0029] FIGS. 12A-12B show raw and normalized NPQ measurements in 1400pE for Nicotiana benthamiana, and three fern species, Adiantum aleuticum, Adiantum raddianum, and Vittaria lineata. FIG. 12A shows raw NPQ measurements. FIG. 12B shows normalized NPQ measurements. In FIGS. 12A-12B, NPQ was measured using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. The bar at the top shows the light cycle, with high light periods shown in white and dark periods shown in black. Each plotted dot represents a timepoint taken during the corresponding period. Timepoints from Nicotiana benthamiana plants are shown as slash-filled upright triangles, while those from Adiantum aleuticum are shown as circles, those from Adiantum raddianum are shown as squares with a dashed trendline, and those from Vittaria lineata are shown as slash-filled inverted triangles, n = 6 for Nicotiana benthamiana', n = 10-12 for each of Adiantum aleuticum, Adiantum raddianum, and Vittaria lineata.

[0030] FIGS. 13A-13B show relaxation kinetics in model species Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Vittariodeae ferns, Astrolepis ferns, Myriopteris ferns, and Pleopeltis ferns. FIG. 13A shows relaxation kinetics for a 10-minute high light-dark (HL-Dark) relaxation. FIG. 13B shows relaxation kinetics for a 2.5-minute high light-dark (HL-Dark) relaxation (3 cycles). In FIGS. 13A-13B, n = 3-6 for Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana', n = 10-12 for Vittariodeae ferns, Astrolepis ferns, Myriopteris ferns, and Pleopeltis ferns for FIG 13A, and n = 3 for all for FIG 13B. The results of a one-way ANOVA for the de-epoxidation state ([Z + 0.5*A] / [V + A + Z]) versus Nicotiana benthamiana are shown with level of statistical significance between expressed as a range for the calculated p-value (i.e., A p < 0.0001, B p < 0.001, C p < 0.01, D p < 0.05, or ns p > 0.05). Vittariodeae fern results are plotted as bars filled with large dots; Astrolepis fern results are plotted as bars filled with sparse small dots; Myriopteris fern results are plotted as left-leaning slash- filled bars, and Pleopeltis fern results are plotted as bars filled with dense small dots.

[0031] FIGS. 14A-14D show xanthophyll cycling in Nicotiana benthamiana, and three fern species, Astrolepis windhamii, Myriopteris aurea, and Pleopeltis guttata. FIG. 14A shows xanthophyll cycling in Nicotiana benthamiana. FIG. 14B shows xanthophyll cycling in Astrolepis windhamii. FIG. 14C shows xanthophyll cycling in Myriopteris aurea. FIG. 14D shows xanthophyll cycling in Pleopeltis guttata. In FIGS. 14A-14D, violaxanthin is shown as bars filled with small dots,antheraxanthin is shown as bars filled with hatch marks, and zeaxanthin is shown as bars filled with large dots. The results of a one-way ANOVA versus Nicotiana benthamiana are shown.

[0032] FIGS. 15A-15D show chlorophyll and carotenoid content in Nicotiana benthamiana, and three fern species, Astrolepis windhamii, Myriopteris aurea, and Pleopeltis guttata. FIG. 15A shows chlorophyll a:b ratio, with means. FIG. 15B shows lutein. FIG. 15C shows neoxanthin. FIG. 15D shows beta carotene.

[0033] FIGS. 16A-16D shows a drop in beta carotene content in response to high light in Nicotiana benthamiana, and three fern species, Astrolepis windhamii, Myriopteris aurea, and Pleopeltis guttata. FIG. 16A shows beta carotene content in Nicotiana benthamiana. FIG. 16B shows beta-carotene content in Astrolepis windhamii. FIG. 16C shows beta carotene content in Myriopteris aurea. FIG. 16D shows beta carotene content in Pleopeltis guttata. In FIGS. 16A-16D, violaxanthin is shown as bars filled with small dots, antheraxanthin is shown as bars filled with hatch marks, zeaxanthin is shown as bars filled with large dots, and beta carotene is shown as slash-filled bars. The data is the same as that shown in FIGS. 14A-14D, but with beta-carotene overlaid. The arrows in FIGS. 16B-16C mark high accumulation of zeaxanthin in high light.

[0034] FIGS. 17A-17L show constructs for comparing fern species Astrolepis windhamii and model plant species Nicotiana tabacum violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), and analysis of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and de-epoxidation states (DES) for these two genes when transiently expressed. For FIGS. 17A-17B, dot-filled bars represent A. windhamii measurements and slash-filled bars represent N. tabacum measurements. For FIGS. 17E-17H, dotted trendlines, dot- filled ranges, and open circles represent V'DE-null N. benthamiana transformed with A. windhamii VDE (“AwVDE”); solid trendlines, bar-filled ranges, and shaded circles represent V'DE-null N. benthamiana transformed with N. tabacum VDE (“NtVDE”). FIG. 17A shows a box plot comparing levels of mmol of chlorophyll b, lutein, neoxanthin, and beta carotenes (horizontal axis) per mol of chlorophyll a (vertical axis). Asterisks denote significant difference between compared species, with more asterisks marking greater thresholds of significant difference. FIG. 17B shows a boxplot of deepoxidation states (vertical axis) of A. windhamii and N. tabacum across various light conditions (horizontal axis). “1.5 min EE” represents 1.5 minutes in low light conditions (60 pE or 60 pmol photons m-2 s-1), “1.5 min HL” represents 1.5 minutes in high light conditions (1400 pE or 1400 pmol photons m-2 s-1), “10 min HL” represents 10 minutes in high light conditions (1400 pE or 1400 pmol photons m-2 s-1), and “1.5 min Dark” represents 1.5 minutes in dark conditions. Asterisks denote significant difference between compared species, with more asterisks marking greater thresholds of significant difference. FIG. 17C shows an alignment of the AwVDE protein lacking the AtVDE chloroplast transit peptide (AwVDE_noTP; SEQ ID NO: 595) with the NtVDE protein lacking the AtVDE chloroplast transit peptide (NtVDE_noTP; SEQ ID NO: 596). FIG. 17D showsexpression vectors that incorporate either the VDE sequence from A. windhamii (middle vector), the VDE sequence from N. benthamiana (bottom vector), or the GUS sequence (top vector). In the expression vectors, “pUBQ” represents an ubiquitin-10 promoter, “AtTP” represents the A. thaliana VDE chloroplast Transit Peptide, “GUS” represents P-glucuronidase, “AwVDE” represents the coding sequence (CDS) of VDE from A. windhamii, “NtVDE” represents the CDS of VDE from N. tabacum, and “mScarlet” represents the CDS for a red fluorescent protein variant. FIG. 17E shows linear regression between log2 measurements of mScarlet expression and maximum NPQ (“Max NPQ”). FIG. 17F shows linear regression between log2 measurements of mScarlet expression and rate of induction of NPQ (“Induction NPQ”). FIG. 17G shows linear regression between log2 measurements of mScarlet expression and levels of de -epoxidation state (“DES”) following 40 minutes of dark acclimation. FIG. 17H shows linear regression between log2 measurements of mScarlet expression and levels of de-epoxidation state (“DES”) following overnight dark acclimation. For FIGS. 17I-17K, a dot-grid bar represents a cysteine -rich (“Cys-Rich”) domain, a slash-filled bar represents a Lipocalin Domain, and a bar filled with dense small dots represents a Lipid Binding Domain. FIGS. 17I-17K show the amino acid sequences of NtVDE (SEQ ID NO: 597, shown as the top row’s sequence) and AwVDE (SEQ ID NO: 598, shown as the bottom row’s sequence). Within the sequences of FIG. 171, the cysteine (C) amino acids within the Cys-Rich Domain are boxed. Within the Cys-Rich Domain, there are 7 total differences between the two sequences out of 83 amino acids (aa). Within the Lipocalin Domain (right portion of FIG. 171, all of FIG. 17J, and left portion of FIG. 17K), there are 45 total differences between the two sequences out of 181 aa; said differences are boxed. The right portion of FIG. 17K shows the Lipid Binding Domain, wherein there are 30 total differences between the two sequences. There are 29 total amino acid deletions (one of 11 aa and one of 18 aa) in the AwVDE sequence compared to the NtVDE sequence, out of 101 total aa; said deletions are indicated by boxed dashes. These deletions include 12 glutamic acid (E) amino acids. Amino acids with a change in charge are also boxed. . FIG. 17L shows another overlay of the protein structures of AwVDE (light grey) and NtVDE (dark grey), with general protein regions labeled according to functional domains of the protein.

[0035] FIG. 18 shows available promoters, A. windhamii light-harvesting complex (LHC) coding sequences, and the A. thaliana terminator heat shock protein 18. “CAB1” represents the sequence of the promoter for “chlorophyll a / b binding protein 1”; “AtFBA” represents the sequence of the promoter for A. thaliana fructose- 1 ,6-bisphosphate aldolase; “GAP A” represents the sequence of the promoter for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; “RBCSA1” represents the sequence of the promoter for ribulose- 1,5 -bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase small subunit (rbcS) Al; “eTP” represents the A. thaliana VDE chloroplast transit peptide; “LHCII” represents the sequence of light harvesting complex 2; on the left, “CP24”, “CP26”, and “CP29” represent promoter sequences of the genes chlorophyll protein 24, 26, and 29 respectively; in the center, “CP26” and “CP29” representsequences of the genes chlorophyll protein 26 and 29 respectively; “CP24(A / B)” represents the coding sequence of chlorophyll a / b binding protein 24; and “HSP18term” represents the sequence of the heat shock protein 18 terminator.

[0036] FIGS. 19A-19F show the results of testing VDE expression levels via transient expression of reporter gene mScarlet across domain-swap and residue-swap chimeric proteins constructed from domains of both NtVDE (shown in darker grey unless otherwise stated) and AwVDE (shown in lighter grey or dashed lines unless otherwise stated). For FIGS. 19A-19E, all graphs’ horizontal axes plot VDE expression as a log-value of the mScarlet levels (FIG. 19A), also labeled as “log(fluorescence)” (FIGS. 19B-19E). FIG. 19A shows bar graphs for control construct GUS (P-glucuronidase, “Gus”), NtVDE, AwVDE, and chimeric proteins numbered 1-13 (“Chiml” - “Chiml3”, in shades displayed along the legend on the far right), with the vertical axes plotting the number of samples exhibiting each level of expression. The left bar graph plots all data (samples n = 3,105), and the right bar graph plots samples that exhibited greater than 4 log-fold relative expression, or for which controls exhibited less than 4 log-fold relative expression (samples n = 2,788). ChimlO- Chiml3 are distinguishable from Chiml -Chim5 by their distribution of samples only appearing below at least one of Chim6-Chim9 along the vertical axes. For FIGS. 19B-19E, linear regressions of expression levels are plotted for groups of N. benthamiana transformed with the constructs of FIG. 17E (AwVDE and NtVDE) or included controls (npql and WT). WT samples are indicated by black- outlined open circles, npql samples are indicated by grey-outlined open circles, the “AwVDE” trendlines are indicated by boxed dashed lines, and the “NtVDE” trendlines are indicated by solid lines. For FIGS. 19B-19E, a plot of the Induction NPQ is on the left and a plot of the Maximum NPQ is on the right. FIG. 19B shows scatterplots that plot result for the groups “AwVDE”, “NtVDE”, “npql”, and “WT”. FIG. 19C shows the same plotted results of FIG. 19B, with the addition of four chimeric proteins, as shaded and described below the plots. The modeled structures of each chimera are also presented. From left to right, light grey dashed trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing AwVDE’ s Lipid Binding Domain, dark grey dashed trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing AwVDE’ s Cys-Rich Domain, dark grey solid trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing AwVDE’ s Cys-Rich Domain and AwVDE’ s Lipid Binding Domain, and light grey solid trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing AwVDE’ s Lipocalin Domain. FIG. 19D shows the same plotted results of FIG. 19B, with the addition of five chimeric proteins, as shaded and described below the plots. The modeled structure of each chimera is also presented. From left to right along the top row, dark grey dashed trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing a truncated form of the NtVDE Lipid Binding Domain, light grey dashed trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing basic residues swapped for AwVDE ’s corresponding acidic residues, and light grey solid trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing any basic or acidic residues swapped for AwVDE’ s corresponding more acidic residues (“Any > More Acidic Residues”). Along the bottom row, darkgrey solid trendlines (as shown to the left) represent results of NtVDE containing both basic residues swapped for AwVDE’s corresponding acidic residues, as well as a truncated form of the NtVDE Lipid Binding Domain; fine-dotted trendlines (shown to the right) represent results of NtVDE containing any basic or acidic residues swapped for AwVDE’s corresponding more acidic residues as well as a truncated form of NtVDE’ s Lipid Binding Domain (“Short LBD”). FIG. 19E shows the same plotted results of FIG. 19B, with the addition of four chimeric proteins, as shaded and described below the plots. The protein structure of each chimera is also presented. From left to right, light grey solid trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing acidic residues swapped for AwVDE’s corresponding basic residues, dark grey solid trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing any basic or acidic residues swapped for AwVDE’s corresponding more basic residues (“Any > More Basic Residues”), dark grey dashed trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing acidic residues swapped for AwVDE’s corresponding more basic residues, and light grey dashed trendlines represent results of NtVDE containing acidic residues swapped for AwVDE’s corresponding more basic residues as well as a truncated form of NtVDE’ s Lipid Binding Domain (“Short LBD”). FIG. 19F shows measured quantities of mmol / mol of Chlorophyll a (“mmol / mol Chi a”) for N. benthamiana transformed with the constructs of FIG. 17E (AwVDE and NtVDE), included controls (npql and WT), or chimeras designated Chimera 9, Chimera 6, and Chimera 8 (plotted along the horizontal axis). For each group of plants, also plotted are the relative levels of violaxanthin (bars filled with fine slashes), antheraxanthin (cross-hatched bars), and zeaxanthin (bars filled with fine dots). The left plot shows measurements taken after the plants were left overnight in dark conditions, and the right plot shows measurements taken after the plants were left in high light (HL) conditions for approximately 15 minutes.

[0037] FIGS. 20A-20B show comparisons of NPQ patterns between four groups of Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing Astrolepis windhamii Photosystem II subunit S (AwPsbS, light grey in FIG. 20A and dashed dark grey trendline in FIG. 20B), expressing Nicotiana benthamiana (NbPsbs2, dark grey in FIG. 20A and solid light grey trendline in FIG. 20B), having a mutant npq4 genetic background (darker grey in FIG. 20A, light grey dashed box “npqlx4” and corresponding group of data circles in FIG. 20B), or having a WT background (lighter grey in FIG. 20A and solid dark grey trendline with corresponding solid grey circles in FIG. 20B). FIG. 20A plots measurements of NPQ levels (plotted along the vertical axis) across thirty minutes (plotted along the horizontal axis) for the four plant groups. FIG. 20B shows scatterplot results of Induction NPQ (top panel, plotted along the vertical axis) and Maximum NPQ (bottom panel, plotted along the vertical axis) and PsbS expression levels (via transient expression of reporter gene mScarlet) (plotted along the horizontal axis as log(mScarlet)).

[0038] FIGS. 21 shows measurements of how N. benthamiana expression of Astrolepis windhamii’ s thylakoid K + exchange antiporter 3 (AwKEA3) (left panel) and Astrolepis windhamiiBeta hydroxylases (BOH) 1-4 (AwBOHl, AwB0H2, AwBOHS, and AwB0H4) affects NPQ compared to N. bethamiana expression of GUS, N. tabacum’s KEA3 (NtKEA3), N. tabacum’s BOH (NtBOH). or a wildtype (WT, black lines) genetic background. Time in minutes is plotted along the horizontal axis, and NPQ is plotted along the vertical axis.

[0039] FIGS. 22A-22G show initial results of using model fern Ceratopteris richardii in isolating thylakoid membrane components, isolating light harvesting complexes (LHCs), and characterizing Photosystem Il’s structure. FIG. 22A shows the C. richardii lifecycle (left panel), young sterile fronds (center panel), and fully mature plants (right panel). FIG. 22B compares patterns in NPQ across a stable light-dark cycle as in FIG. 2C, with time point NPQ measurements of A. windhamii grown in a botanical garden plotted as squares with a dashed dark grey trendline and NPQ measurements of C. richardii grown in a growth chamber plotted as circles with a light grey trendline. FIG. 22C compares patterns in NPQ across a stable light-dark cycle as in FIG. 2C and FIG. 22C, with time point NPQ measurements of Acrostichum danaeifolium plotted as dot-filled circles with a dashed trendline and NPQ measurements of N. benthamiana plotted as bar-filled triangles and a solid trendline. FIG. 22D shows fractionated gradients of thylakoids on a sucrose cushion (left) and LHCs (right) conducted at a pH of 6.0. Separating LHCs was conducted in 1% n-dodecyl-a-D-maltoside (a- DM), separating into Photosystem I (PSI), Photosystem II supercomplexes (PSII SC), and Photosystem II megacomplexes (PSII MC), all marked in black boxes. FIG. 22E shows absorption levels (plotted along the vertical axis, in lo / l, unitless) for wells containing portions of FIG. 22D’s fractionated gradient separated across a Blue Native (BN) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) gel, with wells of the BN PAGE plotted along the horizontal axis. Measurements of Chlorophyll A (“chlA”) are shown in solid lines, and Chlorophyll B (“chlB”) are shown in dashed lines. Black boxes mark, from left to right, the wells containing PSI, wells containing PSII SC, and wells containing PSII MC. FIG. 22F shows the BN-PAGE. “L” marks the molecular ladder, with molecular weights in kDa listed along the vertical axis. Selected wells corresponding to FIGS. 22E-22F’s PSI, PSII SC, and PSII MC are plotted along the horizontal axis. FIG. 22G shows a Western blot with wells labeled across the horizontal axis, visualizing PsbS. The lane labeled “+” marks a positive control.

[0040] FIGS. 23A-23G show experimental adaptations of FIG. 22D-22F’ s isolation of thylakoids and LHCs. FIGS. 23A-23B show isolation of Photosystem II subunits along a linear gradient in 0.075% glutamate (glu), both as the in-tube fractionated gradient (left in FIG. 23A) and the absorbance spectroscopy map of chlorophyll a and b absorbance, with fractions taken to BN- PAGE highlighted by boxes (right of FIG. 23A, all of FIG. 23B). FIG. 23C shows the corresponding BN-PAGE for FIGS. 23A-23B, as prepared in FIG. 22F. FIGS. 23D-23E show another replicate of FIGS. 23A-23B’s fractionated gradient, in preparation for cryo-preservation of protein for visualizing protein structures. Measurements of Chlorophyll A (“chlA”) are shown in solid lines, and Chlorophyll B (“chlB”) are shown in dashed lines. FIG. 23D shows the in-tube fractionated gradient, and FIG.23E shows the corresponding absorbance spectroscopy map. FIG. 23F shows a 1:5 dilution of negative staining on FIG. 23D-23E’s proteins in 0.075% Grafix for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). FIG. 23G shows exemplary results of initial images from cryo-electron tomography prior to data processing.

[0041] FIGS. 24A-24D show protein structures for Ceratopteris richardii Photosystem II supercomplex based on a fit to Arabidopsis thaliana’ s PSII, as well as swapping portions of the AtPSII with portions of A. windhamii AwPSII. FIG. 24A shows an initial protein structure for the C. richardii C2S2M1 / 2 LHCII supercomplex (left), compared to the supercomplex LHCIIs of Chlamydomonas (far left, experimental protein structure “PDB 6KAF”, C2S2M2N2-type), spruce (right, experimental protein structure “PDB 8C29”, C2S2-type), and pea (far right, experimental protein structure “PDB 5XNM”, C2S2M2-type). LHCII trimers are indicated by “M-LHCII” (moderately bound), “S-LHCII” (strongly bound), and “N-LHCII” (naked), along with monomeric minor LHCII species “CP24”, “CP26”, and “CP29”; “Core” labels the PSII core complex. FIG. 24B shows a structure for an angiosperm C2S2M2-type PSII with experimental protein structure “PDB 5XNM” (left) and a variety of chimeric PSII modeled structures wherein part of the A. thaliana PSII is swapped with a portion of A. windhamii’s PSII. Each are shaded and labeled accordingly: AtCP29 (darker grey) vs. AwCP29 (lighter grey) (top left panel), AtCP26 (lighter grey) vs. AwCP26 (darker grey) (top right panel), AtCP24 (lighter grey) vs. AwCP24 (darker grey) (bottom left panel), and AtLHCII (lighter grey) vs. AwLHCII (darker grey) (bottom right panel). Each A. thaliana portion of each chimeric PSII modeled structure is colored according to the structure illustrated at the left. FIG. 24C shows NPQ measurements (plotted along the vertical axis) for A. thaliana plants that express one of the following: a transformed AwCP24A (medium grey), a null CP24 genetic background (“lhcb6”, light grey), or a wildtype (WT, black) genetic background. NPQ measurements were taken across 30 minutes (plotted along the horizontal axis), with each group of plants plotted as both individual plants (solid line) and an average of 10 plants (dotted line). The protein modeled structure of AtCP24 (lighter grey) and AwCP24 (medium grey) are compared to the left. FIG. 24D shows results of the same experimental design as FIG. 24C, here testing the NPQ patterns of an AwCP29-transformant (medium grey) with (left panel) and without (right panel) a FLAG peptide protein tag against a null CP29 genetic background (“lhcb4”, light grey) or a wildtype (WT, black) genetic background. The modeled protein structures of AtCP29 (darker grey) and AwCP29 (lighter grey) are compared below the plots.

[0042] FIG. 25 shows an additional set of results for residue-swap chimeric proteins constructed from domains of both NtVDE and AwVDE, testing VDE expression levels displayed using reporter gene mScarlet. VDE expression on the x axis is plotted against NPQ induction on the y axis. The title of each graph indicates the swapped domain, as follows: the Glu-rich domain (top left panel), the Cys-rich domain (top right panel), the regulatory domains (bottom left panel), and the lipocalin domain (bottom right panel).

[0043] FIGS. 26A-26B show additional results characterizing NPQ in model ferns Ceratopteris richardii and Woodwardia sp. . Time in minutes is plotted along the horizontal axes, and NPQ is plotted along the vertical axes. Light conditions consisted of 10 minutes of 1,180 pE, followed by ten minutes of darkness, followed by five minutes of 1,180 pE, followed by a final five minutes of darkness, indicated above each graph by horizontal stretches of white and black bars. FIG. 26A shows comparisons for performance of Ceratopteris grown in fluctuating light (thin trendline and open circles), Ceratopteris grown in a greenhouse (thick trendline and diamonds), and Astrolepis windhamii (dashed trendline and squares). FIG. 26B shows comparisons for performance of Astrolepis windhamii (dashed trendline and squares) and Woodwardia sp (solid trendline and hexagons).

[0044] FIG. 27 shows transmission electron microscopy images of chloroplasts in various fern or spike moss species, each belonging to either rapid or slow NPQ groups. The horizontal bars below the panels indicate the NPQ group, and each panel is labeled by genus. Scale bars are as shown in each panel.

[0045] FIGS. 28A-28C show maps and models produced by single -particle cryo-EM for Ceratopteris and Woodwardia PSII structures. FIG. 28A shows, for Ceratopteris, a fitted model (left), a side-view fitted model (central), and the stromal view of the fitted model (right). FIG. 28B shows, for Woodwardia, a fitted model (left), a side-view fitted model (central), and the stromal view of the fitted model (right) map. FIG. 28C shows an overlay of the shift of CP29 in Woodwardia compared to Ceratopteris, with Woodwardia CP29 shown in lighter grey and the Ceratopteris CP29 shown in darker grey.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.Transgenic plants and seeds

[0047] An aspect of the disclosure includes a transgenic non-fern plant including one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences selected from: (a) one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, afrNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (b) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or (c) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ PsbS protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405). In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein or the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein, the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence withat least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431). In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes three or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcblprotein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the three or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode three different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes four or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the four or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode four different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes five or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the five or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode five different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant includes six or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the six or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode six different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or the frNPQ aLHC protein, the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, anAstrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aureafrNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria line ata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20); PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC proteinPpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49); PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO:277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).

[0048] In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is a crop plant, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) plant, a maize (Zea mays) plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, asugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.) plant, an energy cane (e.g., as described in Matsuoka et al., Advances in Botany, Volume 2014, Article ID 597275) plant, an elephant grass (Cenchrus purpureus) plant, a wheat (Triticum spp.) plant, an oat (Avena sativa) plant, an oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera) plant, a safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) plant, a sesame (Sesamum indicum) plant, a flax (Linum usitatissimum) plant, a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium arboretum, Gossypium herbaceum) plant, a sunflower (HeHantiius L.) plant, a Camelina (Camelina spp.) plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus) plant, a foxtail millet (Setaria italica) plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant has: (a) increased growth under fluctuating light conditions; (b) increased photosynthetic efficiency under fluctuating light conditions; (c) improved photoprotection efficiency under fluctuating light conditions; (d) an increased rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under fluctuating light conditions; (e) improved quantum yield and CO2 fixation under fluctuating light conditions; and / or (f) increased yield, in each case as compared to a control plant lacking the one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences grown under the same fluctuating light conditions. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, the control plant is a null segregant of the transgenic plant. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant is an elite line or elite strain. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the plant further includes expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.

[0049] The term “plant” refers to any of various photosynthetic, eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms of the kingdom Plantae, characteristically producing embryos, containing chloroplasts, having cellulose cell walls and lacking locomotion. As used herein, a “plant” includes any plant or part of a plant at any stage of development, including seeds, suspension cultures, plant cells, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, microspores, and progeny thereof. Also included are cuttings, and cell or tissue cultures. As used in conjunction with the present disclosure, plant tissue includes, for example, whole plants, plant cells, plant organs, e.g., leaves, stems, roots, meristems, plant seeds, protoplasts, callus, cell cultures, and any groups of plant cells organized into structural and / or functional units. Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores (i.e., do not produce either seeds or flowers), and have a free-living gametophyte stage. Thus, a “non-fern plant” refers to a plant that does not have these characteristics.

[0050] A “control plant” as described herein can be a control sample or a reference sample from a wild-type, an azygous, or a null-segregant plant, species, or sample or from populations thereof. Areference value can be used in place of a control or reference sample, which was previously obtained from a wild-type, azygous, or null-segregant plant, species, or sample or from populations thereof or a group of a wild-type, azygous, or null-segregant plant, species, or sample. A control sample or a reference sample can also be a sample with a known amount of a detectable composition or a spiked sample.

[0051] The term “plant” is used in its broadest sense. It includes, but is not limited to, any species of woody, ornamental or decorative, crop or cereal, fruit or vegetable plant, and algae (e.g., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). It also refers to a plurality of plant cells that is largely differentiated into a structure that is present at any stage of a plant's development. Such structures include, but are not limited to, a fruit, shoot, stem, leaf, flower petal, etc.

[0052] The term “plant tissue” includes differentiated and undifferentiated tissues of plants including those present in roots, shoots, leaves, inflorescences, anthers, pollen, ovaries, seeds and tumors, as well as cells in culture (e.g., single cells, protoplasts, embryos, callus, etc.). Plant tissue may be in planta, in organ culture, tissue culture, or cell culture.

[0053] The term “plant part” as used herein refers to a plant structure, a plant organ, or a plant tissue. In certain embodiments, the plant part may be a seed, pod, fruit, leaf, flower, stem, root, any part of the foregoing or a cell thereof, or a non-regenerable part or cell of a genetically modified or improved plant part. As used in this context, a "non-regenerable" part or cell of a genetically modified or improved plant or part thereof is a part or cell that itself cannot be induced to form a whole plant or cannot be induced to form a whole plant capable of sexual and / or asexual reproduction. In certain embodiments, the non-regenerable part or cell of the plant part is a part of a transgenic seed, pod, fruit, leaf, flower, stem or root or is a cell thereof.

[0054] Processed plant products that contain a detectable amount of a nucleotide segment, expressed RNA, and / or protein comprising a genetic modification disclosed herein are also provided. Such processed products include, but are not limited to, plant biomass, oil, meal, animal feed, flour, flakes, bran, lint, hulls, and processed seed. The processed product may be non-regenerable. The plant product can comprise commodity or other products of commerce derived from a transgenic plant or transgenic plant part, where the commodity or other products can be tracked through commerce by detecting a nucleotide segment, expressed RNA, and / or protein that comprises distinguishing portions of a genetic modification disclosed herein.

[0055] The term “plant cell” refers to a structural and physiological unit of a plant, comprising a protoplast and a cell wall. The plant cell may be in the form of an isolated single cell or a cultured cell, or as a part of a higher organized unit such as, for example, a plant tissue, a plant organ, or a whole plant. The term “plant cell culture” refers to cultures of plant units such as, for example, protoplasts, cells and cell clusters in a liquid medium or on a solid medium, cells in plant tissues andorgans, microspores and pollen, pollen tubes, anthers, ovules, embryo sacs, zygotes and embryos at various stages of development.

[0056] The term “plant material” refers to leaves, stems, roots, inflorescences and flowers or flower parts, fruits, pollen, anthers, egg cells, zygotes, seeds, cuttings, cell or tissue cultures, or any other part or product of a plant.

[0057] A “plant organ” refers to a distinct and visibly structured and differentiated part of a plant, such as a root, stem, leaf, flower bud, inflorescence, spikelet, floret, seed or embryo.

[0058] The term “crop plant”, means in particular monocotyledons such as cereals (wheat, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, oats, barley, teff, spelt, buckwheat, fonio and quinoa), rice, maize (corn), and / or sugar cane; or dicotyledon crops such as beet (such as sugar beet or fodder beet); fruits (such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, for example apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries or blackberries); leguminous plants (such as beans, lentils, peas or soybeans); oil plants (such as rape, mustard, poppy, olives, sunflowers, coconut, castor oil plants, cocoa beans or groundnuts); cucumber plants (such as marrows, cucumbers or melons); fiber plants (such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute); citrus fruit (such as oranges, lemons, grapefruit or mandarins); vegetables (such as spinach, lettuce, cabbages, carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits or paprika); lauraceae (such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor); tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; vines; hops; durian; bananas; natural rubber plants; and ornamentals (such as flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees or evergreens, for example conifers). This list does not represent any limitation.

[0059] The term “woody crop” or “woody plant” means a plant that produces wood as its structural tissue. Woody crops include trees, shrubs, or lianas. Examples of woody crops include, but are not limited to, thornless locust, hybrid chestnut, black walnut, Japanese maple, eucalyptus, casuarina, spruce, fir, pine, and flowering dogwood.Expression vectors or isolated DNA molecules

[0060] An additional aspect of this disclosure includes an expression vector or isolated DNA molecule including one or more nucleotide sequences encoding: (a) a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein; (b) a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or (c) a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein and / or a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein; wherein the one or more nucleotide sequences are operably linked to at least one expression control sequence. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the at least one expression control sequence includes a promoter selected from the group of a constitutivepromoter or an inducible promoter. In an additional embodiment of this aspect, the promoter is RbcslA, GAPA-1, or FBA2. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the at least one expression control sequence includes a promoter selected from the group of a tissue specific promoter or a developmental stage specific promoter. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the expression vector is a T-DNA. An additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, further includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that provides antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic may be spectinomycin or rifampin. Yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, further includes a left border (LB) domain and a right border (RB) domain flanking the expression control sequences and the nucleotide sequences. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ PsbS protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azollafiliculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405). In an additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ ZEP protein. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encodes the frNPQ VDE protein. Yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,includes both one of the one or more nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ VDE protein. In still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein, the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431). An additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes two or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, thefrNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode two different frNPQ aLHC proteins. A further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes three or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, preferably the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein or the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the three or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode three different frNPQ aLHC proteins. Yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes four or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the four or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode four different frNPQ aLHC proteins. Still another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes five or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the five or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode five different frNPQ aLHC proteins. An additional embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, includes six or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the six or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encode six different frNPQ aLHC proteins. In a further embodiment of this aspect, which may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments that has one of the one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or the frNPQ aLHC protein, the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, aMyriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria line ata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltismyriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20); PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQlhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49); PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40);PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), aCheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, ...

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A transgenic non-fern plant comprising:(a) one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(b) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or(c) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein.

2. The transgenic plant of claim 1 , wherein the frNPQ PsbS protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405).

3. The transgenic plant of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the frNPQ ZEP protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein; and wherein the frNPQ VDE protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431).

4. The transgenic plant of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the plant comprises two or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, optionally wherein each of the two or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encode different frNPQ aLHC proteins.

5. The transgenic plant of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the plant comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding:(i) the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or(ii) the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb6 protein.

6. The transgenic plant of claim 4 or claim 5, wherein the frNPQ Ihcbl protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria line ata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, aCheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20); PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49); PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO:170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or aVittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).

7. The transgenic plant of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the plant is a crop plant, an elite line, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant.

8. The transgenic plant of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the plant has:(a) increased growth under fluctuating light conditions;(b) increased photosynthetic efficiency under fluctuating light conditions;(c) improved photoprotection efficiency under fluctuating light conditions;(d) an increased rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under fluctuating light conditions;(e) improved quantum yield and CO2 fixation under fluctuating light conditions; and / or(f) increased yield; as compared to a control plant lacking the heterologous nucleotide sequence or heterologous nucleotide sequences grown under the same fluctuating light conditions.

9. The transgenic plant of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the plant further comprises expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.

10. An expression vector or isolated DNA molecule comprising one or more nucleotide sequences encoding:(a) a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(b) a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or(c) a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein and / or a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein; wherein the one or more nucleotide sequences are operably linked to at least one expression control sequence.

11. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of claim 10, wherein the expression vector is a T-DNA; and / or wherein the expression vector or isolated DNA molecule further comprises a left border (LB) domain and a right border (RB) domain flanking the expression control sequences and the nucleotide sequences.

12. The expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of claim 10 or claim 11, further comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that provides antibiotic resistance.

13. A bacterial cell comprising the expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of claims 10-12, optionally wherein the bacterial cell is an Agrobacterium cell.

14. A transgenic plant, seed, or plant cell comprising the expression vector or isolated DNA molecule of any one of claims 10-13.

15. A progeny plant from the seed of claim 14.

16. A method for increasing growth, increasing photosynthetic efficiency, improving photoprotection efficiency, improving quantum yield and CO2 fixation, and / or increasing the rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in a plant, comprising: expressing in the plant:(a) one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(b) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein; and / or(c) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein, or both the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ ZEP protein and the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding the frNPQ VDE protein; and growing the plant under fluctuating light conditions, wherein expression of the one or more polypeptides is increased and wherein the plant exhibits increased growth, increased photosynthetic efficiency, improved photoprotection efficiency, improved quantum yield and CO2 fixation as compared to a control plant lacking the one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences grown under the same fluctuating light conditions.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the plant comprises two or more of the heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, the frNPQ lhcb6 protein, and / or the frNPQ aLHC protein, optionally wherein each of the two or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encode different frNPQ aLHC proteins.

18. The method of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the plant comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding:(i) the frNPQ Ihcbl protein, the frNPQ lhcb2 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or(ii) the frNPQ lhcb4 protein, the frNPQ lhcb5 protein, and the frNPQ lhcb6 protein.

19. The method of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the plant is a crop plant, an elite line, a model plant, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant, a plant with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, a plant with C3 photosynthesis, a plant with C4 photosynthesis, an annual plant, a greenhouse plant, a horticultural flowering plant, a perennial plant, a switchgrass plant, a maize plant, a biomass plant, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, a rice (Oryza sativa), a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (sweet sorghum or grain sorghum) plant, a soybean (Glycine max) plant, a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plant, a poplar (Populus spp.) plant, a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plant, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant, a barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant, a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant, an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant, a Miscanthus plant, an energy cane plant, an elephant grass plant, a wheat plant, an oat plant, an oil palm plant, a safflower plant, a sesame plant, a flax plant, a cotton plant, a sunflower plant, a Camelina plant, a Brassica napus plant, a Brassica carinata plant, a Brassica juncea plant, a pearl millet plant, a foxtail millet plant, an other grain plant, an oilseed plant, a vegetable crop plant, a forage crop plant, an industrial crop plant, or a woody crop plant.

20. The method of any one of claims 16-19, wherein the plant further comprises expression of at least one additional polypeptide that provides herbicide resistance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and / or modified carbohydrate metabolism.

21. A method of selecting a plant for improved growth characteristics under fluctuating light conditions, comprising:(a) providing a population of plants;(b) genetically modifying the plants to introduce one or more mutations that correspond to an amino acid alteration or deletion or insertion that is not conserved in non-fern plants but that is conserved in fern plants having rapid non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) into each of one or more endogenous gene each encoding a target protein homologous to a frNPQ protein selected from:(i) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a fern rapid NPQ (frNPQ) light harvesting complex bl (Ihcbl) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b2 (lhcb2) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b3 (lhcb3) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b4 (lhcb4) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b5 (lhcb5) protein, a frNPQ light harvesting complex b6 (lhcb6) protein, and / or a frNPQ additional light harvesting complex (aLHC) protein;(ii) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a frNPQ photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) protein, operably linked to at least one expression control sequence; and / or(iii) one or more mutations that correspond to the amino acid sequence of a frNPQ zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) protein and / or a frNPQ violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) protein;(c) detecting the level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions in the plants;(d) comparing the level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions in the plants with a control level of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions; and(e) selecting a plant having an increased rate of NPQ relaxation when the plant is transitioned from high light intensity to low light intensity; thereby selecting a plant with improved growth characteristics under fluctuating light conditions.

22. The transgenic plant of any one of claims 1-9, or the method of any one of claims 16-21, wherein the plant expresses:(i) one or more of a frNPQ PsbS protein having an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of: a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 409), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 411), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQPsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 408), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 410), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ PsbS protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 423), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ PsbS protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ PsbS protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 414 or SEQ ID NO: 421), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 417), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 412 or SEQ ID NO: 422), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 418), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 420), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 407 OR SEQ ID NO: 419), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 413 or SEQ ID NO: 416), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 404 or SEQ ID NO: 415), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 402, SEQ ID NO: 403, or SEQ ID NO: 425), Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 406), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ PsbS protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 424), an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ PsbS protein, and a Vittaria lineata frNPQ PsbS protein (SEQ ID NO: 405);(ii) one or more of a frNPQ ZEP protein having an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of: a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 6), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 599), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ ZEP protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ ZEP protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ ZEP protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ ZEP protein (SEQ ID NO: 600), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ ZEP protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ ZEP protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ ZEP protein, and a Vittaria lineata frNPQ ZEP protein;(iii) one or more of a frNPQ VDE protein having an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of: a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 428), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 429), a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 427), a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 430), a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ VDE protein, a Pleopeltisthyssanolepis frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 441), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ VDE protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ VDE protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 440), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 435), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 436), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 437), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 438), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 439), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO 432 or SEQ ID NO: 433), an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 434), a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ VDE protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ VDE protein, a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 426), and a Vittaria lineata frNPQ VDE protein (SEQ ID NO: 431); and / or(iv) one or more of a frNPQ protein having an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of: a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ Ihcbl protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ Ihcbl protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ Ihcbl protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb2 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb2 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb2 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb2 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb3 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%,at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb3 protein (PpLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 18)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb3 protein (MrLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb3 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb3 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb3 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb4 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb4 protein (PpLHC16 (SEQ ID NO: 29); or PpLHC17 (SEQ ID NO: 31)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb4 protein (MrLHC19 (SEQ ID NO: 30)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb4 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb4 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb4 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb5 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb5 protein (PpLHC14 (SEQ ID NO: 74); or PpLHC5 (SEQ ID NO: 33)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb5 protein (MrLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 34); or MrLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 35)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Adiantumaleuticum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb5 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb5 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb5 protein; wherein the frNPQ lhcb6 protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ lhcb6 protein (PpLHC (SEQ ID NO: 20); PpLHC20 (SEQ ID NO: 23); PpLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 24); PpLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 26); or PpLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 27)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ lhcb6 protein (MrLHC22 (SEQ ID NO: 21); MrLHC21 (SEQ ID NO: 22); or MrLHC23 (SEQ ID NO: 25)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ lhcb6 protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ lhcb6 protein, or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ lhcb6 protein; and wherein the frNPQ aLHC protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% sequence identity to a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ aLHC protein PpLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 89); PpLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 88); PpLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 90); PpLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 85); PpLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 84); PpLHCl 1 (SEQ ID NO: 94); PpLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 75); PpLHClO (SEQ ID NO: 95); PpLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 73); PpLHC30 (SEQ ID NO: 49); PpLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 40); PpLHC29 (SEQ ID NO: 42); PpLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 41); or PpLHC31 (SEQ ID NO: 39)), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis hachijoensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis plebeia frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis pyrrholepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis rosei frNPQ aLHC protein, a Pleopeltis thyssanolepis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ aLHC protein (MrLHC8 (SEQ ID NO: 86); MrLHC6 (SEQ ID NO: 79); MrLHC4 (SEQ ID NO: 92); MrLHC3 (SEQ ID NO: 91); MrLHC7 (SEQ ID NO: 87); MrLHCl (SEQ ID NO: 83); MrLHC2 (SEQ ID NO: 82); MrLHC9 (SEQ ID NO: 72); MrLHC27 (SEQ ID NO: 43); MrLHC25 (SEQ ID NO: 48); MrLHC24 (SEQ ID NO: 36); or MrLHC28 (SEQ ID NO: 38)), a Myriopteris wootonii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Myriopteris aurea frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ aLHC protein, a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ aLHC protein, an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Adiantum aleuticum frNPQ aLHC protein, a Blechnum caudatum frNPQ aLHC protein, an Actiniopteris semiflabellata frNPQ aLHC protein, a Vittaria lineata frNPQ aLHC protein, anAdiantum aleuticum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 125, or SEQ ID NO: 126), an Astrolepis laevis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, or SEQ ID NO: 144), an Adiantum raddianum frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161, SEQ ID NO: 162, SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 164, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 166, SEQ ID NO: 167, SEQ ID NO: 168, SEQ ID NO: 169, SEQ ID NO: 170, SEQ ID NO: 171, SEQ ID NO: 172, SEQ ID NO: 173, SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 175), an Astrolepis sinuata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 187, SEQ ID NO: 188, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 191, SEQ ID NO: 192, SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 194, SEQ ID NO: 195, or SEQ ID NO: 196), an Astrolepis windhamii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211, SEQ ID NO: 212, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 214, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 217, or SEQ ID NO: 218), an Azolla filiculoides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 230, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 237, or SEQ ID NO: 238), a Cheilanthes bonariensis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 250, SEQ ID NO: 251, SEQ ID NO: 252, SEQ ID NO: 253, SEQ ID NO: 254, SEQ ID NO: 255, SEQ ID NO: 256, SEQ ID NO: 257, SEQ ID NO: 258, SEQ ID NO: 259, SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 262, or SEQ ID NO: 263), a Cheilanthes buchtineii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 275, SEQ ID NO: 276, SEQ ID NO: 277, SEQ ID NO: 278, SEQ ID NO: 279, SEQ ID NO: 280, SEQ ID NO: 281, SEQ ID NO: 282, or SEQ ID NO: 283), a Cheilanthes fendleri frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 295, SEQ ID NO: 296, SEQ ID NO: 297, SEQ ID NO: 298, SEQ ID NO: 299, SEQ ID NO: 300, SEQ ID NO: 301, SEQ ID NO: 302, SEQ ID NO: 303, or SEQ ID NO: 304), a Ceratopteris richardii frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 316, SEQ ID NO: 317, SEQ ID NO: 318, SEQ ID NO: 319, SEQ ID NO: 320, SEQ ID NO: 321, SEQ ID NO: 322, SEQ ID NO: 323, SEQ ID NO: 324, SEQ ID NO: 325, SEQ ID NO: 326, SEQ ID NO: 327, SEQ ID NO: 328, SEQ ID NO: 329, SEQ ID NO: 330, SEQ ID NO: 331, SEQ ID NO: 332, SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, SEQ ID NO: 336, SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, SEQ ID NO: 340, SEQ ID NO: 341, SEQ ID NO: 342, SEQ ID NO: 343, SEQ ID NO: 344, SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 346, SEQ ID NO: 347, SEQ ID NO: 348, or SEQ ID NO: 349), a Myriopteris rufa frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 453, SEQ ID NO: 454, SEQ ID NO: 455, SEQ ID NO: 456, SEQ ID NO: 457, SEQ ID NO: 458, or SEQ ID NO: 459), a Pleopeltis guttata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 471, SEQ ID NO: 472, SEQ ID NO: 473, SEQ ID NO: 474, SEQ ID NO: 475, SEQ ID NO: 476, SEQ ID NO: 477, SEQ ID NO: 478, SEQ ID NO: 479, SEQ ID NO: 480, or SEQ ID NO: 481), a Pleopeltis myriolepis frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 493, SEQ ID NO: 494, SEQ ID NO: 495, SEQ ID NO: 496, SEQ ID NO: 497, SEQ ID NO: 498, SEQ ID NO: 499, SEQ ID NO: 500, SEQ ID NO: 501, SEQ ID NO: 502, or SEQ ID NO: 503), aPleopeltis plebeia frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 515, SEQ ID NO: 516, SEQ ID NO: 517, SEQ ID NO: 518, SEQ ID NO: 519, SEQ ID NO: 520, SEQ ID NO: 521, SEQ ID NO: 522, SEQ ID NO: 523, SEQ ID NO: 524, or SEQ ID NO: 525), a Pleopeltis polypodioides frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 537, SEQ ID NO: 538, SEQ ID NO: 539, SEQ ID NO: 540, SEQ ID NO: 541, SEQ ID NO: 542, SEQ ID NO: 543, SEQ ID NO: 544, SEQ ID NO: 545, SEQ ID NO: 546, or SEQ ID NO: 547), a Salvinia cucullata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 559, SEQ ID NO: 560, SEQ ID NO: 561, SEQ ID NO: 562, SEQ ID NO: 563, SEQ ID NO: 564, SEQ ID NO: 565, or SEQ ID NO: 566), or a Vittaria lineata frNPQ LHC protein (SEQ ID NO: 578, SEQ ID NO: 579, SEQ ID NO: 580, SEQ ID NO: 581, SEQ ID NO: 582, SEQ ID NO: 583, SEQ ID NO: 584, SEQ ID NO: 585, SEQ ID NO: 586, SEQ ID NO: 587, SEQ ID NO: 588, SEQ ID NO: 589, or SEQ ID NO: 590).

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