Hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis cell system

Abstract

The various embodiments described herein generally relate to the production and storage of gasses, such as hydrogen and oxygen, and more particularly to an electrolysis cell for supplying the hydrogen and oxygen gasses as gaseous fuel for clean power generation systems such as linear alternators.

Description

HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ELECTROLYSIS CELL SYSTEMCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 667,761 entitled HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ELECTROLYSIS CELL SYSTEM and filed on July 4, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.FIELD

[0002] The various embodiments described herein generally relate to the production and storage of gasses, such as hydrogen and oxygen, and more particularly to an electrolysis cell for supplying the hydrogen and oxygen gasses as a gaseous fuel additive for gasoline and diesel engines, as well as a gaseous fuel for clean power generation systems such as linear alternators.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Modern electrolysis cells are high pressure and temperature systems, which require rare earth materials and close monitoring. The complexities of these systems inhibit longevity and scaling the electrolysis cells can cause both supply chain and operational issues.

[0004] Electrolysis systems can be greatly improved by reducing complexities and by generating both hydrogen and oxygen gas together. By using a pressure vessel design, the electrolysis cell can become an energy storage device as well, with the ability to operate at atmospheric pressure or high pressure as needed. By eliminating the use of rare earth materials, the electrolysis cell can be extremely simple to manufacture and recycle. All these factors contribute to an extended lifespan of the electrolysis cell, with minimal maintenance or interaction. This enables green hydrogen fuel production and storage, with an extremely low environmental impact and a long product lifespan.

[0005] It is well known that the addition of small amounts hydrogen and oxygen gases to an engine's air intake, as a fuel additive, increases the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, which in turn reduces pollution considerably. Both advantages appear to be the byproduct of faster flame speed that is as much as nine times that of conventional fuel, resulting in more complete combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber. The amount of soot (semi-burnthydrocarbons, PM), nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants is accordingly reduced, while output energy increases, for a greater fuel efficiency and horsepower.

[0006] One way to adopt hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel or additive is to store the gases in tanks installed on a vehicle, with hoses connecting the tanks to the engine or fuel cell. However, this system requires regularly transporting liquid or very compressed hydrogen, which is inconvenient and expensive. Further, the prevailing service station network would need to be retrofitted at great cost, which would also require widespread co-ordination of standards that could unduly delay acceptance of the technology. As a result of these problems with tank storage, various attempts have been made to develop systems in which the gases could be generated on site, using well-known technologies such as electrolysis. However, prior attempts have failed to produce a robust, dependable system for producing hydrogen and oxygen from electrolysis, in a manner which makes conversion of conventional gas and diesel vehicles feasible and economical, and operable in all types of weather conditions including conditions well below freezing (0° C / 32° F).SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The various embodiments described herein generally relate to the production and storage of gasses, such as hydrogen and oxygen, and more particularly to an electrolysis cell for supplying the hydrogen and oxygen gasses as gaseous fuel for clean power generation systems such as linear alternators.

[0008] In an aspect, there is provided an electrolysis cell comprising: a process chamber; a manifold coupled to the process chamber, the manifold comprising a plurality of channels for allowing fluids to enter and exit the process chamber; a fill system comprising a fill channel for filling the process chamber with water; a pair of electrodes placed within the process chamber and in contact with the water; the pair of electrodes comprising a cathode and an anode; wherein when a voltage is applied across the pair of electrodes, a first electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the cathode; and a second electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the anode.

[0009] In an embodiment, the electrolysis cell utilizes a fill system which utilizes gravity to fill the process chamber with water.

[0010] In another embodiment, the electrolysis cell is configured with a pressure system for a faster filling cycle than gravity filling for better efficiency, and for removing moisture in the gas line between the process chamber and air intake.

[0011] In another embodiment, the electrolysis cell includes a pressure system which includes an atmosphere vent (e.g., a solenoid valve) in the process chamber, which is normally closed, but with a one way valve directed out of the cell.

[0012] In another embodiment, the electrolysis cell further includes a higher psi one way valve between the process chamber and the gas output.

[0013] In another embodiment, the electrolysis cell further includes another normally open solenoid valve on the gas output line called the intake solenoid, close to or at the air intake, or between the gas output and air intake. It also takes advantage of the existing vent solenoid.

[0014] In another embodiment, there is a coil of hose wrapped around the pipe, absorbing heat to thaw and facilitating winter operation. This allows the electrolysis to be installable as a conversion kit on conventional gas and electric vehicles for operation in all weather conditions, including well below freezing (0° C / 32° F).

[0015] In another aspect, there is provided a method of producing hydrogen and oxygen gas using an electrolysis cell, the method comprising the steps of: filling a process chamber of the electrolysis cell with water; placing a pair of electrodes within the process chamber and in contact with the water; the pair of electrodes comprising a cathode and an anode; and applying a voltage across the pair of electrodes, such that a first electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the cathode; and a second electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the anode.BRIEF DESCRI PTION OF DRAWI NGS

[0016] For a better understanding of the various embodiments described herein, and to show more clearly how these various embodiments may be carried into effect, reference will be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show at least one example embodiment, and in which:FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a typical electrolysis cell;FIG. 2A is a top perspective view of the electrolysis system, according to one embodiment;FIG. 2B is a two-dimensional cross-sectional diagram of the electrolysis system, according to one embodiment;FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the electrolysis system, according to one embodiment;FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of the isolated chamber system, according to one embodiment;FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional perspective view of the isolated chamber system, according to one embodiment;FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the moisture recovery system, according to one embodimentFIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of level detection system, according to one embodiment;FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the level detection system, according to one embodiment.FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a pressure system for enabling cold climate operations, according to one embodiment.FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a generic computing device which may enable various embodiments of the invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] Various apparatuses or processes will be described below to provide an example of an embodiment of each claimed invention. No embodiment described below limits any claimed invention and any claimed invention may cover processes or apparatuses that differ from those described below. The claimed inventions are not limited to apparatuses or processes having all the features of any one apparatus or process described below or to features common to multiple or all the apparatuses or processes described below. It is possible that an apparatus or process described below is not an embodiment of any claimed invention. Any invention disclosed in an apparatus or process described below that is not claimed in this document may be the subject matter of another protective instrument, for example, a continuing patent application, and the applicants, inventors or owners do not intend to abandon, disclaim or dedicate to the public any such invention by its disclosure in this document.

[0018] Furthermore, it will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure theembodiments described herein. Also, the description is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the embodiments described herein.

[0019] It should be noted that the term "coupled" used herein indicates that two elements can be directly coupled to one another or coupled to one another through one or more intermediate elements.

[0020] The various embodiments described herein generally relate to electrolysis cells which can generate hydrogen and oxygen gases. Accordingly, there is provided a system for producing one or more gases, the system comprising: an electrolysis cell, for generating one or more gases, either under pressure or not under pressure.

[0021] Electrolysis of water (herein referred to as "electrolysis") refers to a chemical reaction by which electricity is used to split water (2H20) into oxygen (02) and hydrogen (2H2) gas. FIG. 1 shows an image of a typical electrolysis cell 100. In this example, a DC electrical power source 102 is connected to two electrodes (anode 104 and cathode 106) that are placed in an amount of water 108. When a voltage 102 is applied between the electrodes 104 & 106, hydrogen gas 110 is generated at the cathode 106 (negatively charged electrode), and oxygen gas 112 is generated at the anode (positively charged electrode). Equation 116 shows the half-reaction that occurs at the cathode 106. Equation 114 shows the half-reaction that occurs at the anode 104. In ideal conditions, the amount of hydrogen generated is twice the amount of oxygen.

[0022] Electrolysis in pure water reduces H+ cations at the cathode 106 and oxidizes hydroxide (OH-) anions at the anode 104. The hydroxide ions OH- that approach the anode 104 mostly combine with the positive hydronium ions (H3O+) to form water, and vice versa at the cathode 106. As such, relatively few hydronium / hydroxide ions reach the cathode / anode, resulting in an inefficient electrolysis reaction. An electrolyte 118, such as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) or Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) can be added to the water 108 during the reaction. The presence of an electrolyte 118 increases the conductivity of the water, and thereby increasing the efficiency of the electrolytic cell 100.

[0023] The hydrogen gas 110 and oxygen gas 112 released using electrolysis can be used as fuel or fuel additives. For example, the output of the electrolysis cell can be connected by a conduit to an internal combustion engine for better emissions by enhancing the combustion in the engine. The gas may also be used or stored for other purposes, such as green ammonia production. In one embodiment, the output of the electrolysis cell can be connected to a linear alternator, or an engine.Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrolyzer System

[0024] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show a top perspective view and a front cut-away view of an electrolysis system, according to one embodiment.

[0025] The electrolytic cell 200 comprises of a process chamber 208, in which the electrolysis reaction occurs. The process chamber 208 can be composed of a singular piece of stamped sheet metal or seamless pipe, such that the chamber can accommodate high pressure generated inside the chamber. In one embodiment, the chamber 208 can be composed of Nickel or Stainless Steel or Concrete.

[0026] An electrolyte 118 can be located within the process chamber to allow the reaction to occur efficiently. Typically, the electrolyte 118 is a catalyst, which does not get consumed in the reaction. An electrolyte 118 such as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) or Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) can be kept within the process chamber 8 to allow the reaction to occur efficiently.

[0027] The process chamber 208 can be fluidly coupled to a manifold 211 at a top end. The manifold 211 can be configured to allow gas and moisture to enter and exit the process chamber 208. The manifold 211 can be composed of a low water permeability material, and can also be capable of withstanding high temperatures, pressures, and corrosive environments. In one embodiment, a polymeric material such as Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE can be used as a manifold material. In another embodiment, Teflon or Taivar Hot can be used as a manifold material. The manifold 211 can comprise a flange 202 which can be used to support the manifold 211. The flange 202 secures the manifold 11 to the process chamber 208. Flanges 202 can be used to create a seal between the manifold 211 and the process chamber 208, which creates a vessel capable of safely storing gas under pressure. The flange 202 can be constructed of high strength material such as stainless steel or steel to provide rigidity to the process chamber 208. In one embodiment, the manifold 211 can be fluidly coupled to both the top and bottom ends of the process chamber 208.

[0028] Level detectors 212 and 217 detect various levels within the chamber including temperature, pressure, and other operating parameters.

[0029] Three apertures 240, 241, and 242 are provided to the process chamber. Aperture 240 feeds water, aperture 241 is a vent or moisture return from the gas output, and aperture 242 is a pressure switch location.

[0030] Two solenoid valves 238 and 239 are shown. Solenoid 238 controls water going into the cell where the water is coming from aperture 240.

[0031] In an embodiment, a second manifold 250 is provided at the bottom for when a piece of pipe is used and both the top and bottom of the pipe needs to be sealed. Alternatively, instead of a second manifold, a sealed bottom may be used.

[0032] The manifold 211 further comprises a plurality of channels that are fluidly coupled to the process chamber 208, for example fill channel 222, gas outlet channel 226, and moisture recovery channel 229. The fill channel 222 couples a water tank 224 to the process chamber 208. The gas outlet channel 226 couples the process chamber to an outlet. The gas outlet channel can be configured to allow gasses to escape the chamber and can be coupled with a one way valve to help maintain integrity of the process chamber. The moisture recovery channel 229 can be coupled to the process chamber and the gas outlet channel 226. The moisture recovery channel may also comprise a valve 230 which allows recovered moisture to re-enter the process chamber.

[0033] In one embodiment, the electrolytic cell may comprise a fill system that uses either gravity or pressure to fill a liquid such as water into the process chamber 208. The fill system may comprise the fill channel 222, a liquid or water tank 224, a liquid or water intake valve 216 and a connecting tube 223. The fill channel 222 can be connected to the bottom of the manifold 211 to direct the water into the process chamber 28. In one embodiment, the fill channel can comprise a tube or hose which protrudes into the process chamber and may be submerged into the liquid (water) phase in the reaction chamber, allowing the lighter distilled water from the water tank 224 to mix with the heavier / denser electrolyte solution homogenously, rather than being layered atop the electrolyte solution, which would not conduct and allow level detection.

[0034] In one embodiment, the water tank 224 is a vessel coupled to the reaction chamber 208 by fill channel 222. The water tank 224 may contain steamed distilled water, or distilled water. The water tank 224 may be capable of withstanding corrosive environments and of holding pressure. In one embodiment, the water tank 224 may comprise a water tank cap 225 where the water is fed into the system. The water tank cap may be a removable cap on the water tank, which is breathable - allowing the water tank to vent to atmospheric pressure. The water tank cap 225 can also be a sealed cap, allowing the water tank to be pressurized. In one embodiment, the water tank cap 225 can have a solenoid. The electrolysis cell water tank may be re-filled as needed, for example once per month, or once the water tank level is below a minimum fill line.

[0035] The water intake valve 216 can be configured to open to fill the process chamber with water from the water tank 224 as required. The water intake valve 216 may be biased shut forsafety, such as to keep the electrolyte within the chamber. Furthermore, the water intake valve 216 can keep the reaction chamber sealed if the electrolytic cell is rotated or tipped over.

[0036] The water intake valve 216 can be coupled to the water tank by the connecting tube 223. The water may be gravity fed into the process chamber. The connecting tube 223 can be placed at a height from the reaction chamber and manifold, to allow water to be gravity fed into the process chamber. As such, external pressure or pumps are not required to fill the system but can be used in some embodiments. In one embodiment, pressure can be used to provide the water. In one embodiment, the connecting tube 223 can be a thin tube that is easily thawed in cold environments.

[0037] The fill system can be configured to take the pressure from the process chamber and release it through the fill system or vented fill cap. In one embodiment, the fill system can drain the moisture recovery channel back into the process chamber. Filling the process chamber with the previously charged moisture from electrolysis results in better efficiency and gas production.

[0038] Turning now to the process chamber 208, an anode 209 and cathode 210 can be located within the reaction chamber 208. In one embodiment, the anode and cathode are composed of Nickel, but any suitable metal can be used as an anode and cathode material. A first end of the anode 209 and a first end of the cathode 210 can be located within the reaction chamber 208. A second, opposing end of the anode 209 can be coupled to an anode terminal 212, and a second opposing end of the cathode 210 can be coupled to a cathode terminal 213. The second, opposing end of the anode 209 and cathode 210 can be exposed to the gas phase. The anode terminal 212 and cathode terminal 213 can be supported by the manifold 211.

[0039] The anode terminal 212 can be used as a terminal for the anode connection. In one embodiment, a DC power supply can be connected to the anode terminal 212 via power input wires. The input wires from the power supply can be secured outside the process chamber. In one embodiment, the input wires can be secured to the top of the anode. The anode terminal 212 may be capable of taking different or varying polarity, voltage, and amperage based on needs. In one embodiment, the polarity can be either positive or negative (changing from anode to cathode). In one embodiment, the voltage of the power supply can range from -1 to 3 volts. In one embodiment, the current can range from -10 to 200 amps. In one embodiment, the frequency can range between 0 to 15MHZ. In one embodiment, solar panels are used as a direct DC power supply. Electrolyzers can be connected in series to use solar panels that produce higher voltage, such as six electrolyzers in series using 12 volts. In another embodiment, windturbines provide DC power to electrolyzers directly, in the place of a DC power supply. In another embodiment, solar panels and wind turbines are used in conjunction to provide the DC power the electrolyzers require. In another embodiment, grid power can be used. In another embodiment, low-cost grid power at night can be used to store gas that is used at peak day times. In another embodiment, a battery can be used as a buffer between the DC power supply and the electrolyzers.

[0040] In one embodiment, the anode terminal is composed of Nickel, but any suitable conductive terminal material may be used. A nut can be used to compress the anode 209 and connect it to the anode terminal 212. In one embodiment, a plug, such as a nylon plug can be used to encase the anode rod 209 to form a sealed connection to the manifold 211. In one example, the anode rod 209 can be screwed into the top or bottom of the manifold 211.

[0041] The cathode terminal 213 can be used as a terminal for the cathode connection. In one embodiment, a DC power supply can be connected to the cathode terminal 213 via power input wires. The input wires from the power supply can be outside the process chamber. In one embodiment, the input wires can be secured to the top of the cathode. The cathode terminal 213 may be capable of taking different or varying polarity, voltage, and amperage based on needs. In one embodiment, the cathode terminal is composed of Nickel, but any suitable conductive terminal material may be used. A nut can be used to compress the cathode 210 and connect it to the cathode terminal 213. In one embodiment, a plug, such as a nylon plug can be used to encase the cathode rod 210 to form a sealed connection to the manifold 211. In one example, the cathode rod 210 can be screwed into the top or bottom of the manifold 211.

[0042] The anode and cathode terminals are configured to transfer power to the electrodes inside the process chamber. The anode and cathode terminals can be used in corrosive environments, under pressure and can be exposed to high temperatures. The anode and cathode terminals can be mounted inside a fitting that is secured to the top or bottom manifold.

[0043] Water from the fill channel 222 can fill up the process chamber 208 which can contain an electrolytic solution. When sufficient power is applied between the anode and cathode, the water molecules will split, generating hydrogen gas at the cathode, and oxygen gas at the anode.

[0044] As the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas is generated inside the process chamber, the gas travels out of the gas outlet channel 226 which removes the gasses from the process chamber due to the difference in pressure. The gas outlet channel 226 can be positioned between theelectrolysis cell and a system which requires the gasses as an input. In one embodiment, a plurality of electrolysis chambers can be used, such that the manifold can connect a first gas outlet channel to subsequent gas output channels. The gas output channel can be made of a non-reactive material such as HDPE / Nylon / UHMW / etc. and need not be pressurized.

[0045] Turning now to FIG. 3, a block diagram of an improved electrolytic cell system 300 is shown. The electrolytic cell system 300 may include an electrolytic cell 302 having an isolated chamber system 304, a moisture recovery system 306 and a level detection system 308. Each of the systems 304, 306 and 308 provide improvements to existing electrolytic cell systems and are described herein.Isolated Chamber System

[0046] The electrolytic cell 302 can comprise an isolated chamber system 304. FIG. 4 and FIG. 4B provide a diagram of the isolated chamber system 304. The isolated chamber system can comprise an anode insulator 206 and a cathode insulator 207. The anode insulator 206 isolates the anode from the outer wall of the process chamber 208. The cathode insulator 207 isolates the cathode from the outer wall of the process chamber 208 and from the anode 209.

[0047] The anode insulator 206 and cathode insulator 207 can be capable of withstanding high temperature and corrosive environments, with little to no water permeability. In one embodiment, a material such as UHMW or Teflon can be used as a cathode or anode insulator.

[0048] The insulator can be composed of an insulating material. The insulator should ideally be able to withstand a corrosive environment, for example an electrolyte environment, such as KOH environment. The insulator should ideally be able to withstand the high temperature environment that may be present within the reaction chamber. The material can also be sufficiently malleable enough to form a surrounding on the cathode or anodes. Finally, the material should also ideally have a low permeability, thereby preventing fluids from permeating insulator.

[0049] The anode and cathode insulators can reduce the output heat significantly. The anode and cathode insulators can be a thin circular ring, wrapping around anode and cathode, such that a layer of insulation is provided between anode and cathode, with a separate ring between electrode and outer pipe, such that the thin insulator rings do not interfere with the electrolysis process. A ground terminal can also be isolated from the remaining electrodes.

[0050] The isolated anode and cathode allow each of the electrodes to have varied polarity, frequencies, voltage, and amperage between electrodes. As such, it allows the electrodes to be interchangeable. One of the common problems associated with typical electrolysis cells is that each of the half reactions described in FIG. 1 take place at either the anode or the cathode. As such, the anode gets oxidized over time and collects impurities, leading to a shorter lifespan of the electrolytic cell as well as degraded performance over time. By isolating the electrodes, it allows the anode and cathode to be used interchangeably, thus allowing the reversal of the electrolysis process, which will effectively clean the electrodes and increase the lifespan of the electrolytic cell while ensuring continued optimal performance.

[0051] The electrolytic cell 302 can involve frequency induced vibrations which move bubbles off the electrodes and the process chamber walls, allowing electrolytic solution to make contact more frequently with the electrodes for gas production, in turn lowering the heat generated by increasing the efficiency of the system. Vibrations help generate smaller bubbles and move them through the process chamber 208 faster. In one embodiment, the frequency of the vibrations can be up to 15 MHz, Hybrid or Square or Sin wave type.

[0052] An isolated process chamber allows for greater control of the power delivered to the anode and cathode. Isolating the anode and cathode using an insulator can enable the reversal of the reaction to occur.Moisture Recovery System

[0053] The electrolytic cell 302 can also comprise a moisture recovery system 306. FIG. 5 provides a diagram of the moisture recovery system 306. The moisture recovery system 306 can recover and recycle moisture (water) from the output gas stream through a condensation process, allowing the treated water to be used once again as an enhanced fuel for the electrolysis cell.

[0054] The moisture recovery system 306 can comprise a gas outlet 227 having a gas outlet channel 226, a first valve 228, an output 235 and a moisture recovery channel 229 coupled to a moisture solenoid 230. As gas is generated by the electrolysis reaction, the gas will fill the gas outlet channel 226, where it can be collected or sent to a further system such as a combustion engine. However, a portion of the gas which enters the gas outlet channel 226 may contain moisture in the form of water or water vapour. It is advantageous to capture any water or water vapour from the outlet before it leaves the system. Additionally, the water or water vapour,which was previously treated and electrically charged, may be recycled and reused as an enhanced fuel for the electrolysis reaction.

[0055] In one embodiment, the moisture solenoid 230 can be triggered based on time, and / or amount of moisture collected, and / or with the water intake valve or solenoid 216. The moisture recovery channel 229 can be coupled to a moisture solenoid 230 which can be positioned along the gas output tube from the process chamber. The moisture recovery channel 229 can be configured to collect water or water vapor and direct it back into the process chamber through the moisture valve or solenoid 230.

[0056] The moisture recovery system 306 comprises a first valve 228. The first valve 228 may be a one-way valve 228 which ensures that contaminants cannot enter the process chamber, ensuring longevity and continued reliability of gas production. The one-way valve 228 also ensures that the electrolyte solution inside the process chamber cannot leave the system, for safety purposes. The one-way valve 228 can operate at nearly atmospheric pressures but can also be replaced with a high pressure valve allowing for high pressure applications.

[0057] The moisture recovery channel 229 can consist of a drain tube which collects the water or water vapor and diverts it back to the process chamber 208 where the water can be recycled and reused in the electrolysis process. The drain tube can be biased shut to ensure nothing can leave the process chamber.

[0058] The moisture recovery system 306 can further comprise of a moisture safety sense 231, which along with the moisture safety shutdown 232, can create a high-moisture-level safety shut off signal. If the connection is made, the system can be turned off for safety. In one embodiment, the system may not turn back on unless it is inspected. In one embodiment, the moisture safety sense 231 may include a negatively charged inline conductive fitting that is non- reactive to corrosive environments, such as a nickel hex nipple.

[0059] The moisture recovery system 306 can further comprise of a moisture safety shutdown 232, which along with the moisture safety sense, can provide a shut- down signal for safety if the moisture level is too high. A nickel wire is encased by a nylon plug that forms a sealed connection. The section of nickel wire inside the gas line and is insulated until the very end of the wire, which is exposed. The nickel wire inside the gas line can have its own cavity to collect moisture. The wire will conduct with moisture, so it will close a circuit with the negatively charged moisture safety sense 231. If the solution leaves the process chamber, this signal willshut down the system as well. This safety shut down signal can operate in high pressure, high temperature, and corrosive environments.

[0060] An in-line filter or a condensing apparatus may be used to remove moisture from a gas. Water vapour can also condense in the gas outlet channel 226, up-to the first valve 228, and return to the process chamber from the outlet channel 226.

[0061] The moisture recovery system can also act as a vent while the water is filling the process chamber; moisture will go into the process chamber from the moisture recovery system. However, it may be possible for water to enter via the fill system via fill channel 222, which may have a higher pressure than water entering via the moisture recovery channel 229 or the gas outlet channel 226. The water that may enter at a higher pressure can displace any gas from the process chamber through the moisture recovery system 306 as well.

[0062] The moisture produced in the process chamber can be produced from charged gasses and may have high purity, as it becomes pre-conditioned by the process chamber. As such, it may be desirable to recycle and reuse the water for electrolysis in the process chamber. The more moisture or water vapour being re-captured, the less water is needed to add via the fill system and water tank 224. The moisture recovery system is therefore linked, connected or coupled to the fill system. In one embodiment, if the fill system has not filled the process chamber in a while, the moisture recovery system can be triggered or actuated to begin a recovery cycle, and a fill cycle may not be needed. The recovery cycle can help maintain integrity of the process chamber and helps keep the catalyst in the process chamber.Level Detection System

[0063] The electrolytic cell 302 can comprise of a level detection system 308. FIG. 6 provides a diagram of the level detection system 308. The level detection system 308 comprises of a low level gauge 214 and a high level gauge 215 coupled to the fill system. The fill system may comprise of the fill channel 222, a water tank 224, a water intake valve 216 and a connecting tube 223. In one embodiment, the water tank 224 is a vessel coupled to the reaction chamber 208 by the fill channel 222.

[0064] The level detection system 308 comprises of a fill start sensor 214 and a stop fill sensor215. The start and stop fill sensors can be used as level detection sensors for liquid phase in an environment that is corrosive, has both liquid and foam / bubble phases, is high or low temperature, high or low pressure, or where the polarity is not stable. Each of the leveldetection sensors can comprise of a wire positioned inside the process chamber. In one embodiment, the wire can be nickel, encased by a nylon plug that forms the sealed connection to the manifold 211. The wire can comprise an insulated portion and an exposed portion that can be used to detect levels of liquids including inside a foam phase. The wire can detect and distinguish the presence of liquid even with foam / bubble / saturated phases present.

[0065] The start fill sensor 214 is positioned lower in the reaction chamber than the stop fill sensor 215. The difference in position between the start fill sensor 214 and the stop fill sensor215 is shown by distance D. As water is added to the electrolytic solution in the process chamber 208, and the electrolytic solution will fill up to the marks 661, 662, and 663. At mark 661, both the start and stop fill sensors will not detect the electrolytic solution level, processing that the electrolytic solution level is too low to operate the process chamber, and thus causing the water intake valve 216 to keep filling the process chamber 208 with water. If both the start and stop fill sensors do not detect a signal for a number of hours, the electrolysis system shuts down. Once the electrolytic solution level reaches mark 662, the start fill sensor 214 will detect the electrolytic solution level, whereas the stop fill sensor 215 will not detect the electrolytic solution level. Water is added until the electrolytic solution level reaches mark 663. Level 663 is where the process chamber can operate safely and most efficiently, so the water intake valve216 will stop filling the process chamber 208 at this level. When the electrolytic solution level drops down below 663, the water intake valve 216 can open and top up the electrolysis cell and keep it at the optimal level.

[0066] In certain energy storage applications, the space D can be increased, where the low level 214 is used as the shut off, and the electrolytic solution level is allowed to drop from level 663 to level 662, while storing gas inside the process chamber. This can enable lower pressure energy storage with fewer components.

[0067] In one embodiment, the fill channel 222 can comprise of a tube which protrudes into the process chamber and may be in contact with the water in the reaction chamber, allowing the lighter distilled water to mix with the heavier / denser electrolyte solution homogenously, rather than being layered atop the electrolyte solution which would not conduct level signals.

[0068] The process chamber can have three phases - a first liquid water / electrolyte phase, a second foam / bubble / supersaturated electrolyte phase, and a third gaseous hydrogen / oxygen phase. The electrodes are charging liquid, foam, and gas phases. By creating a foam / bubble phase and exposing the electrodes to both foam / bubble and gas phases, the green hydrogenand oxygen can become charged. The foam / bubble and gas phases are exposed to both low electrode voltage and higher outer process chamber voltage, helping to create the higher charged state of gas.

[0069] The hydrogen / oxygen gas and the foam electrolyte phases can be exposed to the electrodes and the pipe, adding a further charge. However, the foam phase can provide false signals to the level detection system.

[0070] A negative can be used to provide signals from inside the process chamber, since any positive inside the process chamber will function as an anode and can collect impurities that block the signal. Polarity inside the system may not provide a consistent positive or negative signal, so a signal rectifier must be used to trigger the level detection signal that the electrolyzer control unit (CPU) can read consistently. The CPU can be connected to the valves, power supply, safety signals, level signals, etc., and can control the electrolysis cell. A generic computing device which illustrates an example of such a CPU is described further below with reference to FIG. 9.

[0071] The reaction chamber may also comprise a plurality of signals coupled to a plurality of sensors, including but not limited to a high temperature signal, and a temperature signal for a fan.

[0072] The high pressure signal can be an electronic signal that can be used to shut down the system if the pressure rises above a specific threshold. In one embodiment, the threshold pressure can be 12 psi. The high-pressure signal can be coupled to a pressure sensing device such as a pressure sensor, strain gauge or barometer.

[0073] The high temperature signal can be an electronic safety signal that can be used to shut down the system if the temperature rises above a specific shut-off threshold. The high- temperature signal can be coupled to a temperature sensing device such as a thermometer or thermocouple placed in at least one location on the outside of the process chamber 208. In one embodiment, the threshold shut-off temperature can be about 77°C, but any temperature may be used as a threshold shut- off temperature for the safety shut-off. A temperature signal may also be located inside the process chamber 208.

[0074] The fan signal can be a signal coupled to the temperature sensing device and can be used to turn on a circulation / cooling fan when the temperature of the process chamber rises beyond a specific cooling threshold temperature, for example above 15°C.

[0075] FIG. 7 provides a schematic diagram of the level detection system. The level detection system 308, including the low level gauge 214 and the high level gauge 215 provide anadvantage over existing gauge systems such as a float gauge, as fluids such as hydrogen, oxygen, water, or electrolyte can enter the float, causing it to leak and be destroyed. Other systems may use visual inspection to determine fluid levels which may be inaccurate and lead to errors. Furthermore, the electrolysis process can produce an electric charge through the solution, which can affect most level detectors. The level detection system 308 can be used to detect levels of the liquid phase in an environment that is corrosive, has both liquid and foam / bubble phases, varies in temperature, varies in pressure, or varies in polarity.

[0076] In one embodiment, the electrolysis cell can also be used to store hydrogen and oxygen. In one embodiment, renewable energy is stored in the form of gas. A solar panel can be used to create green hydrogen during the day, and it is stored in an air gap 665 in the electrolysis cell. The air gap 665 can be defined as the volume between the uppermost fluid line (for example, line 663) and the top of the process chamber, at line 664. The hydrogen can be released as needed for power production. In one embodiment, the air gap area 665 can include the foam / bubble / saturated phases.

[0077] Hydrogen gas of up to 700 psi can be safely stored in each electrolysis cell, depending on the requirements of the system. The gas output valve 28 can be closed to store gas inside the process chamber, with the high pressure safety level increased. In this case, the space D in FIG. 6 can also be increased allowing the electrolysis cell to be configured to run for extended periods of time. This is also significantly safer than storing over 700 bar in a separate tank and eliminates the transportation costs.

[0078] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a pressure system for enabling cold climate operations, according to one embodiment, which includes an engine 801, gas output 802, process chamber 803, atmosphere, 804, and a coil 805 around the process chamber 803.

[0079] In an embodiment, the electrolysis cell is configured with a pressure system for a faster filling cycle than gravity filling for better efficiency, and for removing moisture in the gas line between the process chamber and air intake.

[0080] The electrolysis cell includes a pressure system which includes an atmosphere vent (e.g., a solenoid valve) in the process chamber, which is normally closed, but with a one way valve directed out of the cell.

[0081] The electrolysis cell further includes a higher psi one way valve between the process chamber and the gas output.

[0082] The electrolysis cell further includes another normally open solenoid valve on the gas output line called the intake solenoid, close to or at the air intake, or between the gas output and air intake. It also takes advantage of the existing vent solenoid.

[0083] In another embodiment, there is a coil of hose wrapped around the pipe, absorbing heat to thaw and facilitating winter operation. This allows the electrolysis to be installable as a conversion kit on conventional gas and electric vehicles for operation in all weather conditions, including well below freezing (0° C / 32° F).

[0084] In normal operation, the intake solenoid is open, and the vent, water, and atmosphere vent solenoids are closed. During a vent cycle, the intake solenoid closes to build pressure in the gas output line. Then the atmosphere intake solenoid opens and the process chamber equalizes with atmospheric pressure. Then the normal vent solenoid opens, which draws the pressure along with the moisture from the gas output line into the process chamber through the vent solenoid. In some cases, the intake solenoid will also open to facilitate the flow. When the system requires a fill, the same procedure will take place and the water solenoid will open at the same time as the vent solenoid, which will also pull water into the process chamber with the pressure. In some cases, that will pull water from the water tank through a one-way valve into a coil of hose that is wrapped around the process chamber, both filling the hose and process chamber.

[0085] Now referring to FIG. 9, shown is a schematic block diagram of a generic computing device that may provide a suitable operating environment in one or more embodiments. A suitably configured computer device, and associated communications networks, devices, software, and firmware may provide a platform for enabling one or more embodiments as described above. By way of example, FIG. 9 shows a generic computer device 900 that may include a central processing unit ("CPU") 902 connected to a storage unit 904 and to a randomaccess memory 906. The CPU 902 may process an operating system 901, application program 903, and data 923. The operating system 901, application program 903, and data 923 may be stored in storage unit 904 and loaded into memory 906, as may be required. Computer device 900 may further include a graphics processing unit (GPU) 922 which is operatively connected to CPU 902 and to memory 906 to offload intensive image processing calculations from CPU 902 and run these calculations in parallel with CPU 902. An operator 910 may interact with the computer device 900 using a video display 908 connected by a video interface 905, and various input / output devices such as a keyboard 910, pointer 912, and storage 914 connected by an I / Ointerface 909. In known manner, the pointer 912 may be configured to control movement of a cursor or pointer icon in the video display 908, and to operate various graphical user interface (GUI) controls appearing in the video display 908. The computer device 900 may form part of a network via a network interface 911, allowing the computer device 900 to communicate with other suitably configured data processing systems or circuits. A non-transitory medium 916 may be used to store executable code embodying one or more embodiments of the present method on the generic computing device 900.

[0086] In an embodiment, the system is capable of remote monitoring, remote updates, remote data collection, and monitoring for failures or upcoming component failures through thermal or voltages monitoring. This can pre-emptively indicate a power supply failure or a loose terminal. This can enable data amalgamation for performance statistics, indicating how much hydrogen was produced, how much energy was used, how much fuel was saved, or how much emissions were reduced. Information can be delivered to customers or HYGN in daily emails indicating fuel and emissions savings, through the server connection, through bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or a SIM / LTE / 4G / 5G connection.

[0087] In an embodiment, a phone based or web based application can show this information to a driver or fleet owner - telling them real time or amalgamated data. The CPU can connect with GPS telematics systems such as GeoTAB® to tell fleet owners statistics and any signal indications such as needing to be filled with water or high level.

[0088] Thus, in an aspect, there is provided An electrolysis cell comprising: a process chamber; a manifold coupled to the process chamber, the manifold comprising a plurality of channels for allowing fluids to enter and exit the process chamber; a fill system comprising a fill channel for filling the process chamber with water; a pair of electrodes placed within the process chamber and in contact with the water; the pair of electrodes comprising a cathode and an anode; wherein when a voltage is applied across the pair of electrodes, a first electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the cathode; and a second electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the anode.

[0089] In an embodiment, the plurality of channels comprising: a fill channel; a gas outlet channel; and a moisture recovery channel.

[0090] In another embodiment, the cell further comprises at least one of: an isolated chamber system; a moisture recovery system; a level detection system and a hydrogen storage system.

[0091] In another embodiment the isolated chamber system comprises: an anode insulator for insulating the anode from the outer wall of the process chamber and from the cathode; and acathode insulator for insulating the cathode from the outer wall of the process chamber and from the anode.

[0092] In another embodiment, the anode and cathode are used interchangeably, allowing the first electrolysis half-reaction to occur at the anode and the second electrolysis half reaction to occur at the cathode.

[0093] In another embodiment, the moisture recovery system comprises: the gas outlet channel; a moisture solenoid positioned along the gas outlet channel; a moisture recovery channel coupled to the moisture solenoid; the moisture solenoid configured to collect moisture from the gas outlet channel and direct it back to the process chamber via the moisture recovery channel.

[0094] In another embodiment, the moisture recovery system further comprises a safety moisture safety shutdown configured to provide a shut-down signal for safety if the moisture level in the gas outlet channel is higher than an allowable moisture level.

[0095] In another embodiment, the level detection system comprises: a low level gauge coupled to the fill system and positioned within the process chamber; a high level gauge coupled to the fill system and positioned within the process chamber; wherein the low level gauge comprises a fill start sensor and the high level gauge comprises a fill stop sensor; wherein the start fill sensor is positioned lower in the process chamber than the stop fill sensor; such that as the fill system fills the process chamber, the start fill sensor contacts the water in the process chamber before the stop fill sensor; and wherein the start fill sensor is positioned at an ideal water level and the stop fill sensor is positioned at a maximum water level of the process chamber.

[0096] In an embodiment, the process chamber comprises fluid in at least one of the following phases: liquid phase, foam phase, and gaseous phase.

[0097] In another embodiment, the liquid phase comprises water and an electrolyte.

[0098] In another embodiment, the electrolyte is one of KOH and NaOH, or another catalyst.

[0099] In another embodiment, the electrodes can charge the foam phase and / or the gaseous phase to form green hydrogen / oxygen.

[0100] In another embodiment, the hydrogen and oxygen storage system comprises an air gap formed between an upper liquid level in the process chamber and a top of the process chamber, the air gap configured to store pressurized gas generated by electrolysis.

[0101] In another embodiment, the electrolysis cell further comprises a heating element configured to wrap around a fluid conduit to enable operation in sub-zero conditions by thawing frozen components.

[0102] In an embodiment, the fill system comprises a pressurized water supply and a venting mechanism configured to allow rapid filling and pressure equalization during operation in varying environmental conditions.

[0103] In another embodiment, the electrodes are configured to alternate polarity periodically to self-clean and prevent degradation of performance due to impurity buildup.

[0104] In another embodiment, the electrolysis cell further comprises: a pressure sensor configured to generate a shut-down signal if a gas pressure within the process chamber exceeds a predefined threshold; and a temperature sensor configured to activate a cooling fan or trigger a shut-down signal if the temperature exceeds a predefined threshold.

[0105] In another embodiment, the power supply is selected from one or more of: a solar panel; a wind turbine; a grid-based DC source; and a battery buffer.

[0106] In another embodiment, a plurality of electrolysis cells are connected in series to share a common power source and manifold.

[0107] In another aspect, there is provide a method of producing hydrogen and oxygen gas using an electrolysis cell, the method comprising the steps of: filling a process chamber of the electrolysis cell with water; placing a pair of electrodes within the process chamber and in contact with the water; the pair of electrodes comprising a cathode and an anode; and applying a voltage across the pair of electrodes, such that a first electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the cathode; and a second electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the anode.

[0108] In an embodiment, the method further comprises: insulating the anode from an outer wall of the process chamber and from the cathode by an anode insulator; and insulating the cathode from the outer wall of the process chamber and from the anode by a cathode insulator.

[0109] In another embodiment, the anode and cathode are used interchangeably, allowing the first electrolysis half-reaction to occur at the anode and the second electrolysis half reaction to occur at the cathode.

[0110] In another embodiment, method further comprises: positioning a moisture solenoid along a gas outlet channel; coupling a moisture recovery channel to the moisture solenoid; the moisture solenoid configured to collect moisture from the gas outlet channel and direct it back to the process chamber via the moisture recovery channel.

[0111] In another embodiment, the method further comprises: positioning a low level gauge within the process chamber, the low level gauge coupled to a fill system; positioning a high level gauge within the process chamber, the high level gauge coupled to the fill system; wherein the low level gauge comprises a fill start sensor and the high level gauge comprises a fill stop sensor; positioning the start fill sensor lower in the process chamber than the stop fill sensor; such that as the fill system fills the process chamber, the start fill sensor contacts the water in the process chamber before the stop fill sensor; and positioning the start fill sensor at a desired water level and positioning the stop fill sensor at a maximum water level of the process chamber.

[0112] In another embodiment, the process chamber comprises fluid in at least one of the following phases: liquid phase, foam phase, and gaseous phase.

[0113] In another embodiment, the liquid phase comprises water and an electrolyte.

[0114] In another embodiment, the electrolyte is one of KOH and NaOH.

[0115] In another embodiment, the electrodes can charge the foam phase and / or the gaseous phase to form green hydrogen / oxygen.

[0116] In another embodiment, the method further comprises storing hydrogen and oxygen gas in an air gap in the process chamber above a liquid phase.

[0117] In another embodiment, the method further comprises heating a fluid conduit of the electrolysis cell to enable thawing and sub-zero operation.

[0118] In another embodiment, the method further comprises alternating the polarity of the electrodes to clean the electrodes and extend operational life.

[0119] In another embodiment, the method further comprises: detecting an overpressure condition and shutting down the cell; detecting an overtemperature condition and activating a fan or shutting down the cell.

[0120] In another embodiment, the method further comprises powering the electrolysis cell using one or more of a solar panel, wind turbine, or a battery buffer system.

[0121] While the applicant's teachings described herein are in conjunction with various embodiments for illustrative purposes, it is not intended that the applicant's teachings be limited to such embodiments. On the contrary, the applicant's teachings described and illustrated herein encompass various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, without departing from the embodiments, the general scope of which is defined in the appended claims.

Claims

Claims1. An electrolysis cell comprising: a process chamber; a manifold coupled to the process chamber, the manifold comprising a plurality of channels for allowing fluids to enter and exit the process chamber; a fill system comprising a fill channel for filling the process chamber with water; a pair of electrodes placed within the process chamber and in contact with the water; the pair of electrodes comprising a cathode and an anode; wherein when a voltage is applied across the pair of electrodes, a first electrolysis halfreaction occurs at the cathode; and a second electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the anode.

2. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, wherein the plurality of channels comprising: a fill channel; a gas outlet channel; and a moisture recovery channel.

3. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, wherein the cell further comprises at least one of: an isolated chamber system; a moisture recovery system; a level detection system and a hydrogen storage system.

4. The electrolysis cell of claim 3, wherein the isolated chamber system comprises: an anode insulator for insulating the anode from the outer wall of the process chamber and from the cathode; and a cathode insulator for insulating the cathode from the outer wall of the process chamber and from the anode.

5. The electrolysis cell of claim 3, wherein the anode and cathode are used interchangeably, allowing the first electrolysis half-reaction to occur at the anode and the second electrolysis half reaction to occur at the cathode.

6. The electrolysis cell of claim 3, wherein the moisture recovery system comprises: the gas outlet channel; a moisture solenoid positioned along the gas outlet channel; a moisture recovery channel coupled to the moisture solenoid;the moisture solenoid configured to collect moisture from the gas outlet channel and direct it back to the process chamber via the moisture recovery channel.

7. The electrolysis cell of claim 6, wherein the moisture recovery system further comprises a safety moisture safety shutdown configured to provide a shut-down signal for safety if the moisture level in the gas outlet channel is higher than an allowable moisture level.

8. The electrolysis cell of claim 3, wherein the level detection system comprises: a low level gauge coupled to the fill system and positioned within the process chamber; a high level gauge coupled to the fill system and positioned within the process chamber; wherein the low level gauge comprises a fill start sensor and the high level gauge comprises a fill stop sensor; wherein the start fill sensor is positioned lower in the process chamber than the stop fill sensor; such that as the fill system fills the process chamber, the start fill sensor contacts the water in the process chamber before the stop fill sensor; and wherein the start fill sensor is positioned at an ideal water level and the stop fill sensor is positioned at a maximum water level of the process chamber.

9. The electrolysis cell of claim 2, wherein the process chamber comprises fluid in at least one of the following phases: liquid phase, foam phase, and gaseous phase.

10. The electrolysis cell of claim 9 wherein the liquid phase comprises water and an electrolyte.

11. The electrolysis cell of claim 10, wherein the electrolyte is one of KOH and NaOH, or another catalyst.

12. The electrolysis cell of claim 9, wherein the electrodes can charge the foam phase and / or the gaseous phase to form green hydrogen / oxygen.

13. The electrolysis cell of claim 3, wherein the hydrogen and oxygen storage system comprises an air gap formed between an upper liquid level in the process chamber and a top of the process chamber, the air gap configured to store pressurized gas generated by electrolysis.

14. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, further comprising a heating element configured to wrap around a fluid conduit to enable operation in sub-zero conditions by thawing frozen components.

15. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, wherein the fill system comprises a pressurized water supply and a venting mechanism configured to allow rapid filling and pressure equalization during operation in varying environmental conditions.

16. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, wherein the electrodes are configured to alternate polarity periodically to self-clean and prevent degradation of performance due to impurity buildup.

17. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, further comprising: a pressure sensor configured to generate a shut-down signal if a gas pressure within the process chamber exceeds a predefined threshold; and a temperature sensor configured to activate a cooling fan or trigger a shut-down signal if the temperature exceeds a predefined threshold.

18. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, wherein the power supply is selected from one or more of: a solar panel; a wind turbine; a grid-based DC source; and a battery buffer.

19. The electrolysis cell of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrolysis cells are connected in series to share a common power source and manifold.

20. A method of producing hydrogen and oxygen gas using an electrolysis cell, the method comprising the steps of: filling a process chamber of the electrolysis cell with water; placing a pair of electrodes within the process chamber and in contact with the water; the pair of electrodes comprising a cathode and an anode; andapplying a voltage across the pair of electrodes, such that a first electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the cathode; and a second electrolysis half-reaction occurs at the anode.

21. The method of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: insulating the anode from an outer wall of the process chamber and from the cathode by an anode insulator; and insulating the cathode from the outer wall of the process chamber and from the anode by a cathode insulator.

22. The method of claim 13, wherein the anode and cathode are used interchangeably, allowing the first electrolysis half-reaction to occur at the anode and the second electrolysis half reaction to occur at the cathode.

23. The method of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: positioning a moisture solenoid along a gas outlet channel; coupling a moisture recovery channel to the moisture solenoid; the moisture solenoid configured to collect moisture from the gas outlet channel and direct it back to the process chamber via the moisture recovery channel.

24. The method of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: positioning a low level gauge within the process chamber, the low level gauge coupled to a fill system; positioning a high level gauge within the process chamber, the high level gauge coupled to the fill system; wherein the low level gauge comprises a fill start sensor and the high level gauge comprises a fill stop sensor; positioning the start fill sensor lower in the process chamber than the stop fill sensor; such that as the fill system fills the process chamber, the start fill sensor contacts the water in the process chamber before the stop fill sensor; and positioning the start fill sensor at a desired water level and positioning the stop fill sensor at a maximum water level of the process chamber.

25. The method of claim 13, wherein the process chamber comprises fluid in at least one of the following phases: liquid phase, foam phase, and gaseous phase.

26. The method of claim 13, wherein the liquid phase comprises water and an electrolyte.

27. The method of claim 13, wherein the electrolyte is one of KOH and NaOH.

28. The method of claim 13, wherein the electrodes can charge the foam phase and / or the gaseous phase to form green hydrogen / oxygen.

29. The method of claim 13, further comprising storing hydrogen and oxygen gas in an air gap in the process chamber above a liquid phase.

30. The method of claim 13, further comprising heating a fluid conduit of the electrolysis cell to enable thawing and sub-zero operation.

31. The method of claim 13, further comprising alternating the polarity of the electrodes to clean the electrodes and extend operational life.

32. The method of claim 13, further comprising: detecting an overpressure condition and shutting down the cell; detecting an overtemperature condition and activating a fan or shutting down the cell.

33. The method of claim 13, further comprising powering the electrolysis cell using one or more of a solar panel, wind turbine, or a battery buffer system.

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