170 results about "Ionic diffusion" patented technology

Electrochemical cells or batteries featuring functional gradations, and having desirable, periodic configurations, and methods for making the same. One or more methods, in alone or in combination, are utilized to fabricate components of such electrochemical cells or batteries, which are designed to achieve certain thermal, mechanical, kinetic and spatial characteristics, and their effects, singly and in all possible combinations, on battery performance. The thermal characteristics relate to temperature distribution during charge and discharge processes. The kinetic characteristics relate to rate performance of the cells or batteries such as the ionic diffusion process and electron conduction. The mechanical characteristics relate to lifetime and efficiency of the cells or batteries such as the strength and moduli of the component materials. Finally, the spatial characteristics relate to the energy and power densities, stress and temperature mitigation mechanisms, and diffusion and conduction enhancements. The electrochemical cells or batteries constructed according to the methods presented in this invention are useful for all applications that require high rate performance, high energy / power density, good durability, high safety and long lifetime.

The invention discloses a super-capacitor electrode based on vertical oriented graphene and a manufacturing method thereof. The electrode comprises a current collector and a graphene nanosheet, wherein the graphene nanosheet is vertical to the surface of the current collector; each graphene nanosheet comprises 1-10 layers of graphene. In the manufacturing process, the current collector is heated to 600-1000 DEG C; a carbon element contained gas is adopted as a precursor gas to generate a plasma; the current collector is placed in the plasma; a vertical oriented graphene nanosheet directly grows on the surface of the current collector by using a plasma reinforced chemical vapor deposition method, and after the vertical oriented graphene nanosheet grows for 5 minutes to 8 hours, the obtained current collector with the vertical oriented graphene nanosheet grown on the surface is the super-capacitor electrode. The super-capacitor electrode with the vertical oriented graphene as active material can be made in one step so that the use of adhesives and agglomeration of graphene are avoided, the benefit of material infiltration and ionic diffusion is achieved and the potential in effective energy storage area of the graphene and the property of the super-capacitor is improved.

A new device and method for detecting the presence of living microorganisms in test samples are described. The device comprises a container with at least one section transparent to light, a growth zone located in said container containing a mixture of growth media capable of supporting growth of the microorganisms, and at least one indicator substrate that changes its optical properties due to growth of the microorganisms. A detection zone is located in the container adjacent to the transparent section, and a barrier layer comprising porous solid material separates the two zones, allowing diffusion of molecules and ions of metabolic by-products of the organisms, while preventing microorganisms and particulate matter of the test sample from penetrating into the detection zone.

The invention relates to a battery anode material and discloses a metal ion doping and carbon coating jointly modified lithium ion battery anode material, which comprises a lithium iron phosphate anode substrate synthesized by using LiOH.H2O and FePO4.4H2O, and is characterized in that: the lithium iron phosphate anode substrate contains at least one metal ion which may be Mn<2+>, Ni<2+>, Co<3+>, Cu<2+>, Zn<2+>, Zr<4+>, Al<3+>, Sn<4+>, Nb<5+>, Mg<2+> or Ti<4+>; and the surface of the lithium iron phosphate anode substrate is uniformly coated with carbon. In the lithium ion battery anode material, the metal ion is doped at the lithium position to produce a lithium ion vacancy in the crystal lattice of the lithium iron phosphate, so the electron conductivity and ionic diffusion coefficient of the lithium ion battery anode material are improved and the discharge capacity and the circulation stability of the lithium ion battery anode material are improved. The method for manufacturing metal ion doping and carbon coating jointly modified lithium ion battery anode material is simple, easy to implement, obvious in effect and low in cost.

A microporous polyethylene battery separator material (212), for use in a flooded-cell type lead-acid battery, benefits from increased porosity, enhanced wettability, and exceptionally low electrical resistance when an electrolyte-soluble pore former is employed in the manufacturing process. The pore former (210) is soluble in electrolytic fluid and therefore dissolves in-situ in sulfuric acid during battery assembly. The dissolution of the pore former leaves behind additional, larger voids (220) in the separator material and thereby enhances ionic diffusion and improves battery performance.

The invention discloses a graphene aerogel, a preparation method and applications thereof. The graphene aerogel comprises an anisotropic, regular and ordered three-dimensional porous network structure comprising graphene sheet layers, and a nanometer porous structure comprising micropores, mesopores and macropores, wherein the micropores and the mesopores are mainly distributed in the pore wall of the regular and ordered macropores. The preparation method comprises: introducing a cross-linking agent into a liquid crystal system through gas phase diffusion by using a graphene oxide liquid crystal as a precursor, introducing a reduction agent through ion diffusion to obtain a graphene hydrogel, and drying to obtain the graphene aerogel. According to the present invention, the graphene aerogel has anisotropic thermal, electrical and mechanical properties, and the preparation method has characteristics of simple preparation process, mild reaction condition, low energy consumption, no pollution and wide application prospect, and is suitable for large-scale production.

The invention discloses a preparation method for a tungsten disulfide sheet-shaped nanomaterial. The preparation method comprises the steps of mixing sulfosalt, tungsten salt and water, performing reaction in a hydrothermal condition for 12-24h, and carrying out filtering, cleaning and drying to obtain the tungsten disulfide sheet-shaped nanomaterial, wherein the hydrothermal reaction is carried out at a temperature of 180-250 DEG C; the molar ratio of tungsten salt to sulfosalt is 1 to (4.5-5.5); and the sulfosalt is 0.3-0.4mol / L in concentration. The obtained sheet-shaped WS<2> material is 171.819mF / cm<2> (100mv / s) in area capacitance ratio value, and 38.873F / g (100mv / s) in mass capacitance ratio value. The preparation method provided by the invention is low in energy consumption, capable of obtaining raw materials simply and conveniently, simple in operation, and easy to realize; the prepared and obtained flexible sheet-shaped WS<2> material is large in specific surface area, so that active sites on the surface of the electrode can be greatly increased and the capacitance performance of the electrode material is improved; and in addition, by virtue of the unique characteristic of the two-dimensional nanomaterial, shorter electron transfer and ionic diffusion paths can be realized, so that expression of capacitance performance can be facilitated, and effective storage of energy can be realized.

The invention discloses a method for preparing high performance lithium ion battery negative electrode material porous carbon covering exposed (001) active crystal titanium dioxide nanocubes. The method for preparing the high performance lithium ion battery negative electrode material porous carbon covering exposed (001) active crystal titanium dioxide nanocubes adopts phenolic resin spheres as a carbon source to compound porous carbon materials, wherein titanium source compounds are dissolved into ethyl alcohol to be prepared to be colloidal sol, the colloidal sol is added into a supernatant solution of phenolic resins, deionized water and hydrochloric acids to be stirred, and is added with hydrofluoric acids to be used as a crystal control agent, and then has a water thermal reaction, thereby obtaining product materials by utilizing a high temperature furnace to treat at last. A composite material which is composted through the method has large radio surface area, rich porous structures, exposed active crystal surfaces, combines the advantages of the radio surface area, porous structures and active crystal surfaces, reduces transmission distance of ions and electrons, improves electrical conductivity and ionic diffusion rate, is applied in lithium ion batteries, has excellent specific capacity and stable cycle performance, and is an ideal lithium ion battery negative material.

The invention discloses a testing technology for electrochemical parameters of under-deposit corrosion and a special primary and secondary matched double-electrolytic tank thereof. The electrolytic tank device comprises an organic glass double-electrolytic tank body, a working electrode, auxiliary electrodes, reference electrodes and an ion diffusion passage. The organic glass double-electrolytic tank body consists of an outer electrolytic tank and an inner electrolytic tank, wherein the outer electrolytic tank is an open system which is provided with a vent and used for measuring a body solution anode region, and the inner electrolytic tank is a closed device for measuring a cathode region in a closed micro-environment under a deposit layer. The working electrode, the auxiliary electrodes and the reference electrodes are fixed through rubber plugs on top covers of the electrolytic tanks and used for measuring the electrochemical parameters. The ion diffusion passage is an organic glass passage for connecting the inner electrolytic tank with the outer electrolytic tank, is filled with a corrosive deposit layer for simulating a real deposit layer environment and realizing exchange of internal and external ions of the deposit layer, and is fixed through a bolt plug. The electrolytic tank is used for measuring the various electrochemical parameters of the under-deposit corrosion conveniently, and can be used for accurately simulating the internal and external corrosive environments of the deposit layer and obtaining the information and dynamic changes of an under-deposit corrosion process.

Disclosed is a wiring structure and method of forming the structure with a conductive diffusion barrier layer having a thick upper portion and thin lower portion. The thicker upper portion is located at the junction between the wiring structure and the adjacent dielectric materials. The thicker upper portion: (1) minimizes metal ion diffusion and, thereby TDDB; (2) allows a wire width to dielectric space width ratio that is optimal for low TDDB to be achieved at the top of the wiring structure; and (3) provides a greater surface area for via landing. The thinner lower portion: (1) allows a different wire width to dielectric space width ratio to be maintained in the rest of the wiring structure in order to balance other competing factors; (2) allows a larger cross-section of wire to reduce current density and, thereby reduce EM; and (3) avoids an increase in wiring structure resistivity.

The invention discloses a method for controlling battery heating in a charging mode. A charging system is employed and comprises a charger, a battery management system and a heater, wherein the charger comprises a first output end and a second output end; the first output end is connected with a charged battery by a charge relay; and the second output end is connected with the heater by a heating relay. According to the method, a specific temperature value is set; when the mean temperature of the battery is in different temperature intervals, the charger changes working states flexibly, so that the battery is charged only under the conditions of the appropriate temperature and the stable state; the heating is required to be controlled at the too low temperature; and the battery is charged after cooled for a period of time at the excess temperature. The strong conductivity of the battery can be maintained, the ionic diffusion speed is high, so that the damage to the battery caused by charging at the low temperature is reduced, and the influence on the battery charging when the state of the battery is unstable can be avoided.

The invention relates to a nickel-doped Co<9>S<8> nano-sheet dual-function electro-catalyst and a method for preparing the same, and belongs to the technical field of full-hydrolysis hydrogen production. The method includes steps of (1), depositing Ni-Co nano-sheet precursors on conductive flexible substrates by the aid of electro-deposition processes; (2), preparing nickel-doped Co<9>S<8> nano-sheets from the precursors, which are obtained at the step (1), by the aid of hydrothermal processes so as to obtain the nickel-doped Co<9>S<8> nano-sheet dual-function electro-catalyst. The nickel-doped Co<9>S<8> nano-sheet dual-function electro-catalyst and the method have the advantages that the Co<9>S<8> nano-sheets which perpendicularly grow can be formed on the surfaces of the conductive flexible substrates by the aid of simple electro-deposition and hydrothermal reaction processes, the conductive flexible substrates are used as templates, accordingly, the effective contact areas of the nano-sheets and electrolyte solution can be greatly enlarged, large quantities of electro-catalytic active sites can be exposed, ion diffusion paths can be shortened, and the electro-catalytic activitycan be greatly improved; nickel is doped, accordingly, electron structures of Co<9>S<8> further can be effectively regulated and controlled, and the electron transfer efficiency and the conductivity of the Co<9>S<8> can be obviously improved.

The invention discloses a prussian blue / tungsten trioxide electrochromic film and a preparation method thereof. The film has a double-array ordered structure and large specific surface area and can increase ordered ion diffusion channels for electrolyte ions and selectively modulate near infrared light bands and visible light bands. The preparation method comprises the steps as follows: firstly, taking a polystyrene template as a working electrode and an aqueous solution of sodium tungstate, hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid as an electrodeposition solution, removing the polystyrene template after electrochemical deposition to obtain a tungsten trioxide electrochromic film with a bowl-like ordered structure, then, taking the obtained tungsten trioxide electrochromic film with the bowl-like ordered structure as a working electrode and an aqueous solution of FeCl3, K3[Fe(CN)]6 and KCl as an electrodeposition solution, and performing electrochemical deposition to obtain the prussianblue / tungsten trioxide electrochromic film. The preparation method requires no roasting and has the advantages that the method is convenient to operate, efficient and energy-saving, the product is controllable and the like.

The invention relates to a forming method of a diffusion zone, comprising the following steps of: forming a pre-doping layer on the surface of a semiconductor substrate, wherein doping ions are contained in the pre-doping layer; forming a protecting layer on the pre-doping layer; annealing the semiconductor substrate; and diffusing the doping ions in the pre-doping layer into the semiconductor substrate. In the invention, by replacing the traditional mode of injecting ions to dope the diffusion zone with a furnace tube thermal diffusion technology, the damage to the surface of the semiconductor substrate by ionic bombardment is avoided, foreign ions are ensured to be more evenly distributed in the diffusion zone, a surface lattice structure is improved and a subsequent technology is benefited. In the process, the technological flow is slightly regulated, the complexity is not obviously increased, the production cost is not obviously increased, and the productivity is increased to a certain extent.

The invention discloses a resistive random access memory and a manufacturing method thereof. The resistive random access memory comprises a substrate, and a first electrode, a resistive dielectric layer, a barrier layer and tunneling layer and a second electrode which are sequentially located on the substrate. The barrier layer and tunneling layer comprises a multi-layer two-dimensional material,and the two-dimensional material is one of the following materials: HBN, MoSe2, MoTe2, WS2, WSe2 or WTe2. The multi-layer two-dimensional material is inserted between the second electrode and the resistive dielectric layer. In the setting process, oxygen ions can be effectively prevented and limited from diffusing into the second electrode and generating an oxidation reaction with the second electrode, consumption of the oxygen ions is reduced, and meanwhile the tunneling effect of the two-dimensional material is used for improving the low-resistance-state resistance. In the resetting process,the second electrode does not need to serve as an oxygen storage layer to provide oxygen ions, enough oxygen ions can participate in oxygen vacancy compounding under the condition that large voltageis not applied to generate large current, and complete resetting can be achieved. The cycle characteristic of the device is integrally improved, and the programming energy consumption is reduced.

The invention provides a fluoride / oxide co-coated positive electrode material which comprises a positive electrode material main body, a composite coating layer and a diffusion doping layer, and is characterized in that the composite coating layer is a continuous coating film formed by uniformly coating the surface of the positive electrode material main body with oxyfluoride; and the diffusion doping layer is formed by diffusing partial metal element ions in the composite coating layer to the surface layer of the positive electrode material main body. The invention also provides a preparationmethod of the fluoride / oxide co-coated positive electrode material. The positive electrode material provided by the invention has relatively good cycling stability, storage life, high-temperature performance and safety performance under high voltage.

The invention relates to a surface-coated solid solution cathode material and a preparation method thereof and belongs to the field of new energy material. The surface-coated solid solution cathode material of the invention is obtained by coating the surface of (x)Li2MnO3.(1-x)LiNiCoMn<1-a-b>O2 with Li<z>A<0.5>Mn<1.5>O<y>, and the coating amount accounts for 1 to 20 percent of the total mass of the cathode material. The material takes full use of Li2O deintercalated in the charging process of lithium-rich solid solution cathode material, and the Li2O is further intercalated in Li<z>A<0.5>Mn<1.5>O<y> to form the spinel-type surface coating LiA<0.5>Mn<1.5>O4 with three-dimensional ion diffusion channels. The transmission of the lithium-ions in the surface of the (x)Li2MnO3.(1-x)LiNiCoMn<1-a-b>O2 cathode material is effectively improved so as to improve first coulombic efficiency and rate capability of the surface-coated sosoloid cathode material.

A microporous polyethylene battery separator material (212), for use in a flooded-cell type lead-acid battery, benefits from increased porosity, enhanced wettability, and exceptionally low electrical resistance when an electrolyte-soluble pore former is employed in the manufacturing process. The pore former (210) is soluble in electrolytic fluid and therefore dissolves in-situ in sulfuric acid during battery assembly. The dissolution of the pore former leaves behind additional, larger voids (220) in the separator material and thereby enhances ionic diffusion and improves battery performance.

The invention discloses a concrete damage transmission evaluation method under sulfate erosion in a splash zone, which comprises the following steps: establishing a sulfate ion transmission model, including convection and diffusion processes in the splash zone of a marine environment; sulfate ions and material components in concrete are subjected to a chemical reaction, ettringite and other products are generated, concrete expansion is caused, a structure is damaged, and a damage constitutive structure under sulfate erosion is established; and establishing a relationship between the stress andthe porosity in the concrete damage process, and establishing a relationship between the porosity and the ion diffusion coefficient so as to obtain the damaged ion diffusion coefficient. According tothe method, concrete damage transmission under sulfate erosion of the splash zone can be predicted more accurately, and a basis is provided for developing chemical-mechanical equivalent conversion under the environmental action and establishing a new method for durability analysis and design of a concrete structure.

The present invention provides a high-temperature ionic state fluidized bed compound crystallization technology and an internal reactor structure thereof. The principle of the present invention is that reaction gas is effected by a group of high-frequency external magnetic fields and forms the high-temperature gaseous ion in the first quartz vacuum tube, then forms ion deposition diffusion in the second quartz vacuum tube preheated at constant temperature. As a result, other high-temperature gaseous ions except the silicon hydride are decomposed, rapidly deposited and crystallized in the ion diffusion chamber. And the un-decomposed silicon hydride gas is directly poured into the surface of the silicon heating body of the compound fluidized bed by the static negative high-voltage quartz spray hole to decompose and crystallize, or crystallize by a way of fluid state in the arched heating quartz tube communicating with the top of two quartz reaction furnaces.

The invention discloses a preparation method for iron phosphate used for a lithium battery. The iron phosphate comprises a secondary particles aggregated by a plurality of primary particles, wherein each primary particle is of a hollow porous spherical structure; and the secondary particle is of a hollow porous sphere-like structure. According to a scheme of the invention, the iron phosphate is ofa unique hollow porous sphere-like structure; lithium iron phosphate prepared by taking the iron phosphate as a precursor has a porous structure; the contact area of an electrolyte and a positive electrode material is increased; good wettability is achieved; meanwhile, the porous structure also has the advantages of reducing ion diffusion resistance and the like; through the hollow structure, thediffusion path of lithium ions is shortened; meanwhile, a plurality of paths are provided for diffusion of the lithium ions; the problems of low diffusion speed, polarization and the like of a lithium iron phosphate material in the prior art are solved; and thus, the lithium iron phosphate with good performance, specifically good low-temperature performance, can be prepared by using the lithium iron phosphate as the precursor.

The present invention relates to an air conditioner with an ionizer which comprises: an ionizer to generate ions mounted in the vicinity of an air outlet, a carrier to move the ionizer, and a controller to control the ionizer and the carrier. The controller controls the carrier to move the ionizer to an initial point when power is supplied to the air conditioner or the power is changed from turn off to turn on. The controller can control a position of the ionizer with the carrier in response to a sensing signal of a sensor which senses a position of a person. Accordingly, a range of ion diffusion can be controlled efficiently, and by making the ions to be discharged to a specific direction the user presents thereto, effective improvement of an ion effect the user feel can be improved.

The invention belongs to the field of differential ion mobility spectrum, in particular to a differential ion mobility spectrum of a micro-ionization spray ion source and an application method thereof, wherein the mobility spectrum is sequentially arranged as an ion source atomization chamber, an auxiliary gas accumulation chamber and a differential ion mobility spectrum device. The invention adopts the auxiliary atomizing gas to improve the ionization efficiency of the ion source, the auxiliary atomizing gas and the auxiliary gathering gas are combined to reduce the ion diffusion between theion source and the DMS, and the streamlined gas flow also greatly improves the ion transmission rate in the differential ion mobility spectrum migration channel. The design of double gas paths reducesthe disturbance of gas flow when the two gas streams converge, avoids the uneven gas flow rate caused by the instability of mass spectrometer pump in the traditional technology, and ultimately achieves relatively high ion transport efficiency.

Electrochemical cells or batteries featuring functional gradations, and having desirable, periodic configurations, and methods for making the same. One or more methods, in alone or in combination, are utilized to fabricate components of such electrochemical cells or batteries, which are designed to achieve certain thermal, mechanical, kinetic and spatial characteristics, and their effects, singly and in all possible combinations, on battery performance. The thermal characteristics relate to temperature distribution during charge and discharge processes. The kinetic characteristics relate to rate performance of the cells or batteries such as the ionic diffusion process and electron conduction. The mechanical characteristics relate to lifetime and efficiency of the cells or batteries such as the strength and moduli of the component materials. Finally, the spatial characteristics relate to the energy and power densities, stress and temperature mitigation mechanisms, and diffusion and conduction enhancements. The electrochemical cells or batteries constructed according to the methods presented in this invention are useful for all applications that require high rate performance, high energy / power density, good durability, high safety and long lifetime.

The invention relates to a method of forming an ultra-shallow junction. The invention comprises the following steps: ions are infused into a semiconductor substrate; the pre-annealing operation is carried on to the semiconductor substrate, to heat up the semiconductor substrate from the room temperature to the intermediate temperature value; oxygen is filled, the annealing operation is carried on to the semiconductor substrate, to heat up the semiconductor substrate from the intermediate temperature value to the annealing temperature peak value; the cooling operation is carried on to the semiconductor substrate, to cool the semiconductor substrate from the annealing temperature peak value to the room temperature. A peak value annealing method is adopted in the forming process of the ultra-shallow junction, doping material activation and crystal lattice damage reconstruction can be completed simultaneously in one thermal treatment process; the oxygen is filled in the peak value annealing process, and the doping ionic diffusion is reduced.

A method and system for probing mobile ion diffusivity and electrochemical reactivity on a nanometer length scale of a free electrochemically active surface includes a control module that biases the surface of the material. An electrical excitation signal is applied to the material and induces the movement of mobile ions. An SPM probe in contact with the surface of the material detects the displacement of mobile ions at the surface of the material. A detector measures an electromechanical strain response at the surface of the material based on the movement and reactions of the mobile ions. The use of an SPM tip to detect local deformations allows highly reproducible measurements in an ambient environment without visible changes in surface structure. The measurements illustrate effective spatial resolution comparable with defect spacing and well below characteristic grain sizes of the material.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a lithium vanadium phosphate and lithium manganese phosphate composite anode material through rheological phase reaction, which comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing ammonium metavanadate, manganese salt, phosphate salt, polyethylene glycol and lithium salt dissolved into water, reacting for 5-10 hours in constant-temperature water bath of 75-95 DEG C to form a rheological jelly and calcining the dried rheological jelly for 10-20 hours in the non-oxidizing atmosphere of 650-800 DEG C, namely Li3V2 (PO4)3.LiMnPO4. The invention has the beneficial effects that the method is simple and convenient, is easy to control and low in cost; the synthesized Li3V2 (PO4)3.LiMnPO4 composite material overcomes the defect of low electronic conductivity of a monomer material Li3V2 (PO4)3 and low ion diffusion rate, low ion conductivity and difficulty in synthesis of a monomer material LiMnPO4; and compared with the monomer materials, the charge and discharge performance and the cycling performance of a sample are respectively improved.

The invention discloses a device for distinguishing matrix pores from microcracks of a shale reservoir. The device comprises an analysis control unit, a temperature control unit, an ion measuring unit and a liquid level control unit. The invention also discloses a method for distinguishing the characteristics of the matrix pores from those of the microcracks by using the device. According to the device disclosed by the invention, evaporation capacity of liquid in a closed container and the influence of the temperature on ionic diffusion can be efficiently controlled by adopting the liquid level control unit and the temperature control unit; in addition, the change of electrical conductivity of shale particles with different particle sizes in a mixed solution is measured by the ion measuring unit in real time; by use of the device and the method disclosed by the invention, the characteristics of the matrix pores and the microcracks of the shale can be effectively evaluated according to the change of the measured electrical conductivity along with time. The invention provides a novel experimental testing technique and method for porous structure analysis of the shale reservoir, and has potential application value in the fields of evaluation of the shale reservoir, production prediction, postfrac evaluation and the like.

The invention provides a negative electrode plate, a battery and a preparation method of the negative electrode plate. The negative electrode plate comprises a negative current collector, a negative tab, a first coating and a second coating, wherein the edge of the second coating is closer to the negative tab compared with the edge of the first coating; and the median diameter D50 of an active material contained in the second coating is smaller than the median diameter D50 of an active material contained in the first coating, so the negative paste closer to the negative electrode tab is the active material with a relatively small particle size, better ion diffusion dynamic performance can be presented, and the risk of lithium precipitation in a charging process is reduced.