8494 results about "Thermal reaction" patented technology

Methods and devices are provided for forming an absorber layer. In one embodiment, a method is provided comprising of depositing a solution on a substrate to form a precursor layer. The solution comprises of at least one polar solvent, at least one binder, and at least one Group IB and/or IIIA hydroxide. The precursor layer is processed in one or more steps to form a photovoltaic absorber layer. In one embodiment, the absorber layer may be created by processing the precursor layer into a solid film and then thermally reacting the solid film in an atmosphere containing at least an element of Group VIA of the Periodic Table to form the photovoltaic absorber layer. Optionally, the absorber layer may be processed by thermal reaction of the precursor layer in an atmosphere containing at least an element of Group VIA of the Periodic Table to form the photovoltaic absorber layer.

Method and device for treatment of skin conditions A method and apparatus for improving the cosmetic appearance of a region of skin 11 affected by Acne Vulgaris, Rosacea or similar skin condition by means of directing light radiation 12 from an illuminating device 1 on to the skin 11. The apparatus 10 comprises a control unit 9 that operates one or more LEDs 7 (light emitting diodes) of the illuminating device 1. Each dose of light radiation 12 lasts for at least 100 ms, during which time the skin 11 receives light energy from the LED(s) 7, which causes a photochemical reaction that stimulates the production of free radicals (singlet oxygen) that react with, and at least partially disable or destroy, bacteria that contribute to the symptoms of the skin condition. The light energy directed on to the skin 11 during any given period of 10 μs is less than 0.5 Jcm⁻², and during any given period of 100 ms is less than 5 Jcm⁻². Substantially no beneficial photo-thermal reaction occurs within the skin 11. Light having wavelengths around 405 nm and/or 585 nm is used. The duration of a single dose may be much longer than 100 ms and can last up to 10 hours (for overnight treatment).

Body lumens such as blood vessels are selectively occluded by applying radiofrequency voltage to a vaso-occlusive coil (100) at the target site (TS) and generating a thermal reaction to induce fibrogenic occlusion of the blood vessel (BV) around the vaso-occlusive coil. The radiofrequency current is usually sufficient to induce thermal damage to the luminal wall and to coagulate the surrounding blood, thereby initiating clotting and subsequent fibrosis to permanently occlude the lumen. The invention also includes a method for endoluminally deploying the vaso-occlusive coil and preventing migration of the coil from of the target site.

The present invention provides a method for carrying out high temperature thermal dissociation reactions requiring rapid-heating and short residence times using solar energy. In particular, the present invention provides a method for carrying out high temperature thermal reactions such as dissociation of hydrocarbon containing gases and hydrogen sulfide to produce hydrogen and dry reforming of hydrocarbon containing gases with carbon dioxide. In the methods of the invention where hydrocarbon containing gases are dissociated, fine carbon black particles are also produced. The present invention also provides solar-thermal reactors and solar-thermal reactor systems.

The invention discloses a method for repair and regeneration of waste lithium iron phosphate battery cathode materials, which allows a lithium-source solution or a suspension to react with a recovered waste lithium iron phosphate battery material by a hydrothermal reaction or a solvent-thermal reaction, or allows the recovered waste lithium iron phosphate battery material to be processed by solid-phase ball-milling and calcination with the lithium source, performs liquid-phase or solid-phase direct lithium-supplementing repair of delithiated waste lithium iron phosphate, and then performs pertinent repair and regeneration by coating conductive agents or coating conductive agents and doping metal ions. The invention adopts a direct repair and regeneration method; the repaired waste lithium iron phosphate battery cathode material has excellent performance, and the specific capacity can reach above 90% of the specific capacity before discard; the method not only can effectively reduce environmental pollution of waste batteries, but also can make full use of waste resources and changes waste into valuables.

The invention discloses a graphene three-dimensional material as well as a preparation method and an application thereof. The material consists of 10 to 99% of graphene and 1 to 90% of the oxide of manganese, nickel, iron or cobalt. The preparation method comprises the following steps: performing ultrasonic dispersion on graphite oxide to prepare a graphite oxide solution; adding a metal salt solution while stirring or under ultrasonic conditions, and adding a hydrazine hydrate solution; conducting reaction in a drying oven or a hydro-thermal reaction kettle; and then drying to obtain the graphene three-dimensional material. The graphene three-dimensional material is applied to a super capacitor with the capacity of 200 to 800 F/g, or used for making the cathode of a lithium ion battery with the capacity of 300 to 1,400 mAh/g. According to the invention, the preparation process is simple; the prepared graphene three-dimensional macroscopic material has high conductivity and strength; and when being used for the cathode of the lithium ion battery and the super capacitor, the material has high performance.

The invention relates to a graphene/rare earth oxide nanometer composite material and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: uniformly mixing oxidized graphene dispersion liquid and a soluble rare earth compound at the weight ratio of (1:1)-(1:10), regulating a pH value to alkalescence, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction to obtain the graphene-rare earth oxide nanometer composite material; and uniformly mixing the oxidized graphene dispersion liquid and the soluble rare earth compound at the weight ratio of (1:1)-(1:10), adding a reducer, and carrying out reflux reaction at certain temperature to obtain the graphene-rare earth oxide nanometer composite material. According to the invention, rare earth oxides are successfully loaded to the surface of graphene, the rare earth oxides can be connected in a physical loading or chemical bonding way because of the electrostatic action of the surface of the oxidized graphene and uniformly dispersed to the surface of a nanometer graphene sheet by being formed into nanometer level particles, the particle size is 5-50 nanometers, and the sheet thickness is 1-5 layers, so that the agglomeration phenomena of the graphene is obviously improved, and the electrochemical property of the graphene nanometer composite material as a cathode material and the circulation stability of the graphene nanometer composite material in the charge-discharge process are effectively enhanced and superior to those the cathode of the traditional commercial lithium ion battery. The preparation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of simple process, low cost, short period, and the like.

Methods and devices are provided for forming an absorber layer. In one embodiment, a method is provided comprising of depositing a solution on a substrate to form a precursor layer. The solution comprises of at least one equilibrium and/or near equilibrium material. The precursor layer is processed in one or more steps to form a photovoltaic absorber layer. In one embodiment, the absorber layer may be created by processing the precursor layer into a solid film and then thermally reacting the solid film in an atmosphere containing at least an element of Group VIA of the Periodic Table to form the photovoltaic absorber layer. Optionally, the absorber layer may be processed by thermal reaction of the precursor layer in an atmosphere containing at least an element of Group VIA of the Periodic Table to form the photovoltaic absorber layer.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a modified calcium sulfate whisker by using desulfurization gypsum, comprising the following steps of sieving, pulping, performing hydro-thermal reaction and whisker surface modification, dewatering and drying, wherein the reaction temperature ranges from 107 DEG C to 180 DEG C, the concentration of desulfurization gypsum and water is 5-33wt% and the drying temperature ranges from 100 DEG C to 300 DEG C, and a modifier which is 0.05-5% of the weight of desulfurization gypsum in the calcium sulfate whisker suspension formed in hydro-thermal reaction. The invention solves the problem that CaSO4.0.5H2O whisker is easy to hydrate in the drying process tocause fracture of the whisker and enhances the compatibility of the calcium sulfate whisker and the high polymer materials. The prepared modified calcium sulfate whisker has a diameter of 0.5-6 micrometers, a length of 30-300 micrometers and a diameter ratio of 15-115 and the contact angle of water on the surface of the modified calcium sulfate whisker ranges from 12 to 140 degrees. The invention has the advantages of good modified effect, simple process, low production cost, the use of the non-toxic modifier and environmental-friendly preparation process.

The invention discloses a low temperature Claus sulfur recovery process. The process mainly comprises a thermal reaction section, a catalytic reaction section and a tail gas incineration section, wherein in a combustion furnace of the thermal reaction section, partial hydrogen sulfide reacts with oxygen to be converted into sulfur dioxide, the hydrogen sulfide and the sulfur dioxide undergo a Claus reaction to generate sulfur, and process gas after sulfur separation enters the catalytic reaction section; in the reactor of each stage of the catalytic reaction section, the hydrogen sulfide and the sulfur dioxide under conventional Claus reaction, catalyst reactivation, sub-dewpoint and sub-solid point low temperature Claus reaction in sequence; after the catalyst reaction section, the tail gas which is subjected to sulfur separation enters the tail gas incineration section, and the tail gas is incinerated and exhausted in the tail gas incineration furnace. The process adopts a lower reaction temperature, contributes to performance of chemical equilibrium towards the direction of sulfur generation, so that conversion rate and recovery rate of sulfur are improved. Moreover, the process has the advantages of simple process flow, relative small equipment and investment, low operation cost and more contribution to environmental protection. The invention also discloses a device for the low temperature Claus sulfur recovery process.

A request determining unit compares a battery temperature of a battery unit with a predetermined temperature management value, and produces a heating request or a cooling request when a temperature deviation of a predetermined threshold is present between them. A current direction determining unit determines, based on thermal reaction characteristics of the battery unit, in which one of a direction on a charge side and a direction on a discharge side a current is to be passed for responding to the heating request or the cooling request. A target current value determining unit determines a target current value related to the charge/discharge determined by the current direction determining unit. A current control unit produces a switching instruction for matching a battery current of the battery unit with the target current value provided from a selecting unit.

The present invention relates to systems and methods for controlled combustion and decomposition of gaseous pollutants while reducing deposition of unwanted reaction products from within the treatment systems. The systems include a novel thermal reaction chamber design having stacked reticulated ceramic rings through which fluid, e.g., gases, may be directed to form a boundary layer along the interior wall of the thermal reaction chamber, thereby reducing particulate matter buildup thereon. The systems further include the introduction of fluids from the center pilot jet to alter the aerodynamics of the interior of the thermal reaction chamber.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sulfur recovery, and particularly relates to a sulfur recovery process for reducing SO2 emission. According to the sulfur recovery process, a thermal reaction unit, a catalytic reaction unit and a tail gas purification unit are utilized; based on the traditional Claus and SCOT tail gas treatment process, an ammonia water absorption tank is additionally arranged for removing H2S from purified tail gas, so as to ensure that the H2S content in the purified tail gas is lower than 5 mg/m<3>; waste ammonia water is sent to a sewage stripping unit for treating; through the adoption of the sewage stripping device, H2S and ammonia can be respectively extracted; the extracted H2S is returned to a sulfur recovery device for sulfur recovery, and the extracted ammonia is returned to the ammonia water absorption tank for cyclic utilization; finally, the flue-gas SO2 emission concentration for the sulfur recovery device can be reduced below 100 mg/m<3>, the new environmental protection standard to be executed is satisfied, and a novel method for building a new sulfur recovery device with a small investment and low operating cost is provided. The sulfur recovery process is excellent in absorption effect, simple to operate, low in expense, environment-friendly, and economical.

A reactor of the staged adiabatic reactor type, comprises at least one heat exchanger panel, preferably a printed circuit heat exchange (PCHE) panel, interposes between adiabatic beds of catalyst, wherein the facial area of the panels and the superficial facial area of the corresponding catalyst are substantially similar, and the panels include means defining discrete passages for handling of reactants and heat transfer media, wherein the means defining passages for heat transfer media provide for at least two differing flow path directions for the heat transfer media through the heat exchanger panel whereby the occurrence of temperature bias or differentials is reduced.

Methylolalkanal of the formula II(R=CH2OH, C1-C22-alkyl, aryl or C6-C22-aralkyl) is prepared spe-wise bya) reacting a C2-C24-aldehyde with formaldehyde in the presence of a tertiary amine,b) separating the reaction mixturei) into a bottom fraction comprising the compound of formula II and an incompletely methylolated compound of the formula IIIand a distillate stream comprising unconverted or partially converted starting materials, orii) into an aqueous phase and an organic phase, and recycling the distillate stream or the organic phase to a), andc) subjecting the bottom fraction or the aqueous phasei) to a catalytic or thermal reaction to convert the compound of formula III to the compound of formula II and to a corresponding methylene compound of formula IV(R'=H or R) andii) separating the reaction product into an overhead stream comprising the compound of formula IV and unconverted formaldehyde which is recycled to a), and a bottom fraction comprising the compound of formula II.

The invention relates to a nickel cobaltate-graphene composite material and a preparation method thereof. The composite material comprises graphene and nickel cobaltate, wherein nickel cobaltate nanowires are uniformly grown on a graphene sheet, the wire length of the nickel cobaltate nanowires is 50-300nm, and the wire width is 5-30nm. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: taking a graphene oxide water solution and a cobalt salt and nickel salt water solution which are dispersed in an ultrasonic manner, mixing, further adding a precipitator, uniformly stirring and mixing, transferring into a high-temperature reaction kettle, performing hydro-thermal reaction for a certain period of time, filtering, washing and drying an obtained product, and further performing thermal treatment so as to obtain the nickel cobaltate nanowire-graphene composite material. The nickel cobaltate nanowire-graphene composite material prepared by the method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high single-electrode capacitance and good cycle performance, and is suitable for being used as an electrode material of a super-capacitor.

The invention relates to a purified gas treatment process of a sulfur recovery device. The purified gas treatment process comprises a thermal reaction phase, a catalytic reaction phase and a tail gas purifying treatment phase, wherein in the tail gas purifying treatment phase, the Claus tail gas generated in the catalytic reaction phase is sequentially subjected to a hydrogenation reaction, cooling in a rapid quenching tower and amine liquid absorption, then the purified tail gas is fed to alkali liquor to be subjected to H2S removal treatment, and the tail gas removed from H2S is combusted and then discharged; the amine liquid amine-rich liquid absorbing H2S is fed to a regeneration tower to be regenerated, the regenerated acid gas is mixed with the acid gas, and then returned to the thermal reaction phase to further recover elemental sulfur; the exhausted lye removed from H2S is subjected to caustic dross biological treatment or acidic water stripping treatment. With adoption of the purified gas treatment process disclosed by the invention, H2S in the purified gas can be removed to 5 mg/m<3> below, the SO2 content in the smoke is obviously reduced within the reduction range of 100-1000 mg/m<3>; the exhausted lye treatment method is further provided, and the exhausted lye is subjected to the caustic dross biological treatment or the acidic water stripping treatment, so that pollution can be reduced.

The invention provides a system and a method for treating waste acid gas. The system for treating the waste acid gas comprises a rich acid gas thermal reaction treating unit, a claus treating unit, a claus tail gas and poor acid gas burning unit, a burnt tail gas catalytic oxidation acid-making unit, a secondary conversion acid-making unit and a tail gas reheating unit. According to the system for treating the waste gas, the sulfur recovery rate of the whole system for treating the acid gas reaches above 99.99%, the concentration of SO2 in the tail gas emitted to atmosphere is less than 100mg/m<3>, the conversion rate and the emission concentration can meet the highest emission limit standards in the industry, and no waste liquid is discharged from the system.