792 results about "Exothermic reaction" patented technology

A method and apparatus are described for creating a fluid seal in a subterranean well structure having a fluid seal defect. The method comprises introducing a meltable repair material proximate a structure in a subterranean well which has a fluid seal defect or enhanced seal capacity is required or it is desired to temporarily or permanently hydraulically isolate a portion the well or strengthen the structural integrity of well tubulars or tubular hangers. Exothermic reactant materials are located proximate the meltable repair material. The exothermic reactant material is ignited or an exothermic reaction otherwise initiated which supplies heat to and melts the meltable repair material into a molten mass. The molten mass flows and solidifies across the structure and the fluid seal defect to effect a fluid seal in the subterranean well structure or the structural integrity is enhanced. Examples of preferred exothermic reactant materials include thermite, thermate, fusible chemical reactants such as ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate, and oxidizers and accompanying hydrocarbon based fuels. Examples of preferred meltable repair materials include solder or brazing materials and eutectic metals which expand upon cooling and solidifying from a molten state.

Hydrogen is produced from solid or liquid carbon-containing fuels in a two-step process. The fuel is gasified with hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction to produce a methane-rich gaseous reaction product, which is then reacted with water and calcium oxide in a hydrogen production and carbonation reaction to produce hydrogen and calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate may be continuously removed from the hydrogen production and carbonation reaction zone and calcined to regenerate calcium oxide, which may be reintroduced into the hydrogen production and carbonation reaction zone. Hydrogen produced in the hydrogen production and carbonation reaction is more than sufficient both to provide the energy necessary for the calcination reaction and also to sustain the hydrogenation of the coal in the gasification reaction. The excess hydrogen is available for energy production or other purposes. Substantially all of the carbon introduced as fuel ultimately emerges from the invention process in a stream of substantially pure carbon dioxide. The water necessary for the hydrogen production and carbonation reaction may be introduced into both the gasification and hydrogen production and carbonation reactions, and allocated so as transfer the exothermic heat of reaction of the gasification reaction to the endothermic hydrogen production and carbonation reaction.

An automobile catalytic converter that utilizes the energy of the exothermic reactions that take place in the catalysis substrate to produce electrical energy with a thermoelectric generator. On vehicle cold start, the thermoelectric generator is used as a heat pump to heat the catalyst substrate to reduce the time to catalyst light-off. In this way, the catalytic converter comes up to operating temperature more rapidly, reducing the amount of pollutant emissions at vehicle start-up.

A portable temperature changing apparatus for containers includes a cylindrical annular moisture-proof pouch divided into a first compartment filled with a liquid and a second separate compartment holding a solid material capable of producing an endothermic or exothermic reaction upon mixing with the liquid. The seal separating the two separate compartments can be ruptured partially, when desired, enabling communication of the liquid with the solid to activate the temperature altering reaction. A flexible foam insulating layer surrounds the exterior of the annular cylindrical pouch providing insulation, damage protection, and labeling.

The overall efficiency of a regenerative bed reverse flow reactor system is increased where the location of the exothermic reaction used for regeneration is suitably controlled. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the combustion to improve the thermal efficiency of bed regeneration in a cyclic reaction/regeneration processes. The process for thermal regeneration of a regenerative reactor bed entails

• • (a) supplying the first reactant through a first channel means in a first regenerative bed and supplying at least a second reactant through a second channel means in the first regenerative bed,
  • (b) combining said first and second reactants by a gas mixing means situated at an exit of the first regenerative bed and reacting the combined gas to produce a heated reaction product,
  • (c) passing the heated reaction product through a second regenerative bed thereby transferring heat from the reaction product to the second regenerative bed.

Provided herein is a pad for treating eye conditions comprising a multipart container having an impermeable outer membrane sized to fit generally within the peri-orbital region and sufficiently flexible to mold to the eye; a first chemical in a first storage area in the multipart container; a second chemical in a second storage area in the multipart container, the first and second chemicals selected to have an exothermic reaction when mixed for producing a temperature suitable for treating eye conditions, the exothermic reaction providing the suitable temperature for a period of time suitable for treating eye conditions; and an inner membrane for initially separating the first and second chemicals, the inner membrane being renderable permeable, without causing the impermeable outer membrane to become permeable, to permit mixing the first and second chemicals to cause the exothermic reaction. This multipart container is covered with a soft, non-abrasive, lint-free material which is presoaked in a pH controlled antibacterial soap with or without an antibiotic.

A gasifying apparatus comprises a gasifier, a reformer and a heating device. The gasifier produces a thermal decomposed gas with use of a thermal decomposition reaction of a liquid or solid fuel such as waste or coal, and the heating device heats a low-temperature steam and air so as to be a high-temperature steam and air, which have a temperature equal to or higher than 700 deg. C. The gasifying apparatus has feeding means including fluid passages for feeding the high-temperature steam and air to the gasifier and the reformer. In a thermal decomposition area of the gasifier, the liquid or solid fuel is thermally decomposed to produce the thermal decomposed gas with sensible heat of the high-temperature steam and air and with the heat generated by an exothermic oxidation reaction between the high-temperature air and the liquid or solid fuel. In the reformer, the thermal decomposed gas is reformed in the existence of the high-temperature steam so as to be a high-temperature syngas. The steam reforming reaction of the liquid or solid fuel is carried out with an exothermic reaction between the high-temperature air and hydrocarbon contained in the thermal decomposed gas and with an endothermic reaction between the hydrocarbon and the high-temperature steam.

The overall efficiency of a regenerative bed reverse flow reactor system is increased where the location of the exothermic reaction used for regeneration is suitably controlled. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the combustion to improve the thermal efficiency of bed regeneration in a cyclic reaction/regeneration processes. The process for thermal regeneration of a regenerative reactor bed entails

• • (a) supplying the first reactant through a first channel means in a first regenerative bed and supplying at least a second reactant through a second channel means in the first regenerative bed,
  • (b) combining said first and second reactants by a gas mixing means situated at an exit of the first regenerative bed and reacting the combined gas to produce a heated reaction product,
  • (c) passing the heated reaction product through a second regenerative bed thereby transferring heat from the reaction product to the second regenerative bed.

A thermal covering that comprises a thermoregulatory substrate is provided. The thermoregulatory substrate contains an exothermic coating formed from an oxidizable metal. The exothermic coating is generally free of moisture prior to activation. Exposure of the exothermic coating to oxygen and moisture activates an exothermic reaction to generate heat, such heat being transferable to a patient or user through an outer surface defined by the thermal covering.

A method and apparatus utilizing an exothermic reaction to generate a heated gas that warms a baby bottle, providing a baby bottle warmer that is portable, convenient to use, simple, and lightweight. In one embodiment, a heating vessel holds the baby bottle and a vessel top removably attaches to an upper section of the heating vessel. A solution release mechanism situated in a lower section of said heating vessel includes a solution container having an activating liquid disposed therein, and a device for puncturing the solution container responsive to pressure supplied by insertion of the baby bottle. A heating element situated below the solution release mechanism includes a material for exothermically reacting with the activating liquid to generate the heated gas. In one embodiment, when a baby bottle is inserted into the bottle warmer, an upper and lower unit are pressured together to release a saline solution onto a magnesium wafer. Some embodiments of the baby bottle warmer comprise a system for spacing apart the lower and upper units, which is useful for storage and/or travel. Upon insertion of the baby bottle and application of pressure, the system disengages, thereby allowing the upper and lower units to move together.

Embodiments are described to improve the durability of a lean NO_x aftertreatment system. According to one embodiment of the present invention an air injection system is used to inject air continuously into the exhaust system between the upstream three-way catalyst and the downstream selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst when the engine is operating at stoichiometric or rich air/fuel ratios and the exhaust temperatures are above a calibratible level (e.g., 700° C.). In another embodiment, an oxidation catalyst is positioned downstream of the air injection point to prevent exothermic reactions from occurring on the SCR. In another embodiment, the reductant for the SCR is generated in-situ. In yet another embodiment, a diverter valve with a reduction catalyst in a bypass arm is utilized to bypass the SCR during high load conditions.

In a heat generating composition which generates heat by contacting with air, a heat generating composition which is characterized in that an exothermic substance, a reaction promoter, water and a carbon component are essential components, water mobility value thereof is 20 or less, maximum particle size of water-insoluble solid components excluding the reaction promoter and water is 1 mm or less where 80% or more thereof has a particles size of 300 μm or less, water in the heat generating composition does not function as a barrier layer and exothermic reaction takes place when contacted to the air. A heat generating composition having a molding property and a shape-holding property and also having an exothermic characteristic whereby exothermic reaction is able to start by contacting to the air immediately after the molding and a heat generating body using the same are provided.

An oil and gas well shaped charge perforator capable of providing an exothermic reaction after detonation is provided, comprising a housing, a high explosive, and a reactive liner where the high explosive is positioned between the reactive liner and the housing. The reactive liner is produced from a composition which is capable of sustaining an exothermic reaction during the formation of the cutting jet. The composition may be selected from any known formulation which is suitable for use in an oil and gas well perforator, typically the composition will comprise at least one metal and at least one non-metal, wherein the non-metal is selected from a metal oxide, or any non-metal from Group III or Group IV or at least two metals such as to form an intermetallic reaction. Typically at least one of the metals in the invention may be selected from Al, Ce, Li, Mg, Mo, Ni, Nb, Pb, Pd, Ta, Ti, Zn or Zr. The liner composition may preferably be a pressed particulate composition, such that the material is consolidated under pressure to form the desired shape of the liner. To aid consolidation a binder may also be added.

A straightforward and scalable solid-state synthesis at 975° C. used to generate cathode materials in the system Li_(3+x)3Ni_(1-x-y)Co_yMn_2x/3O₂ {a combination of LiNiO₂, Li₂MnO₃, and LiCoO₂ as (1-x-y)LiNiO₂.xLi₂MnO₃.yLiCoO₂} is described. Coatings for improving the characteristics of the cathode material are also described. A ternary composition diagram was used to select sample points, and compositions for testing were initially chosen in an arrangement conducive to mathematical modeling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization showed the formation of an α-NaFeO₂ structure, except in the region of compositions close to LiNiO₂. Electrochemical testing revealed a wide range of electrochemical capacities with the highest capacities found in a region of high Li₂MnO₃ content. The highest capacity composition identified was Li_1.222Mn_0.444Ni_0.167Co_0.167O₂ with a maximum initial discharge capacity of in the voltage range 4.6-2.0 V. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) testing on this material was promising as it showed an exothermic reaction of 0.2 W/g at 200° C. when tested up to 400° C. Cost for laboratory quantities of material yielded $1.49/Ah, which is significantly lower than the cost of LiCoO₂ due to the low cobalt content, and the straightforward synthesis. Li_1.222Mn_0.444Ni_0.167Co_0.167O₂ is thought to be near optimum composition for the specified synthesis conditions, and shows excellent capacity and safety characteristics while leaving room for optimization in composition, synthesis conditions, and surface treatment.

An energy storage device for powering a downhole tool may be heated to an effective temperature to improve the operability of the energy storage device. The energy storage device may comprise, for example, a primary battery, a secondary battery, a fuel cell, a capacitor, or combinations thereof. The effective temperature to which the energy storage device is heated may be greater than an ambient temperature in the wellbore near the energy storage device. The energy storage device may be heated using various heat sources such as an ohmic resistive heater, a heat pump, an exothermic reaction, a power generator, a heat transfer medium, the energy storage device itself, a downhole tool, or combinations thereof. A thermal conductor may extend between the heat source and the energy storage device. Further, a thermal insulator may at least partially surround the heat source and the energy storage device.

There is provided a method of manufacturing a carbon nanotube so as to be able to increase the yield of a web and to increase the amount of a carbon nanotube contained in the web. A high-energy heat source is caused to act on carbon in the presence of catalysts. The catalysts include a main catalyst made of at least one metal which is selected from the group consisting of an iron group element, a platinum group element, and a rare earth element, and an auxiliary catalyst made of a material which causes an exothermic reaction in a process of generating the web including the carbon nanotube. The auxiliary catalyst is made of a material for generating a carbide more stable in terms of thermal energy than a carbide generated by the main catalyst. The free formation energy of the carbide generated from the material is smaller than the free formation energy of the carbide generated by the main catalyst. The main catalyst is made of at least one metal which is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Ru, Pd, Pt, Y, La, and Ce. The auxiliary catalyst is made of at least one material selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, B, Al, and Si. Typically the main catalyst is made of Ni-Y, and the auxiliary catalyst is made of Ti.

Disclosed is a non- thermal point tubular fixed bed reactor, which is technically characterized in that: every tube of the reactor adopts annular tube structure, the inner tubes being closed, the inner tube and outer tube being linked to the shell side of the reactor by canal, the catalyst being filled into the space between tubes to form a catalyst bed layer, the bottom and top of the tubes being equipped with a cooling medium distributing plate. The diameter ratio of the inner tube to outer tube can be regulated according to the reaction rate and the operation temperature to make the reaction heat transfer to the double- side. Dimension of opening of the cooling medium distributing plate and dimension of the opening of the side- wall of double terminals of inner tube can be regulated to control the distribution of cooling medium between inner tube and the shell side of reactor. With the invention, in the condition of no increasing the number of tubes largely, it can increase the heat- exchange area of the tubular fixed bed reactor and decrease the heat- exchange route.

Integrated Combustion Reactors (ICRS) and methods of making ICRs are described in which combustion chambers (or channels) are in direct thermal contact to reaction chambers for an endothermic reaction. Particular reactor designs are also described. Processes of conducting reactions in integrated combustion reactors are described and results presented. Some of these processes are characterized by unexpected and superior results, and/or results that can not be achieved with any prior art devices.

The present disclosure relates to integrated circuits having tamper detection and response devices and methods for manufacturing such integrated circuits. One integrated circuit having a tamper detection and response device includes at least one reactive material and at least one memory cell coupled to the at least one reactive material. An exothermic reaction in the at least one reactive material causes an alteration to a memory state of the at least one memory cell. Another integrated circuit having a tamper detection and response device includes a substrate, at least one gate on the substrate, and a reactive material between a first well and a second well of the at least one gate. A reaction in the reactive material causes a short in the gate.

The invention provides a gasification process for producing synthesis gas from garbage and biomass raw materials, which relates to a gasification processing technique of garbage and biomasses. The gasification process is characterized in that the technological process mainly comprises a raw material solid matter process, a gas phase circulation loop, a calcium oxide circulation loop and a synthesis gas drawing process; one or a mixture of more garbage, the biomasses and coal is sent into a gasification furnace to perform gasification so as to generate the synthesis gas; and simultaneously, calcium oxide is sent into the gasification furnace, an exothermic reaction of absorbing carbon dioxide by the calcium oxide provides the heat required by the gasification reaction in the furnace, and water vapor is sent into a plasma spraying gun and is heated to more than 3,100 DEG C to generate H2, O, O2 and H2O<*> which are sprayed into the gasification furnace to perform reactions with the garbage and the biomasses and supply heat into the furnace. The gasification process adopts a measure to spray the calcium oxide into the furnace to not only greatly reduce the electric energy consumption of the plasma spraying gun, but also improve the quality and the yield of the synthesis gas, thus the aim of transforming the garbage and the biomasses into clean energy can be achieved easily.

A conventional battery has a problem that a large short-circuit current was generated with temperature rise due to internal short-circuit or the like, and therefore, the temperature of the battery further increases due to exothermic reaction to increase the short-circuit current. The present invention has been carried out in order to solve the above problems. The battery of the present invention is a battery wherein at least one of a positive electrode 1 and a negative electrode 2 comprises an active material layer 6 containing an active material 8 and an electronically conductive material 9 contacted to the active material 8, wherein a solid electrolytic layer 3 is interposed between the above positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2, and wherein the above electronically conductive material 9 comprises an electrically conductive filler and a resin so that resistance increases with temperature rise.

A method and apparatus is disclosed for treating and processing an oil, water or oil and water-contaminated substrate such as oil field waste. The substrate may be pretreated with water and/or surfactant and may be mixed under low shear conditions with a base such as a compound containing alkaline earth or lime and an optional catalyst. Mixing the substrate with the base creates a heat. Next, the substrate may be mixed with an acid such as sulfuric acid. As the substrate is mixed, it causes an exothermic reaction with a heat that vaporizes the oil, reaction products and water. Recoverable constituents in the vapor can be condensed in a vapor collection system. The treated substrate may be essentially free of oil and has a controlled water content and pH that can be adjusted according to the use of the end dry product.

The invention relates to a method for preparing epoxy fatty acid methyl ester. The method comprises the following specific steps of: mixing hydrogen peroxide and formic acid or acetic acid; adding a catalyst and a stabilizer into mixed liquor; pumping fatty acid methyl ester into a microstructure reactor; separating the epoxy fatty acid methyl ester from a reacted material; introducing a reaction product into a separator; standing to delaminate lower layer water solution; washing an upper layer organic phase with water; and drying the washed upper layer organic phase to obtain the epoxy fatty acid methyl ester. In the entire process of the method, a strong exothermic reaction is performed, and a peroxy acid synthesis reaction is performed together with an epoxidation reaction, so that the epoxy fatty acid methyl ester is synthesized in situ at one time. The production process has the advantages of high safety, low energy consumption, continuity and high product quality by adopting micro-reaction production technology of the invention.

In a conventional battery containing metal lithium in the negative electrode, there is a problem that large short-circuit current was generated with temperature rise due to internal short-circuit or the like, and therefore, the temperature of the battery further increases due to exothermic reaction to increase the short-circuit current. The present invention has been carried out in order to solve the above problems. The battery of the present invention comprises a negative electrode 2 containing lithium metal, a positive electrode 1 containing a positive electrode active material 8 and an electronically conductive material 9 contacted to the positive electrode active material 8, and an electrolytic layer 3 between the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2, wherein the electronically conductive material 9 comprises an electrically conductive filler and a resin and resistance thereof is increased with temperature rise.

A method and a device to thermally fragment rock for excavation of vertical and directional boreholes in rock formations, preferentially hard rock, using highly exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions are initiated directly in the pressurized, aqueous environment of a water-based drilling fluid preferably above the critical pressure of water (221 bar). After reaction onset temperatures within the reaction zone exceed the critical temperature for water (374° C.) providing supercritical conditions, which favor the stabilization of the reaction, e.g. a supercritical hydrothermal flame. Since reactions can be run directly in a water-based drilling fluid, the method proposed here allows high density drilling action as in conventional rotary drilling. A part from the hot reaction zone of the proposed reaction can be brought directly to the rock surface in case of hard polycrystalline rock, where high temperatures are required.

A method for separating a reactive gas from a feed gas mixture is disclosed. The method includes reacting the reactive gas with a bed of reactive solid in an exothermic reaction to create a second solid and a product gas from which the reactive gas is depleted. The product gas is removed and the heat from the reaction is used to liberate the reactive gas from the second solid in an endothermic reaction which yields the reactive solid. The reactive gas is removed and sequestered. Heat reservoir material is included in the bed to retain the heat in support of the endothermic reaction. A device for executing the method having an insulated chamber holding the bed, as well as process units formed of multiple beds are also disclosed. The process units allow the method to be operated cyclically, providing a continuous flow of feed gas, reactive gas and product gas.

The invention comprises, in one form thereof, a chemical processing method to thermally contact an endothermic and an exothermic reaction without mixing the two streams, utilizing a thermally coupled monolith reactor (TCMR). A ceramic or metal monolith is modified to produce a structure containing at least two sets of discrete flow paths and which are separated by a number of common walls. Manifolds are arranged such that one reaction mixture flows through one set of channels and a different reaction mixture flows through the second. Catalytic material, which is active for the relevant reaction, is coated onto the inner walls of each of the sets of channels. The two reactions are chosen such that one is exothermic and one is endothermic, such that the energy required by the endothermic process is supplied directly through the dividing wall from the exothermic process occurring on the opposing side. This method of heat transfer completely decouples the gas phase hydrodynamics from the heat transfer process.

A fast light-off catalytic reformer and method includes at least one preferably substantially cylindrical reactor tube having an inlet for receiving a flow of fuel and a flow of air, a reforming catalyst disposed within the reactor tube for converting the fuel and air to a reformate stream, and an outlet for discharging the produced reformate stream. An ignition device disposed within the reactor tube initiates an exothermic reaction between the fuel and air. Heat generated thereby provides fast light-off of the reforming catalyst. An associated control system selects fuel and air flow delivery rates and operates the ignition device to achieve fast light-off of the reforming catalyst at start-up and to maintain the catalyst at a temperature sufficient to optimize reformate yield. The rapid production of high yields of reformate is particularly suitable for use in an on-board reforming strategy for meeting SULEV emissions with spark-ignition engines, especially with larger, higher emitting vehicles.

Embodiments of the invention provide methods and composition for stimulating a hydrocarbon-bearing, heavy oil containing formation, a deep oil reservoir, or a tight oil reservoir, whereby exothermic reactants are utilized to generate in-situ steam and nitrogen gas downhole in the formation or the reservoir as an enhanced oil recovery process. An oil well stimulation method is provided, which includes injecting, into the one of the formation and the reservoir, an aqueous composition including an ammonium containing compound and a nitrite containing compound. The method further includes injecting, into the one of the formation and the reservoir, an activator. The activator initiates a reaction between the ammonium containing compound and the nitrite containing compound, such that the reaction generates steam and nitrogen gas, increasing localized pressure and improving oil mobility, in the one of the formation and the reservoir, thereby enhancing oil recovery from the one of the formation and the reservoir.

The invention relates to a method for preparing naphthalene sulphonic acid by sulfonating sulfur trioxide in a microreactor, belonging to methods for preparing dye intermediates in the field of fine chemical engineering. The method comprises the following steps: taking alkyl halide and nitromethane as an organic solvent, naphthalene and derivative thereof as the raw material and organic solution of liquid sulfur trioxide as a sulfonating agent, preparing a solution according to the mol ratio of the organic solvent, the raw material and the sulfonating agent of 19-74:1:1-3 in the microreactor of with channel with the diameter of 10-50 microns, and sulfonating the reaction solution to prepare the naphthalene sulphonic acid by controlling the sulfonation reaction temperature to be between 17DEG C below zero and90 DEG C. The method adopts a continuous flow reactor, solves the problem of impossible transient mixing in the conventional reactor, prevents secondary reaction caused by local excess, and is especially suitable for strong exothermic reaction, fast reaction and flammable and explosive reaction. Compared with the preparation technology in the traditional batch reactor, the invention has the advantages of no generation of waste water and waste acid, clean and environment-friendly technology, consumption of sulphonic acid close to the theoretical quantity, fast reaction speed, low sulfonation temperature, high product yield, good repeatability, high labor productivity and low equipment cost.