468 results about "Water-gas shift reaction" patented technology

A thermally-integrated lower temperature water-gas shift reactor apparatus for converting carbon monoxide in the presence steam comprises a catalyst bed that is disposed within an outer region surrounding a waste heat recovery steam generator operating at a selected pressure corresponding to the optimum temperature for conducting the catalytic water-gas shift reaction and a process for useful recovery of the exothermic heat of reaction to generate steam that is used in a process for the conversion of hydrocarbon feedstock into useful gases such as hydrogen.

A method of producing a carbon dioxide product stream from a synthesis gas stream formed within a hydrogen plant having a synthesis gas reactor, a water-gas shift reactor, located downstream of the synthesis gas reactor to form the synthesis gas stream and a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit to produce a hydrogen product recovered from the synthesis gas stream. In accordance with the method the carbon dioxide from the synthesis gas stream by separating the carbon dioxide from the synthesis gas stream in a vacuum pressure swing adsorption system, thereby to produce a hydrogen-rich synthesis gas stream and a crude carbon dioxide stream and then purifying the crude carbon dioxide stream by a sub-ambient temperature distillation process thereby to produce the carbon dioxide product. A hydrogen synthesis gas feed stream to the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit is formed at least in part from the hydrogen rich stream.

A process for producing liquid fuel from biomass feed stock comprising feeding a biomass feedstock into a one stage atmospheric pressure thermo-catalytic plasma gasifier, contacting the feedstock with oxygen or steam or both to obtain a syngas stream; splitting the syngas stream into first and second streams; conveying the first stream to a water gas shift reactor for producing a modified syngas stream containing CO and hydrogen; the second stream bypassing the water gas shift reactor and being added to the modified syngas steam; optionally reforming natural gas by steam methane reforming to produce a synthetic gas and optionally adding the synthetic gas to the water gas shift reactor; thereby obtaining a syngas having a H₂:CO ratio of about 1:1 to about 2:1; subjecting the syngas to a Fischer Tropsch reaction thereby producing a wax product; and subjecting the product to a hydrogen cracking process to produce liquid fuel; and apparatus therefore.

Provided is a new catalyst capable of removing carbon monoxide economically without adding particular reaction gas externally. Also provided are a process for producing and an apparatus using such a catalyst. Impregnation of a Ni—Al composite oxide precursor of a nonstoichiometric composition prepared by the solution-spray plasma technique with a ruthenium salt to be supported and performing reduction treatment allows CO methanation reaction to selectively proceed even in the high-temperature range in which CO₂ methanation reaction and reverse water-gas-shift reaction proceed preferentially with conventional catalysts. Selective CO methanation reaction occurs reproducibly with another Ni—Al composite oxide precursor or an additive metallic species. Also, the low-temperature activity of CO methanation reaction can be improved through steps different from conventional catalyst production processes in producing such a catalyst material, whereby the temperature window the resulting catalyst material has can be utilized most effectively.

An integrated process for hydrogen gas production includes:

• • a. operating a water electrolysis cell with an external source of electricity to produce oxygen and hydrogen;
  • b. optionally operating an air separation unit to produce additional oxygen for the process;
  • c. introducing a hydrocarbon feedstock into a membrane wall gasification reactor with an ash-forming material and steam, and oxygen from the electrolysis cell and, optionally, oxygen from the air separation unit to produce hot raw synthesis gas;
  • d. passing the hot raw synthesis gas from the gasification reactor to a steam-generating heat exchanger to produce steam and a cooled raw synthesis gas;
  • e. introducing the steam generated in the heat exchanger into a turbine to produce electricity to operate the electrolysis cell; and
  • f. recovering the hydrogen gas from the water electrolysis cell and, optionally, subjecting the synthesis gas to a water-gas shift reaction to increase the hydrogen content and recovering the hydrogen.

The present invention provides a reactor, which includes: a unitary shell assembly having an inlet and an outlet; a flow path extending within the shell assembly from the inlet to the outlet, the flow path having a steam reformer section with a first catalyst and a water gas shift reactor section with a second catalyst, the steam reformer section being located upstream of the water gas shift reactor section; a heating section within the shell assembly and configured to heat the steam reformer section; and a cooling section within the shell assembly and configured to cool the water gas shift reactor section. The present invention also provides a simplified hydrogen production system, which includes the catalytic steam reforming and subsequent high temperature water gas shift of low-sulfur (<100 ppm by mass) hydrocarbon fuels followed by hydrogen purification through the pressure swing adsorption (PSA). The integrated reactor offers significant advantages such as lower heat loss, lower parts count, lower thermal mass, and greater safety than the many separate components employed in conventional and is especially well-suited to applications where less than 15,000 standard cubic feet per hour of hydrogen are required. The improved system also may be started, operated and shut down more simply and quickly than what is currently possible in conventional systems. The improved system preferably employs active temperature control for added safety of operation. The hydrogen product is of high purity, and the system may be optionally operated with a feedback control loop for added purity.

A process and a reactor vessel for production of hydrogen via the water gas shift reaction at CO/CO₂ ratios above 1.9, and steam to gas rations below 0.5, are disclosed. The process includes first reacting a feed gas mixture of carbon monoxide and steam in the presence of a precious metal catalyst on a structural support, yielding a resultant gas, and then reacting the resultant gas in the presence of a non-precious metal catalyst on a support medium. The reactor vessel includes a chamber having an inlet duct and an outlet. A structural support having the precious metal catalyst is positioned upstream of the non-precious metal catalyst positioned within the chamber. The structural support may be positioned within the inlet duct or within the chamber. The support medium may be a granular medium or a structural support.

The invention is a continuous process for producing methane from an underground coal bed or an above ground carbon-containing resource using hydrogen as a recycling working fluid. For an underground coal seam, the process includes injecting (220) hydrogen into the coal seam to form a reaction effluent of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide; extracting the reaction effluent (230) for processing above ground; cleaning the reaction effluent (120); cooling the cleaned reaction effluent (130) and processing it through a water gas shift reactor (140); separating (150) hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide into separate streams; producing the carbon dioxide stream (160) as a product gas; processing a first portion (170) of the methane stream in a steam reformer, water gas shift reactor and gas separator (180) to produce segregated flows of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, combining the segregated hydrogen flow with the separated hydrogen stream (190); heating and repressurizing (200) the combined hydrogen stream to the temperature and pressure of the hydrogen in the first step; producing a second portion (210) of said methane stream as a product gas; and injecting (220) the combined hydrogen stream into the underground coal bed to continue the process.

An apparatus removes carbon monoxide (CO) from a hydrogen-rich gas stream in a hydrogen fuel cell system. CO fouls costly catalytic particles in the membrane electrode assemblies of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. A vessel houses a carbon monoxide adsorbent. The vessel may be a rotating pressure swing adsorber. A water gas shift reactor is upstream of the rotating pressure swing adsorber. The water gas shift reactor may include a second adsorbent adapted to adsorb carbon monoxide at low temperatures and to desorb carbon monoxide at high temperatures. The apparatus advantageously eliminates the use of a preferential oxidation (PROX) reactor, by providing an apparatus which incorporates CO adsorption in the place of the PROX reactor. This cleans up carbon monoxide without hydrogen consumption and the concomitant, undesirable excess low grade heat generation. The present invention reduces start-up duration, and improves overall fuel processor efficiency during normal operation.

The invention relates to a monoatomic dispersed platinum group metal based catalyst with a higher loading capacity and an application of the catalyst. Specifically, the invention relates to a bicomponent catalyst of titanium oxide and one selected from metals rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir) and palladium (Pd) as well as preparation and an application of the catalyst. Themetal is highly dispersed in the form of a single atom on the carrier titanium oxide, and the metal content is up to 0.4-2%. The catalyst provided by the invention is suitable for the CO water gas shift reaction, and can improve the CO conversion rate and inhibit a methanation side reaction; and meanwhile, the catalyst also has very good low-temperature activity and use stability on catalytic decomposition of the liquid single-component propellant level anhydrous hydrazine used in a satellite attitude control engine in the aerospace industry.

A process to prepare a sweet crude from an ash containing and heavy fraction of a tar sand oil by:

• (a) supplying an atmospheric distillation bottoms of a tar sands originated feed to a vacuum distillation to obtain a vacuum gas oil and a vacuum bottoms,
• (b) contacting the vacuum gas oil with hydrogen in the presence of a suitable hydrocracking catalyst to obtain a sweet synthetic crude
• (c) separating the vacuum bottoms obtained in step (a) into an asphalt fraction comprising between 0.1 and 4 wt % ash and a de-asphalted oil,
• (d) feeding said asphalt fraction to a burner of a gasification reactor where the asphalt fraction is partially oxidized in the presence of an oxidizer gas in a burner to obtain a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,
• (e) performing a water gas shift reaction on the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,
• (f) separating hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide from the shifted gas in an acid removal unit thereby obtaining crude hydrogen,
• (g) purifying the crude hydrogen to obtain pure hydrogen and
• (h) using part of the pure hydrogen in step (b), wherein in step (d) the asphalt fraction is provided to the burner in a liquid state and wherein in case separation step (c) fails to provide sufficient feed for step (d), step (d) is performed by feeding the vacuum bottoms of step (a) to the burner in a liquid state.

A method is disclosed a method for recovering olefins and for producing hydrogen from a refinery off-gas stream in which such stream is conventionally pretreated and separated to obtain a light ends stream that contains nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon monoxide and a heavy ends stream that contains the olefins. The light ends stream is subjected to reforming and a water gas shift reactions after addition of a natural gas stream. The addition of the natural gas increases the hydrogen recovery from the light ends and also stabilizes the hydrocarbon content in the stream to be subjected to the reforming and water gas shift reactions. The heavy ends can be further treated to recover olefins such as ethylene and propylene. The rate of natural gas addition is controlled so that the concentration of the nitrogen in a stream exiting the water gas shift reactor is less than about 5 percent by volume so that hydrogen separation from such stream becomes practical.

Embodiments include a method and apparatus for converting a hydrocarbon and oxygen feed stream to a product stream such as syngas, including multiple serially aligned reaction zones and multiple hydrocarbon feeds. The first reaction zone catalyzes the net partial oxidation of the feed hydrocarbon. The subsequent zones catalyze reactions such as the stream or dry reforming of hydrocarbons or the water gas shift reaction, depending on the stream composition in the vicinity of the zone, and the desired product stream composition.

A process for producing dry alcohol includes at least one stage wherein a gaseous feedstock, which includes alcohol and water, is contacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of a water-gas shift catalyst, at a temperature sufficiently high so that carbon monoxide and water are consumed and carbon dioxide and hydrogen are produced, thereby removing a portion of the water. The process may include multiple stages; the dry alcohol produced contains 99.5 wt. % or greater of alcohol and 0.5 wt. % or less of water. A preferred alcohol is ethanol; dry ethanol can be combined with gasoline to afford a gasohol.

The water-gas shift reaction is exothermic. The heat generated may be used to increase the energy efficiency of the process. In one embodiment, the heat is used to generate high-pressure steam. The high-pressure steam may be used, for example, to convert feedstock to gaseous feedstock or in the operation of a production plant.