Multi-cluster TX-RX beam steering
The extended TDL model with beam steering matrices for each spatial cluster addresses the limitations of existing MIMO models, enabling flexible and accurate simulation of complex environments for multi-cluster MIMO testing.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/107491
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-08
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-15
AI Technical Summary
Current MIMO channel models, particularly Tapped Delay Line (TDL) and Clustered Delay Line (CDL) models, are inadequate in capturing the performance impact of asymmetric codeword configurations and spatially dynamic environments, lacking flexibility and extensibility for multi-cluster MIMO testing.
A multi-cluster MIMO channel model using extended Tapped Delay Line (TDL) models with independently adjustable beam steering matrices for each spatial cluster, allowing for dynamic adjustment of angles of departure and arrival, power levels, and other properties to simulate diverse test scenarios.
Enables more accurate and flexible MIMO testing by simulating complex scattering environments, supporting higher spatial layers and varying interference levels, and facilitating controlled per-codeword gain and interference testing.
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Figure CN2025107491_15012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MULTI-CLUSTER TX-RX BEAM STEERINGCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from U.S. Provisional Application Number 63 / 668,360, entitled “Multi-cluster Tx-Rx Beam Steering, ” filed on July 8, 2024, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The disclosed embodiments relate generally to wireless communication, and, more particularly, to multi-cluster transmitting-receiving (TX-RX) beam steering.BACKGROUND
[0003] The advancement of wireless communication technology has highlighted the need for more sophisticated spatial Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channel models that accurately reflect the behavior of multi-antenna systems in real-world deployments. Existing MIMO tests largely utilize Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel models with specific correlation matrices. While useful for foundational validation, these models fall short when assessing spatial domain behavior in complex scenarios involving higher numbers of user equipment (UE) receive antennas and MIMO transmit layers. For example, NR allows for up to eight transmit layers, which may be mapped to two codewords (CWs) , each capable of using a different modulation and coding scheme (MCS) . However, current models are inadequate in capturing the performance impact of these asymmetric CW configurations, especially in spatially dynamic environments.
[0004] Clustered Delay Line (CDL) models are also considered for the MIMO testing. Compared to TDL models, CDL models suffer from several practical limitations that hinder their effectiveness in test case development. CDL models are notably complex to specify and implement, and achieving consistent behavior across different vendors or simulation platforms is challenging. One critical drawback is that CDL models rely on pre-defined spatial properties, such as fixed mean angles of arrival (AoA) and departure (AoD) for each cluster, which cannot be dynamically adjusted to match diverse test scenarios. As a result, designing a new MIMO test case using CDL often involves a trial-and-error approach to find an appropriate channel configuration, with no assurance of achieving good alignment with the intended test scope. This rigidity leads to poor test coverage and limits the model's extensibility, making TDL-based approaches more flexible and practical for customizable, test-driven channel modeling.
[0005] Improvements are required to expand the current TDL model to be more flexible and expandable for multi-cluster MIMO testing.SUMMARY
[0006] Apparatus and methods are provided for multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling with extended TDL channel model that includes the TX and RX beam steering. In one novel aspect, extended TDL channel model is used for each cluster for the multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling, wherein the extended TDL channel model includes a transmitting beam steering and a receiving beam steering. In one embodiment, a spatial MIMO channel model is defined based on a combination of a number of spatial clusters, wherein each spatial cluster is associated with a statistically independent and time-varying extended Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel model that includes a spatial correlation component. For each spatial cluster, a transmitting beam steering matrix is configured that corresponding to a desired angle of departure (AoD) of corresponding extended TDL channel model of corresponding spatial cluster. For each spatial cluster, a receiving beam steering matrix is configured corresponding to a desired angle of arrival (AoA) of corresponding extended TDL channel model of corresponding spatial cluster.
[0007] In one embodiment, the one or more channel properties comprise the number of spatial clusters for the spatial MIMO channel model. In another embodiment, the one or more channel properties are cluster-specific configurations for each corresponding cluster comprising a cluster-specific AoD, a cluster-specific AoA, a power level of corresponding cluster, an amplitude level of corresponding cluster, a Doppler shift value of corresponding cluster, and a path delay value of corresponding cluster. In one embodiment, each of the one or more channel properties are constant or time-variant.
[0008] In one embodiment, the receiving beam steering matrix is obtained by applying phase shifts for receiver antenna elements and the transmitting beam steering matrix is obtained by applying phase shifts for transmitter antenna elements. In another embodiment, one or more directions of the one or more transmitting beam steering and the one or more receiving beam steering are selected based on a scope of a desired test. In one embodiment, one or more transmitting beam steering directions are dynamically varied over time to simulate rotation of transmission directions for the desired test for transmit precoders and Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) feedback performance. In another embodiment, both transmitting and receiving beam steering directions are dynamically varied over time to emulate varying levels of cross-layer interference. In yet another embodiment, transmitting and receiving beam steering directions are maintained as constant during channel modeling to simulate fixed-rank transmission with fixed PMI and modulation and coding scheme (MCS) evaluations, including different MCS configurations per codeword (CW) .
[0009] This summary does not purport to define the invention. The invention is defined by the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] The accompanying drawings, where like numerals indicate like components, illustrate embodiments of the invention.
[0011] Figure 1 is a schematic system diagram illustrating an emulating MIMO wireless network with multi-cluster TX-RX beam steering.
[0012] Figure 2 illustrates exemplary diagrams to configure or apply one or more channel properties for a spatial MIMO wireless communication system incorporating multiple spatial clusters, each modelled with TDL with TX and RX beam steering.
[0013] Figure 3 illustrates exemplary diagrams extended TDL model for multi-cluster with TX-RX beam steering for a MIMO channel modeling.
[0014] Figure 4 illustrates exemplary diagrams of selecting / configuring beam steering directions based on desired scope of test for multi-cluster MIMO channel with extended TDL channel modeling.
[0015] Figure 5 illustrates exemplary diagrams for TX and RX beam steering with phase shifts to form total MIMO channel modeling.
[0016] Figure 6 illustrates exemplary diagrams for an apparatus that performs multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling with extended TDL channel model that includes the TX and RX beam steering.
[0017] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary flow chart for multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling with extended TDL channel model that includes the TX and RX beam steering.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
[0019] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatus, processing systems, and computer readable mediums for NR (new radio access technology, or 5G technology) , 6G or other radio access technology. NR may support various wireless communication services.
[0020] The novel multi-cluster TDL approach builds upon the widely adopted and extensively validated legacy RAN4 TDL channel models. The current correlation matrices primarily emphasize the broadside direction of the transmit and receive antenna arrays, thereby limiting the spatial degrees of freedom and constraining the number of spatial layers that can be effectively supported. To enable support for a higher number of spatial layers, it is necessary to introduce multiple distinct spatial signal directions. This objective is achieved through the use of spatial clusters, each characterized by its own separable mean angle of departure (AoD) and angle of arrival (AoA) .
[0021] Figure 1 is a schematic system diagram illustrating an emulating multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless network with multi-cluster TX-RX beam steering. A MIMO wireless communication network includes one or more fixed base infrastructure units forming a network distributed over a geographical region. The base unit, such as gNB 102, may also be referred to as an access point, an access terminal, a base station, a Node-B, an eNode-B (eNB) , a gNodeB / gNode B / gNode-B / gNB, or by other terminology used in the art. gNB 102 has an antenna array 121 with an exemplary configuration of Ntx1 *Ntx2 cross-polarized antenna element pairs. As an example, user equipment (UE) 101 or mobile station 101 is in the serving area covered by gNB 102. UE 101 has an antenna array 111 with an exemplary configuration of Nrx1 *Nrx2 cross-polarized antenna element pairs.
[0022] The MIMO wireless communication system with a multi-cluster channel structure is illustrated including one or more transmitting antennas / antenna arrays, such as 121, and one or more receiving antennas / antenna arrays, such as 111. The wireless channel 103 is modeled as comprising multiple spatial clusters. Each spatial cluster represents a distinct propagation path group, typically corresponding to a group of scatterers, such as scatterers 105, located within a specific angular region in the environment.
[0023] The transmitter is connected to a phased-array antenna, such as 121, configured to generate directional beams. The transmitted signals propagate through the wireless medium and are reflected or scattered by one or more scatterers105, associated with each spatial cluster. These scatterers introduce multipath components with unique angles of departure (AoD) , delay spreads, and Doppler shifts. Each cluster is statistically independent and associated with a TDL profile, capturing the time dispersion and multipath behavior of that cluster.
[0024] At the receiver side, a beamforming-capable antenna array, such as 111, effectively combines the incoming signals from different clusters, each potentially arriving with different power levels, time delays, and angular characteristics. This spatially-resolved reception enables more accurate reconstruction of the transmitted data streams, even in the presence of complex scattering environments.
[0025] In one novel aspect, multi-cluster MIMO channel is modelled with extended TDL channel for each cluster. As illustrated in Figure 1, a multi-cluster channel model 190 divides the propagation environment into spatially distinct clusters 180, including exemplary spatial clusters 181, 182, and 185. A number of spatial clusters is defined so that each cluster is associated with a statistically independent time-variant TDL channel model 170 employing some spatial correlation model (for example cross-polarized / high) . As shown, each cluster of multi-cluster 180 is associated with its own statistically independent TDL profile and spatial characteristics 170. As an example, spatial cluster 181 is modelled with TDL 171 including a TX beam steering or represented by a TX beam steering matrix 171a and an RX beam steering (matrix) 171b. Similarly, spatial cluster 182 is modelled with TDL 172 including a TX beam steering (matrix) 172a and an RX beam steering (matrix) 172b. Spatial cluster 185 is modelled with TDL 175 including a TX beam steering (matrix) 175a and an RX beam steering (matrix) 175b. This approach reflects the reality deployments, where signals often arrive from multiple angles and scatter differently due to varied environmental geometries. As simulation complexity increases with the number of antenna elements and clusters, there is a growing need for efficient yet realistic models. The present invention addresses this gap by introducing a multi-cluster TDL channel model with independent transmit and receive beam steering matrices per cluster-enabling.
[0026] Figure 2 illustrates exemplary diagrams to configure or apply one or more channel properties for a spatial MIMO wireless communication system incorporating multiple spatial clusters, each modelled with TDL with TX and RX beam steering. In one novel aspect, the extended multi-cluster TDL model is designed as a more accessible and configurable alternative to CDL models and an improved TDL model, offering improved flexibility by relying on a limited set of high-level parameters that can be adjusted to suit various performance test requirements. The multi-cluster MIMO channel is modelled as the combination of TDL models for each cluster with TX and RX beam steering. Depending on the test requirement, one or more channel properties are selected for the multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling. At step 201, a desired test scope is determined. At step 202, one or more channel properties 203 are selected or configured based on the desired test scope 201. In one embodiment, the selected / configured channel properties include the number of clusters 231. In one embodiment, the number of clusters is selected / configured according to the test scope so that the desired number of layers (rank) can be supported.
[0027] In another embodiment, one or more channel properties are cluster-specific configurations for each corresponding cluster comprising one or more properties including a cluster-specific AoD 232, a cluster-specific AoA 233, a power level of corresponding cluster 234, an amplitude level of corresponding cluster 235, a Doppler shift value of corresponding cluster 236, and a path delay value of corresponding cluster 237. In one embodiment, for each cluster, TX and RX beam steering is defined / configured corresponding to desired AoA / AoD angles. In another embodiment, each cluster is defined and applies cluster-specific Doppler shifts to the cluster-specific extended TDL channels. In one embodiment, each of the channel properties can be either constant or time-variant.
[0028] Figure 3 illustrates exemplary diagrams extended TDL model for multi-cluster with TX-RX beam steering for a MIMO channel modeling. The extended multi-cluster TDL channel model re-uses and extends the concept of beam steering. In TX-RX beam steering, the average AoA and AoD present in a correlated TDL MIMO channel are shifted to desired directions by post-processing. Note that beam steering is a part of the channel model, it is not an action taken by the transmitter or the receiver. The multi-cluster MIMO channel model is a combination of a number of spatial clusters, where each cluster is associated with a statistically independent time-varying channel employing some existing spatial correlation model. For each cluster, TX and RX steering corresponding to desired AoD / AoA angles is defined. Exemplary transmitter 301 has an antenna array with dimensions of Ntx, where exemplary Ntx=8. Exemplary receiver 302 has an antenna array with dimension of Nrx, where exemplary Nrx=4. Exemplary scatterer 311 forms an exemplary first cluster with power P1, TX phase and RX phase Exemplary scatterer 312 forms an exemplary second cluster with power P2, TX phase and RX phase
[0029] In one novel aspect, the multi-cluster MIMO channel is modelled with extended TDL channel model for each cluster. The extended TDL channel model applies TX and RX beam steering with TX and RX beam steering matrix. The general multi-cluster MIMO channel response matrix H with dimensions Nrx× Ntx is as follows: where · Nrx is the Number of RX antennas and Ntx is the Number of TX antennas · pn is the power of cluster n so that · is the diagonal RX-beam-steering matrix of cluster n with dimensions Nrx× Nrx ● is the diagonal TX-beam-steering matrix of cluster n with dimensions Ntx× Ntx
[0030] In accordance with one embodiment, the transmit and receive beam steering matrices are derived from cluster-specific phase parameters to model directional characteristics of each spatial cluster. The transmit antenna array is structured with dimensions N1 and N2 (Ntx =2N1N2) , resulting in a total of Ntx = 2N1N2 antenna elements due to dual polarization. Receiver antenna array is structure with exemplary Nrx antenna elements. For each spatial cluster n, ● the transmit steering vectors o length N1 o length N2 ● the receiving steering vectors o length Nrx / 2 are constructed using complex exponentials based on · TX-phase angles θ1 (n) and θ2 (n) ∈ (-2π, 2π) and · RX-phase angle θrx (n) ∈ (-2π, 2π) . In one embodiment, the phase values can be negative in the interval (-2π, 2π) to provide modeling flexibility.
[0031] The resulting transmitting steering matrix is defined as the Kronecker product of the diagonal matrices of the two steering vectors, combined with a 2×2 identity matrix to account for polarization. Similarly, the receiving beam steering matrix is formed as the Kronecker product of the 2×2 identity matrix and the diagonalized receive vector. These matrices enable spatial beamforming per cluster and integrate naturally into the multi-cluster MIMO channel formulation.
[0032] To enable spatially separable layers in multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling, the steering beams for different clusters may be selected to be mutually orthogonal. In one embodiment, selecting / configuring mutually orthogonal steering beams (and high correlation per cluster) for clusters should enable relatively orthogonal layers. Specifically, the inner products of the transmit and receive steering vectors between any two distinct clusters n1≠n2 are set to zero, such that · for n1≠n2 ● for n1≠n2 ● for n1≠n2
[0033] In fixed PMI-based testing (e.g., Type1 PMI) , the steering phase values θ1 (n) and θ2 (n) can be chosen to match with the beams of the transmit PMI where typically, each CW maps to a subset of the PMI-beams. This enables controlled per-codeword gain design and controlled cross-layer interference, making it feasible to perform fixed-rank MIMO testing and PMI and distinct MCS testing with different MCS per CW. In contrast, CDL models lack this configurability and typically require a trial-and-error process to find an appropriate spatial configuration for a given test objective.
[0034] Figure 4 illustrates exemplary diagrams of selecting / configuring beam steering directions based on desired scope of test for multi-cluster MIMO channel with extended TDL channel modeling. The extended TDL channel model for each cluster includes TX and RX beam steering. With the capability of applying both TX and RX beam steering for each cluster, the beam steering directions can be configured and applied to obtain the desired scope of test. A desired scope of test 401 is obtained. Based on the desired scope of test 401, TX and RX beam steering 402 is configured / selected accordingly. In one embodiment, the desired scope of test 411 is to test transmit precoders and Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) feedback performance and the TX directions are configured to rotate over time (412) . In another embodiment, the desired scope of test 412 is to test varying levels of cross-layer interference and the TX and RX directions are configured to rotate over time (422) . In yet another embodiment, the desired scope of test 413 is to test fixed rank + PMI + Modulation and coding schemes (MCS) with different MCS per CW and the TX and RX beam steering directions are configured to keep constant (423) .
[0035] Figure 5 illustrates exemplary diagrams for TX and RX beam steering with phase shifts to form total MIMO channel modeling. The MIMO channel response matrix H 500, where which includes the transmitting steering matrix 520 for exemplary gNB 502 and receiving steering matrix 510 for exemplary UE 501. In one embodiment 511, the receiving beam steering matrix 510 is obtained by applying phase shifts at channel per RX antenna element. In another embodiment 512, the transmitting beam steering matrix is obtained by applying phase shifts at channel per TX antenna element. The total multi-cluster MIMO channel is the sum of the cluster-specific TX-RX-beam-steered MIMO channels. The transmitting steering matrix 510 and the receiving steering matrix 520 can be constant (531) or time-variant (532) .
[0036] Figure 6 illustrates exemplary diagrams for an apparatus that performs multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling with extended TDL channel model that includes the TX and RX beam steering. Apparatus 600 has a set of instructions causing the device to perform any one or more methods for multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling with extended TDL channel model that includes the TX and RX beam steering. In another embodiment, the device operates as a standalone device or may be connected through a network to other devices. Apparatus 600 includes one or more processors 601, a main memory 602, a static memory unit 603, which communicates with other components through a bus 611. Optionally, apparatus 600 includes network interface 612 connects apparatus 600 to network 620. Apparatus 600 optionally includes user interfaces and I / O component 613, controller 631, driver unit 632, and input / output unit 633. Driver unit 632 includes a machine-readable medium on which stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures, such as software embodying or utilizing by one or more methods input / output or other sensory or accessory functions. The software may also reside entirely or partially within the main memory 602, the one or more processor 601 during execution. In one embodiment, the one or more processor 601 is configured to configure a spatial MIMO channel model based on a combination of a number of spatial clusters, wherein each spatial cluster is associated with a statistically independent and time-varying Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel model that includes a spatial correlation component, for each spatial cluster, configure a transmitting beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of departure (AoD) , and for each spatial cluster, configure a receiving beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of arrival (AoA) . In one embodiment, software components running one or more processors 601 run on different network-connected devices and communicate with each other via predefined network messages. In another embodiment, the functions can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or any combinations.
[0037] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary flow chart for multi-cluster MIMO channel modeling with extended TDL channel model that includes the TX and RX beam steering. At step 701, the apparatus configures a spatial MIMO channel model based on a combination of a number of spatial clusters, wherein each spatial cluster is associated with a statistically independent and time-varying extended Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel model that includes a spatial correlation component. At step 702, the apparatus, for each spatial cluster, configures a transmitting beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of departure (AoD) of corresponding extended TDL channel model of corresponding spatial cluster. At step 703, the apparatus, for each spatial cluster, configures a receiving beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of arrival (AoA) of corresponding extended TDL channel model of corresponding spatial cluster.
[0038] Although the present invention has been described in connection with certain specific embodiments for instructional purposes, the present invention is not limited thereto. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and combinations of various features of the described embodiments can be practiced without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.
Claims
1.A method for modeling a spatial multiple input multiple Output (MIMO) wireless communication channel comprising:configuring a spatial MIMO channel model based on a combination of a number of spatial clusters, wherein each spatial cluster is associated with a statistically independent and time-varying extended Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel model that includes a spatial correlation component;for each spatial cluster, configuring a transmitting beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of departure (AoD) of corresponding extended TDL channel model of corresponding spatial cluster; andfor each spatial cluster, configuring a receiving beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of arrival (AoA) of corresponding extended TDL channel model of corresponding spatial cluster.2.The method of claim 1, wherein one or more channel properties for the spatial MIMO channel model is configurable and selected based on a desired test scope.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more channel properties comprise the number of spatial clusters for the spatial MIMO channel model.4.The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more channel properties are cluster-specific configurations for each corresponding cluster comprising a cluster-specific AoD, a cluster-specific AoA, a power level of corresponding cluster, an amplitude level of corresponding cluster, a Doppler shift value of corresponding cluster, and an additional path delay value of corresponding cluster.5.The method of claim 2, wherein each of the one or more channel properties are constant or time-variant.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving beam steering matrix is obtained by applying phase shifts for receiver antenna elements and the transmitting beam steering matrix is obtained by applying phase shifts for transmitter antenna elements.7.The method of claim 1, wherein one or more directions of the one or more transmitting beam steering and the one or more receiving beam steering are selected based on a scope of a desired test.8.The method of claim 7, wherein one or more transmitting beam steering directions are dynamically varied over time to simulate rotation of transmission directions for the desired test for transmit precoders and Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) feedback performance.9.The method of claim 7, wherein both transmitting and receiving beam steering directions are dynamically varied over time to emulate varying levels of cross-layer interference.10.The method of claim 7, wherein transmitting and receiving beam steering directions are maintained as constant during channel modeling to simulate fixed-rank transmission with fixed PMI and modulation and coding scheme (MCS) evaluations, including different MCS configurations per codeword (CW) .11.An apparatus for modeling a spatial multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication channel, the apparatus comprising:one or more processors; anda memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:configure a spatial MIMO channel model based on a combination of a number of spatial clusters, wherein each spatial cluster is associated with a statistically independent and time-varying Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel model that includes a spatial correlation component;for each spatial cluster, configure a transmitting beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of departure (AoD) ; andfor each spatial cluster, configure a receiving beam steering matrix corresponding to a desired angle of arrival (AoA) .12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein one or more channel properties for the spatial MIMO channel model is configurable and selected based on a desired test scope.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more channel properties comprise the number of spatial clusters for the spatial MIMO channel model.14.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more channel properties are cluster-specific configurations for each corresponding cluster comprising a cluster-specific AoD, a cluster-specific AoA, a power level of corresponding cluster, an amplitude level of corresponding cluster, a Doppler shift value of corresponding cluster, and an additional path delay value of corresponding cluster.15.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein each of the one or more channel properties are constant or time-variant.16.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the receiving beam steering matrix is obtained by applying phase shifts for receiver antenna elements and the transmitting beam steering matrix is obtained by applying phase shifts for transmitter antenna elements.17.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein one or more directions of the one or more transmitting beam steering and the one or more receiving beam steering are selected based on a scope of a desired test.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein one or more transmitting beam steering directions are dynamically varied over time to simulate rotation of transmission directions for the desired test for transmit precoders and Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) feedback performance.19.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein both transmitting and receiving beam steering directions are dynamically varied over time to emulate varying levels of cross-layer interference.20.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein transmitting and receiving beam steering directions are maintained as constant during channel modeling to simulate fixed-rank transmission with fixed PMI and modulation and coding scheme (MCS) evaluations, including different MCS configurations per codeword (CW) .
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