Functionalized polysaccharides and methods of preparation
The method of acylating or reacting polysaccharides with nucleophilic compounds using specific structures addresses the challenge of regioselective functionalization, enabling the production of well-defined functionalized polysaccharides for drug and vaccine delivery.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/107676
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-09
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-09
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods struggle to achieve regioselective functionalization of polysaccharides due to the challenge of separating structurally well-defined polysaccharides from mixtures with various modifications, as conventional purification methods like chromatography or crystallization are ineffective.
A method for preparing functionalized polysaccharides through acylation or reaction with nucleophilic compounds, using specific structures represented by Formulas (A) and (B), allowing for controlled functionalization and purification.
Enables the production of structurally well-defined functionalized polysaccharides, suitable for applications in drug, gene, and vaccine delivery, by ensuring precise functionalization and separation from unwanted byproducts.
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Figure CN2025107676_15012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
FUNCTIONALIZED POLYSACCHARIDES AND METHODS OF PREPARATIONCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of the priority of International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 104455, filed July 9, 2024, under 35 U.S.C. 119 (a) ; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD
[0002] Provided herein are functionalized polysaccharides. Also provided herein are methods of regioselective functionalization of polysaccharides.BACKGROUND
[0003] Polysaccharides are biopolymers of monosaccharides linked through glycosidic bonds. Baldwin and Kiick, Biopolymers 2010, 94, 128-40. They are biocompatible, biodegradable, and hydrophilic. Barclay et al., Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 221, 94-112. They also have low toxicity and low immunogenicity. Bondalapati et al., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2014, 35, 1754-62; Barclay et al., Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 221, 94-112. Functionalized polysaccharides have been widely used in drug, gene, macromolecule, and vaccine delivery. Basu et al., Bioconjug. Chem. 2015, 16, 1396-412; Barclay et al., Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 221, 94-112; Yadav et al., Polymers 2022, 15, 950. For example, conjugation of anticancer drugs to functionalized polysaccharides has been used to improve their bioavailability and reduce their toxicities. Sugahara et al., J. Control Release 2007, 117, 40-50; Ernsting et al., Biomaterials 2012, 33, 1445-54; Goodarzi et al. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 1280-93; Yadav et al., Polymers 2022, 15, 950.
[0004] Regioselective reactions allow the synthesis of structurally well-defined functionalized polysaccharides. Cumpstey ISRN Org. Chem. 2013, Article ID 417672. Since a polysaccharide contains a large number of hydroxyl groups, regioselective functionalization becomes challenging. Cumpstey ISRN Org. Chem. 2013, Article ID 417672; Westereng et al., Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 13197; Zhou and Edgar, Carbohydr. Polym. 2022, 277, 118886. When functionalizing a monosaccharide, even if a reaction gives incomplete regioselectivity, the desired monosaccharide compounds can be separated from the unwanted byproducts by a conventional purification method, such as chromatography or crystallization. Cumpstey ISRN Org. Chem. 2013, Article ID 417672. When functionalizing a polysaccharide, however, using such conventional methods is almost impossible for purification, resulting in a mixture of polysaccharides with various modifications. Id. Therefore, there is a need for structurally well-defined functionalized polysaccharides and a method of regioselective functionalization of a polysaccharide. Chen et al., Biomacromolecles 2020, 21, 1729-38. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0005] Provided herein is a compound comprising monosaccharide units linked through glycosidic bonds, having the structure of Formula (I) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein: A is a bond, –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –; L is a bond or a linker; R1 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; (iii) –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, or –C (O) NR1bR1c; or (iv) a hydroxyl protecting group; each R2, R3, and R4 is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; (iii) –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, or –C (O) NR1bR1c; or (iv) a hydroxyl protecting group; R5 is azido, –C≡CR1a, –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, –ONR1bR1c, –NR1bR1c, –NR1aNR1bR1c, or –SH; each R1a, R1b, and R1c is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; each m is independently an integer of 0 or 1; and n is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100; wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.
[0006] Also provided herein is a method for the preparation of a functionalized polysaccharide, comprising the step of acylating a compound of Formula (A) : wherein each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently a hydroxyl protecting group; each m is independently an integer of 0 or 1; and n is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100.
[0007] Additionally provided herein is a method for the preparation of a functionalized polysaccharide, comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula (B) with a nucleophilic compound: wherein X is a leaving group; each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently a hydroxyl protecting group; each m is independently an integer of 0 or 1; and n is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0008] To facilitate understanding of the disclosure set forth herein, a number of terms are defined below.
[0009] Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and biochemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0010] The term “about” or “approximately” means an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05%of a given value or range.
[0011] The term “alkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 alkyl groups are also referred as “lower alkyl. ” Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl) , butyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl) , pentyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, and tert-pentyl) , and hexyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-hexyl, isohexyl, and sec-hexyl) .
[0012] The terms “alkylene” and “alkanediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkanediyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 alkanediyl refers to a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkanediyl is a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 30 (C1-30) , 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 30 (C3-30) , 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 alkanediyl groups are also referred as “lower alkanediyl. ” Examples of alkanediyl groups include, but are not limited to, methanediyl, ethanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., ethane-1, 1-diyl and ethane-1, 2-diyl) , propanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., propane-1, 1-diyl, propane-1, 2-diyl, and propane-1, 3-diyl) , butanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., butane-1, 1-diyl, butane-1, 2-diyl, butane-1, 3-diyl, and butane-1, 4-diyl) , pentanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., pentane-1, 1-diyl, pentane-1, 2-diyl, pentane-1, 3-diyl, and pentane-1, 5-diyl) , and hexanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., hexane-1, 1-diyl, hexane-1, 2-diyl, hexane-1, 3-diyl, and hexane-1, 6-diyl) . Examples of substituted alkanediyl groups include, but are not limited to, –C (O) CH2–, –C (O) (CH2) 2–, –C (O) (CH2) 3–, –C (O) (CH2) 4–, –C (O) (CH2) 5–, –C (O) (CH2) 6–, –C (O) (CH2) 7–, –C (O) (CH2) 8–, –C (O) (CH2) 9–, –C (O) (CH2) 10–, –C (O) CH2C (O) –, –C (O) (CH2) 2C (O) –, –C (O) (CH2) 3C (O) –, –C (O) (CH2) 4C (O) –, or –C (O) (CH2) 5C (O) –.
[0013] The term “heteroalkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that contains one or more heteroatoms on its main chain, each independently selected from O, S, and N. The heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 heteroalkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 heteroalkyl groups are also referred as “lower heteroalkyl. ” Examples of heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, –OCH3, –OCH2CH3, –CH2OCH3, –NHCH3, –ONHCH3, –NHOCH3, –SCH3, –CH2NHCH2CH3, and –NHCH2CH2CH3. Examples of substituted heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, –CH2NHC (O) CH3 and –NHC (O) CH2CH3.
[0014] The terms “heteroalkylene” and “heteroalkanediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that contains one or more heteroatoms in its main chain, each independently selected from O, S, and N. The heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 heteroalkylene refers to a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkylene is a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 heteroalkylene groups are also referred as “lower heteroalkylene. ” Examples of heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to, –CH2O–, –CH2CH2O–, –CH2CH2CH2O–, – (CH2) 4O–, – (CH2) 5O–, – (CH2) 6O–, – (CH2) 7O–, – (CH2) 8O–, – (CH2) 9O–, – (CH2) 10O–, –CH2OCH2–, –CH2CH2O–, – (CH2CH2O) 2–, – (CH2CH2O) 3–, – (CH2CH2O) 4–, – (CH2CH2O) 5–, –CH2NH–, –CH2NHCH2–, –CH2CH2NH–, –CH2CH2CH2NH–, – (CH2) 4NH–, –CH2S–, –CH2SCH2–, and –CH2CH2S–. Examples of substituted heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to, –C (O) CH2O–, –C (O) (CH2) 2O–, –C (O) CH2CH2CH2O–, –C (O) CH2CH2CH2CH2O–, –C (O) (CH2) 5O–, –C (O) (CH2) 6O–, –C (O) (CH2) 7O–, –C (O) (CH2) 8O–, –C (O) (CH2) 9O–, –C (O) (CH2) 10O–, –C (O) CH2OCH2CH2O–, –C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 2–, –C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 3–, –C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 4, –C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 5–, –CH2NHC (O) CH2–, –CH2CH2C (O) NH–, –CH2N (CH3) –, – (CH2) 2N (CH3) –, – (CH2) 3N (CH3) –, or – (CH2) 4N (CH3) –.
[0015] The term “alkenyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond (s) . The alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term “alkenyl” embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C2-6 alkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., propen-1-yl, propen-2-yl, and allyl) , and butenyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., buten-1-yl, buten-2-yl, buten-3-yl, and 2-buten-1-yl) .
[0016] The terms “alkenylene” and “alkenediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond (s) . The alkenediyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term “alkenediyl” embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C2-6 alkenediyl refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenediyl is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 30 (C2-30) , 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 30 (C3-30) , 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkenediyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., ethene-1, 1-diyl and ethene-1, 2-diyl) , propenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propene-1, 1-diyl, 1-propene-1, 2-diyl, and 1-propene-1, 3-diyl) , butenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butene-1, 1-diyl, 1-butene-1, 2-diyl, and 1-butene-1, 4-diyl) , pentenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentene-1, 1-diyl, 1-pentene-1, 2-diyl, and 1-pentene-1, 5-diyl) , and hexenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexene-1, 1-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 2-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 3-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 4-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 5-diyl, and 1-hexene-1, 6-diyl) .
[0017] The term “alkynyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond (s) . An alkynyl group does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C2-6 alkynyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 20 (C4-20) , 4 to 15 (C4-15) , 4 to 10 (C4-10) , or 4 to 6 (C4-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (–C≡CH) , propynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propynyl (–C≡CCH3) and propargyl (–CH2C≡CH) ) , butynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butyn-1-yl and 2-butyn-1-yl) , pentynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentyn-1-yl and 1-methyl-2-butyn-1-yl) , and hexynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexyn-1-yl and 2-hexyn-1-yl) .
[0018] The terms “alkynylene” and “alkynediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond (s) . An alkynylene group does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The alkynediyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C2-6 alkynediyl refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynediyl is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 30 (C2-30) , 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 30 (C4-30) , 4 to 20 (C4-20) , 4 to 15 (C4-15) , 4 to 10 (C4-10) , or 4 to 6 (C4-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkynediyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynediyl, propynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propyne-1, 3-diyl and 1-propyne-3, 3-diyl) , butynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butyne-1, 3-diyl, 1-butyne-1, 4-diyl, and 2-butyne-1, 1-diyl) , pentynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentyne-1, 3-diyl, 1-pentyne-1, 4-diyl, and 2-pentyne-1, 1-diyl) , and hexynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexyne-1, 3-diyl, 1-hexyne-1, 4-diyl, and 2-hexyne-1, 1-diyl) .
[0019] The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is a saturated or unsaturated but non-aromatic, and / or bridged or non-bridged, and / or fused and / or spiro bicyclic group. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 (C3-20) , from 3 to 15 (C3-15) , from 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or from 3 to 7 (C3-7) carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is monocyclic. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is bicyclic. In yet another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is tricyclic. In still another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is polycyclic. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, bicyclo [1.1.1] pentyl, bicyclo [2.1.1] hexyl, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptyl, bicyclo [2.2.2] octyl, decalinyl, and adamantyl.
[0020] The terms “cycloalkylene” and “cycloalkanediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a cyclic divalent hydrocarbon radical, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. In one embodiment, cycloalkanediyl groups may be saturated or unsaturated but non-aromatic, and / or bridged, and / or non-bridged, and / or fused bicyclic groups. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkanediyl has from 3 to 30 (C3-30) , 3 to 20 (C3-20) , from 3 to 15 (C3-15) , from 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or from 3 to 7 (C3-7) carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkanediyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., cyclopropane-1, 1-diyl and cyclopropane-1, 2-diyl) , cyclobutanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., cyclobutane-1, 1-diyl, cyclobutane-1, 2-diyl, and cyclobutane-1, 3-diyl) , cyclopentanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., cyclopentane-1, 1-diyl, cyclopentane-1, 2-diyl, and cyclopentane-1, 3-diyl) , cyclohexanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., cyclohexane-1, 1-diyl, cyclohexane-1, 2-diyl, cyclohexane-1, 3-diyl, and cyclohex-1, 4-diyl) , cycloheptanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., cycloheptane-1, 1-diyl, cycloheptane-1, 2-diyl, cycloheptane-1, 3-diyl, and cycloheptane-1, 4-diyl) , decalinediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., decaline-1, 1-diyl, decaline-1, 2-diyl, and decaline-1, 8-diyl) , and adamantdiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., adamant-1, 2-diyl, adamant-1, 3-diyl, and adamant-1, 8-diyl) .
[0021] The term “aryl” refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical and / or monovalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical that contain at least one aromatic carbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 20 (C6-20) , from 6 to 15 (C6-15) , or from 6 to 10 (C6-10) ring carbon atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl. The aryl also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl) . In one embodiment, the aryl is monocyclic. In another embodiment, the aryl is bicyclic. In yet another embodiment, the aryl is tricyclic. In still another embodiment, the aryl is polycyclic. In certain embodiments, the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0022] The terms “arylene” and “arenediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a divalent monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical or divalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical that contains at least one aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In certain embodiments, the arylene has from 6 to 20 (C6-20) , from 6 to 15 (C6-15) , or from 6 to 10 (C6-10) ring atoms. Examples of arylene groups include, but are not limited to, phenylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., phen-1, 2-diyl, phen-1, 3-diyl, and phen-1, 4-diyl) , naphthylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., naphth-1, 2-diyl, naphth-1, 3-diyl, and naphth-1, 8-diyl) , fluorenylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., fluoren-1, 2-diyl, fluoren-1, 3-diyl, and fluoren-1, 8-diyl) , azulenylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., azulen-1, 2-diyl, azulen-1, 3-diyl, and azulen-1, 8-diyl) , anthrylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., anthr-1, 2-diyl, anthr-1, 3-diyl, and anthr-1, 8-diyl) , phenanthrylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., phenanthr-1, 2-diyl, phenanthr-1, 3-diyl, and phenanthr-1, 8-diyl) , pyrenylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., pyren-1, 2-diyl, pyren-1, 3-diyl, and pyren-1, 8-diyl) , biphenylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., biphen-2, 3-diyl, biphen-3, 4’ -diyl, and biphen-4, 4’ -diyl) , and terphenylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., terphen-2, 3-diyl, terphen-3, 4’ -diyl, and terphen-4, 4’ -diyl) . Arylene also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., dihydronaphth-1, 2-diyl and dihydronaphth-1, 8-diyl) , indenylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., inden-1, 2-diyl, inden-1, 5-diyl, and inden-1, 7-diyl) , indanylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., indan-1, 2-diyl, indan-1, 5-diyl, and indan-1, 7-diyl) , or tetrahydronaphthylene (tetralinylene) (including all isomeric forms, e.g., tetrahydronaphth-1, 2-diyl, tetrahydronaphth-1, 5-diyl, and tetrahydronaphth-1, 8-diyl) . In certain embodiments, arylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0023] The term “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” refers to a monovalent alkyl group substituted with one or more aryl groups. In certain embodiments, the aralkyl has from 7 to 30 (C7-30) , from 7 to 20 (C7-20) , or from 7 to 16 (C7-16) carbon atoms. Examples of aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenylethyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenylethyl) , and phenylpropyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, and 3-phenylpropyl) . In certain embodiments, the aralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0024] The term “aralkylene” or “arylalkylene” refers to a divalent alkyl group substituted with one or more aryl groups. In certain embodiments, the aralkylene has from 7 to 30 (C7-30) , from 7 to 20 (C7-20) , or from 7 to 16 (C7-16) carbon atoms. Examples of aralkylene groups include, but are not limited to, benzylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., phenylmethdiyl) , phenylethylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 2-phenylethan-1, 1-diyl and 2-phenylethan-1, 2-diyl) , and phenylpropylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 3-phenyl-propan-1, 1-diyl, 3-phenylpropan-1, 2-diyl, and 3-phenylpropan-1, 3-diyl) . In certain embodiments, the aralkylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0025] The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic group or monovalent polycyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N, in the ring. For a heteroaryl group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heteroaryl group is not bonded to the rest of a molecule through its nonaromatic heterocyclic ring. Each ring of a heteroaryl group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and / or one to four N atoms; provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is monocyclic. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl is bicyclic. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furopyrindyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., furo [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, furo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, furo [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, furo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl, furo [3, 4-b] pyridinyl, and furo [3, 4-c] pyridinyl) , imidazopyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl, imidazo [4, 5-b] -pyridinyl, and imidazo [4, 5-c] pyridinyl) , imidazothiazolyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [2, 1-b] thiazolyl and imidazo [4, 5-d] thiazolyl) , indazolyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzo-furanyl, isobenzothienyl (i.e., benzo [c] thienyl) , isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-naphthyridinyl, 1, 6-naphthyridinyl, 1, 7-naphthyridinyl, and 1, 8-naphthyridinyl) , oxazolopyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., oxazolo [4, 5-b] -pyridinyl, oxazolo [4, 5-c] pyridinyl, oxazolo [5, 4-b] pyridinyl, and oxazolo [5, 4-c] pyridinyl) , phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolopyridyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., pyrrolo [2, 3-b]pyridinyl, pyrrolo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, pyrrolo [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, and pyrrolo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl) , quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, thiadiazolopyrimidyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., [1, 2, 5] thiadiazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidinyl and [1, 2, 3] thiadiazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidinyl) , and thieno-pyridyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., thieno [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, thieno [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, thieno [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, and thieno [3, 2-c] pyridinyl) . In yet another embodiment, the heteroaryl is tricyclic. Examples of tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, benz-indolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenanthridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 6-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 7-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 9-phen-anthrolinyl, and 2, 10-phenanthrolinyl) , phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and xanthenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0026] The terms “heteroarylene” and “heteroarenediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a divalent monocyclic aromatic group or divalent polycyclic aromatic group that contains at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms in the ring, each of which is independently selected from O, S, and N. For a heteroarylene group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heteroarylene group is not bonded to the rest of a molecule via its nonaromatic heterocyclic ring. Each ring of a heteroarylene group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and / or one to four N atoms, provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom. In certain embodiments, the heteroarylene has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms. Examples of monocyclic heteroarylene groups include, but are not limited to, furandiyl, imidazoldiyl, isothiazoldiyl, isoxazoldiyl, oxadiazoldiyl, oxazoldiyl, pyrazindiyl, pyrazoldiyl, pyridazindiyl, pyridindiyl, pyrimidindiyl, pyrroldiyl, thiadiazoldiyl, thiazoldiyl, thiendiyl, tetrazoldiyl, triazinediyl, and triazoldiyl. Examples of bicyclic heteroarylene groups include, but are not limited to, benzofurandiyl, benzimidazoldiyl, benzoisoxazoldiyl, benzopyrandiyl, benzothiadiazoldiyl, benzothiazoldiyl, benzothiendiyl, benzotriazoldiyl, benzoxazoldiyl, furopyridindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., furo [2, 3-b] pyridindiyl, furo [2, 3-c] pyridindiyl, furo [3, 2-b] pyridindiyl, furo [3, 2-c] -pyridindiyl, furo [3, 4-b] pyridindiyl, and furo [3, 4-c] pyridindiyl) , imidazopyridindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridindiyl, imidazo [4, 5-b] pyridindiyl, and imidazo [4, 5-c] -pyridindiyl) , imidazothiazoldiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [2, 1-b] thiazoldiyl and imidazo [4, 5-d] thiazoldiyl) , indazoldiyl, indolizindiyl, indoldiyl, isobenzofurandiyl, isobenzothiendiyl (i.e., benzo [c] thiendiyl) , isoindoldiyl, isoquinolindiyl, naphthyridindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-naphthyridindiyl, 1, 6-naphthyridindiyl, 1, 7-naphthyridindiyl, and 1, 8-naphthyridindiyl) , oxazolopyridindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., oxazolo [4, 5-b] pyridindiyl, oxazolo [4, 5-c] pyridindiyl, oxazolo [5, 4-b] pyridindiyl, and oxazolo [5, 4-c] pyridindiyl) , phthalazindiyl, pteridindiyl, purindiyl, pyrrolopyridindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridindiyl, pyrrolo [2, 3-c] pyridindiyl, pyrrolo [3, 2-b] -pyridindiyl, and pyrrolo [3, 2-c] pyridindiyl) , quinolindiyl, quinoxalindiyl, quinazolindiyl, thiadiazolopyrimidindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., [1, 2, 5] thiadiazolo [3, 4-d] -pyrimidindiyl and [1, 2, 3] thiadiazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidindiyl) , and thienopyridindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., thieno [2, 3-b] pyridindiyl, thieno [2, 3-c] pyridindiyl, thieno [3, 2-b] pyridindiyl, and thieno [3, 2-c] pyridindiyl) . Examples of tricyclic heteroarylene groups include, but are not limited to, acridindiyl, benzindoldiyl, carbazoldiyl, dibenzofurandiyl, perimidindiyl, phenanthrolindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-phenanthrolindiyl, 1, 6-phen-anthrolindiyl, 1, 7-phenanthrolindiyl, 1, 9-phenanthrolindiyl, and 2, 10-phenanthrolindiyl) , phenanthridindiyl, phenarsazindiyl, phenazindiyl, phenothiazindiyl, phenoxazindiyl, and xanthendiyl. In certain embodiments, heteroarylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0027] The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a monovalent monocyclic non-aromatic ring system or monovalent polycyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms. For a heterocyclyl group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heterocyclyl group is not bonded to the rest of a molecule through the heteroaromatic ring. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may be fused or bridged, and in which nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. Examples of heterocyclyls and heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranonyl, chromanyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzisothiazolyl, dihydro-benzisoxazinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 3] oxazinyl, 3, 4-dihydrobenzo [c] [1, 2] -oxazinyl, and 3, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 2] oxazinyl) , dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydroisobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzo [c] thienyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydro-pyranyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydro-pyrrolyl, dioxolanyl, 1, 4-dithianyl, furanonyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, indolinyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, oxazolidinonyl, oxazolidinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiochromanyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, and 1, 3, 5-trithianyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0028] The term “heterocyclylene” refers to a divalent monocyclic non-aromatic ring system or divalent polycyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms. For a heterocyclylene group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heterocyclylene group has at least one bond to the rest of a molecule via its nonaromatic heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclylene group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclylene is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may be fused or bridged, and in which nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic. The heterocyclylene may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. Examples of such heterocyclylene groups include, but are not limited to, azepindiyl, benzodioxandiyl, benzodioxoldiyl, benzofuranondiyl, chromandiyl, decahydroisoquinolindiyl, dihydrobenzofurandiyl, dihydrobenzisothiazoldiyl, dihydrobenzisoxazindiyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 3] oxazindiyl, 3, 4-dihydrobenzo [c] [1, 2] oxazindiyl, and 3, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 2] oxazindiyl) , dihydrobenzothiendiyl, dihydroisobenzofurandiyl, dihydrobenzo [c] thiendiyl, dihydrofurdiyl, dihydroisoindoldiyl, dihydropyrandiyl, dihydro-pyrazoldiyl, dihydropyrazindiyl, dihydropyridindiyl, dihydropyrimidindiyl, dihydropyrroldiyl, dioxolandiyl, 1, 4-dithiandiyl, furanondiyl, imidazolidindiyl, imidazolindiyl, indolindiyl, isochromandiyl, isoindolindiyl, isothiazolidindiyl, isoxazolidindiyl, morpholindiyl, octahydro-indoldiyl, octahydroisoindoldiyl, oxazolidinondiyl, oxazolidindiyl, oxirandiyl, piperazindiyl, piperidindiyl, 4-piperidondiyl, pyrazolidindiyl, pyrazolindiyl, pyrrolidindiyl, pyrrolindiyl, quinuclidindiyl, tetrahydrofurdiyl, tetrahydroisoquinolindiyl, tetrahydropyrandiyl, tetrahydro-thiendiyl, thiamorpholindiyl, thiazolidindiyl, thiochromandiyl, tetrahydroquinolindiyl, and 1, 3, 5-trithiandiyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
[0029] The term “halogen, ” “halide, ” or “halo” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and / or iodo.
[0030] The term “optionally substituted” is intended to mean that a group or substituent, such as an alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylene, aryl, arylene, aralkyl, aralkylene, heteroaryl, heteroarylene, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylene group, may be substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, each of which is independently selected from, e.g., (a) deuterium (–D) , cyano (–CN) , halo, nitro (–NO2) , and oxo (=O) ; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa. As used herein, all groups that can be substituted are “optionally substituted. ”
[0031] In one embodiment, each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.
[0032] In certain embodiments, “optically active” and ” enantiomerically active” refer to a collection of molecules, which has an enantiomeric excess of no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 91%, no less than about 92%, no less than about 93%, no less than about 94%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.8%. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 95%or more of one enantiomer and about 5%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 98%or more of one enantiomer and about 2%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 99%or more of one enantiomer and about 1%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question.
[0033] In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the compound about its chiral center (s) . The (+) and (-) are used to denote the optical rotation of the compound, that is, the direction in which a plane of polarized light is rotated by the optically active compound. The (-) prefix indicates that the compound is levorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise. The (+) prefix indicates that the compound is dextrorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the right or clockwise. However, the sign of optical rotation, (+) and (-) , is not related to the absolute configuration of the compound, R and S.
[0034] The term “isotopically enriched” refers to a compound that contains an unnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms that constitute such a compound. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H) , deuterium (2H) , tritium (3H) , carbon-11 (11C) , carbon-12 (12C) , carbon-13 (13C) , carbon-14 (14C) , nitrogen-13 (13N) , nitrogen-14 (14N) , nitrogen-15 (15N) , oxygen-14 (14O) , oxygen-15 (15O) , oxygen-16 (16O) , oxygen-17 (17O) , oxygen-18 (18O) , fluorine-17 (17F) , fluorine-18 (18F) , phosphorus-31 (31P) , phosphorus-32 (32P) , phosphorus-33 (33P) , sulfur-32 (32S) , sulfur-33 (33S) , sulfur-34 (34S) , sulfur-35 (35S) , sulfur-36 (36S) , chlorine-35 (35Cl) , chlorine-36 (36Cl) , chlorine-37 (37Cl) , bromine-79 (79Br) , bromine-81 (81Br) , iodine-123 (123I) , iodine-125 (125I) , iodine-127 (127I) , iodine-129 (129I) , and iodine-131 (131I) . In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound is in a stable form, that is, non-radioactive. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H) , deuterium (2H) , carbon-12 (12C) , carbon-13 (13C) , nitrogen-14 (14N) , nitrogen-15 (15N) , oxygen-16 (16O) , oxygen-17 (17O) , oxygen-18 (18O) , fluorine-17 (17F) , phosphorus-31 (31P) , sulfur-32 (32S) , sulfur-33 (33S) , sulfur-34 (34S) , sulfur-36 (36S) , chlorine-35 (35Cl) , chlorine-37 (37Cl) , bromine-79 (79Br) , bromine-81 (81Br) , and iodine-127 (127I) . In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound is in an unstable form, that is, radioactive. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, tritium (3H) , carbon-11 (11C) , carbon-14 (14C) , nitrogen-13 (13N) , oxygen-14 (14O) , oxygen-15 (15O) , fluorine-18 (18F) , phosphorus-32 (32P) , phosphorus-33 (33P) , sulfur-35 (35S) , chlorine-36 (36Cl) , iodine-123 (123I) , iodine-125 (125I) , iodine-129 (129I) , and iodine-131 (131I) . It will be understood that, in a compound as provided herein, any hydrogen can be 2H, as example, or any carbon can be 13C, as example, or any nitrogen can be 15N, as example, or any oxygen can be 18O, as example, where feasible according to the judgment of one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0035] The term “isotopic enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of a less prevalent isotope (e.g., D for deuterium or hydrogen-2) of an element at a given position in a molecule in the place of a more prevalent isotope (e.g., 1H for protium or hydrogen-1) of the element. As used herein, when an atom at a particular position in a molecule is designated as a particular less prevalent isotope, it is understood that the abundance of that isotope at that position is substantially greater than its natural abundance.
[0036] The term “isotopic enrichment factor” refers to the ratio between the isotopic abundance in an isotopically enriched compound and the natural abundance of a specific isotope.
[0037] The term “hydrogen” or the symbol “H” refers to the composition of naturally occurring hydrogen isotopes, which include protium (1H) , deuterium (2H or D) , and tritium (3H) , in their natural abundances. Protium is the most common hydrogen isotope having a natural abundance of more than 99.98%. Deuterium is a less prevalent hydrogen isotope having a natural abundance of about 0.0156%.
[0038] The term “deuterium enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in a molecule in the place of hydrogen. For example, deuterium enrichment of 1%at a given position means that 1%of molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium is about 0.0156%on average, deuterium enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 0.0156%on average. As used herein, when a particular position in an isotopically enriched compound is designated as having deuterium, it is understood that the abundance of deuterium at that position in the compound is substantially greater than its natural abundance (0.0156%) .
[0039] The term “carbon” or the symbol “C” refers to the composition of naturally occurring carbon isotopes, which include carbon-12 (12C) and carbon-13 (13C) in their natural abundances. Carbon-12 is the most common carbon isotope having a natural abundance of more than 98.89%. Carbon-13 is a less prevalent carbon isotope having a natural abundance of about 1.11%.
[0040] The term “carbon-13 enrichment” or “13C enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of carbon-13 at a given position in a molecule in the place of carbon. For example, carbon-13 enrichment of 10%at a given position means that 10%of molecules in a given sample contain carbon-13 at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of carbon-13 is about 1.11%on average, carbon-13 enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 1.11%on average. As used herein, when a particular position in an isotopically enriched compound is designated as having carbon-13, it is understood that the abundance of carbon-13 at that position in the compound is substantially greater than its natural abundance (1.11%) .
[0041] The terms “substantially pure” and “substantially homogeneous” mean, when referred to a substance, sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by a standard analytical method used by one of ordinary skill in the art, including, but not limited to, thin layer chromatography (TLC) , gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , gas chromatography (GC) , nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , and mass spectrometry (MS) ; or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical, chemical, biological, and / or pharmacological properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance. In certain embodiments, “substantially pure” or “substantially homogeneous” refers to a collection of molecules, wherein at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight of the molecules are a single compound, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, or a mixture of enantiomers, as determined by standard analytical methods. As used herein, when an atom at a particular position in an isotopically enriched molecule is designated as a particular less prevalent isotope, a molecule that contains other than the designated isotope at the specified position is an impurity with respect to the isotopically enriched compound. Thus, for a deuterated compound that has an atom at a particular position designated as deuterium, a compound that contains a protium at the same position is an impurity.
[0042] The term “solvate” refers to a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, e.g., a compound provided herein, and one or more molecules of a solvent, which are present in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and acetic acid. In certain embodiments, the solvent is pharmaceutically acceptable. In one embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a crystalline form. In another embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a noncrystalline form. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate. Examples of hydrates include, but are not limited to, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and pentahydrate.
[0043] For a divalent group described herein, no orientation is implied by the direction in which the divalent group is presented. For example, unless a particular orientation is specified, the formula –C (O) NH–represents both –C (O) NH–and –NHC (O) –.
[0044] The phrase “an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof” has the same meaning as the phrase “ (i) an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate of the compound referenced therein; or (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate of an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein. ” Functionalized Polysaccharides
[0045] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound comprising monosaccharide units linked through glycosidic bonds, having the structure of Formula (I) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein: A is a bond, –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –; L is a bond or a linker; R1 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; (iii) –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, or –C (O) NR1bR1c; or (iv) a hydroxyl protecting group; each R2, R3, and R4 is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; (iii) –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, or –C (O) NR1bR1c; or (iv) a hydroxyl protecting group; R5 is azido, –C≡CR1a, –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, –ONR1bR1c, –NR1bR1c, –NR1aNR1bR1c, or –SH; each R1a, R1b, and R1c is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; each m is independently an integer of 0 or 1; and n is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100; wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.
[0046] In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –, wherein each R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NH–, –NH–, or –NHC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , A is –OC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , A is –OC (O) O–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , A is –OC (O) NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , A is –NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , A is –NHC (O) –.
[0047] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (II) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, m, and n is as defined herein.
[0048] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (III) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, m, and n is as defined herein.
[0049] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (IV) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, m, and n is as defined herein.
[0050] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (V) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, m, and n is as defined herein.
[0051] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (VI) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, m, and n is as defined herein.
[0052] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each m is an integer of 1. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each m is an integer of 0.
[0053] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently is a hexose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of allopyranose, altropyranose, galactopyranose, glucopyranose, gulopyranose, idopyranose, mannopyranose, or talopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of allopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of altropyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of galactopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of glucopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of gulopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of idopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of mannopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of talopyranose.
[0054] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of D-allopyranose, D-altropyranose, D-galactopyranose, D-glucopyranose, D-gulopyranose, D-idopyranose, D-mannopyranose, or D-talopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-allopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-altropyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-galacto-pyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-glucopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-gulopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-idopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-mannopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-talopyranose.
[0055] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of L-allopyranose, L-altropyranose, L-galactopyranose, L-glucopyranose, L-gulopyranose, L-idopyranose, L-mannopyranose, or L-talopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-allopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-altropyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-galacto-pyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-glucopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-gulopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-idopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-mannopyranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-talopyranose.
[0056] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently is a pentose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of arabinofuranose, lyxofuranose, ribofuranose, or xylofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of arabinofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of lyxofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of ribofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of xylofuranose.
[0057] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of D-arabinofuranose, D-lyxofuranose, D-ribofuranose, or D-xylofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-arabinofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-lyxofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-ribofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-xylofuranose.
[0058] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of L-arabinofuranose, L-lyxofuranose, L-ribofuranose, or L-xylofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-arabinofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-lyxofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-ribofuranose. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VI) , each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of L-xylofuranose.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the compound provided herein is a functionalized homopolysaccharide. In certain embodiments, the compound provided herein is a functionalized heteropolysaccharide.
[0060] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (VII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, A, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0061] In certain embodiments, in Formula (VII) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –, wherein each R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (VII) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NH–, –NH–, or –NHC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (VII) , A is –OC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (VII) , A is –OC (O) O–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (VII) , A is –OC (O) NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (VII) , A is –NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (VII) , A is –NHC (O) –.
[0062] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (VIII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0063] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (IX) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0064] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (X) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0065] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XI) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0066] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0067] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XIII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, A, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0068] In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIII) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –, wherein each R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIII) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NH–, –NH–, or –NHC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIII) , A is –OC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIII) , A is –OC (O) O–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIII) , A is –OC (O) NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIII) , A is –NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIII) , A is –NHC (O) –.
[0069] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XIV) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0070] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XV) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0071] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XVI) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0072] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XVII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0073] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XVIII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0074] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XIX) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, A, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0075] In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIX) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –, wherein each R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIX) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NH–, –NH–, or –NHC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIX) , A is –OC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIX) , A is –OC (O) O–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIX) , A is –OC (O) NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIX) , A is –NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XIX) , A is –NHC (O) –.
[0076] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XX) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0077] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXI) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0078] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0079] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXIII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0080] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXIV) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0081] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXV) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, A, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0082] In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXV) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –, wherein each R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXV) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NH–, –NH–, or –NHC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXV) , A is –OC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXV) , A is –OC (O) O–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXV) , A is –OC (O) NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXV) , A is –NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXV) , A is –NHC (O) –.
[0083] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXVI) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0084] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXVII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0085] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXVIII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0086] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXIX) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0087] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXX) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0088] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXXI) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, A, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0089] In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXXI) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –, wherein each R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXXI) , A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NH–, –NH–, or –NHC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXXI) , A is –OC (O) –. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXXI) , A is –OC (O) O–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXXI) , A is –OC (O) NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXXI) , A is –NH–. In certain embodiments, in Formula (XXXI) , A is –NHC (O) –.
[0090] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXXII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0091] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXXIII) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0092] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXXIV) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0093] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXXV) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0094] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (XXXVI) : or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, L, and n are each as defined herein.
[0095] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each glycosidic bond is independently an alpha or beta glycosidic bond. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each glycosidic bond is an alpha glycosidic bond. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each glycosidic bond is a beta glycosidic bond.
[0096] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R1 is hydrogen or –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R1 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R1 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R1 is acetyl.
[0097] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is allyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R2 is benzyl.
[0098] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is allyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , each R3 is benzyl.
[0099] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is allyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXIV) , each R4 is benzyl.
[0100] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is azido, –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, –NR1bR1c, or –SH; wherein each R1a, R1b, and R1c is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is azido, –CH (O) , –C (O) OH, –NH2, or –SH. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is azido. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is –CH (O) . In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is –C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is –C (O) OH. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is –NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is –NH2. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , R5 is –SH.
[0101] In one embodiment, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a bond. In another embodiment, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a cleavable linker. In yet another embodiment, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a non-cleavable linker.
[0102] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a cleavable linker that is sensitive to an acidic pH. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a cleavable linker comprising a reducible disulfide. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by glutathione. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by an enzyme. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a protease. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a lysosomal protease. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by cathepsin B. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a glycosidase. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a β-glycosidase. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a galactosidase. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a β-galactosidase. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a glucuronidase. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a β-glucuronidase. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is a linker cleavable by a phosphatase. Exemplary linkers suitable for a compound provided herein include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in Beck et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2017, 16, 317-37; Bargh et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 4361-74; the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0103] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, C2-20 heteroalkenylene, C2-20 alkynylene, C2-20 heteroalkynylene, C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, C2-20 heteroalkenylene, C2-20 alkynylene, or C2-20 heteroalkynylene, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene or C1-20 heteroalkylene, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
[0104] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-16 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is – (CH2) p–, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; wherein p is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is – (CH2) p–, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; wherein p is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is – (CH2) p–, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; wherein p is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[0105] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-16 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-10 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
[0106] In certain embodiments, L is C2-20 heteroalkylene comprising an ethyleneoxy (–CH2CH2O–) group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C2-16 heteroalkylene comprising an ethyleneoxy group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C2-10 heteroalkylene comprising an ethyleneoxy group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C2-6 heteroalkylene comprising an ethyleneoxy group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
[0107] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C3-20 heteroalkylene comprising a propyleneoxy (–CH2CH2CH2O–) group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C3-16 heteroalkylene comprising a propyleneoxy group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C3-10 heteroalkylene comprising a propyleneoxy group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C3-6 heteroalkylene comprising a propyleneoxy group, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
[0108] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, C2-20 heteroalkenylene, C2-20 alkynylene, or C2-20 heteroalkynylene, wherein one or more methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkenylene, heteroalkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkynylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene or C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one or more methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
[0109] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein one or more methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the alkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein one, two, three, or four methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexanediyl, phendiyl, triazoldiyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidindiyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein one, two, three, or four methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl, phen-1, 3-diyl, phen-1, 4-diyl, 1, 2, 3-triazol-1, 4-diyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1, 3-diyl.
[0110] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein one or two methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the alkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein one or two methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexanediyl, phendiyl, triazoldiyl, or 2, 5-dioxo-pyrrolidindiyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein one or two methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl, phen-1, 3-diyl, phen-1, 4-diyl, 1, 2, 3-triazol-1, 4-diyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1, 3-diyl.
[0111] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein a methylene group is replaced by a divalent group; wherein the divalent group is C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the alkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein a methylene group is replaced by a divalent group; wherein the divalent group is cyclohexanediyl, phendiyl, triazoldiyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidindiyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene, wherein a methylene group is replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl, phen-1, 3-diyl, phen-1, 4-diyl, 1, 2, 3-triazol-1, 4-diyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1, 3-diyl.
[0112] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one or more methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one, two, three, or four methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one, two, three, or four methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexanediyl, phendiyl, triazoldiyl, or 2, 5-dioxo-pyrrolidindiyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one, two, three, or four methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl, phen-1, 3-diyl, phen-1, 4-diyl, 1, 2, 3-triazol-1, 4-diyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1, 3-diyl.
[0113] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexanediyl, phendiyl, triazoldiyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidindiyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl, phen-1, 3-diyl, phen-1, 4-diyl, 1, 2, 3-triazol-1, 4-diyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1, 3-diyl.
[0114] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein a methylene group is replaced by a divalent group; wherein the divalent group is C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein a methylene group is replaced by a divalent group; wherein the divalent group is cyclohexanediyl, phendiyl, triazoldiyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidindiyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene, wherein a methylene group is replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl, phen-1, 3-diyl, phen-1, 4-diyl, 1, 2, 3-triazol-1, 4-diyl, or 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1, 3-diyl.
[0115] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene-C3-10 cycloalkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene-C3-10 cycloalkylene, C1-20 alkylene-C6-14 arylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene-C6-14 arylene, C1-20 alkylene-heteroarylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene-heteroarylene, C1-20 alkylene-heterocyclylene, or C1-20 heteroalkylene-heterocyclylene, where each alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene-C3-10 cycloalkylene, where the alkylene and cycloalkylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene-C3-10 cycloalkylene, where the heteroalkylene and cycloalkylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene-C6-14 arylene, where the alkylene and arylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene-C6-14 arylene, where the heteroalkylene and arylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene-heteroarylene, where the alkylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene-heteroarylene, where the heteroalkylene and heteroarylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 alkylene-heterocyclylene, where the alkylene and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is C1-20 heteroalkylene-heterocyclylene, where the heteroalkylene and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
[0116] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , L is
[0117] In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , n is an integer ranging from about 10 to about 50. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , n is an integer ranging from about 10 to about 40. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , n is an integer ranging from about 10 to about 30. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , n is an integer ranging from about 15 to about 25. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , n is an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.
[0118] The groups, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, A, L, m, and n, in formulae described herein, including Formulae (I) to (XXXVI) , are further defined in the embodiments described herein. All combinations of the embodiments provided herein for such groups are within the scope of this disclosure.
[0119] In certain embodiments, R1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R1 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is –C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is –C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, each R1 is independently a hydroxyl protecting group.
[0120] In certain embodiments, each R2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is allyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is 1-propenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is benzyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R2 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently –C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently –C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, each R2 is independently a hydroxyl protecting group.
[0121] In certain embodiments, each R3 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is allyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is 1-propenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is benzyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R3 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R3 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently –C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently –C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, each R3 is independently a hydroxyl protecting group.
[0122] In certain embodiments, each R4 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is allyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is 1-propenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is benzyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R4 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, each R4 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently –C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently –C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, each R4 is independently a hydroxyl protecting group.
[0123] In certain embodiments, R5 is azido. In certain embodiments, R5 is –C≡CR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R5 is –C≡CH. In certain embodiments, R5 is In certain embodiments, R5 is In certain embodiments, R5 is In certain embodiments, R5 is wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R5 is In certain embodiments, R5 is In certain embodiments, R5 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R5 is –C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R5 is –C (O) H or –C (O) CH3. In certain embodiments, R5 is –C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R5 is –C (O) OH. In certain embodiments, R5 is –ONR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R5 is –ONH2. In certain embodiments, R5 is –NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R5 is –NH2. In certain embodiments, R5 is –NR1aNR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R5 is –NHNH2. In certain embodiments, R5 is –SH.
[0124] In certain embodiments, A is –OC (O) –. In certain embodiments, A is –OC (O) O–. In certain embodiments, A is –OC (O) NR1a–, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, A is –OC (O) NH–. In certain embodiments, A is –NR1a–, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, A is –NH–. In certain embodiments, A is –NR1aC (O) –, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, A is –NHC (O) –.
[0125] In certain embodiments, L is as defined herein.
[0126] In certain embodiments, each m is an integer of 0. In certain embodiments, each m is an integer of 1.
[0127] In certain embodiments, n is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100. In certain embodiments, n is an integer ranging from about 10 to about 50. In certain embodiments, n is an integer ranging from about 10 to about 40. In certain embodiments, n is an integer ranging from about 10 to about 30. In certain embodiments, n is an integer ranging from about 15 to about 25. In certain embodiments, n is an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.
[0128] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of: or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each n is independently an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.
[0129] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of: or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each n is independently an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.
[0130] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of: or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each n is independently an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.
[0131] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of: or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each n is independently an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.
[0132] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of: or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each n is independently an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.
[0133] In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a number average molecular weight ranging from about 500 to about 10,000 daltons. from about 500 to about 5,000 daltons, from about 1,000 to about 5,000 daltons, or from about 2,000 to about 5,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a number average molecular weight ranging from about 500 to about 10,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a number average molecular weight ranging from about 500 to about 5,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a number average molecular weight ranging from about 1,000 to about 5,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a number average molecular weight ranging from about 2,000 to about 5,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a number average molecular weight of about 2,000, about 2, 500, about 3,000, about 3, 500, about 4,000, about 4, 500, or about 5,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a number average molecular weight (Mn) is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC) .
[0134] In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 1,000 to about 20,000 daltons. from about 1,000 to about 10,000 daltons, or from about 2,000 to about 10,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 1,000 to about 20,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 1,000 to about 10,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 2,000 to about 10,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, a weight average molecular weight (Mn) is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC) .
[0135] In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a polydispersity index ranging from about 1 to about 10, from about 1.1 to about 5, from about 1.1 to about 3, or from about 1.1 to about 2. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a polydispersity index ranging from about 1 to about 10. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a polydispersity index ranging from about 1.1 to about 5. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a polydispersity index ranging from about 1.1 to about 3. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a polydispersity index ranging from about 1.1 to about 2. In certain embodiments, a polydispersity index (PDI) is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC) .
[0136] In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein is isolated or purified. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a purity of at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a purity of at least about 90%by weight. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a purity of at least about 95%by weight. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a purity of at least about 98%by weight. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a purity of at least about 99%by weight. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a purity of at least about 99.5%by weight.
[0137] The compounds provided herein are intended to encompass all possible stereoisomers unless a particular stereochemistry is specified. Where a compound provided herein contains an alkenyl group, the compound may exist as one or mixture of geometric cis / trans (or Z / E) isomers. Where structural isomers are interconvertible, the compound may exist as a single tautomer or a mixture of tautomers. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in the compound that contains, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group; or so-called valence tautomerism in the compound that contains an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single compound may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.
[0138] A compound provided herein can be enantiomerically pure, such as a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, or be stereoisomeric mixtures, such as a mixture of enantiomers, e.g., a racemic mixture of two enantiomers; or a mixture of two or more diastereomers. As such, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that administration of a compound in its (R) form is equivalent, for the compound that undergoes epimerization in vivo, to administration of the compound in its (S) form. Conventional techniques for the preparation / isolation of individual enantiomers include synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor, asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials, or resolution of an enantiomeric mixture, for example, chiral chromatography, recrystallization, resolution, diastereomeric salt formation, or derivatization into diastereomeric adducts followed by separation.
[0139] When a compound provided herein contains an acidic or basic moiety, it can also be provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. See, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, 2nd ed. ; Stahl and Wermuth Eds. ; John Wiley &Sons, 2011. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound provided herein is a solvate. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound provided herein is a hydrate.
[0140] Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound provided herein include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2, 2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+) -camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+) - (1S) -camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-glutamic acid, α-oxoglutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, (+) -L-lactic acid, (±) -DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, (-) -L-malic acid, malonic acid, (±) -DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tannic acid, (+) -L-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, undecylenic acid, and valeric acid.
[0141] Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound provided herein include, but are not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including, but not limited to, L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2- (diethyl-amino) ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) -morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinuclidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, triethanolamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, 2-amino-2- (hydroxymethyl) -1, 3-propanediol, and tromethamine. Methods of Preparation
[0142] In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for the preparation of a functionalized polysaccharide, comprising the step of acylating a compound of Formula (A) : wherein each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently a hydroxyl protection group; and each m and n is as defined herein.
[0143] In one embodiment, the acylating step is performed by reacting a compound of Formula (A) with a carboxylic acid in the presence of a coupling reagent. In certain embodiments, the coupling reagent is BOP, BTC, CDI, COMU, DCC, DEPBT, DIC, EDCI, DMTMM, EEDQ, HATU, HBTU, HCTU, HDMC, PyAOP, PyBOP, PyBrOP, PyOxim, TATU, TBTU, TFFH, TOTT, or T3P.
[0144] In another embodiment, the acylating step is performed by reacting a compound of Formula (A) with an activated carboxylic acid. In certain embodiments, the activated carboxylic acid is an NHS ester. In certain embodiments, the activated carboxylic acid is a carboxylic anhydride. In certain embodiments, the activated carboxylic acid is a cyclic carboxylic anhydride.
[0145] In another embodiment, provided herein is a method for the preparation of a functionalized polysaccharide, comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula (B) with a nucleophilic compound: wherein X is a leaving group; each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently a hydroxyl protection group; each m and n is as defined herein.
[0146] In certain embodiments, X is halo. In certain embodiments, X is chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, X is triflate or tosylate. In certain embodiments, the nucleophilic compound is an azide. In certain embodiments, the nucleophilic compound is sodium azide.
[0147] In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , R1 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , R1 is –C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , R1 is acetyl.
[0148] In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R2 is independently C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R2 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R2 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R2 is allyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R2 is 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R2 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R2 is benzyl.
[0149] In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R3 is independently C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R3 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R3 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R3 is allyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R3 is 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R3 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R3 is benzyl.
[0150] In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R4 is independently C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R4 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R4 is independently allyl or 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R4 is allyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R4 is 1-propenyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R4 is independently C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (A) or (B) , each R4 is benzyl.
[0151] In certain embodiments, a method provided herein further comprises a deprotection to remove protection groups, including R1, R2, R3, and R4.
[0152] The disclosure will be further understood by the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLES
[0153] As used herein, the symbols and conventions used in these processes, schemes and examples, regardless of whether a particular abbreviation is specifically defined, are consistent with those used in the contemporary scientific literature, for example, the Journal of the American Chemical Society or the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Specifically, but without limitation, the following abbreviations may be used in the examples and throughout the specification: g (grams) ; mg (milligrams) ; mL (milliliters) ; μL (microliters) ; mM (millimolar) ; μM (micromolar) ; M (molar) ; mmol (millimoles) ; Da (dalton) ; kDa (kilodalton) ; min (minute or minutes) ; h (hour or hours) ; Ac (acetyl) ; ACN (acetonitrile) ; Ac2O (acetic anhydride) ; AcOH (acetic acid) ; All (allyl) ; Alloc (allyloxy carbonyl) ; BF3·OEt2 (boron trifluoride etherate) ; Bn (benzyl) ; BnBr (benzyl bromide) ; Cbz (benzyloxycarbonyl) ; DBU (1, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] -undec-7-ene) ; DCC (N, N’ -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) ; DCM (dichloromethane) ; DIPEA (N, N-diisopropylethylamine) ; DMAP (4- (dimethylamino) pyridine) ; DMF (N, N-dimethylformamide) ; DMSO (dimethyl-sulfoxide) ; EtOAc (ethyl acetate) ; EtOH (ethanol) ; Gly (glycine) ; H2Ru (PPh3) 4 (dihydridotetrakis (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium (II) ) ; MeOH (methanol) ; NIS (N-iodo-succinimide) ; PE (petroleum ether) ; Phe (phenylalanine) ; PPh3 (triphenylphosphine) ; PTSA (p-toluenesulfonic acid) ; TBAF (tetrabutylammonium fluoride) ; TBAI (tetrabutylammonium iodide) ; TBDPSCl (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride) ; TEA (triethylamine) ; THF (tetrahydro-furan) ; TMSOTf (trimethysilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate) ; Tr (trityl) ; TrCl (trityl chloride) ; TsCl (tosyl chloride) ; GPC (gel permeation chromatography) ; Mn (number average molecular weight) ; MnGPC (number average molecular weight determined by gel permeation chromatography) ; and PDI (polydispersity index) .
[0154] For all of the following examples, standard work-up and purification methods known to those skilled in the art can be utilized. Unless otherwise indicated, all temperatures are expressed in ℃ (degrees Centigrade) . All reactions are conducted at room temperature unless otherwise specified. Synthetic methodologies illustrated herein are intended to exemplify the applicable chemistry through the use of specific examples and are not indicative of the scope of the disclosure. Example 1 Preparation of Protected Polysaccharide S1
[0155] Protected polysaccharide S1 was prepared as shown in Scheme 1, wherein n is about 20. Scheme 1
[0156] Preparation of (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -2- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) -6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran 1.2. To a solution of (2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl) -6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4, 5-triol 1.1 (6 g) in DMF (60 mL) were added BnBr (17.7 mL) and NaH (7.4 g) at 0 ℃. After stirring for 16 h at 25 ℃, the reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (150 mL) and extracted with PE three times. The combined organic layers were concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc) to afford compound 1.2 (17 g) .
[0157] Preparation of ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -6-acetoxy-3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methyl acetate 1.3. To a flask containing compound 1.2 (5 g) were added AcOH (16.8 mL) , Ac2O (3.8 mL) , and H2SO4 (0.7 mL) . After stirring for 30 min, the reaction was quenched with Na2CO3 and the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc) to afford compound 1.3 (4.7 g) .
[0158] Preparation of ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- (p-tolylthio) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methyl acetate 1.4. To a solution of compound 1.3 (5 g) in DCM (25 mL) were added p-methylbenzenethiol (1.8 g) and BF3·OEt2 (4 mL) at 0 ℃. After stirring at 25 ℃ for 1.5 h, the reaction was quenched with NaHCO3 and the reaction mixture was extracted with DCM three times. The combined organic layers were concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc) to afford compound 1.4 (4 g) .
[0159] Preparation of ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- (p-tolylthio) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methanol 1.5. To a solution of compound 1.4 (5 g) in MeOH (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (0.3 g) . After stirring for 30 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc) to afford compound 1.5 (4.5 g) .
[0160] Preparation of protected polysaccharide S1. To a solution of compound 1.5 (5 g, 8.98 mmol) in dry DCM (50 mL) under argon were added NIS (8.1 g, 35.9 mmol) and TMSOTf (0.33 mL, 1.8 mmol) . After stirring for 18 h at 0 ℃, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (2.5 mL) and then stirred for additional 10 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide S1 (2.5 g, MnGPC: 8.6 kDa, PDI: 1.53) . Example 2 Preparation of Protected Polysaccharide S1
[0161] Protected polysaccharide S1 was prepared as shown in Scheme 2, wherein n is about 20. Scheme 2
[0162] Preparation of (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-ol 2.1. To a solution of compound 1.3 (5 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (0.25 g) . The reaction was stirred for 30 min and then extracted with DCM three times. The combined organic layers were concentrated to afford compound 2.1 (4 g) .
[0163] Preparation of (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- ( ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) -oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-ol 2.2. To a solution of compound 2.1 (5 g) in DCM (15 mL) were added TBDPSCl (3 mL) and DIPEA (2 mL) . After stirring for 16 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with Na2CO3 and extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc) to afford compound 2.2 (7 g) .
[0164] Preparation of (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- ( ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) -oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2, 2, 2-trichloroacetimidate 2.3. To a solution of compound 2.2 (5 g) in DCM (15 mL) were added trichlorocyanomethane (0.2 mL) and DBU (1 mL) . The reaction was stirred for 2 h and then purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc) to afford compound 2.3 (4.2 g) .
[0165] Preparation of (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2, 2, 2-trichloroacetimidate 2.4. To a flask containing compound 2.3 (5 g) was added TBAF in THF (1 M, 10 mL) . After stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (10 mL) and extracted with DCM three times. The combined organic layers were concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc) to afford compound 2.4 (3.5 g) .
[0166] Preparation of protected polysaccharide S1. To a solution of compound 2.4 (5 g) in dry DCM (50 mL) under argon was added TMSOTf (0.33 mL, 1.8 mmol) . After stirring for 18 h at 0 ℃, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (2.5 mL) and then stirred for additional 10 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide S1 (2.4 g, MnGPC: 8.7 kDa, PDI: 1.51) . Example 3 Preparation of Protected Polysaccharide S1
[0167] Protected polysaccharide S1 was prepared as shown in Scheme 3, wherein n is about 20. Scheme 3
[0168] Preparation of tert-butyldiphenyl ( ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6-chloro-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methoxy) silane 3.1. To a solution of (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- ( ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-ol 2.1 (5 g) in DCM (15 mL) were added CCl4 (0.7 mL) and triphenylphosphine (1.9 g) . After stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and Et2O was then added. The resulting precipitates were collected by filtration to afford compound 3.1 (4.9 g) .
[0169] Preparation of ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6-chlorotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methanol 3.2. To a flask containing compound 3.1 (5 g) was added HF (70%in pyridine, 10 mL) . After stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with NaHCO3 and extracted with DCM three times. The combined organic layers were concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford compound 3.2 (3.2 g) .
[0170] Preparation of protected polysaccharide S1. To a solution of compound 3.2 (5 g) in dry DCM (50 mL) under argon were added TBAI (10 g) and DIPEA (5 mL) . After stirring for 10 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 1.2 (2.6 g, MnGPC: 8.5 kDa, PDI: 1.52) . Example 4 Preparation of Protected Polysaccharide S2
[0171] As shown in Scheme 4, protected polysaccharide S2 (n: about 19, MnGPC: 5.5 kDa, PDI: 1.65) was prepared from compound 1.1 using the procedures similarly as described in Example 1 for preparing protected polysaccharide S1 from compound 1.1. Scheme 4 Example 5 Preparation of Protected Polysaccharide S2
[0172] As shown in Scheme 5, protected polysaccharide S2 (n: about 19, MnGPC: 5.6 kDa, PDI: 1.65) was prepared from compound 4.2 using the procedures similarly as described in Example 2 for preparing protected polysaccharide S1 from compound 1.3. Scheme 5 Example 6 Preparation of Protected Polysaccharide S2
[0173] As shown in Scheme 6, protected polysaccharide S2 (n: about 19, MnGPC: 5.5 kDa, PDI: 1.63) was prepared from compound 5.2 using the procedures similarly as described in Example 3 for preparing protected polysaccharide S1 from compound 2.1. Scheme 6 Example 7 Preparation of Protected Polysaccharide S3
[0174] As shown in Scheme 7, protected polysaccharide S3 (n: about 19, MnGPC: 8.7 kDa, PDI: 1.53) was prepared from compound 7.1 using the procedures similarly as described in Example 1 for preparing protected polysaccharide S1 from compound 1.1. Scheme 7 Example 8 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharide A1
[0175] Functionalized polysaccharide A1 was prepared as shown in Scheme 8, wherein n is about 20.
[0176] Preparation of polysaccharide 8.1. To a solution of polysaccharide S1 (2.5 g) in dry ACN (20 mL) were added TrCl (0.9 g, 5.0 mmol) and TEA (3 mL) . After the mixture was stirred under argon for 18 h, Ac2O (0.5 g, 5 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 4 h, followed by addition of BF3·OEt2 (0.6 g, 5 mmol) in ACN (2 mL) . After stirring for another 4 h, the reaction mixture was neutralized with TEA and concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (1: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 8.1 (2 g, MnGPC: 8.6 kDa, PDI: 1.53) Scheme 8
[0177] Preparation of polysaccharide 8.2. To a mixture of polysaccharide 8.1 (2 g) in dry ACN / DMF (20 mL, 1: 1) were added ( (benzyloxy) carbonyl) glycyl-L-phenylalanylglycylglycine (1 g) , DCC (1.8 g) , DMAP (0.5 g) , and TEA (3 mL) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 8.2 (1 g, MnGPC: 9.0 kDa, PDI: 1.55) .
[0178] Preparation of polysaccharide 8.3. A solution of polysaccharide 8.2 (1.6 g) in THF (25 mL) in an ice bath was added hydrazine acetate (1 g) . After stirring for 4 h in a sealed reaction vessel, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 8.3 (1.6 g, MnGPC: 9.0 kDa, PDI: 1.5) .
[0179] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide A1. To a solution of polysaccharide 8.3 (1 g ) in MeOH / ACN / H2O (8 mL, 1: 2: 1) was added 10%Pd / C (0.2 g) . After shaking in a hydrogenator under H2 (65 psi) for 120 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) , filtered through celite, and concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH to afford functionalized polysaccharide A1 (0.51 g, MnGPC: 3.6 kDa, PDI: 1.6) . Example 9 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharide A1
[0180] Functionalized polysaccharide A1 was prepared as shown in Scheme 9, wherein n is about 19.
[0181] Preparation of polysaccharide 9.1. Polysaccharide S2 reacted with Ac2O similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide S1 to afford polysaccharide 9.1 (2 g, MnGPC: 5.5 kDa, PDI: 1.65) . Scheme 9
[0182] Preparation of polysaccharide 9.2. Polysaccharide 9.1 was functionalized with ( (allyloxy) carbonyl) glycyl-L-phenylalanylglycylglycine similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.1 to afford polysaccharide 9.2 (1.6 g, MnGPC: 5.9 kDa, PDI: 1.66) .
[0183] Preparation of polysaccharide 9.3. Polysaccharide 9.2 was subjected to hydrazinolysis similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.2 to afford polysaccharide 9.3 (1.4 g, MnGPC: 5.9 kDa, PDI: 1.6) .
[0184] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide A1. To a solution of polysaccharide 9.3 (0.9 g) in MeOH / ACN / H2O (8 mL, 1: 2: 1) was added PdCl2 (0.15 g) . After refluxing for 18 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with acetone (10 mL) . The resulting precipitates were redissolved in DMSO (2 mL) , followed by addition of triphenyl phosphine (0.2 g) . After vigorously stirring for 4 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with acetone (12 mL) . The resulting precipitates were collected by filtration. The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated three times to afford functionalized polysaccharide A1 (0.38 g, MnGPC: 3.5 kDa, PDI: 1.6) . Example 10 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharide A2
[0185] Functionalized polysaccharide A2 was prepared as shown in Scheme 10, wherein n is about 19.
[0186] Preparation of polysaccharide 10.1. To a solution of polysaccharide 9.1 (2 g) in dry ACN / DCM (20 mL, 1: 1) was added 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4- (2, 5-dioxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) butanoate (1 g) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 10.1 (0.9 g, MnGPC: 5.7 kDa, PDI: 1.53) . Scheme 10
[0187] Preparation of polysaccharide 10.2. Polysaccharide 10.1 (0.8 g) was subjected to hydrazinolysis similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.2 to afford polysaccharide 10.2 (0.9 g, MnGPC: 4.8 kDa, PDI: 1.53) .
[0188] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide A2. Polysaccharide 10.2 was deprotected similarly as described in Example 9 for functionalized polysaccharide 9.3 to afford functionalized polysaccharide A2 (0.36 g, MnGPC: 3.2 kDa, PDI: 1.53) . Example 11 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharide A3
[0189] Functionalized polysaccharide A3 was prepared as shown in Scheme 11, wherein n is about 18.
[0190] Preparation of polysaccharide 11.1. To a solution of polysaccharide 8.1 (2 g) in dry ACN / DMF (20 mL, 1: 1) was added 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4- (1, 3-dioxolan-2-yl) butanoate (1 g) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 11.1 (0.8 g, MnGPC: 7.9 kDa, PDI: 1.57) .
[0191] Preparation of polysaccharide 11.2. Polysaccharide 11.1 (0.8 g) was subjected to hydrazinolysis similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.2 to afford polysaccharide 11.2 (0.75 g, MnGPC: 7.9 kDa, PDI: 1.58) .
[0192] Preparation of polysaccharide 11.3. Polysaccharide 11.2 was deprotected similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.3 to afford polysaccharide 11.3 (0.31 g, MnGPC: 3.1 kDa, PDI: 1.53) .
[0193] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide A3. A solution of polysaccharide 11.3 (0.3 g) in water (5 mL) was acidified with 1M AcOH in water to pH 3. After stirring at room temperature for 6 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOH (15 mL) . The resulting precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with EtOH (50 mL) to afford functionalized polysaccharide A3 (0.31 g, MnGPC: 3.1 kDa; PDI = 1.54) . Scheme 11 Example 12 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharide A4
[0194] Functionalized polysaccharide A4 was prepared as shown in Scheme 12, wherein each R1, R2, and R3 is propen-1-yl; and n is about 18. Scheme 12
[0195] Preparation of polysaccharide 12.1. To a solution of polysaccharide 9.1 (2 g) in dry ACN / EtOH (20 mL, 2: 1) was added H2Ru (PPh3) 4 (0.3 g) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 5.1 (1.9 g, MnGPC: 5.1 kDa, PDI: 1.57) .
[0196] Preparation of polysaccharide 12.2. To a solution of polysaccharide 12.1 (1.8 g) in dry ACN / DMF (20 mL, 1: 1, v: v) were added 4- (tritylthio) butanoic acid (0.96 g) , DMAP (1.2 g) , and DCC (0.65 g) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 12.2 (0.8 g, MnGPC: 5.4 kDa, PDI: 1.57) .
[0197] Preparation of polysaccharide 12.3. Polysaccharide 12.2 (0.8 g) was subjected to hydrazinolysis similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.2 to afford polysaccharide 12.3 (0.72 g, MnGPC: 5.4 kDa, PDI: 1.48) .
[0198] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide A4. A solution of polysaccharide 12.3 (0.7 g) in ACN (10 mL) was acidified with 1 M PTSA in ACN to pH 3. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOH (8 mL) . The resulting precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with EtOH (50 mL) to afford functionalized polysaccharide A4 (0.31 g, MnGPC: 3.2 kDa, PDI = 1.57) . Example 13 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharide A5
[0199] Functionalized polysaccharide A5 was prepared as shown in Scheme 13, wherein each R1, R2, and R3 is propen-1-yl; and n is about 18. Scheme 13
[0200] Preparation of polysaccharide 13.1. To a solution of polysaccharide 12.1 (1 g) in dry ACN / DCM (20 mL, 1: 1) were added succinic anhydride (2.5 g) and DIPEA (3 mL) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 13.1 (0.6 g, MnGPC: 5.2 kDa, PDI: 1.57) .
[0201] Preparation of polysaccharide 13.2. Polysaccharide 13.1 (0.8 g) was subjected to hydrazinolysis similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.2 to afford polysaccharide 13.2 (0.69 g, MnGPC: 5.2 kDa, PDI: 1.51) .
[0202] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide A5. A solution of polysaccharide 13.2 (0.7 g) in ACN (5 mL) was acidified with 1M PTSA in ACN to pH 3. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOH (10 mL) . The resulting precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with EtOH (50 mL) to afford functionalized polysaccharide A5 (0.3 g, MnGPC: 3 kDa, PDI: 1.53) . Example 14 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharides B1 and B2
[0203] Functionalized polysaccharides B1 and B2 were prepared as shown in Scheme 14, wherein each R1, R2, and R3 is propen-1-yl; and n is about 18.
[0204] Preparation of polysaccharide 14.1. To a solution of polysaccharide 12.1 (2 g) in DCM (15 mL) were added TsCl (2.7 g) and DIPEA (3.3 mL) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 14.1 (0.75 g, MnGPC: 5.1 kDa, PDI: 1.53) .
[0205] Preparation of polysaccharide 14.2. To a solution of polysaccharide 14.1 (1 g) in DMF (10 mL) was added NaN3 (0.5 g) . After stirring at 65 ℃ for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 14.2 (0.9 g, MnGPC: 5.1 kDa, PDI: 1.57) .
[0206] Preparation of polysaccharide 14.3. Polysaccharide 14.2 was subjected to hydrazinolysis similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.2 to afford polysaccharide 14.3 (0.73 g, MnGPC: 5.1 kDa, PDI: 1.51) . Scheme 14
[0207] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide B1. A solution of polysaccharide 14.3 (0.7 g) in ACN (5 mL) was acidified with 1M PTSA in ACN to pH 3. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOH (8 mL) . The resulting precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with EtOH (50 mL) to afford functionalized polysaccharide B1 (0.3 g, MnGPC: 3 kDa; PDI: 1.53) .
[0208] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide B2. To a solution of polysaccharide B1 (0.5 g) in MeOH / water (10 mL, 1: 2) was added 10%Pd / C (0.15 g) . After stirring under H2 (65 psi) for 120 h, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in water (1.5 mL) and precipitated in EtOH (30 mL) . The precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with EtOH to afford functionalized polysaccharide B2 (0.43 g, MnGPC: 3 kDa, PDI: 1.54) . Example 15 Preparation of Functionalized Polysaccharide B2
[0209] Functionalized polysaccharide B2 was prepared as shown in Scheme 15, wherein n is about 20. Scheme 15
[0210] Preparation of polysaccharide 15.1. To a solution of polysaccharide 8.1 (2.2 g) in DCM (15 mL) were added TsCl (3.7 g) and DIPEA (5.3 mL) . After stirring under argon for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 15.1 (1.76 g, MnGPC: 8.7 kDa, PDI: 1.53) .
[0211] Preparation of polysaccharide 15.2. To a solution of polysaccharide 15.1 (1.1 g) in DMF (10 mL) was added NaN3 (0.6 g) . After stirring at 65 ℃ for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting syrup was precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in THF (5 mL) and then precipitated in MeOH / water (2: 1) . The redissolving / precipitation purification step was repeated twice to afford polysaccharide 15.2 (0.88 g, MnGPC: 8.6 kDa, PDI: 1.53) .
[0212] Preparation of polysaccharide 15.3. Polysaccharide 15.2 (0.8 g) was subjected to hydrazinolysis similarly as described in Example 8 for polysaccharide 8.2 to afford polysaccharide 15.3 (0.73 g, MnGPC: 8.6 kDa, PDI: 1.51) .
[0213] Preparation of functionalized polysaccharide B2. To a solution of polysaccharide 15.3 (0.5 g) in MeOH / water (10 mL, 1: 2) was added 10%Pd / C (0.15 g) . After stirring under H2 (65 psi) for 120 h, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a crude product, which was redissolved in water (1.5 mL) and precipitated in EtOH (30 mL) . The precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with EtOH to afford functionalized polysaccharide B2 (0.24 g, MnGPC: 3.2 kDa, PDI: 1.48) . *****
[0214] The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the claimed embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of what is disclosed herein. Modifications that are obvious to persons of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
1.A compound comprising monosaccharide units linked through glycosidic bonds, having the structure of Formula (I) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein:A is a bond, –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –;L is a bond or a linker;R1 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; (iii) –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, or –C (O) NR1bR1c; or (iv) a hydroxyl protecting group;each R2, R3, and R4 is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; (iii) –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, or –C (O) NR1bR1c; or (iv) a hydroxyl protecting group;R5 is azido, –C≡CR1a, –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, –ONR1bR1c, –NR1bR1c, –NR1aNR1bR1c, or –SH;each R1a, R1b, and R1c is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;each m is independently an integer of 0 or 1; andn is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100;wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein A is –OC (O) –, –OC (O) O–, –OC (O) NR1a–, –NR1a–, or –NR1aC (O) –.3.The compound of claim 1 or 2, having the structure of Formula (II) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.4.The compound of claim 1 or 2, having the structure of Formula (III) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.5.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein A is –OC (O) NR1a–.6.The compound of claim 1, 2, or 5, having the structure of Formula (IV) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.7.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein A is –NR1a–.8.The compound of claim 1, 2, or 7, wherein A is –NH–.9.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein A is –NR1aC (O) –.10.The compound of claim 1, 2, or 9, having the structure of Formula (V) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.11.The compound of claim 1, 2, or 5, having the structure of Formula (VI) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.12.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein each m is an integer of 1.13.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of allopyranose, altropyranose, galactopyranose, glucopyranose, gulopyranose, idopyranose, mannopyranose, or talopyranose.14.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of D-allopyranose, D-altropyranose, D-galactopyranose, D-glucopyranose, D-gulopyranose, D-idopyranose, D-mannopyranose, or D-talopyranose.15.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of L-allopyranose, L-altropyranose, L-galactopyranose, L-glucopyranose, L-gulopyranose, L-idopyranose, L-mannopyranose, or L-talopyranose.16.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein each m is an integer of 0.17.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11 and 16, wherein each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of arabinofuranose, lyxofuranose, ribofuranose, or xylofuranose.18.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, 16, and 17, wherein each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of D-arabinofuranose, D-lyxofuranose, D-ribofuranose, or D-xylofuranose.19.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, 16, and 17, wherein each monosaccharide unit independently has the configuration of L-arabinofuranose, L-lyxofuranose, L-ribofuranose, or L-xylofuranose.20.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the compound is a heteropolysaccharide.21.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the compound is a homopolysaccharide.22.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 14 and 21, wherein each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-galactopyranose.23.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 14 and 21, wherein each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-glucopyranose.24.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 14 and 21, wherein each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-mannopyranose.25.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, 16 to 18, and 21, wherein each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-arabinofuranose.26.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, 16 to 18, and 21, wherein each monosaccharide unit has the configuration of D-ribofuranose.27.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein each glycosidic bond is independently an alpha or beta glycosidic bond.28.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein each glycosidic bond is an alpha glycosidic bond.29.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein each glycosidic bond is a beta glycosidic bond.30.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein R1 is hydrogen or –C (O) R1a.31.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein R1 is hydrogen or acetyl.32.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein R1 is hydrogen.33.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein each R2 is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.34.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein each R2 is hydrogen.35.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein each R2 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.36.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 33 and 35, wherein each R2 is allyl.37.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 33 and 35, wherein each R2 is 1-propenyl.38.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein each R3 is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.39.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein each R3 is hydrogen.40.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein each R3 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.41.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 38 and 40, wherein each R3 is allyl.42.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 38 and 40, wherein each R3 is 1-propenyl.43.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 42, wherein each R4 is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C2-6 alkenyl or C7-15 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.44.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein each R4 is hydrogen.45.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein each R4 is independently C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.46.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 43 and 45, wherein each R4 is allyl.47.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 43 and 45, wherein each R4 is 1-propenyl.48.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein R5 is azido, –C (O) R1a, –C (O) OR1a, –NR1bR1c, or –SH.49.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein R5 is azido.50.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein R5 is 51.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein R5 is –C (O) R1a.52.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48 and 51, wherein R5 is –CH (O) .53.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein R5 is –C (O) OR1a.54.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48 and 53, wherein R5 is –C (O) OH.55.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein R5 is –NR1bR1c.56.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48 and 55, wherein R5 is –NH2.57.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein R5 is –SH.58.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein L is C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, C2-20 heteroalkenylene, C2-20 alkynylene, C2-20 heteroalkynylene, C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.59.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein L is C1-20 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.60.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 59, wherein L is – (CH2) p–, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; wherein p is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16.61.The compound of claim 60, wherein p is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.62.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein L is C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, C2-20 heteroalkenylene, C2-20 alkynylene, or C2-20 heteroalkynylene, wherein one or more methylene groups are each independently replaced by a divalent group; wherein each divalent group is independently C3-10 cycloalkylene, C6-14 arylene, heteroarylene, or heterocyclylene; and wherein the alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkenylene, heteroalkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkynylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocyclylene are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.63.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein L is 64.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein n is an integer ranging from about 15 to about 50.65.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 64, wherein n is an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.66.A compound of: or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each n is independently an integer of about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, or about 25.67.A method for the preparation of a functionalized polysaccharide, comprising the step of acylating a compound of Formula (A) : wherein each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently a hydroxyl protecting group; each m is independently an integer of 0 or 1; and n is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100.68.A method for the preparation of a functionalized polysaccharide, comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula (B) with a nucleophilic compound: wherein X is a leaving group; each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently a hydroxyl protecting group; each m is independently an integer of 0 or 1; and n is an integer ranging from about 5 to about 100.
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