Gene editing systems and methods for treating obesity and metabolic dysfunction and associated diseases
The transformer base editor (tBE) system provides a precise and efficient gene editing solution for treating obesity and metabolic diseases by targeting specific genes, addressing the limitations of current treatments and achieving effective disease management with reduced side effects.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/111895
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-31
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for obesity and associated metabolic diseases like insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are inadequate, with lifestyle interventions being insufficient for long-term weight loss maintenance and existing medications causing side effects and requiring long-term use.
Employing a highly specific transformer base editor (tBE) system for precise gene editing targeting genes associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction, such as the inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) and ketohexokinase (KHK) genes, using guide RNAs and CRISPR-associated proteins for efficient and precise genome editing.
The tBE system enables high-specificity and high-efficiency gene editing, potentially preventing or treating obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), with reduced cellular toxicity and side effects.
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Abstract
Description
GENE EDITING SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING OBESITY AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED DISEASESFIELD OF DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to gene editing systems and methods for treating obesity and metabolic dysfunction and associated diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) . Also disclosed are polynucleotides, vectors, cells, kits, and compositions comprising components of the gene editing systems. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims the priority to and benefits of International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 108828, filed on July 31, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] This application contains a Sequence Listing electronically submitted as an XML file entitled “sequence listing. xml” having a size of 849, 426 bytes and created on July 30, 2025. The information contained in the Sequence Listing is incorporated by reference herein.BACKGROUND
[0004] Obesity is a major global health concern and affects nearly 20%of the global population. It is estimated that by the year 2025, approximately one billion adults, corresponding to nearly 20%of the global population, will be living with obesity. Obesity is an important cause for concomitant disease such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, cardiometabolic diseases, coronary artery diseases, stroke, and hypertension, as well as some types of cancers. It substantially reduces life expectancy and imposing an enormous burden on health. (Loos et al., 2002; Keller et al., 2023) . Thus, management of body weight for patients with obesity is important to prevent the progression or lower the burden of obesity related complications.
[0005] Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits, which is governed by both genetics and environmental factors. For the treatment of obesity, comprehensive lifestyle intervention programs that include a healthy meal plan, physical activity, and behavioral intervention are recommended for patients seeking to lose weight based on the guidelines. However, lifestyle interventions alone are insufficient for achieving long-term weight loss maintenance in most patients. Several anti-obesity medications (AOM) have been approved for long-term treatment of obesity that can be used in conjunction with lifestyle intervention. Of the AOMs, Semaglutide (trade name Wegovy) , a long-acting GLP-1 analogue administered via weekly subcutaneous injection, was approved by FDA in 2021 and revolutionized the treatment for obesity with remarkable effect on weight loss. However, side effects including nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and constipation are quite common for Semaglutide use and noteworthy decreases in lean mass were evident. Besides, long-term use is usually required to prevent weight rebound. (Tchang et al., 2021; Wilding et al., 2022) .
[0006] Therefore, there is a need for new methods to treat obesity and metabolic dysfunction and associated diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) .SUMMARY
[0007] The present disclosure provides gene editing systems and methods to treat obesity and metabolic dysfunction and associated diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) .
[0008] Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed numerous susceptible genetic loci for obesity, some of which hold promises to be targeted for obesity treatment or management. In the present disclosure, a highly specific base editor, transformer base editor (tBE) , is used for genetic engineering of target genes associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction and associated diseases including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) . The present disclosure demonstrates the potential to prevent or treat obesity with in vivo gene editing therapy. The gene editing systems described herein can be applied to perform high-specificity and high-efficiency base editing in the genome of various eukaryotes.
[0009] The tBE system, which contains Cas9 nickase (D10A) , is less toxic to cells than Cas9 nuclease as Cas9 nickase activates a lower level of p53-mediated DDR. The gene editing systems and methods disclosed herein, combined with appropriate delivery methods, can either be used alone or in combination with other AOMs for the treatment or prevention of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and / or MAFLD.
[0010] In some embodiments, tBE is used to induce efficient and precise gene editing at genomic sites for disrupting the inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene and the ketohexokinase (KHK) gene. The gene editing systems combined with appropriate delivery methods can be used for the treatment or prevention of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and MAFLD.
[0011] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting an inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252 , 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0012] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA spacer and the hgRNA spacer comprise respectively:
[0013] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting an inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0014] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA and the hgRNA comprise respectively:
[0015] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting a ketohexokinase (KHK) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0016] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA spacer and the hgRNA spacer comprise respectively:
[0017] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting a ketohexokinase (KHK) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 536, 538, 540, 542, 544, 546, 548, and 550.
[0018] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA and the hgRNA comprise respectively:
[0019] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, and (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, and wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different.
[0020] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, and (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, and (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof.
[0021] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, and (8) a second fusion protein comprising the protease and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the protease and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif, and wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.
[0022] In some embodiments, the protease is split into a first protease fragment and a second protease fragment, wherein the first or second protease fragment alone is not able to cleave the cleavage site.
[0023] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, (8) a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and (9) a third fusion protein comprising the second protease fragment and a third RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the second protease fragment and the third RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif and a third protein-binding motif, wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif, and wherein the third RNA binding domain binds to the third protein-binding motif.
[0024] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, (8) a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and (9) a third fusion protein comprising the second protease fragment and a third RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the second protease fragment and the third RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif and a third protein-binding motif, wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif, wherein the third RNA binding domain binds to the third protein-binding motif, and wherein the second and third RNA binding domains are the same or different, and the second and third protein-binding motifs are the same or different.
[0025] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, and (8) a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif, and wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.
[0026] In some embodiments, the protease is a TEV protease, a TuMV protease, a PPV protease, a PVY protease, a ZIKV protease, or a WNV protease.
[0027] In some embodiments, the protease is a TEV protease. In some embodiments, the TEV protease comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 195.
[0028] In some embodiments, the first TEV protease fragment comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196. In some embodiments, the first TEV protease fragment comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197.
[0029] In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is an inhibitory domain of a nucleobase deaminase.
[0030] In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase. In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is the mouse APOBEC3 cytidine deaminase domain 2 (mA3-CDA2, SEQ ID NO: 417) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is the human APOBEC3B cytidine deaminase domain 1 (hA3B-CDA1, SEQ ID NO: 418) .
[0031] In some embodiments, the inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 419-506.
[0032] In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is a cytidine deaminase. In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is a cytidine deaminase comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 507. In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is a cytidine deaminase comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 508.
[0033] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is selected from the group consisting of APOBEC3A (A3A) , APOBEC3B (A3B) , APOBEC3C (A3C) , APOBEC3D (A3D) , APOBEC3F (A3F) , APOBEC3G (A3G) , APOBEC3H (A3H) , APOBECI (Al) , APOBEC3 (A3) , APOBEC2 (A2) , APOBEC4 (A4) , and AICDA (AID) .
[0034] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is a human or mouse cytidine deaminase.
[0035] In some embodiments, the catalytic domain of the cytidine deaminase is a mouse A3 cytidine deaminase domain 1 (CDAl) or human A3B cytidine deaminase domain 2 (CDA2) .
[0036] In some embodiments, the catalytic domain has at least 85%sequence identity to amino acid residues 35-141 of SEQ ID NO: 507 and comprises at least one substitution, relative to SEQ ID NO: 507, at a residue selected from the group consisting of Y35, K40, N66, and W102, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substitution is selected from the group consisting of Y35D, K40H, N66A, N66L, N66V, N66Q, and W102Y, or a combination thereof.
[0037] In some embodiments, the substitution is Y35D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 509.
[0038] In some embodiments, the substitution is K40H and W102Y. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 510.
[0039] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66A. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 560.
[0040] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66L. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 561.
[0041] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66V. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 562.
[0042] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66Q. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 563.
[0043] In some embodiments, the catalytic domain is a wildtype human A3A or a mutant of human A3A having a mutation selected from the group consisting of Y130, Y132, W104, W98, P134, and combinations thereof, according to the amino acid residue numbering in SEQ ID NO: 564, wherein the mutant retains cytidine deaminase activity.
[0044] In some embodiments, the substitution is Y130F. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 565.
[0045] In some embodiments, the substitution is Y132D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 566.
[0046] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 567.
[0047] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A and Y132D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 568.
[0048] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A and P134Y. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 569.
[0049] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A and W98Y. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 570
[0050] In some embodiments, the substitution consisting of W98Y, W104A, and Y130F. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 571.
[0051] In some embodiments, the substitution consisting of W98Y, W104A, and Y132D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 572.
[0052] In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is an adenosine deaminase.
[0053] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase (TadA) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 1 (ADAT1) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 2 (ADAT2) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 3 (ADAT3) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B1 (ADARB1) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B2 (ADARB2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2 (AMPD2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 (AMPD3) , adenosine deaminase (ADA) , adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) , adenosine deaminase like (ADAL) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (ADAD1) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 2 (ADAD2) , and adenosine deaminase RNA specific (ADAR) .
[0054] In some embodiments, the first fusion protein further comprises an uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) . In some embodiments, the first fusion protein further comprises a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) .
[0055] In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9, a dead Cas9 (dCas9) , or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) selected from the group consisting of SpCas9, FnCas9, St1Cas9, St3Cas9, NmCas9, SaCas9, AsCpfl, LbCpfl, FnCpfl, VQR Cas9, EQR Cas9, VRER Cas9, Cas9-NG, xCas9, eCas9, SpCas9-HF1, HypaCas9, HiFiCas9, sniper-Cas9, SpG, SpRY, KKH SaCas9, CjCas9, Cas9-NRRH, Cas9-NRCH, Cas9-NRTH, SsCpfl, PcCpfl, BpCpfl, LiCpfl, PmCpfl, Lb2Cpf1, PbCpfl, PeCpf1, PdCpf1, MbCpf1, EeCpf1, CmtCpf1, BsCpfl, BhCasl2b, AkCasl2b, BsCasl2b, AmCasl2b, AaCasl2b, RfxCasl3d, LwaCasl3a, PspCasl3b, PguCasl3b, and RanCasl3b.
[0056] In some embodiments, the first protein-binding RNA motif and the first RNA binding domain, the second protein-binding RNA motif and the second RNA binding domain, and the third protein-binding RNA motif and the third RNA binding domain, are each independently selected from the group consisting of a MS2 phage operator stem-loop and MS2 coat protein (MCP) or an RNA-binding section thereof; a BoxB and N22P or an RNA-binding section thereof; a telomerase Ku binding motif and Ku protein or an RNA-binding section thereof; a telomerase Sm7 binding motif and Sm7 protein or an RNA-binding section thereof; a PP7 phage operator stem-loop and PP7 coat protein (PCP) or an RNA-binding section thereof; a SfMu phage Com stem-loop and Com RNA binding protein or an RNA-binding section thereof; and a non-natural RNA aptamer and corresponding aptamer ligand or an RNA-binding section thereof.
[0057] In some embodiments, the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA comprises a dual-RNA structure.
[0058] In some embodiments, the dual-RNA structure is formed by a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) , wherein the crRNA comprises the spacer.
[0059] In some embodiments, the mgRNA comprises a mcrRNA and a first tracrRNA, and the mcrRNA comprises the mgRNA spacer, wherein the hgRNA comprises a hcrRNA and a second tracrRNA, and the hcrRNA comprises the hgRNA spacer, and wherein the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are same or different.
[0060] In some embodiments, the tracrRNA has a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 534-535.
[0061] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein.
[0062] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0063] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0064] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0065] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, and the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0066] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the first and the second Cas proteins are the same Cas protein.
[0067] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, and a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0068] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0069] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed herein.
[0070] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide disclosed herein.
[0071] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0072] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0073] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0074] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, and the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0075] In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid or a viral vector.
[0076] In some embodiments, the vector is a non-viral vector.
[0077] In some embodiments, the vector is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) .
[0078] In some embodiments, the vector is a polycistronic vector.
[0079] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector disclosed above, and a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0080] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0081] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, and the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0082] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0083] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising one or more of the gene editing systems disclosed herein.
[0084] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cell further comprises a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0085] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the vector disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cell further comprises a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0086] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the kit disclosed herein.
[0087] In some embodiments, the cell is a stem cell.
[0088] In some embodiments, the cell is a pluripotent stem cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an embryonic stem cell (ESC) . In some embodiments, the cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) .
[0089] In some embodiments, the cell is a somatic cell.
[0090] In some embodiments, the cell is a liver cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte.
[0091] In some embodiments, the cell is a kidney cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a tubular epithelial cell.
[0092] In some embodiments, the cell is an intestine cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an enterocyte.
[0093] In some embodiments, the cell is a primary cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a differentiated cell.
[0094] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for disrupting an INHBE gene in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0095] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for disrupting an INHBE gene in a cell in vitro or in vivo, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0096] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing the expression of Activin E in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0097] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing the expression of Activin E in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0098] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing lipolysis in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0099] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing lipolysis in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0100] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0101] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0102] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method disrupting an KHK gene in a cell in vitro or in vivo, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0103] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing the expression of ketohexokinase in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0104] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing metabolism of fructose in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0105] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating obesity in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0106] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating metabolic dysfunction and / or an associated disease in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0107] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and / or metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0108] In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein is used alone or in combination with other methods or drugs.
[0109] In some embodiments of the method disclosed herein, the cell is a stem cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a pluripotent stem cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an embryonic stem cell (ESC) . In some embodiments, the cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) . In some embodiments, the cell is a somatic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a liver cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte. In some embodiments, the cell is a kidney cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a tubular epithelial cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an intestine cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an enterocyte. In some embodiments, the cell is a primary cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a differentiated cell. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0110] Fig. 1 illustrates various versions of base editors that are denoted as V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5, with constructs denoted as tBE-V1, tBE-V2, tBE-V3, tBE-V4, and tBE-V5. Fig. 1A shows schematic diagrams illustrating the construction and development of various versions of base editors. Fig. 1B illustrates interactions of molecular components in different versions of the base editors. Base editors of V2 to V5 illustrate different strategies to cleave mA3dCDI off. The dCDI domain can be cleaved off from APOBEC through a two-component interaction of the TEV site and a free TEV protease (V2) , a N22p-fused TEV protease (V3) , or a TEV protease reconstituted by an mgRNA-boxB (V4) . In the version 5 (V5) of the base editor, the dCDI is cleaved off from APOBEC through three-component interactions of TEV site, TEVn, and N22p-TEVc.
[0111] Fig. 2 illustrates the various versions of LigoRNA-based gene editing systems. Fig. 2A shows the polynucleotide constructs encoding components of six versions of the LigoRNA-based gene editing system that comprises two LigoRNA structures (denoted as V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6) . Fig. 2B and 2C are illustrations of the six versions of the LigoRNA-based gene editing system (denoted as V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6) .
[0112] Fig. 3 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 3B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V5-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0113] Fig. 4 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 4B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V5-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0114] Fig. 5 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 5A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 5B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V5-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0115] Fig. 6 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 6A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 6B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V5-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0116] Fig. 7 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 7A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 7B is a summary of the editing efficiencies for the mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene at each indicated site calculated by EditR.
[0117] Fig. 8 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 8A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V1-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 8B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V1-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0118] Fig. 9 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 9A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V1-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 9B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V1-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0119] Fig. 10 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 10A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V1-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 10B is a summary of the editing efficiencies for the mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene at each indicated site calculated by EditR.
[0120] Fig. 11 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 11A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-Y35D and nCas9. Fig. 11B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-Y35D with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0121] Fig. 12 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 12A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-Y35D and nCas9. Fig. 12B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-Y35D with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0122] Fig. 13 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 13A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-Y35D and nCas9. Fig. 13B is a summary of the editing efficiencies for the mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene at each indicated site calculated by EditR.
[0123] Fig. 14 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human KHK. Fig. 14A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human KHK gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 14B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V5-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0124] Fig. 15 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human KHK. Fig. 15A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human KHK gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 15B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V5-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0125] Fig. 16 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human KHK. Fig. 16A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human KHK gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 16B shows editing efficiency induced by tBE-V5-mA3 with indicated pairs of mgRNA / hgRNA at indicated sites.
[0126] Fig. 17 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human KHK. Fig. 17A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its different hgRNAs for human KHK gene with tBE-V5-mA3 and nCas9. Fig. 17B is a summary of the editing efficiencies for the mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human KHK gene at each indicated site calculated by EditR.
[0127] Fig. 18 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 18A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with nCas9 and different tBE-V1-mA3CDA1, wherein the mA3CDA1 catalytic domain is a wildtype mA3CDA1 or a mutant of mA3CDA1 having at least one substitution. The tBE-V1-mA3CDA1_4 components system comprises (1) a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, and the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system, (2) a polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, and (4) a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein. Fig. 18B shows the editing efficiencies for the indicated mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene with the indicated tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 through lipofectamine transfection calculated by EditR. Fig. 18C shows the editing efficiencies for the indicated mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene with the different indicated tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 through electroporation calculated by EditR.
[0128] Fig. 19 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 19A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with nCas9 and tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 or different tBE-V1-hA3A, wherein the hA3A catalytic domain is a wildtype hA3A or a mutant of hA3A having at least one substitution. The tBE-V1_3 components system comprises (1) a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system, (2) a polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, and (3) a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA. Fig. 19B shows the editing efficiencies for the indicated mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene with the indicated tBE-V1 through lipofectamine transfection calculated by EditR.
[0129] Fig. 20 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 20A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with nCas9 and tBE-V1-mA3 or different tBE-V1-hA3A, wherein the hA3A catalytic domain is a wildtype hA3A or a mutant of hA3A having at least one substitution. The tBE-V1_3 components system comprises (1) a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system, (2) a polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, and (3) a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA. Fig. 20B shows the editing efficiencies for the indicated mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene with the indicated tBE-V1 through lipofectamine transfection calculated by EditR.
[0130] Fig. 21 shows editing efficiencies induced by tBE with the pairs of mgRNA and its hgRNAs targeting human INHBE. Fig. 21A is a schematic diagram illustrating the co-transfection of mgRNAs and its hgRNAs for human INHBE gene with nCas9 and tBE-V1-mA3 or different tBE-V1-hA3A, wherein the hA3A catalytic domain is a wildtype hA3A or a mutant of hA3A having at least one substitution. The tBE-V1_3 components system comprises (1) a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system, (2) a polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, and (3) a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA. Fig. 21B shows the editing efficiencies for the indicated mgRNA / hgRNA pairs targeting human INHBE gene with the indicated tBE-V1 through lipofectamine transfection calculated by EditR.
[0131] Fig. 22 illustrates LNP delivery of a tBE gene editing system targeting the INHBE gene for in vivo base editing. Fig. 22A is a schematic of an LNP system for tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 and key experimental steps. The tBE-V1_4 components system comprises (1) a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, and the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system, (2) a polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, and (4) a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein. The tBE-V1_3 components system comprises (1) a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system, (2) a polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, and (3) a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA. Fig. 22B and 22C show in vivo editing frequencies in mice induced by LNP containing different versions of tBE with the indicated doses (mpk, mg of RNA per kg of body weight) . Fig. 22D shows tissue distribution of editing of the INHBE gene in the mice corresponding to Fig. 22B at one week after LNP treatment, and in the vehicle group.
[0132] Fig. 23 illustrates LNP delivery of a tBE gene editing system targeting the INHBE gene for in vivo base editing. Fig. 23A is a schematic of an LNP system for tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 and key experimental steps. Fig. 23B shows in vivo editing frequencies induced by the LNP system at 3 different sites in INHBE gene at 6 weeks after the treatment. Fig. 23C shows LNP treated mice resulted in suppression in body weight compared to the vehicle group, fat mass (about 50%loss of fat mass compared to the vehicle group) , and lean mass retention at 6 weeks after LNP treatment. Fig. 23D shows LNP treated mice resulted in less fat mass across multiple types of white adipose tissue at 6 weeks after LNP treatment.
[0133] Fig. 24 illustrates LNP delivery of a tBE gene editing system targeting the INHBE gene for in vivo base editing. Fig. 24A is a schematic of an LNP system for tBE-V1-hA3A-W98Y / W104A, or tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D with the indicated pairs of mgRNA and hgRNA and key experimental steps. The group 1 LNP system comprises (1) tBE-V1-hA3A-W98Y / W104A-2A-nCas9 mRNA, (2) hsg-hINHBE-sg1&2-U2, and (3) hINHBE-msg1. The group 2 LNP system comprises (1) tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, (2) hsg-hINHBE-sg1&2-U2, and (3) hINHBE-msg1. The group 3 LNP system comprises (1) tBE-V1-hA3A-W98Y / W104A-2A-nCas9 mRNA, (2) hsg-hINHBE-sg1&2-U2, and (3) hINHBE-msg2. The group 4 LNP system comprises (1) tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, (2) hsg-hINHBE-sg1&2-U2, and (3) hINHBE-msg2. The group 5 LNP system comprises (1) tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-S3-2A-nCas9 mRNA, (2) hsg-hINHBE-sg11-U1, and (3) hINHBE-msg11. The group 6 LNP system comprises (1) tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, (2) hsg-hINHBE-sg11-U1, and (3) hINHBE-msg11. The group 7 LNP system comprises (1) tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, (2) hsg-hINHBE-sg21-U4, and (3) hINHBE-msg21. Fig. 24B shows in vivo editing frequencies induced by the LNP system in INHBE gene at one week after the treatment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0134] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the scientific and technical terms used herein have the meanings generally understood by a person skilled in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein find use in the practice of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are described herein. Accordingly, the terms defined herein are more fully described by reference to the Specification as a whole.
[0135] All publications, including but not limited to disclosures and disclosure applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though fully set forth. If certain content of a publication cited herein contradicts or is inconsistent with the present disclosure, the present disclosure controls.
[0136] It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described, as these may vary, depending upon the context in which they are used by those skilled in the art.
[0137] As used herein, the singular terms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0138] As used herein, “and / or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative ( “or” ) . Moreover, the present invention also contemplates that in some embodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted.
[0139] Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “comprise, ” “comprises, ” and “comprising, ” or similar terms are intended to mean a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a recited list of elements or features does not include those stated or listed elements solely but may include other elements or features that are not listed or stated.
[0140] Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in the 5'to 3'orientation, and amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively.
[0141] As used herein, the terms “percent identity” and “%identity, ” as applied to nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences.
[0142] Percent identity between nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences may be determined using a suite of commonly used and freely available sequence comparison algorithms provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul, S. F. et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410) , which is available from several sources, including the NCBI, Bethesda, Md., and on the Internet at http: / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / BLAST / .
[0143] Nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in a nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequences that all encode substantially the same protein. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al. (1991) Nucleic Acid Res 19: 5081; Ohtsuka et al. (1985) J Biol Chem 260: 2605-2608; Cassol et al. (1992) ; Rossolini et al. (1994) Mol Cell Probes 8: 91-98) . The term “nucleic acid” refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with polynucleotide, and (in appropriate contexts) gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
[0144] As used herein, “percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to a peptide, polypeptide or protein sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in another peptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Percent amino acid sequence identity in the current disclosure is measured using BLAST software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
[0145] An amino acid substitution refers to the replacement of one amino acid in a polypeptide with another amino acid. Amino acid substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative substitutions. A conservative replacement (also called a conservative mutation or a conservative substitution) is an amino acid replacement in a protein that changes a given amino acid to a different amino acid with similar biochemical properties (e.g., charge, hydrophobicity, and size) . Exemplary substitutions are shown in Table 1. Amino acid substitutions may be introduced into a protein of interest and the products screened for a desired activity, for example, retained / improved biological activity. Table 1 Exemplary Substitutions
[0146] Amino acids may be grouped according to common side-chain properties:
[0147] (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;
[0148] (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;
[0149] (3) acidic: Asp, Glu;
[0150] (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg;
[0151] (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;
[0152] (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.
[0153] As used herein, in some embodiments amino acid substitution is written as a combination of letter and number, such as “Y36” and “Y36D” . The letter before the number represents the original (before substitution) amino acid at a certain position in a particular sequence. The number represents the position of the amino acid in the particular sequence, counting from N terminus. Optionally, there is a second letter after the number, which represents the amino acid that substitutes the original amino acid. For example, Y36 of SEQ ID NO: 509 means that the substitution takes place at 36th amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 509, which is a tyrosine (Y) . Y36D of SEQ ID NO: 509 means that the 36th amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 509, tyrosine (Y) , is substituted with aspartic acid (D) .
[0154] As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides, ” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) . The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, “peptides, ” “protein” , or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide, ” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0155] As used herein, the term “encode” or “encoding” as it is applied to polynucleotides refers to a polynucleotide which is said to “encode” a polypeptide if, in its native state or when manipulated by methods well known to those skilled in the art, it can be transcribed and / or translated to produce the mRNA for the polypeptide and / or a fragment thereof. The antisense strand is the complement of such a nucleic acid, and the encoding sequence can be deduced therefrom.
[0156] As used herein, a “single guide RNA” (sgRNA) refers to a synthetic or expressed RNA sequence that comprises a CRISPR binding motif and a spacer. A “spacer” is a DNA-targeting motif, which is a sequence that is complementary to a target specific DNA region. The CRISPR binding motif of a guide RNA can bind to a Cas enzyme and DNA-targeting motif of the gRNA can guide the complex to a specific target location on a DNA. A guide RNA may further comprise one or more protein-binding motifs.
[0157] As used herein, a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) refers to a synthetic or expressed RNA sequence that can form a base-paired structure with a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) , to which a Cas protein can bind and form an effector complex. The crRNA also comprises a spacer sequence, which is complementary to a target specific DNA region.
[0158] As used herein, a linker sequence in the context of crRNA refers to a region in the crRNA that is capable of forming a dual-RNA structure with another RNA sequence (such as a tracrRNA) . In some embodiments, the linker sequence is at the 3’-end of the spacer sequence of the crRNA.
[0159] As used herein, a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) refers to a synthetic or expressed RNA sequence that can form a base-paired structure with a crRNA, to which a Cas protein can bind and form an effector complex.
[0160] As used herein, a base-paired structure refers to a structure formed by two nucleic acid sequences, wherein the two nucleic acid sequences bind to each other through multiple Watson-Crick-Franklin base pairs formed between nucleotides. When the two nucleic acid sequences are RNA sequences, base pair is formed between guanine-cytosine and adenine-uracil.
[0161] As used herein, a “fusion protein” is a protein comprising at least two domains that are encoded by separate genes that have been joined a single polypeptide. For example, a fusion protein can comprise two domains that are encoded by separate genes that have been joined so that they are transcribed and translated as a single unit, producing a single polypeptide. In some embodiments, the at least two domains are fused together directly. In some embodiments, the domains are connected by one or more linkers.
[0162] As used herein, a “protein-binding RNA motif” refers to a piece of sequence in an RNA molecule that is capable of binding to proteins. In some embodiments, the protein-binding RNA motif is capable of binding to specific protein with high affinity and specificity. In some embodiments, the protein-binding RNA motif is an RNA aptamer or a variant thereof.
[0163] As used herein, a “RNA-binding domain” refers to a domain in a protein that is capable of binding to an RNA or a subpart of the RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the RNA-binding domain is a domain recognized and bound by an RNA aptamer or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA-binding domain is an RNA-recognition motif, an hnRNP K homology domain, or a DEAD box helicase domain.
[0164] The term “genetic modification” or “genetic engineering and their grammatical equivalents as used herein can refer to one or more alterations of a nucleic acid, e.g., the nucleic acid within an organism's genome. For example, genetic modification can refer to alterations, additions, and / or deletion of genes or portions of genes or other nucleic acid sequences. A genetically modified cell can also refer to a cell with an added, deleted, and / or altered gene or portion of a gene. A genetically modified cell can also refer to a cell with an added nucleic acid sequence that is not a gene or gene portion. Genetic modifications include, for example, both transient knock-in or knock-down mechanisms, and mechanisms that result in permanent knock-in, knock-down, or knock-out of target genes or portions of genes or nucleic acid sequences. Genetic modifications include, for example, both transient knock-in and mechanisms that result in permanent knock-in of nucleic acids sequences. Genetic modifications also include, for example, reduced or increased transcription, reduced or increased mRNA stability, reduced or increased translation, and reduced or increased protein stability.
[0165] As used herein, a composition refers to any mixture of two or more products, substances, or compounds, including cells.
[0166] As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” of a disease or condition refers to curing, alleviating, or preventing the disease or condition. Obesity related genes
[0167] Obesity is a multifactorial disease due to obesogenic environments, psycho-social factors and genetic variants. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple genetic loci as susceptible to obesity.
[0168] The inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene (Ensembl ID: ENSG00000139269) has been shown to be related to obesity. It has been reported that predicted loss-of-function (pLOF) variants in the INHBE gene is protected from abdominal obesity and diabetes using whole exome-sequencing data. Carriers of INHBE pLOF variants have a more favorable metabolic profile, a healthier fat distribution and estimated lower odds of CHD and T2D than non-carriers. Following studies show that Activin E, which is encoded by the INHBE gene, functions as part of a liver-adipose feedback loop and suppresses lipolysis in response to increased serum free fatty acids and elevated hepatic triglyceride. Ablation of INHBE gene in mice increases lipolysis and reduces adiposity while maintain the lean mass. Another study shows that INHBE functions as a regulator of adipose energy storage and promotes fat accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy in mice. Loss of INHBE gene in mice increases fat utilization and lowers adiposity. Based on these reports, INHBE is a promising target gene for gene editing therapies of obesity and related conditions with tBE. (Deaton et al., 2022; Akbari et al., 2022; Griffin et al., 2023; Adam et al., 2023) .
[0169] Another gene that has been shown to be related to obesity is the Ketohexokinase (KHK) gene (Ensembl ID: ENSG00000138030) . Increased sucrose and fructose consumption is associated with rising rates of obesity and related conditions, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) . Some of the metabolites of fructose, including pyruvate and acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) , drive hepatic fatty acid synthesis and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) . In fact, despite having a low glycemic index, fructose has been long known to be one of the best substrates for gluconeogenesis. Thus, within hepatocytes, the carbons of fructose are fated to end up in glycogen, circulating glucose, or triglyceride. (Liu et al., 2018; Co et al., 2018) .
[0170] Ketohexokinase (KHK) catalyzes the first step of fructose metabolism and is highly expressed in liver, kidney and brain, though found in many tissues. Hereditary deficiency of KHK leads to an autosomal recessive disorder in humans known as essential fructosuria, which is characterized by highly elevated levels of blood and urinary fructose following fructose ingestion, but is otherwise considered clinically benign. KHK knocked out mice share the clinical features of essential fructosuria. They are protected from elevated liver weight and triglyceride levels following increased dietary fructose intake and are resistant to elevations in plasma insulin following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) , which are consistent with improved insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest targeting KHK by pharmacological inhibitors or genome editing might be a promising therapy for obesity and related conditions. (Co et al., 2018) . Gene editing systems
[0171] The present disclosure provides novel gene editing systems targeting the INHBE gene and the KHK gene. The transformer base editor (tBE) system is used to disrupt the INHBE and KHK gene, optionally combined with appropriate delivery methods, for the treatment or prevention of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and / or MAFLD. The gene editing systems and methods disclosed herein can be used either used alone or in combination with other AOMs to reduce fat mass while maintain lean mass.
[0172] The combination of CRISPR-Cas9 and cytidine deaminases (APOBEC / AID) leads to cytosine base editors (CBEs) for programmable cytosine to thymine (C-to-T) substitution, which has been applied to achieve efficient editing in various species successfully and holds great potentials in clinical applications. As the base editing process does not depend on the generation of DNA double strand break (DSB) , unwanted nucleotide insertions / deletions (indels) or DNA damage responses (DDRs) can be largely avoided.
[0173] The safety and efficiency of gene editing tools are of great importance in clinical applications. Although the CBEs don’ t cause DSB or activate a p53-mediated DDR pathway as Cas9 nuclease, the APOBEC / AID family members can trigger C-to-T base substitutions in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions, which are formed randomly during various cellular processes including DNA replication, repair and transcription. Thus, the specificity of previous base editing systems is compromised, limiting the applications of base editors for therapeutic purposes. The present disclosure uses a base editing system, transformer base editor (tBE) , which can specifically edit amino acid in target regions with no observable off-target mutations.
[0174] In some embodiments, the transformer base editor (tBE) system contains a deoxycytidine deaminase inhibitor (dCDI) domain and a split-TEV protease (e.g., as illustrated in Fig. 1, V5) . Thus, tBE remains inactive at off-target sites with a cleavable fusion of dCDI domain and eliminates unintended off-target mutations. Only when binding at on-target sites, tBE is transformed to cleave off the dCDI domain and catalyzes targeted deamination for precise editing. In some embodiments, tBE uses one mgRNA (normally 20 nt) to bind at the target genomic site and one helper gRNA (hgRNA, normally 10 to 20 nt) to bind at a nearby region (ideally upstream to the target genomic site) . The binding of two gRNAs can guide the components of tBE system to correctly assemble at the target genomic site for base editing. In some embodiments, the tBE is a cytosine tBE which can specifically edit cytosines in target regions with no observable off-target mutations, e.g., inducing a premature stop codon to repress target protein expression or destroying the GU-AG consensus sequences to disrupt splicing site. In some embodiments, the tBE is an adenosine tBE which can specifically edit adenosine in target regions with no observable off-target mutations.
[0175] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein disrupts the targe gene by generating stop codons or destroy splicing sites in the target gene. In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein induces C-to-T base editing in the codons of CAA (Gln) , CAG (Gln) , or CGA (Arg) in the target gene to create a TAA, TAG, or TGA stop codon. In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein induces G-to-Abase editing in the codons of TGG (Trp, C-to-T on the opposite strand) to create a TAA, TAG, or TGA stop codon.
[0176] In some embodiments, the tBE is any one of the base editors described in WO2020156575A1, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For instance, the tBE can be any base editor as illustrated in Fig. 1.
[0177] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system for disrupting an INHBE gene, wherein the gene editing system comprises a base editor and at least one guide RNA that is capable of binding to the INHBE gene. In some embodiments, a highly specific base editor, transformer base editor (tBE) , is used to induce efficient and precise gene editing at genomic sites for disrupting the INHBE gene. A tBE comprises a combination of main guide RNA (mgRNA) and helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , wherein the mgRNA and hgRNA are capable of binding to the INHBE gene.
[0178] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system for disrupting an KHK gene, wherein the gene editing system comprises a base editor and at least one guide RNA that is capable of binding to the KHK gene. In some embodiments, a highly specific base editor, transformer base editor (tBE) , is used to induce efficient and precise gene editing at genomic sites for disrupting the KHK gene. A tBE comprises a combination of main guide RNA (mgRNA) and helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , wherein the mgRNA and hgRNA are capable of binding to the KHK gene.
[0179] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting an inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252 , 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0180] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA spacer and the hgRNA spacer comprise respectively:
[0181] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting an inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0182] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA and the hgRNA comprise respectively:
[0183] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting a ketohexokinase (KHK) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0184] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA spacer and the hgRNA spacer comprise respectively:
[0185] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting a ketohexokinase (KHK) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 536, 538, 540, 542, 544, 546, 548, and 550.
[0186] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA and the hgRNA comprise respectively:
[0187] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, and (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, and wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different.
[0188] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, and (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, and (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof.
[0189] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, and (8) a second fusion protein comprising the protease and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the protease and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif, and wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.
[0190] In some embodiments, the protease is split into a first protease fragment and a second protease fragment, wherein the first or second protease fragment alone is not able to cleave the cleavage site.
[0191] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, (8) a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and (9) a third fusion protein comprising the second protease fragment and a third RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the second protease fragment and the third RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif and a third protein-binding motif, wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif, and wherein the third RNA binding domain binds to the third protein-binding motif.
[0192] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, (8) a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and (9) a third fusion protein comprising the second protease fragment and a third RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the second protease fragment and the third RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif and a third protein-binding motif, wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif, wherein the third RNA binding domain binds to the third protein-binding motif, and wherein the second and third RNA binding domains are the same or different, and the second and third protein-binding motifs are the same or different.
[0193] In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein comprises (1) the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA, (2) the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, (3) a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif, (4) a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif, (5) a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, (6) a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, (7) a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, and (8) a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif, and wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.
[0194] A “protease” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis. A “cleavage site for a protease” refers to a short peptide that the protease recognizes, and within the short peptide creates a proteolytic cleavage. Non-limiting examples of proteases include TEV protease, TuMV protease, PPV protease, PVY protease, ZIKV protease, and WNV protease. The protein sequences of example proteases and their corresponding cleavage sites are provided in Table 2. Table 2 Exemplary proteases and their cleavage sites
[0195] In some embodiments, the protease is a TEV protease, a TuMV protease, a PPV protease, a PVY protease, a ZIKV protease, or a WNV protease.
[0196] In some embodiments, the protease cleavage site is a self-cleaving peptide, such as the 2A peptides. “2A peptides” are 18-22 amino-acid-long viral oligopeptides that mediate “cleavage” of polypeptides during translation in eukaryotic cells. The designation “2A” refers to a specific region of the viral genome and different viral 2As have generally been named after the virus they were derived from. The first discovered 2A was F2A (foot-and-mouth disease virus) , after which E2A (equine rhinitis A virus) , P2A (porcine teschovirus-1 2A) , and T2A (thosea asigna virus 2A) were also identified. A few non-limiting examples of 2A peptides are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 210-212.
[0197] In some embodiments, the protease is a TEV protease. In some embodiments, the TEV protease comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 195.
[0198] In some embodiments, the first and / or the second TEV protease fragment is not able to cleave the TEV cleavage site on its own. However, in the presence of the remaining portion of the TEV protease, this fragment will be able to effectuate the cleavage. The TEV fragment may be the TEV N-terminal domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 196) or the TEV C-terminal domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 197) . In some embodiments, the first TEV protease fragment comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196. In some embodiments, the first TEV protease fragment comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197.
[0199] A “nucleobase deaminase inhibitor” or an “inhibitory domain” refers to a protein or a protein domain that inhibits the deaminase activity of a nucleobase deaminase.
[0200] In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is an inhibitory domain of a nucleobase deaminase.
[0201] In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase. In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is the mouse APOBEC3 cytidine deaminase domain 2 (mA3-CDA2, SEQ ID NO: 417) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is the human APOBEC3B cytidine deaminase domain 1 (hA3B-CDA1, SEQ ID NO: 418) .
[0202] Table 3 shows 44 proteins / domains that have significant sequence homology to mA3-CDA2 core sequence and Table 4 shows 43 proteins / domains that have significant sequence homology to hA3B-CDA1. All of these proteins and domains, as well as their variants and equivalents, are contemplated to have nucleobase deaminase inhibition activities. In some embodiments, the inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 419-506.
[0203] Table 3
[0204] Table 4
[0205] The term "nucleobase deaminase" as used herein, refers to a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of nucleobases such as cytidine, deoxycytidine, adenosine and deoxyadenosine. Non-limiting examples of nucleobase deaminases include cytidine deaminases and adenosine deaminases.
[0206] Some of the nucleobase deaminases have a single, catalytic domain, while others also have other domains, such as an inhibitory domain as described in WO2020156575A1. In some embodiments, therefore, the gene editing system disclosed herein only includes the catalytic domain, such as mouse A3 cytidine deaminase domain 1 (mA3-CDA1, SEQ ID NO: 507) and human A3B cytidine deaminase domain 2 (hA3B-CDA2, SEQ ID NO: 508) . In some embodiments, the gene editing system disclosed herein includes at least a catalytic core of the catalytic domain. For instance, when mA3-CDA1 was truncated at residues 196 / 197 the CDA1 domain still retained substantial editing efficiencies.
[0207] In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is a cytidine deaminase. In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is a cytidine deaminase comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 507. In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is a cytidine deaminase comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 508.
[0208] “Cytidine deaminase” refers to enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of cytidine and deoxycytidine to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively. Cytidine deaminases maintain the cellular pyrimidine pool. A family of cytidine deaminases is APOBEC ( “apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like” ) . Members of this family are C-to-U editing enzymes. Some APOBEC family members have two domains, one domain of APOBEC like proteins is the catalytic domain, while the other domain is a pseudocatalytic domain. More specifically, the catalytic domain is a zinc dependent cytidine deaminase domain and is important for cytidine deamination. RNA editing by APOBEC-1 requires homodimerisation and this complex interacts with RNA binding proteins to form the editosome.
[0209] Non-limiting examples of APOBEC proteins include APOBEC1, APOBEC2, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H, APOBEC4, and activation-induced (cytidine) deaminase (AID) .
[0210] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is selected from the group consisting of APOBEC3A (A3A) , APOBEC3B (A3B) , APOBEC3C (A3C) , APOBEC3D (A3D) , APOBEC3F (A3F) , APOBEC3G (A3G) , APOBEC3H (A3H) , APOBECI (Al) , APOBEC3 (A3) , APOBEC2 (A2) , APOBEC4 (A4) , and AICDA (AID) .
[0211] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is a human or mouse cytidine deaminase.
[0212] In some embodiments, the catalytic domain of the cytidine deaminase is a mouse A3 cytidine deaminase domain 1 (CDAl) or human A3B cytidine deaminase domain 2 (CDA2) .
[0213] Various mutants of the APOBEC proteins are also known that have brought about different editing characteristics for base editors. For instance, for human APOBEC3A, certain mutants (e.g., W98Y, Y130F, Y132D, W104A, D131Y and P134Y) even outperform the wildtype human APOBEC3A in terms of editing efficiency or editing window. Accordingly, the term APOBEC and each of its family member also encompasses variants and mutants that have certain level (e.g., 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%) of sequence identity to the corresponding wildtype APOBEC protein or the catalytic domain and retain the cytidine deaminating activity. The variants and mutants can be derived with amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions. Such substitutions, in some embodiments, are conservative substitutions.
[0214] In some embodiments, the catalytic domain has at least 85%sequence identity to amino acid residues 35-141 of SEQ ID NO: 507 and comprises at least one substitution, relative to SEQ ID NO: 507, at a residue selected from the group consisting of Y35, K40, and W102, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substitution is selected from the group consisting of Y35D, K40H, and W102Y, or a combination thereof.
[0215] In some embodiments, the substitution is Y35D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 509.
[0216] In some embodiments, the substitution is K40H and W102Y. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 510.
[0217] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66A. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 560.
[0218] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66L. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 561.
[0219] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66V. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 562.
[0220] In some embodiments, the substitution is N66Q. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 563.
[0221] In some embodiments, the catalytic domain is a wildtype human A3A or a mutant of human A3A having a mutation selected from the group consisting of Y130, Y132, W104, W98, P134 and combinations thereof, according to residue numbering in SEQ ID NO: 564, wherein the mutant retains cytidine deaminase activity.
[0222] In some embodiments, the substitution is Y130F. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 565.
[0223] In some embodiments, the substitution is Y132D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 566.
[0224] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 567.
[0225] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A and Y132D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 568.
[0226] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A and P134Y. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 569.
[0227] In some embodiments, the substitution is W104A and W98Y. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 570.
[0228] In some embodiments, the substitution consisting of W98Y, W104A, and Y130F. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 571.
[0229] In some embodiments, the substitution consisting of W98Y, W104A, and Y132D. In some embodiments, the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 572.
[0230] Table 5
[0231] In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 159-194. (Table 6)
[0232] Table 6
[0233] In some embodiments, the nucleotide deaminase is an adenosine deaminase.
[0234] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase (TadA) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 1 (ADAT1) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 2 (ADAT2) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 3 (ADAT3) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B1 (ADARB1) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B2 (ADARB2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2 (AMPD2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 (AMPD3) , adenosine deaminase (ADA) , adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) , adenosine deaminase like (ADAL) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (ADAD1) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 2 (ADAD2) , and adenosine deaminase RNA specific (ADAR) .
[0235] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 66-158. (Table 7)
[0236] In some embodiments, the first fusion protein further comprises an uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) .
[0237] The “Uracil Glycosylase Inhibitor” (UGI) , which can be prepared from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS1, is a small protein (9.5 kDa) which inhibits E. coli uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) as well as UDG from other species. Inhibition of UDG occurs by reversible protein binding with a 1 : 1 UDG : UGI stoichiometry. UGI is capable of dissociating UDG-DNA complexes. A non-limiting example of UGI is found in Bacillus phage AR9 (YP_009283008.1) . In some embodiments, the UGI comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 209 or has at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%or 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 209 and retains the uracil glycosylase inhibition activity.
[0238] In some embodiments, the first fusion protein further comprises a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) .
[0239] A “nuclear localization signal or sequence” (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that tags a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically, this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface. Different nuclear localized proteins may share the same NLS. A non-limiting example of NLS is the internal SV40 nuclear localization sequence (iNLS) .
[0240] In some embodiments, a peptide linker is optionally provided between each of the fragments in any of the fusion proteins. In some embodiments, the peptide linker has from 1 to 100 amino acid residues (or 3-20, 4-15, without limitation) . In some embodiments, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%or 90%of the amino acid residues of peptide linker are amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of alanine, glycine, cysteine, and serine.
[0241] The term “Cas protein” or “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -associated (Cas) protein” refers to RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzymes associated with the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) adaptive immunity system in Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as other bacteria. Cas proteins include Cas9 proteins, Cas12a (Cpf1) proteins, Cas12b (formerly known as C2c1) proteins, Cas13 proteins and various engineered counterparts. Example Cas proteins include SpCas9, FnCas9, St1Cas9, St3Cas9, NmCas9, SaCas9, AsCpf1, LbCpf1, FnCpf1, VQR SpCas9, EQR SpCas9, VRER SpCas9, SpCas9-NG, xSpCas9, RHA FnCas9, KKH SaCas9, NmeCas9, StCas9, CjCas9, SsCpf1, PcCpf1, BpCpf1, CmtCpf1, LiCpf1, PmCpf1, Pb3310Cpf1, Pb4417Cpf1, BsCpf1, EeCpf1, BhCas12b, AkCas12b, EbCas12b, LsCas12b, RfCas13d, LwaCas13a, PspCas13b, PguCas13b, RanCas13b and those provided in Table 8 below.
[0242] In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9, a dead Cas9 (dCas9) , or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) selected from the group consisting of SpCas9, FnCas9, St1Cas9, St3Cas9, NmCas9, SaCas9, AsCpfl, LbCpfl, FnCpfl, VQR Cas9, EQR Cas9, VRER Cas9, Cas9-NG, xCas9, eCas9, SpCas9-HF1, HypaCas9, HiFiCas9, sniper-Cas9, SpG, SpRY, KKH SaCas9, CjCas9, Cas9-NRRH, Cas9-NRCH, Cas9-NRTH, SsCpfl, PcCpfl, BpCpfl, LiCpfl, PmCpfl, Lb2Cpf1, PbCpfl, PeCpf1, PdCpf1, MbCpf1, EeCpf1, CmtCpf1, BsCpfl, BhCasl2b, AkCasl2b, BsCasl2b, AmCasl2b, AaCasl2b, RfxCasl3d, LwaCasl3a, PspCasl3b, PguCasl3b, and RanCasl3b.
[0243] Table 8 Exemplary Cas Proteins
[0244] In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9, a dead Cas9 (dCas9) , or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) .
[0245] In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a nCas9. In some embodiments, the nCas9 protein is a nCas9-D10A protein. In some embodiments, the nCas9-D10A protein has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0246] In some embodiments, the Cas protein comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-52 (Table 9)
[0247] Table 9
[0248] In some embodiments, the first protein-binding RNA motif and the first RNA binding domain, the second protein-binding RNA motif and the second RNA binding domain, and the third protein-binding RNA motif and the third RNA binding domain, are each independently selected from the group consisting of a MS2 phage operator stem-loop and MS2 coat protein (MCP) or an RNA-binding section thereof; a BoxB and N22P or an RNA-binding section thereof; a telomerase Ku binding motif and Ku protein or an RNA-binding section thereof; a telomerase Sm7 binding motif and Sm7 protein or an RNA-binding section thereof; a PP7 phage operator stem-loop and PP7 coat protein (PCP) or an RNA-binding section thereof; a SfMu phage Com stem-loop and Com RNA binding protein or an RNA-binding section thereof; and a non-natural RNA aptamer and corresponding aptamer ligand or an RNA-binding section thereof. See Table 10.
[0249] Table 10
[0250] For any protein of the present disclosure, biological equivalents thereof are also provided. In some embodiments, the biological equivalents have at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity with the reference protein. Preferably, the biological equivalents retain the desired activity of the reference protein. In some embodiments, the biological equivalents are derived by including one, two, three, four, five, or more amino acid additions, deletions, substitutions, or the combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the substitution is a conservative amino acid substitution.
[0251] In some embodiments of the gene editing systems described herein, the guide RNA (the (main) single guide RNA and / or the helper guide RNA) is a dual-RNA structure formed by a ligand-bound CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) . See Fig. 2. In some embodiments, the crRNA comprises a spacer sequence and is capable of forming a base-pair structure with the tracrRNA, and wherein the base-pair structure binds to a Cas protein. In some embodiments, the crRNA further comprises a linker sequence which comprises a protein-binding motif. For the purpose of the present disclosure, when the guide RNA is a dual-RNA structure of crRNA and tracrRNA, the “CRISPR motif” refers to the base-pair structure formed between the crRNA and the tracrRNA.
[0252] In some embodiments, the gene editing system is a LIGO-RNA-based gene editing system, as described in PCT / CN2023 / 096482, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A person skilled in the art would be able to design the corresponding crRNA-tracrRNA pair based on the sgRNA and hsgRNA disclosed herein.
[0253] In the LigoRNA-based gene editing system, at least one guide RNA is a LigoRNA. A LigoRNA system comprises a dual-RNA structure, which can be used as a guide RNA in CRISPR-based gene editing systems. The dual-RNA structure can be formed by a ligand-bound CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) . For example, the LigoRNA system comprises an hgRNA set of a hcrRNA and a tracrRNA, and an mgRNA set of mcrRNA and a tracrRNA. Preferably, all of these RNA molecules are not longer than 100 nucleotides.
[0254] Since the LigoRNA system is formed by two short RNAs, it helps to solve the problem of synthesizing long single guide RNAs in previous gene editing systems. Chemically synthesized RNAs over 100 nt demonstrated much lower yield and purity, resulting in challenges for large-scale production and cost control.
[0255] Original types of crRNA and tracrRNA are capable of guiding nCas9-mediated DNA location. The crRNAs and the tracrRNAs in the LigoRNA system are further modified. In some embodiments, an MS2 or boxB hairpin is fused to crRNA in multiple different sites. In some embodiments, at least one nucleotide in the crRNAs and the tracrRNAs is modified, such as by a 2’-O-methyl modification and / or 3’-phosphorothioate modification.
[0256] In some embodiments, the crRNA comprises a spacer sequence and a linker sequence, wherein the linker sequence comprises at least one protein-binding motif, wherein the protein-binding motif is an RNA aptamer motif. In some embodiments, the protein binding motif is selected from MS2, PP7, boxB, SfMu hairpin motif, telomerase Ku, and Sm7 binding motif, or a variant thereof. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that fold into defined architectures and selectively bind to a specific target, including proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, small molecules, toxins, and even live cells.
[0257] In some embodiments, the crRNA is capable of forming a base-pair structure with a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) . In some embodiments, the tracrRNA has a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 534-535.
[0258] In some embodiments, the crRNA comprises at least one nucleotide with modification. In some embodiments, the modification is selected from 2’-O-alkyl, 2’-substituted alkoxy, 2’-substituted alkyl, 2’-halo, 3’-phosphorothioate, bridged nucleic acid (BNA) , and locked nucleic acid (LNA) . In some embodiments, the at least one nucleotide with modification is any one of the first three nucleotides from 3’-end of the engineered crRNA.
[0259] In some embodiments, the tracrRNA comprises at least one nucleotide with modification. In some embodiments, the modification is selected from 2’-O-alkyl, 2’-substituted alkoxy, 2’-substituted alkyl, 2’-halo, 3’-phosphorothioate, bridged nucleic acid (BNA) , and locked nucleic acid (LNA) . In some embodiments, the at least one nucleotide with modification is any one of the first three nucleotides from 3’-end of the engineered tracrRNA.
[0260] In some embodiments, the crRNA and / or tracrRNA comprises at least one nucleotide with modification. In some embodiments, the modification is selected from 2’-O-alkyl (such as 2’-O-methyl) , 2’-substituted alkoxy, 2’-substituted alkyl, 2’-halo (such as 2’-fluoro) , 3’-phosphorothioate, bridged nucleic acid (BNA) , and locked nucleic acid (LNA) . In some embodiments, the crRNA and / or tracrRNA comprises nucleotides comprising 2’-O-methyl and 3’-phosphorothioate. In some embodiments, the first three nucleotides from the 5’-end of the crRNA and / or tracrRNA are modified with 2’-O-methyl and 3’-phosphorothioate. In some embodiments, the first three nucleotides from the 3’-end of the crRNA and / or tracrRNA are modified with 2’-O-methyl, and the second to fourth nucleotides from the 3’-end of the crRNA and / or tracrRNA are modified with 3’-phosphorothioate. In some embodiments, the first three nucleotides from the 5’-end of the crRNA and / or tracrRNA are modified with 2’-O-methyl and 3’-phosphorothioate, and the first three nucleotides from the 3’-end of the crRNA and / or tracrRNA are modified with 2’-O-methyl, and the second to fourth nucleotides from the 3’-end of the crRNA and / or tracrRNA are modified with 3’-phosphorothioate.
[0261] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a tBE system comprising two LigoRNA structures: an mcrRNA-tracrRNA base-paired structure and an hcrRNA-tracrRNA base-paired structure. In some embodiments, the mcrRNA contains a boxB hairpin to generate an R-loop region for intended base editing and the hcrRNA contains an MS2 hairpin to recruit a nucleotide deaminase (e.g., an APOBEC linked to a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor (e.g., a cytosine deaminase inhibitor (dCDI) ) domain through a cleavage site such as a TEV protease cleavage site. For example, to cleave off the dCDI domain at the on-target sites, an N22p-fused TEVc is recruited by the boxB-containing mcrRNA, working as the key in tBE system with free TEVn. In some embodiments, mcrRNA and hcrRNA form a base-paired structure with the same tracrRNA to locate a target DNA, and the dCDI domain is cleaved off at the target site to induce efficient base editing.
[0262] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, the gene editing system comprises a. an hcrRNA comprising a first spacer sequence and a first linker sequence, wherein the first linker sequence comprises a first protein-binding motif, b. an mcrRNA comprising a second spacer sequence and a second linker sequence, wherein the second linker sequence comprises a second protein-binding motif, c. a first tracrRNA which is capable of forming a first base-pair structure with the hcrRNA, d. a second tracrRNA which is capable of forming a second base-pair structure with the mcrRNA, e. a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first base-pair structure, f. a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second base pair structure, g. a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, wherein the first Cas protein and the second Cas protein are the same or different, and the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are the same or different.
[0263] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, the gene editing system further comprises a. a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, and b. a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof.
[0264] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, the gene editing system comprises a. an hcrRNA comprising a first spacer sequence and a first linker sequence, wherein the first linker sequence comprises a first protein-binding motif, b. an mcrRNA comprising a second spacer sequence and a second linker sequence, wherein the second linker sequence comprises a second protein-binding motif, c. a first tracrRNA which is capable of forming a first base-pair structure with the hcrRNA, d. a second tracrRNA which is capable of forming a second base-pair structure with the mcrRNA, e. a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first base-pair structure, f. a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second base pair structure, g. a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, h. a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, i. a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, and j. a second fusion protein comprising the protease and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first Cas protein and the second Cas protein are the same or different, and the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the protease and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.
[0265] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, the protease is split into a first protease fragment and a second protease fragment, wherein the first and / or second protease fragment alone is not able to cleave the cleavage site.
[0266] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, wherein the gene editing system comprises a. an hcrRNA comprising a first spacer sequence and a first linker sequence, wherein the first linker sequence comprises a first protein-binding motif, b. an mcrRNA comprising a second spacer sequence and a second linker sequence, wherein the second linker sequence comprises a second protein-binding motif, c. a first tracrRNA which is capable of forming a first base-pair structure with the hcrRNA, d. a second tracrRNA which is capable of forming a second base-pair structure with the mcrRNA, e. a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first base-pair structure, f. a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second base pair structure, g. a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, h. a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, wherein the protease is split into a first protease fragment and a second protease fragment, wherein the first and / or second protease fragment alone is not able to cleave the cleavage site, i. a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, j. a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and k. a third fusion protein comprising the second protease fragment and a third RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the second protease fragment and the third RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the first Cas protein and the second Cas protein are the same or different, and the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the mcrRNA further comprises a third protein-binding motif, wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif, and wherein the third RNA binding domain binds to the third protein-binding motif.
[0267] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, the gene editing system comprises a. an hcrRNA comprising a first spacer sequence and a first linker sequence, wherein the first linker sequence comprises a first protein-binding motif, b. an mcrRNA comprising a second spacer sequence and a second linker sequence, wherein the second linker sequence comprises a second protein-binding motif, c. a first tracrRNA which is capable of forming a first base-pair structure with the hcrRNA, d. a second tracrRNA which is capable of forming a second base-pair structure with the mcrRNA, e. a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first base-pair structure, f. a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second base pair structure, g. a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, h. a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, wherein the protease is split into a first protease fragment and a second protease fragment, wherein the first and / or second protease fragment alone is not able to cleave the cleavage site, i. a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, j. a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and k. a third fusion protein comprising the second protease fragment and a third RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the second protease fragment and the third RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, wherein the first Cas protein and the second Cas protein are the same or different, and the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the mcrRNA further comprises a third protein-binding motif, wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif, wherein the third RNA binding domain binds to the third protein-binding motif, and wherein the second and the third RNA binding domains are the same or different, and the second and the third protein-binding motifs are the same or different.
[0268] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, the gene editing system comprises a. an hcrRNA comprising a first spacer sequence and a first linker sequence, wherein the first linker sequence comprises a first protein-binding motif, b. an mcrRNA comprising a second spacer sequence and a second linker sequence, wherein the second linker sequence comprises a second protein-binding motif, c. a first tracrRNA which is capable of forming a first base-pair structure with the hcrRNA, d. a second tracrRNA which is capable of forming a second base-pair structure with the mcrRNA, e. a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first base-pair structure, f. a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second base pair structure, g. a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif, h. a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, wherein the protease is split into a first protease fragment and a second protease fragment, wherein the first and / or second protease fragment alone is not able to cleave the cleavage site, i. a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain, j. a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first Cas protein and the second Cas protein are the same or different, and the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are the same or different, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.
[0269] In some embodiments of the gene editing system described herein, the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA comprises a dual-RNA structure. In some embodiments, the dual-RNA structure is formed by a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) , wherein the crRNA comprises the spacer. In some embodiments, the mgRNA comprises a mcrRNA and a first tracrRNA, and the mcrRNA comprises the mgRNA spacer, wherein the hgRNA comprises a hcrRNA and a second tracrRNA, and the hcrRNA comprises the hgRNA spacer, and wherein the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are same or different. Polynucleotides
[0270] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein.
[0271] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0272] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0273] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0274] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 585.
[0275] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-K40H-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 586.
[0276] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 587.
[0277] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W98Y / W104A / Y130F-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 588.
[0278] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / P134Y-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 589.
[0279] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W98Y / W104A-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 590.
[0280] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 591.
[0281] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-Y130F-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 592.
[0282] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 593.
[0283] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 594.
[0284] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W98Y / W104A / Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 595.
[0285] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-S3-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 596.
[0286] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-S1-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 597.
[0287] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0288] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 577.
[0289] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, and the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0290] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 578.
[0291] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-K40H / W102Y mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 579.
[0292] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-K40H mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 580.
[0293] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-N66A mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 581.
[0294] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-N66L mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 582.
[0295] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-N66V mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 583.
[0296] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding an mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-N66Q mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 584. See the table 11. Table 11
[0297] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the first and the second Cas proteins are the same Cas protein.
[0298] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, and a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0299] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0300] The polynucleotides disclosed herein can be obtained by methods known in the art. For example, the polynucleotide can be obtained from cloned DNA (e.g., from a DNA library) , by chemical synthesis, by cDNA cloning, or by the cloning of genomic DNA or fragments thereof, purified from the desired cell. When the polynucleotides are produced by recombinant means, any method known to those skilled in the art for identification of nucleic acids that encode desired genes can be used. Any method available in the art can be used to obtain a full length (i.e., encompassing the entire coding region) cDNA or genomic DNA encoding a desired protein, such as from a cell or tissue source. Modified or variant polynucleotides can be engineered from a wildtype polynucleotide using standard recombinant DNA methods. Polynucleotides can be cloned or isolated using any available methods known in the art for cloning and isolating nucleic acid molecules. Such methods include PCR amplification of nucleic acids and screening of libraries, including nucleic acid hybridization screening, antibody-based screening, and activity-based screening.
[0301] Methods for amplification of polynucleotides can be used to isolate polynucleotides encoding a desired protein, including for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. PCR can be carried out using any known methods or procedures in the art. Exemplary methods include use of a Perkin-Elmer Cetus thermal cycler and Taq polymerase (Gene Amp) . A nucleic acid containing gene of interest can be used as a source material from which a desired polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule can be amplified. For example, DNA and mRNA preparations, cell extracts, tissue extracts from an appropriate source (e.g., testis, prostate, breast) , fluid samples (e.g., blood, serum, saliva) , samples from healthy and / or diseased subjects can be used in amplification methods. The source can be from any eukaryotic species including, but not limited to, vertebrate, mammalian, human, porcine, bovine, feline, avian, equine, canine, and other primate sources. Nucleic acid libraries also can be used as a source material. Primers can be designed to amplify a desired polynucleotide. For example, primers can be designed based on expressed sequences from which a desired polynucleotide is generated. Primers can be designed based on back-translation of a polypeptide amino acid sequence. If desired, degenerate primers can be used for amplification. Oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to sequences at the 3’ and 5’ termini of the desired sequence can be uses as primers to amplify by PCR from a nucleic acid sample. Primers can be used to amplify the entire full-length polynucleotide, or a truncated sequence thereof. Nucleic acid molecules generated by amplification can be sequenced and confirmed to encode a desired polypeptide. Vectors
[0302] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed herein.
[0303] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide disclosed herein.
[0304] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0305] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0306] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0307] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, and the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0308] In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid or a viral vector.
[0309] In some embodiments, the vector is a non-viral vector.
[0310] In some embodiments, the vector is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) . Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are nanoparticles made of one or more types of lipids. In some embodiments, lipid nanoparticles comprise ionizable lipids, which are positively charged at low pH (enabling RNA complexation) and neutral at physiological pH (reducing potential toxic effects, as compared with positively charged lipids, such as liposomes) . Owing to their size and properties, lipid nanoparticles are taken up by cells via endocytosis, and the ionizability of the lipids at low pH (likely) enables endosomal escape, which allows release of the cargo into the cytoplasm. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles comprise cationic lipids, which have a head group with permanent positive charges. In addition, lipid nanoparticles usually contain a helper lipid, for example, phospholipid, to promote cell binding, cholesterol to fill the gaps between the lipids, and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) to reduce opsonization by serum proteins and reticuloendothelial clearance. The relative amounts of ionizable lipid, helper lipid, cholesterol and PEG can vary.
[0311] In some embodiments, LNP serves as a carrier to deliver a tBE system, for example a tBE system targeting the INHBE gene, to the target cells or tissues with mRNA and sgRNA, comprising mRNA sequence of nCas9 mRNA and tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 577 and SEQ ID NO. 578, respectively.
[0312] In some embodiments, LNP serves as a carrier to deliver a tBE system, for example a tBE system targeting the INHBE gene, to the target cells or tissues with mRNA and sgRNA, comprising mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-2A-nCas9 mRNA, respectively, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 585.
[0313] In some embodiments, LNP serves as a carrier to deliver a tBE system, for example a tBE system targeting the INHBE gene, to the target cells or tissues with mRNA and sgRNA, comprising mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-K40H-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 586.
[0314] In some embodiments, LNP serves as a carrier to deliver a tBE system, for example a tBE system targeting the INHBE gene, to the target cells or tissues with mRNA and sgRNA, comprising mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 587.
[0315] In some embodiments, LNP serves as a carrier to deliver a tBE system, for example a tBE system targeting the INHBE gene, to the target cells or tissues with mRNA and sgRNA, comprising mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W98Y / W104A-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 590.
[0316] In some embodiments, LNP serves as a carrier to deliver a tBE system, for example a tBE system targeting the INHBE gene, to the target cells or tissues with mRNA and sgRNA, comprising mRNA sequence of tBE-V1-hA3A-W104A / Y132D-S3-2A-nCas9 mRNA, as represented by SEQ ID NO. 596.
[0317] In some embodiments, the vector is liposomes, cationic nanoemulsions, dendrimer-based lipid nanoparticles, cationic polymers, and polysaccharide particles.
[0318] Liposomes are spherical-shaped vesicles that is composed of one or more phospholipid bilayers. Liposomes are most often composed of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, but may also include other lipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, as long as they are compatible with lipid bilayer structure. The lipid bilayer of liposome can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus delivering the liposome contents. Generally, liposomes are definite as spherical vesicles with particle sizes ranging from 30 nm to several micrometers. They consist of one or more lipid bilayers surrounding aqueous units, where the polar head groups are oriented in the pathway of the interior and exterior aqueous phases. On the other hand, self-aggregation of polar lipids is not limited to conventional bilayer structures which rely on molecular shape, temperature, and environmental and preparation conditions but may self-assemble into various types of colloidal particles (See Akbarzadeh, Nanoscale Res Lett., 2013) .
[0319] Cationic nanoemulsions (CNE) are mainly composed of two parts: one is the cationic lipid DOTAP (1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) that can be added to the oil phase to bind the mRNA electrostatically; the other is the emulsion adjuvant MF59 that is an oil-in-water emulsion consisting of squalene and surfactants. CNEs are usually fabricated by the probe sonication method (Brito et al., A cationic nanoemulsion for the delivery of next-generation RNA vaccines, 2014) .
[0320] Dendrimer-based lipid nanoparticles are nanoparticles made of lipids and dendrimers, which are highly ordered, branched polymeric molecules. Dendrimers are composed of three distinct structural components: (1) the core, (2) the repetitive branching layers (also referred to as “generation” ) , and (3) the abundant terminal groups. These precisely controlled dendritic structures harbor multivalent cooperativity and can exploit membrane-fusion-based endosome release by mimicking lipid vectors, while simultaneously retaining the “proton-sponge” -mediated endosome release of polymer vectors (See Chen et al., Amphiphilic Dendrimer Vectors for RNA Delivery: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspective, 2022) .
[0321] Cationic polymer is another viable RNA carrier. An exemplary cationic polymer is poly (ethyleneimine) and its derivatives Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is among the earliest and most widely studied cationic polymers for gene delivery, including the delivery of RNA. It has high gene transfection efficiency and is often referred to as the gold standard for non-viral gene transfection (Lungwitz et al., 2005) . PEI can be in either linear or branched structures and its positive charge is conferred by numerous amine groups separated by short alkyl spacers, which lead to very high positive charge density within its structure (Jiang et al., Polymeric nanoparticles for RNA delivery, 2021) .
[0322] Polysaccharides are a complex collection of biopolymers isolated from plant, animal, microbial and algal sources that are built from monosaccharides linked by O-glycosidic linkages. An exemplary polysaccharide that can be used for RNA delivery is Chitosan, is a polysaccharide contained in the cell walls of fungi and in the shells of arthropods such as crustaceans and consists of a linear chain of 2-acetaylamino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose units connected through β-1, 4 linkages (Bodnar, Hartmann &Borbely, 2005; Barclay et al., Review of polysaccharide particle-based functional drug delivery, 2020) .
[0323] In some embodiments, the vector is a polycistronic vector.
[0324] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector disclosed above, and a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0325] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and the second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0326] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, and the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0327] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed in the gene editing systems herein, the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein, and the vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0328] Any methods known in the art for the insertion of DNA fragments into a vector can be used to construct expression vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. These methods can include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo (genetic) recombination. The polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operably linked to control sequences in the expression vector (s) to ensure protein expression. Such control sequences may include, but are not limited to, leader or signal sequences, promoters (e.g., naturally associated or heterologous promoters) , ribosomal binding sites, enhancer or activator elements, translational start and termination sequences, and transcription start and termination sequences, and are chosen to be compatible with the host cell chosen to express the proteins. Constitutive or inducible promoters as known in the art are also contemplated. The promoters may be either naturally occurring promoters, hybrid promoters that combine elements of more than one promoter, or synthetic promoters. An expression construct may be present in a cell on an episome, such as a plasmid, or the expression construct may be inserted in a chromosome such as in a gene locus. In some embodiment, the expression vector includes a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells. In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant polypeptide operably linked to at least one regulatory control sequence. Regulatory control sequences for use herein include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements. In some embodiments, the expression vector is designed for the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the particular variant polypeptide desired to be expressed, the vector's copy number, the ability to control that copy number, and / or the expression of any other protein encoded by the vector, such as antibiotic markers.
[0329] The vector can include, but is not limited to, viral vectors and plasmid DNA. Viral vectors can include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, retroviral vectors, and adeno-associated viral vectors. Commonly, expression vectors contain selection markers such as ampicillin-resistance, hygromycin-resistance, tetracycline resistance, kanamycin resistance, or neomycin resistance to permit detection of those cells transformed with the desired DNA sequences. Suitable vectors, promoter, and enhancer elements are known in the art; many are commercially available for generating subject recombinant constructs. In some embodiments, the vector is a polycistronic vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a bicistronic vector or a tricistronic vector. Bicistronic or polycistronic expression vectors may include (1) multiple promoters fused to each of the open reading frames; (2) insertion of splicing signals between genes; (3) fusion of genes whose expressions are driven by a single promoter; and (4) insertion of proteolytic cleavage sites between genes (self-cleavage peptide) or insertion of internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) between genes.
[0330] A polycistronic vector is used to co-express multiple genes in the same cell. Two strategies are most commonly used to construct a multicistronic vector. First, an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) element is typically used for bi-cistronic vectors. The IRES element, acting as another ribosome recruitment site, allows initiation of translation from an internal region of the mRNA. Thus, two proteins are translated from one mRNA. IRES elements are quite large (usually 500-600 bp) (Pelletier et al., 1988; Jang et al., 1988) . The engineered CD47 proteins disclosed herein have a smaller size compared to the wild-type full-length human CD47, and thus can be used with IRES element in a multicistronic vectors having limited packaging capacity.
[0331] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA and / or the mgRNA disclosed herein. Cells
[0332] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising one or more of the gene editing systems disclosed herein.
[0333] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cell further comprises a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0334] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the vector disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cell further comprises a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0335] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the kit disclosed herein.
[0336] In some embodiments, the cell is a stem cell.
[0337] In some embodiments, the cell is a pluripotent stem cell. Pluripotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but not extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are pluripotent stem cells.
[0338] In some embodiments, the cell is an embryonic stem cell (ESC) . Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo.
[0339] In some embodiments, the cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) . iPSCs are derived from adult somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state that enables the development of an unlimited source of any type of cell needed for therapeutic purposes.
[0340] "Pluripotent stem cells" as used herein have the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (e.g., the stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, etc. ) , mesoderm (e.g., muscle, bone, blood, urogenital tissue, etc. ) or ectoderm (e.g., epidermal tissues and nervous system tissues) . The term "pluripotent stem cells, " as used herein, also encompasses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs or iPS cells) , or a type of pluripotent stem cell derived from a non-pluripotent cell. In some embodiments, a pluripotent stem cell is produced or generated from a cell that is not a pluripotent cell. In other words, pluripotent stem cells can be direct or indirect progeny of a non-pluripotent cell. Examples of parent cells include somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to induce a pluripotent, undifferentiated phenotype by various means. Such "iPS" or "iPSC" cells can be created by inducing the expression of certain regulatory genes or by the exogenous application of certain proteins. Methods for the induction of iPS cells are known in the art and are further described below. (See, e.g., Zhou et al., Stem Cells 27 (11) : 2667-74 (2009) ; Huangfu et al., Nature Biotechnol. 26 (7) : 795 (2008) ; Woltjen et al., Nature 458 (7239) : 766-770 (2009) ; and Zhou et al., Cell Stem Cell 8: 381-384 (2009) ; each of which is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. ) As used herein, "hiPSCs" are human induced pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, "pluripotent stem cells, " as used herein, also encompasses mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) , and / or embryonic stem cells (ESCs) .
[0341] In some embodiments, the cell is a somatic cell. In some embodiments, the cell expresses Activin E. For example, Activin E is primarily expressed and secreted by hepatocytes in the liver. In some embodiments, the cell expresses ketohexokinase. Ketohexokinase is highly expressed in liver, kidney and brain, and is found in many tissues.
[0342] In some embodiments, the cell is a liver cell. Kidney cells include, for example, hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) . In some embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte.
[0343] In some embodiments, the cell is a kidney cell. Kidney cells include, for example, mesangial cells, podocytes, distal convoluted tubule, glomerular cells, parietal epithelial cells, and tubular epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the cell is a tubular epithelial cell.
[0344] In some embodiments, the cell is an intestine cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an enterocyte.
[0345] In some embodiments, the cell is a primary cell. Primary cells are isolated directly from human or animal tissue using enzymatic or mechanical methods. Once isolated, they are placed in an artificial environment in plastic or glass containers supported with specialized medium containing essential nutrients and growth factors to support proliferation. Primary cells can be of two types: adherent or suspension. Adherent cells require attachment for growth and are said to be anchorage-dependent cells. Adherent cells are usually derived from tissues of organs. Suspension cells do not require attachment for growth and are said to be anchorage-independent cells. Most suspension cells are isolated from the blood system, but some tissue-derived cells can also be used in suspension, such as hepatocytes or intestinal cells. Although primary cells usually have a limited lifespan, they offer a number of advantages compared to cell lines. Primary cell culture enables researchers to study donors and not just cells. Several factors such as age, medical history, race, and sex can be considered when building an experimental model. With a growing trend towards personalized medicine, such donor variability and tissue complexity can be achieved with use of primary cells, but are difficult to replicate with cell lines that are more systematic and uniform in nature and do not capture the true diversity of a living tissue.
[0346] In some embodiments, the cell is a differentiated cell. Differentiated cells are cells that have undergone differentiation. They are mature cells that perform a specialized function. Some examples of differentiated cells are epithelial cells, skin fibroblasts, endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, smooth muscle cells, liver cells, nerve cells, human cardiac muscle cells, etc. Generally, these cells have a unique morphology, metabolic activity, membrane potential, and responsiveness to signals facilitating their function in a body tissue or organ. Compositions
[0347] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0348] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the cell disclosed herein.
[0349] As used herein, the term “composition” includes, but is not limited to, a pharmaceutical composition. A “pharmaceutical composition” refers to an active pharmaceutical agent formulated in pharmaceutically acceptable or physiologically acceptable solutions for administration to a cell or an animal, either alone, or in combination with one or more other modalities of therapy. It will also be understood that, if desired, the compositions of the disclosure may be administered in combination with other agents, such as, e.g., cytokines, growth factors, hormones, small molecules, chemotherapeutics, pro-drugs, drugs, antibodies, or other various pharmaceutically active agents. There is virtually no limit to other components that may also be included in the compositions, provided that the additional agents do not adversely affect the ability of the composition to deliver the intended therapy. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is used herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0350] The compositions may also comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient” includes, without limitation, any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye / colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, surfactant, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, to sugars, such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; cocoa butter; waxes; animal and vegetable fats; paraffins; silicones; bentonites; silicic acid; zinc oxide; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate, and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and any other compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.
[0351] The liquid pharmaceutical compositions, whether they be solutions, suspensions or other like form, may include one or more of the following: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline; Ringers solution; isotonic sodium chloride; fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides which may serve as the solvent or suspending medium; polyethylene glycols; glycerin; propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity, such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. An injectable pharmaceutical composition is preferably sterile.
[0352] The composition may be suitably developed for intravenous, intratumoral, oral, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, topical, pulmonary, intranasal, buccal, ophthalmic, or another route of administration. Methods of treatment
[0353] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for disrupting an INHBE gene in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0354] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for disrupting an INHBE gene in a cell in vitro or in vivo, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0355] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing the expression of Activin E in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0356] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing the expression of Activin E in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0357] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing lipolysis in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0358] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing lipolysis in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0359] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252, 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.
[0360] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.
[0361] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method disrupting an KHK gene in a cell in vitro or in vivo, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0362] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing the expression of ketohexokinase in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0363] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for decreasing metabolism of fructose in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system disclosed herein, wherein the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.
[0364] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating obesity in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0365] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating metabolic dysfunction and / or an associated disease in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0366] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and / or metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system disclosed herein.
[0367] In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein is used alone or in combination with other methods or drugs. In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein is used in combination with other anti-obesity medications, such as semaglutide. In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein is used in combination with lifestyle intervention programs, such as a healthy meal plan and physical activity.
[0368] In some embodiments of the method disclosed herein, the cell is a stem cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a pluripotent stem cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an embryonic stem cell (ESC) . In some embodiments, the cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) .
[0369] In some embodiments, the cell is a somatic cell. In some embodiments, the cell expresses Activin E. For example, Activin E is primarily expressed and secreted by hepatocytes in the liver. In some embodiments, the cell expresses ketohexokinase. Ketohexokinase is highly expressed in liver, kidney and brain, and is found in many tissues.
[0370] In some embodiments, the cell is a liver cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte.
[0371] In some embodiments, the cell is a kidney cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a tubular epithelial cell.
[0372] In some embodiments, the cell is an intestine cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an enterocyte.
[0373] In some embodiments, the cell is a primary cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a differentiated cell. Table 12 References
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[0375] Keller M, Svensson SIA, Rohde-Zimmermann K, Kovacs P, Y. Genetics and Epigenetics in Obesity: What Do We Know so Far? Curr Obes Rep. 2023 Dec;
[0376] Tchang BG, Aras M, Kumar RB, et al. Pharmacologic Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. [Updated 2021 Aug 2] . In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet] .
[0377] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 Aug;
[0378] Deaton AM, Dubey A, Ward LD, et al. Rare loss of function variants in the hepatokine gene INHBE protect from abdominal obesity. Nat Commun. 2022 Jul 27;
[0379] Akbari P, Sosina OA, Bovijn J, et al. Multiancestry exome sequencing reveals INHBE mutations associated with favorable fat distribution and protection from diabetes. Nat Commun. 2022 Aug 23;
[0380] Griffin JD, Buxton JM, Culver JA, et al. Hepatic Activin E mediates liver-adipose inter-organ communication, suppressing adipose lipolysis in response to elevated serum fatty acids. Mol Metab. 2023 Dec;
[0381] Adam RC, Pryce DS, Lee JS, et al. Activin E-ACVR1C cross talk controls energy storage via suppression of adipose lipolysis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Aug 8;
[0382] DONGQING LIU, JOHN A. STERPKA, et al.; Targeting Ketohexokinase (KHK) with a Novel Antisense Oligonucleotide (ASO) Decreases De Novo Lipogenesis and Improves Insulin-Mediated Whole Body Glucose Metabolism. Diabetes 1 July 2018; 67 (Supplement_1) : 149-OR.
[0383] Miller CO, Yang X, Lu K, et al. Ketohexokinase knockout mice, a model for essential fructosuria, exhibit altered fructose metabolism and are protected from diet-induced metabolic defects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep 1. EXAMPLES
[0384] To apply the tBE system to generate stop codons or destroy splicing sites in the target genes, 50 pairs of mgRNA / hgRNAs that target INHBE gene and 29 pairs for KHK gene were designed and constructed.
[0385] tBE was used to induce C-to-T base editing in the codons of CAA (Gln) , CAG (Gln) , TGG (Trp, C-to-T on the opposite strand) or CGA (Arg) in the target genes to create TAA, TAG or TGA stop codon. tBE is also used to induce G-to-A (C-to-T on the opposite strand) base editing in GT or AG splice site to destroy the GU-AG canonical splicing pattern. Genomic DNA was extracted 72 hours after transfecting plasmids into cells. The C-to-T or G-to-Aediting efficiencies were of different gRNAs with tBE were compared at target sites. Editing efficiencies in INHBE gene are shown in Figs. 3-13. Editing efficiencies in KHK gene are shown in Figs. 14-17. The results show that the tBE gene editing system disclosed herein could perform highly efficient base editing to generate stop codons in the target genes, and thus effectively disrupting the target genes.
[0386] Plasmid construction
[0387] Primer sets (hg-mg1-U1-INHBE_FOR / mg1-INHBE-Exon1-TGG_REV) were designed according to the protocol in Wang, Lijie, et al., Eliminating base-editor-induced genome-wide and transcriptome-wide off-target mutations, Nature Cell Biology 23.5 (2021) : 552-563. The primer sets were used to amplify the fragment hg-mg1-U1-INHBE (hgRNA Number) -MS2 (the operator in hgRNA scaffold) -U6 (gRNA promoter) -mg1-INHBE-Exon1-TGG using the template pUC57-sgRNA-MS2-U6 (Addgene plasmid #171694) . The fragment hg-mg1-U1-INHBE-MS2-U6-mg1-INHBE-Exon1-TGG was then ligated into BsmBI-linearized U6-ccdB-boxB-tBE-V5-mA3, U6-ccdB-boxB-tBE-V1-mA3 or U6-ccdB-boxB-tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-Y35D to generate the vector ptBE-V5-mA3-g1-INHBE-Exon1-TGG-U1, ptBE-V1-mA3-g1-INHBE-Exon1-TGG-U1 or ptBE-V5-mA3CDA1-Y35D-g1-INHBE-Exon1-TGG-U1, respectively. Other combinations with different on-target hgRNA and mgRNA were constructed using the same strategy, respectively.
[0388] Cell culture and Lipofectamine transfection
[0389] HepG2 cells were maintained in DMEM + 10%FBS and regularly tested to exclude mycoplasma contamination. For base editing with a gene editing system, cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at a density of 1 × 105 per well and transfected with 250 μl serum-free Opti-MEM containing 2.5 μl LIPOFECTAMINE LTX, 1 μl LIPOFECTAMINE plus, 0.5 μg tBE-V5 expression vector, 0.5 μg pEFS-nSpCas9 expression vector. After 24 h, puromycin was added to the medium at a final concentration of 4 μg ml-1. After another 48 h, the genomic DNA was extracted from the cells using QuickExtractT DNA Extraction Solution for subsequent sequencing analysis. Target genomic sequences were PCR-amplified using high-fidelity DNA polymerase PrimeSTAR HS with primer sets flanking the examined sgRNA target sites.
[0390] gRNA, mRNA preparation and electroporation
[0391] Chemically modified gRNA (2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modifications in the first and last three nucleotides) was synthesized by GenScript. mRNAs encoding the tBE system were transcribed in vitro. HepG2 cells were electroporated with the end-modified gRNA and the mRNAs described above. Electroporation was performed using Lonza 4D Nucleofector by using officially recommended program (e.g., EH-100) . For 20-μl Nucleocuvette Strips, 0.2 million cells were resuspended in 20 μl SF Cell Line 4D-Nucleofector buffer and about 160 pmol RNA complex were added. The editing frequencies of target sequence were measured with cells cultured in medium 120 hours after electroporation.
[0392] Base substitution frequency at each target sites was calculated by EditR analysis. See http: / / baseeditr. com / .
[0393] Base substitution calculation, statistics analysis, and other relevant steps for obtaining the data are essentially the same as disclosed in the “Methods” section of Wang, Lijie, et al., Eliminating base-editor-induced genome-wide and transcriptome-wide off-target mutations, Nature Cell Biology 23.5 (2021) : 552-563, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0394] Gene editing results obtained from the above experiments are illustrated in Fig. 3-17.
[0395] RNA synthesis and LNP formulation
[0396] Modified sgRNA for mouse studies was synthesized by GenScript. Capped mRNA with N1-methyl-pseudouridine modification was produced by in vitro transcription. Briefly, the plasmid DNA template was linearized by BspQI restriction enzyme and recovered by magnetic beads. The in vitro transcription reaction contained linearized DNA template, T7 RNA polymerase, inorganic pyrophosphate, RNase inhibitor, NTPs and cap analogue. After digestion of the DNA template with DNase I, the mRNA was purified by magnetic beads or Oligo-dT chromatography. The mRNA was quantitated with NanoDrop (Thermofisher) and assessed for purity by Qsep (Bioptic) . The lipid components of LNP were dissolved in 100%ethanol with the following molar ratios: 46.3 %ALC-0315, 42.7 %cholesterol, 9.4%DSPC, and 1.6%ALC-0519.The RNA cargo (mRNA, msgRNA, hsgRNA) was dissolved in 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.0) . For example, in Figure 22B, LNP of the tBE-V1-mA3CDA1_4 components system contained tBE-V1-mA3CDA1 mRNA, nCas9 mRNA, hINHBE-msg19, and hsg-hINHBE-msg19-U1 in a 1: 1: 1: 1 ratio by weight. LNP of the tBE-V1-mA3CDA1_3 components system contained tBE-V1-mA3CDA1-2A-nCas9 mRNA, hINHBE-msg19, and hsg-hINHBE-msg19-U1 in a 1: 1: 1 ratio by weight. LNPs were formed by microfluidic mixing using INano L (Micro&Nano) . Encapsulation efficiencies were determined by Ribogreen assay. Particle size and polydispersity were measured by dynamic light scattering (Malvern Zetasizer) . The LNPs had an average particle size of 70-100 nm, with a polydispersity index of <0.2 as determined by dynamic light scattering and above 90%total RNA encapsulation.
[0397] Animal studies
[0398] Animal studies were conducted in INHBE humanization (hINHBE) mice generated with Gene Targeting technology, wherein the coding sequence of mouse INHBE was replaced with human INHBE gene sequence.
[0399] Mice were given free access to food and water and were maintained under a 12 h-12 h light-dark cycle with controlled temperature (20- 25 ℃) and humidity (50 ± 10%) . LNP encapsulating a tBE system was delivered to hINHBE mice (aged 6-8 weeks) intravenously through tail vein injection. The body weight of the mice was monitored weekly after injection. Mice were euthanized at either one week or six weeks following injection, and liver, kidney, or spleen samples were collected during necropsy and processed to extract genomic DNA for testing the gene editing efficiency. Epididymal, mesenteric and inguinal fat pads were collected and weighed separately. Before the mice were euthanized at six weeks post injection, body composition was assessed in awake mice using MRI device.
[0400] While the disclosure has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those having skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting an inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 213, 220, 227, 236, 245, 252 , 259, 262, 271, 276, 281, 288, 293, 298, 402, 407, 412, and 517.2.The gene editing system of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA spacer and the hgRNA spacer comprise respectively: 3.A gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting an inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 372-378, 385-391, 398, 400, 530, 532, 552, 554, 556, and 558.4.The gene editing system of claim 4, wherein the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA and the hgRNA comprise respectively: 5.A gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting a ketohexokinase (KHK) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA spacer comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 303, 312, 319, 326, 333, 340, 347, 352, 357, 360, and 365.6.The gene editing system of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA spacer and the hgRNA spacer comprise respectively: 7.A gene editing system comprising a main guide RNA (mgRNA) and a helper guide RNA (hgRNA) , or at least one DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mgRNA spacer targeting a ketohexokinase (KHK) gene and the hgRNA comprises a hgRNA spacer, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the mgRNA comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 536, 538, 540, 542, 544, 546, 548, and 550.8.The gene editing system of claim 7, wherein the nucleic acid sequences of the mgRNA and the hgRNA comprise respectively: 9.The gene editing system of any one of claims 1-8, comprisinga. the hgRNA comprising a first CRISPR motif, the hgRNA spacer, and a first protein-binding motif, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the hgRNA,b. the mgRNA comprising a second CRISPR motif and the mgRNA spacer, or a DNA polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA,c. a first CRISPR-associated protein (Cas protein) , or a polynucleotide encoding the first Cas protein, wherein the first Cas protein binds to the first CRISPR motif,d. a second Cas protein, or a polynucleotide encoding the second Cas protein, wherein the second Cas protein binds to the second CRISPR motif,e. a first fusion protein comprising a nucleobase deaminase or a catalytic domain thereof and a first RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof and the first RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, and wherein the first RNA binding domain binds to the first protein-binding motif.wherein the first Cas protein and second Cas protein are the same or different.10.The gene editing system of claim 9, further comprisinga. a protease, or a polynucleotide encoding the protease, andb. a nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain,wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain is connected to the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof in the first fusion protein optionally by a linker, and wherein there is a cleavage site for the protease between the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor domain and the nucleobase deaminase or the catalytic domain thereof.11.The gene editing system of claim 10, further comprisinga second fusion protein comprising the protease and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein,wherein the protease and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker,wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif,and wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.12.The gene editing system of claim 10, wherein the protease is split into a first protease fragment and a second protease fragment, wherein the first and / or second protease fragment alone is not able to cleave the cleavage site.13.The gene editing system of claim 12, further comprisinga. a second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker, andb. a third fusion protein comprising the second protease fragment and a third RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the second protease fragment and the third RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker,wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif and a third protein-binding motif,wherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif, and wherein the third RNA binding domain binds to the third protein-binding motif.14.The gene editing system of claim 13, wherein the second and third RNA binding domains are the same or different, and the second and third protein-binding motifs are the same or different.15.The gene editing system of claim 12, further comprisinga second fusion protein comprising the first protease fragment and a second RNA binding domain, or a polynucleotide encoding the second fusion protein,wherein the first protease fragment and the second RNA binding domain are optionally connected by a linker,wherein the mgRNA further comprises a second protein-binding motif, andwherein the second RNA binding domain binds to the second protein-binding motif.16.The gene editing system of any one of claims 10-15, wherein the protease is a TEV protease, a TuMV protease, a PPV protease, a PVY protease, a ZIKV protease, or a WNV protease.17.The gene editing system in claim 16, wherein the protease is a TEV protease comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195.18.The gene editing system in claim 16, wherein the first TEV protease fragment comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196 or 197.19.The gene editing system in any one of claims 10-18, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is an inhibitory domain of a nucleobase deaminase.20.The gene editing system in any one of claims 10-19, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor is an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase.21.The gene editing system in claim 20, wherein the inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 417 or SEQ ID NO: 418.22.The gene editing system in claim 20, wherein the inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 419-506.23.The gene editing system in any one of claims 9-22, wherein the nucleotide deaminase is a cytidine deaminase.24.The gene editing system in claim 23, wherein the cytidine deaminase is selected from the group consisting of APOBEC3A (A3A) , APOBEC3B (A3B) , APOBEC3C (A3C) , APOBEC3D (A3D) , APOBEC3F (A3F) , APOBEC3G (A3G) , APOBEC3H (A3H) , APOBECI (Al) , APOBEC3 (A3) , APOBEC2 (A2) , APOBEC4 (A4) , and AICDA (AID) .25.The gene editing system in claim 23, wherein the cytidine deaminase is a human or mouse cytidine deaminase.26.The gene editing system in claim 25, wherein the catalytic domain of the cytidine deaminase is a mouse A3 cytidine deaminase domain 1 (mA3-CDAl) , human A3A or human A3B cytidine deaminase domain 2 (hA3B-CDA2) .27.The gene editing system in claim 26, wherein the catalytic domain has at least 85%sequence identity to amino acid residues 35-141 of SEQ ID NO: 507 and comprises at least one substitution, relative to SEQ ID NO: 507, at a residue selected from the group consisting of Y35, K40, W102, and N66, or a combination thereof.28.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the substitution is selected from the group consisting of Y35D, K40H, W102Y, and N66Q, or a combination thereof.29.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the substitution is Y35D.30.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 509.31.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the substitution is K40H and W102Y.32.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 510.33.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the substitution is N66A.34.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 560.35.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the substitution is N66L.36.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 561.37.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the substitution is N66V.38.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 562.39.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the substitution is N66Q.40.The gene editing system of claim 27, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 563.41.The gene editing system in claim 26, wherein the catalytic domain is a wildtype human A3A or a mutant of human A3A having at least one mutation at a residue selected from the group consisting of Y130, Y132, W104, W98, P134 and combinations thereof, according to residue numbering in SEQ ID NO: 564, wherein the mutant retains cytidine deaminase activity.42.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is Y130F.43.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 565.44.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is Y132D.45.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 566.46.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is W104A.47.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 567.48.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is W104A and Y132D.49.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 568.50.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is W104A and P134Y.51.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 569.52.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is W104A and W98Y.53.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57054.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is W98Y, W104A, and Y130F.55.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 571.56.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the at least one substitution is W98Y, W104A, and Y132D.57.The gene editing system of claim 41, wherein the catalytic domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 572.58.The gene editing system in any one of claims 9-22, wherein the nucleotide deaminase is an adenosine deaminase.59.The gene editing system in claim 58, wherein the adenosine deaminase is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase (TadA) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 1 (ADAT1) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 2 (ADAT2) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 3 (ADAT3) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B1 (ADARB1) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B2 (ADARB2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2 (AMPD2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 (AMPD3) , adenosine deaminase (ADA) , adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) , adenosine deaminase like (ADAL) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (ADAD1) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 2 (ADAD2) , and adenosine deaminase RNA specific (ADAR) .60.The gene editing system of any one of claims 9-59, wherein the first fusion protein further comprises an uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) .61.The gene editing system of any one of claims 9-60, wherein the Cas protein is a Cas9, a dead Cas9 (dCas9) , or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) selected from the group consisting of SpCas9, FnCas9, St1Cas9, St3Cas9, NmCas9, SaCas9, AsCpfl, LbCpfl, FnCpfl, VQR Cas9, EQR Cas9, VRER Cas9, Cas9-NG, xCas9, eCas9, SpCas9-HF1, HypaCas9, HiFiCas9, sniper-Cas9, SpG, SpRY, KKH SaCas9, CjCas9, Cas9-NRRH, Cas9-NRCH, Cas9-NRTH, SsCpfl, PcCpfl, BpCpfl, LiCpfl, PmCpfl, Lb2Cpf1, PbCpfl, PeCpf1, PdCpf1, MbCpf1, EeCpf1, CmtCpf1, BsCpfl, BhCasl2b, AkCasl2b, BsCasl2b, AmCasl2b, AaCasl2b, RfxCasl3d, LwaCasl3a, PspCasl3b, PguCasl3b, and RanCasl3b.62.The gene editing system of any one of claims 9-61, wherein the first protein-binding RNA motif and the first RNA binding domain, the second protein-binding RNA motif and the second RNA binding domain, and the third protein-binding RNA motif and the third RNA binding domain, are each independently selected from the group consisting of a MS2 phage operator stem-loop and MS2 coat protein (MCP) or an RNA-binding section thereof,a BoxB and N22P or an RNA-binding section thereof,a telomerase Ku binding motif and Ku protein or an RNA-binding section thereof,a telomerase Sm7 binding motif and Sm7 protein or an RNA-binding section thereof,a PP7 phage operator stem -loop and PP7 coat protein (PCP) or an RNA-binding section thereof,a SfMu phage Com stem-loop and Com RNA binding protein or an RNA-binding section thereof, anda non-natural RNA aptamer and corresponding aptamer ligand or an RNA-binding section thereof.63.The gene editing system of any one of claims 1-62, wherein the mgRNA and / or the hgRNA comprises a dual-RNA structure.64.The gene editing system of claim 63, wherein the dual-RNA structure is formed by a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) , wherein the crRNA comprises the spacer.65.The gene editing system of claim 63 or 64, wherein the mgRNA comprises a mcrRNA and a first tracrRNA, and the mcrRNA comprises the mgRNA spacer, wherein the hgRNA comprises a hcrRNA and a second tracrRNA, and the hcrRNA comprises the hgRNA spacer, and wherein the first tracrRNA and the second tracrRNA are same or different.66.The gene editing system of any one of claims 64-65, wherein the tracrRNA has a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 534-535.67.A polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA and / or hgRNA in any one of claims 1-8.68.A polynucleotide encoding all components except the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system in any one of claims 9-66.69.A polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA and hgRNA in the gene editing system in any one of claims 9-66.70.A polynucleotide encoding all components except the mgRNA, hgRNA, and the first and second Cas proteins in the gene editing system in any one of claims 9-66.71.A kit comprising the polynucleotide in claim 68 and a polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in any one of claims 9-66.72.A kit comprising the polynucleotide in claim 67 and the polynucleotide in claims 69.73.A kit comprising the polynucleotide in claim 70 and a polynucleotide encoding the mgRNA, hgRNA and the first and / or second Cas protein in any one of claims 9-66.74.A vector comprising the polynucleotide in claim 67.75.A vector comprising the polynucleotide in claim 68.76.A vector comprising the polynucleotide in claim 69.77.A vector comprising the polynucleotide in claim 70.78.The vector of any one of claims 74-77, wherein the vector is a plasmid, a viral vector, a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vector, or a non-viral vector.79.The vector of any one of claims 74-77, wherein the vector is a polycistronic vector.80.A kit comprisinga. the vector in claim 75,b. a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in any one of claims 9-66.81.A kit comprising the vector of claim 74 and the vector of claim 76.82.A kit comprising the vector of claim 77, the vector of claim 74, and a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the first and / or second Cas protein in any one of claims 9-66.83.A cell comprising the gene editing system in any one of claims 1-66.84.A cell comprising the polynucleotide in any one of claims 67-70.85.A cell comprising the vector in any one of claims 74-79.86.A cell comprising the polynucleotides of any one of claims 71-73 or the vectors of any one of claims 80-82.87.The cell of any one of claims 83-86, wherein the cell is a stem cell.88.The cell of claim 87, wherein the cell is a pluripotent stem cell.89.The cell of claim 88, wherein the cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) or an embryonic stem cell.90.The cell of any one of claims 83-86, wherein the cell is a somatic cell.91.The cell of any one of claims 83-86, wherein the cell is a liver cell.92.The cell of claim 91, wherein the cell is a hepatocyte.93.The cell of any one of claims 83-86, wherein the cell is a kidney cell.94.The cell of claim 93, wherein the cell is a tubular epithelial cell.95.The cell of any one of claims 83-86, wherein the cell is an intestine cell.96.The cell of claim 95, wherein the cell is an enterocyte.97.The cell in any one of claims 83-86, wherein the cell is a primary cell or a differentiated cell.98.A composition comprising the gene editing system in any one of claim 1-66.99.A composition comprising the cell in any one of claims 83-97.100.A method for disrupting an INHBE gene in a cell in vitro or in vivo, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system in any one of claims 1-4 and 9-66.101.A method for decreasing the expression of Activin E in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system in any one of claims 1-4 and 9-66.102.A method for increasing lipolysis in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system in any one of claims 1-4 and 9-66.103.A method for decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system in any one of claims 1-4 and 9-66.104.A method disrupting an KHK gene in a cell in vitro or in vivo, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system in any one of claims 5-66.105.A method for decreasing the expression of ketohexokinase in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system in any one of claims 5-66.106.A method for decreasing metabolism of fructose in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell the gene editing system in any one of claims 5-66.107.A method for treating obesity, metabolic dysfunction and / or an associated disease, in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system in any one of claims 1-66.108.A method for treating insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and / or metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in a subject, comprising introducing into a cell in the subject the gene editing system in any one of claims 1-66.109.The method of any one of claims 100-108, wherein the method is used alone or in combination with other methods or drugs.110.The method of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is a stem cell.111.The method of claim 110, wherein the cell is a pluripotent stem cell.112.The method of claim 111, wherein the cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) or an embryonic stem cell.113.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is a somatic cell.114.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is a liver cell.115.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is a hepatocyte.116.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is a kidney cell.117.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is a tubular epithelial cell.118.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is an intestine cell.119.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is an enterocyte.120.The method of any one of claims 100-109, wherein the cell is a primary cell or a differentiated cell.
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