Novel engineered protein delivery vehicles for enhanced delivery
The fusion protein-based engineered protein delivery vehicles address the challenge of large particle sizes in CRISPR/Cas delivery by assembling smaller, more uniform nanoparticles, effectively delivering CRISPR/Cas effector polypeptides across physiological barriers.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/112437
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-02
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-04
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Current delivery strategies for CRISPR/Cas genome editing components, such as viral nanoparticles, face challenges due to larger particle sizes that hinder systemic administration and tissue delivery, particularly due to physiological barriers like liver sinusoidal fenestrae and blood-brain barriers, limiting their ability to effectively transport macromolecules to target tissues.
A fusion protein is developed comprising a capsid or capsid-like domain and a membrane recruitment domain, derived from different species, which assembles into smaller nanoparticles with improved delivery capabilities, allowing for efficient transport of cargoes like CRISPR/Cas effector polypeptides to target cells.
The engineered protein delivery vehicles (ePDVs) achieve smaller particle sizes and greater size uniformity, enhancing the delivery of CRISPR/Cas effector polypeptides to target tissues while maintaining functional activity, thus overcoming barriers posed by physiological constraints.
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Figure PCTCN2025112437-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
Novel engineered protein delivery vehicles for enhanced delivery
[0001] The present application claims the priority benefit of PCT application No. PCT / CN2024 / 109542, filed on August 02, 2024, titled “Novel engineered protein delivery vehicles for enhanced delivery” , which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.Technical Field
[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of gene targeting by methods using viral-derived vector systems related to Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and components thereof. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to novel engineered protein delivery vehicles for enhanced delivery.Background
[0003] RNA-mediated adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea rely on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) genomic loci and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins that function together to provide protection from invading viruses and plasmids.
[0004] Genome editing can be carried out using a CRISPR / Cas system comprising a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide and a guide RNA. CRISPR / Cas systems are revolutionizing the field of gene editing and genome engineering. Efficient methods for delivering CRISPR / Cas genome editing components into target cells are needed, for both ex vivo and in vivo applications. Current delivery strategies have drawbacks. For example, delivery of a recombinant virus encoding a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide leads to prolonged CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide expression in target cells, thus increasing the likelihood for off-target gene editing events. Others have used a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) comprising a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide and guide RNA (gRNA) to deliver the genome editing components into a cell. There is a need in the art for additional strategies for trafficking RNPs or other polypeptide with large molecular weight into target cells. Accordingly, there also remains a need for improved systems for delivery of gene editing systems using particles derived from viral vectors.
[0005] Viral nanoparticles have emerged as promising vehicles for the delivery of macromolecular cargoes, such as proteins and nucleic acids, due to their ability to efficiently transfect cells and tissues. Currently, viral nanoparticles are commonly assembled using structural proteins derived from retroviruses, which undergo self-assembly to form virus-like particles (VLPs) . However, VLPs assembled from conventional retroviral structural proteins often possess larger particle sizes, limiting their systemic administration and hindering their ability to deliver cargoes to desired tissues.
[0006] The need for a smaller-sized viral nanoparticle that can effectively deliver macromolecules to target tissues has been recognized in the field. For example, liver sinusoidal fenestrae with pore size around 100 nm on the blood vessel walls restrict the passage of larger particles into the liver. The nanoparticle size-dependent restriction to access, accumulation, retention and clearance is not limited to livers but extends broadly to diverse biological tissues (such as epithelial tissues) , organs (such as bones, brains, eyes, kidneys, lungs, muscles) , microenvironment (such as tumors) , and otherwise with physiological barriers (such as blood-brain barriers) . The present disclosure addresses this need by utilizing chimeric structural proteins to assemble small-sized viral nanoparticles with improved delivery capabilities. Summary of the present disclosure
[0007] In one aspect, this disclosure provides a fusion protein comprising: (i) a first structure protein comprising: (a) a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a membrane recruitment domain or a membrane-interacting domain; and (ii) a cargo or a protease-containing protein; and wherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain in (a) , and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain in (b) , are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.
[0008] In some embodiments, the fusion protein as described herein is capable of assembling particles. In some embodiments, the particles are nanoparticles.
[0009] In some specific embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain, are derived from different species or heterologous.
[0010] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of particles assembled by the fusion protein is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of particles assembled by the fusion protein is at least 5%smaller, at least 6%smaller, at least 7%smaller, at least 8%smaller, at least 9%smaller, at least 10%smaller, at least 11%smaller, at least 12%smaller, at least 13%smaller, at least 14%smaller, at least 15%smaller, at least 16%smaller, at least 17%smaller, at least 18%smaller, at least 19%smaller, at least 20%smaller, at least 21%smaller, at least 22%smaller, at least 23%smaller, at least 24%smaller, at least 25%smaller, at least 26%smaller, at least 27%smaller, at least 28%smaller, at least 29%smaller, at least 30%smaller, at least 31%smaller, at least 32%smaller, at least 33%smaller, at least 34%smaller, at least 35%smaller, at least 36%smaller, at least 37%smaller, at least 38%smaller, at least 39%smaller, at least 40%smaller, at least 41%smaller, at least 42%smaller, at least 43%smaller, at least 44%smaller, at least 45%smaller, at least 46%smaller, at least 47%smaller, at least 48%smaller, at least 49%smaller, at least 50%smaller, at least 51%smaller, at least 52%smaller, at least 53%smaller, at least 54%smaller, at least 55%smaller, at least 56%smaller, at least 57%smaller, at least 58%smaller, at least 59%smaller, at least 60%smaller, at least 61%smaller, at least 62%smaller, at least 63%smaller, at least 64%smaller, at least 65%smaller, at least 66%smaller, at least 67%smaller, at least 68%smaller, at least 69%smaller, at least 70%smaller, at least 71%smaller, at least 72%smaller, at least 73%smaller, at least 74%smaller, at least 75%smaller, at least 76%smaller, at least 77%smaller, at least 78%smaller, at least 79%smaller, at least 80%smaller, at least 81%smaller, at least 82%smaller, at least 83%smaller, at least 84%smaller, at least 85%smaller, at least 86%smaller, at least 87%smaller, at least 88%smaller, at least 89%smaller, or at least 90%smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is capable of assembling into particles with average or peak diameter of 160 nm or less. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is capable of assembling into particles with average or peak diameter of 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40nm or less.
[0011] In some embodiments, the size distribution exhibits greater size uniformity among the particles when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0012] In some embodiments, the uniformity can be measured by any methods in the prior art such as DLS or NTA.
[0013] In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of particles assembled by the fusion protein is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of particles assembled by the fusion protein is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 or 0.5.
[0014] In some embodiments, the cargos packaged in particles assembled by the fusion protein is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0015] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, the capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 260 amino acids. In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, the capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 amino acids.
[0016] In some embodiments, the CA domain is derived from a first virus structural protein. Suitable first virus can be selected from Retroviridae (such as Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus) , Picornaviridae (such as enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) , Flaviviridae (such as hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Papovaviridae (such as human papillomavirus or HPV) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Polyomaviridae (such as JC virus and BK virus) , Asfarviridae (such as African swine fever virus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Birnaviridae (such as aquabirnavirus) , Orthomyxovirida (such as influenza virus) , Bunyaviridae (such as hantavirus and rift valley fever virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Filoviridae (such as ebola virus and marburg virus) , Paramyxoviridae (such as measles virus and mumps virus) , Fimoviridae (such as emaravirus) , Pneumoviridae (such as human respiratory syncytial virus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Matonaviridae, Astroviridae (such as astrovirus) , Circoviridae (such as circovirus) , or Hepeviridae (such as hepatitis E virus) . In some embodiments, suitable first virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, suitable first virus can be Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) . In some embodiments, suitable first virus is a non-Retroviridae virus.
[0017] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.
[0018] In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (ARC, such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) Gag, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0019] In some embodiments, the CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0020] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprising a fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or the capsid (CA) -like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of the CA domain or CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) domain. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is engineered to comprise only a defined fragment of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain-namely, a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a charged assembly helix (CAH) situated within the CTD, or, if desired, the N-terminal domain (NTD) , with the explicit option that the fragment does not include the NTD-thereby embodying the structure–function findings of Ngo et al. (PNAS, 2025, Vol. 122, No. 1) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises only the C-terminal domain (CTD) and / or the charged assembly helix (CAH) of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain, and is deliberately engineered to exclude the N-terminal domain (NTD) . This configuration has been experimentally verified to maintain robust particle assembly, membrane budding, and cargo (e.g., Cas9 RNP) packaging while eliminating some of the original viral residues. Particles built with this truncated CA fragment are smaller in diameter; or, yet achieve a higher editing potency per particle, demonstrating that the minimal CA region (CTD ± CAH) alone is sufficient to form a functional, non-replicative delivery vehicle that both transports and enables the functional activity of the encapsulated cargo.
[0021] In some exemplary embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, the capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or (ii) a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto.
[0022] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane interaction domain comprises a matrix (MA) domain, matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.
[0023] In some embodiments, the MA domain or MA-like domain is derived from a second virus structural protein. Suitable second virus can be selected from Retroviridae (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus) , Orthomyxoviridae (such as influenza viruses) , Bunyaviridae (such as Hantavirus and Rift Valley fever virus) , Filoviridae (such as Ebola virus and Marburg viruses) , Paramyxoviridae (such as Measles and Mumps viruses) , Pneumoviridae (such as Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2) , Flaviviridae (such as Hepatitis C virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Binaviridae (such as aquatic birnavirus) , Papillomaviridae (such as human papillomavirus, hpv) , polyomaviridae (such as bk virus and jc virus) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) Fimoviridae (such as emaravirus) , or Matonaviridae. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, the Retroviridae virus (retrovirus) is Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus. In some embodiments, the second virus is selected from an alpharetrovirus, a betaretrovirus, a deltaretrovirus, an epsilonretrovirus, a gammaretrovirus, a lentivirus or a spumaretrovirus. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is selected from a Sarcoma Virus (RSV) , Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) , Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) , Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) , Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) , Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) , Equine infection anemia virus (EIA) , Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) or Baboon endogenous virus (BaEv) , Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) , Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) , Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) , Avian leukosis virus (ALV) , Rat leukemia virus (RLV) , or Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) .
[0024] In some embodiments, the MA domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein, preferably a second endogenous retrovirus structural protein. In some embodiments, the second endogenous retrovirus structural protein selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (ARC, such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0025] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. And in some embodiments, the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from the group consisting of: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .
[0026] In some embodiments, the MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0027] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises: a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0028] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a functional domain.
[0029] In some embodiments, the functional domain includes an element of gene editing system, such as CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide (e.g. CRISPR nucleases) , zinc finger or transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein useful for the editing of nucleic acids in target cells. In some specific embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide can be any of a variety of CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide or type V CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a Cas9 polypeptide (e.g. SpCas9) .
[0030] The CRISPR effector polypeptide together with or without the corresponding guide RNA (gRNA) system can do one or more of the following activities: (i) modify (e.g., edit) a target ssDNA, dsDNA or RNA (e.g., cleave, nick, or methylate) ; (ii) modulate transcription of the target nucleic acid; (iii) bind the target nucleic acid (e.g., for purposes of isolation, blocking transcription, labeling, or imaging, etc. ) ; or (v) modify a polypeptide associated with a target nucleic acid.
[0031] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has a nuclease activity. In some other embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has no nuclease activities (dead Cas) . In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has nickase activities. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide includes a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain. This napDNAbp is complexed with at least one guide nucleic acid, such as guide RNA, which directs the napDNAbp to a specific DNA sequence containing a strand complementary to the guide nucleic acid or a portion of it, like the protospacer of a guide RNA. Once the napDNAbp protein binds to this complementary sequence, it allows access for the nucleobase modification protein. In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp possesses one or more nuclease activities, enabling it to cut the DNA and create different types of lesions. For instance, the napDNAbp might include a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at one site and cuts the target strand at another site. Depending on its nuclease function, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” . In other cases, the target DNA might only be nicked at a single location, meaning one strand is cut. Examples of napDNAbps with varied nuclease functions include “Cas9 nickase” (nCas9) and an inactivated Cas9 without any nuclease capabilities (referred to as “dead Cas9” or dCas9) .
[0032] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag. In some embodiments, the first structural protein may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag.
[0033] In some embodiments, the cargo further comprises a second functional domain such as nucleic acid-modifying domain, linked to the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. The nucleic acid-modifying domain can have one or more types of enzymatic activities, including polymerase activity, ligase activity, reverse transcriptase activity, deaminase activity, replication activity, or proofreading activity. In some embodiment the nucleic acid-modifying domain comprises a nuclease, a nickase, a deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a ligase, a recombinase, a methyltransferase, a methylase, an acetylase, an acetyltransferase, a transcriptional activator, or a transcriptional repressor domain.
[0034] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain comprises an aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a RNA binding proteins. Examples of RNA binding proteins included here are MS2 coat protein, lambda N peptide, or COM protein and PP7 coat protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid to be bond may comprise a packaging signal. In some embodiments, the packaging signal comprises an aptamer sequence. The aptamer sequence is attached to or inserted into a nucleic acid sequence of interest. When the aptamer sequence attached to or inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of interest interacts with the aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of interest comprises a mRNA or gRNA. In some specific embodiments, the mRNA comprising a domain encoding the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some specific embodiments, the gRNA comprising a domain capable of forming RNP complex with the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a protein sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a dimerization domain; Optionally, the dimerization domain included here that may or may not need a small molecule inducer is dDZFl, dDZF2, DmrA, DmrB, DmrC, FKBP, FRB, GCN4 scFv, 10x / 24x GCN4, GFP nanobody or GFP. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split intein; Optionally, the split intein included here is Npu DnaE, Cfa, Vma, or Ssp DnaE. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split protein; Optionally, the split protein included here that make a covalent bond together are Spy Tag and Spy Catcher. (the detailed information regarding the heterologous binding domain and packaging signal has been documented in Patent WO2022020800A2, WO2019213257A1, US10870865B2, US11371059B2, WO2005116225A1, WO2007072056A1 which is incorporated into this application by reference) .
[0035] In some embodiments, the fuse protein further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) , Flag protein, and / or nuclear export sequences (NES) .
[0036] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a cleavable linker; preferably, the cleavable linker is located between the cargo and the structural protein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265 as set forth in Tables 4; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0037] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises any one of the amino acid sequences selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016. In some embodiments, the protease cleavage linker comprises one of the amino acid sequences having at least 99%, 95%90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%identity with SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016.
[0038] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 300-476 as set forth in Tables 6; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0039] This disclosure also provides an engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) . In some embodiments, the ePDV is assembled by the fusion protein as described herein.
[0040] In some embodiments, the ePDV in accordance with the disclosure is non-replicative and noninfectious since it lacks all or part of the viral genome, typically and preferably lacking all or part of the replicative and infectious components of the viral genome. In general, the ePDV lack the viral genome and, therefore, are noninfectious. Also, the ePDV can often be produced in large quantities by heterologous expression and can be easily purified. Some ePDVs may contain nucleic acid distinct from their genome.
[0041] In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to ePDV designed as a self-assemble particle comprising a cargo wherein the particle is designed for selective delivery to targeted cells.
[0042] In some embodiments, the ePDV is a non-replicating, self-assembling, non-naturally occurring multicomponent structure composed of one or more viral proteins, polyproteins, virally-like peptides or polypeptides, such as, but not limited to, capsid, coat, shell, as well as tropism factors such as envelope glycoproteins derived from viruses, antibody fragments, receptors or ligand utilized for tropism to direct the ePDV to target cells or tissues, with a lipid layer (derived from the host cell) , wherein the ePDV are capable of self-assembly in a host cell and encapsulating or encompassing a cargo. The ePDV of present disclosure can be utilized to specifically and selectively deliver the cargo to target cells or tissues.
[0043] In some embodiments, a core, assembled by the structural protein, serves as the foundational framework for the ePDV and can encapsulate the cargos of interest, similar to how a natural virus encapsulates its genome within its capsid. In some preferred embodiments, the forming of the shell is performed by utilizing the self-assembling the fusion protein described herein comprising (i) a first structure protein comprising a) a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and b) a membrane recruitment domain or a membrane-interacting domain; and (ii) a cargo or a protease-containing protein; and wherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain in (a) , and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain in (b) , are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.
[0044] The ePDV also comprises a tropism factor to facilitate entry into certain cell or tissue types.
[0045] In some embodiments, the core further comprises a second structural protein.
[0046] In some embodiments, the second structural protein is the same as the first structural protein. In some embodiments, the second structural protein is different from the first structural protein.
[0047] In some embodiments, the second structural protein comprising a) a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and b) a membrane recruitment domain or a membrane-interacting domain.
[0048] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is smaller when compared to if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is at least 5%smaller, at least 6%smaller, at least 7%smaller, at least 8%smaller, at least 9%smaller, at least 10%smaller, at least 11%smaller, at least 12%smaller, at least 13%smaller, at least 14%smaller, at least 15%smaller, at least 16%smaller, at least 17%smaller, at least 18%smaller, at least 19%smaller, at least 20%smaller, at least 21%smaller, at least 22%smaller, at least 23%smaller, at least 24%smaller, at least 25%smaller, at least 26%smaller, at least 27%smaller, at least 28%smaller, at least 29%smaller, at least 30%smaller, at least 31%smaller, at least 32%smaller, at least 33%smaller, at least 34%smaller, at least 35%smaller, at least 36%smaller, at least 37%smaller, at least 38%smaller, at least 39%smaller, at least 40%smaller, at least 41%smaller, at least 42%smaller, at least 43%smaller, at least 44%smaller, at least 45%smaller, at least 46%smaller, at least 47%smaller, at least 48%smaller, at least 49%smaller, at least 50%smaller, at least 51%smaller, at least 52%smaller, at least 53%smaller, at least 54%smaller, at least 55%smaller, at least 56%smaller, at least 57%smaller, at least 58%smaller, at least 59%smaller, at least 60%smaller, at least 61%smaller, at least 62%smaller, at least 63%smaller, at least 64%smaller, at least 65%smaller, at least 66%smaller, at least 67%smaller, at least 68%smaller, at least 69%smaller, at least 70%smaller, at least 71%smaller, at least 72%smaller, at least 73%smaller, at least 74%smaller, at least 75%smaller, at least 76%smaller, at least 77%smaller, at least 78%smaller, at least 79%smaller, at least 80%smaller, at least 81%smaller, at least 82%smaller, at least 83%smaller, at least 84%smaller, at least 85%smaller, at least 86%smaller, at least 87%smaller, at least 88%smaller, at least 89%smaller, or at least 90%smaller when compared to if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0049] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is 160 nm or less. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40 nm or less.
[0050] In some embodiments, the size distribution exhibits greater size uniformity among the particles when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the uniformity of particles assembled by the fusion protein is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0051] In some embodiments, the uniformity can be measured by any methods in the prior art such as DLS or NTA.
[0052] In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) , or other similar measurements of broadness of size distribution, of the ePDV is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of the ePDV is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 or 0.5.
[0053] In some embodiments, the cargos packaged in particles assembled by the fusion protein is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0054] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 260 amino acids.
[0055] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, or 20 amino acids.
[0056] In some embodiments, the CA domain is derived from a first virus structural protein.
[0057] In some embodiments, the first virus is selected from Retroviridae (such as Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus) , Picornaviridae (such as hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) , Flaviviridae (such as hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Papovaviridae (such as human papillomavirus or HPV) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Polyomaviridae (such as JC virus and BK virus) , Asfarviridae (such as African swine fever virus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Birnaviridae (such as aquabirnaviru) , Orthomyxovirida (such as influenza virus) , Bunyaviridae (such as hantavirus and rift valley fever virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Filoviridae (such as ebola virus and marburg virus) , Paramyxoviridae (such as measles virus and mumps virus) , Pneumoviridae (such as human respiratory syncytial virus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Matonaviridae, Astroviridae (such as astrovirus) , Circoviridae (such as circovirus) , or Hepeviridae (such as hepatitis E virus) . In some embodiments, the first virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, the Retroviridae is selected from Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) . In some embodiments, suitable first virus is a non-Retroviridae virus.
[0058] In some embodiments, capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.
[0059] In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0060] In some embodiments, the CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0061] In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of the CA domain or CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) domain. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is engineered to comprise only a defined fragment of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain-namely, a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a charged assembly helix (CAH) situated within the CTD, or, if desired, the N-terminal domain (NTD) , with the explicit option that the fragment does not include the NTD-thereby embodying the structure–function findings of Ngo et al. (PNAS, 2025, Vol. 122, No. 1) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises only the C-terminal domain (CTD) and / or the charged assembly helix (CAH) of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain and is deliberately engineered to exclude the N-terminal domain (NTD) . This configuration has been experimentally verified to maintain robust particle assembly, membrane budding, and cargo (e.g., Cas9 RNP) packaging while eliminating some of the original viral residues. Particles built with this truncated CA fragment are smaller in diameter; or, yet achieve a higher editing potency per particle, demonstrating that the minimal CA region (CTD ± CAH) alone is sufficient to form a functional, non-replicative delivery vehicle that both transports and enables the functional activity of the encapsulated cargo
[0062] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto.
[0063] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a matrix (MA) domain, matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.
[0064] In some embodiments, the MA domain is derived from a second virus structural protein. Suitable second virus can be selected from Retroviridae (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus) , Orthomyxoviridae (such as influenza viruses) , Bunyaviridae (such as Hantavirus and Rift Valley fever virus) , Filoviridae (such as Ebola virus and Marburg viruses) , Paramyxoviridae (such as Measles and Mumps viruses) , Pneumoviridae (such as Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2) , Flaviviridae (such as Hepatitis C virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Binaviridae (such as aquatic birnavirus) , Papillomaviridae (such as human papillomavirus, hpv) , polyomaviridae (such as bk virus and jc virus) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) or Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) . In some specific embodiments, the second virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, the second virus is selected from an alpharetrovirus, a betaretrovirus, a deltaretrovirus, an epsilonretrovirus, a gammaretrovirus, a lentivirus or a spumaretrovirus. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is selected from a Sarcoma Virus (RSV) , Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) , Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) , Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) , Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) , Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) , Equine infection anemia virus (EIA) , Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) or Baboon endogenous virus (BaEv) , Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) , Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) , Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) , Avian leukosis virus (ALV) , Rat leukemia virus (RLV) , or Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) .
[0065] In some embodiments, the MA domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the second endogenous retrovirus structural protein selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0066] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Suitable Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from the group consisting of: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .
[0067] In some embodiments, the MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0068] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0069] In some embodiments, the core of the ePDV further comprises a cargo. In some embodiments, the cargo is previously fused to the first structural protein to form a cargo-fusion complex via a cleavable linker. In such specifically engineered configuration, the cargo is pre-fused to the first structural protein (e.g., chimeric Gag) to form a cargo-fusion complex (cargo-containing fusion protein) via a cleavable linker. This complex is co-assembled into the ePDV core during particle formation. The cleavable linker is designed to be selectively recognized and processed by a protease domain (e.g., derived from the protease-containing protein in the core) , triggering partial or complete separation of the cargo from the first structural protein during / after ePDV assembly. This separation state is achieved as a direct result of the protease-mediated cleavage event described above, wherein the cargo (e.g., therapeutic peptide) is liberated from the structural scaffold to exert its biological activity within the target cell. As a result, in some embodiments, the first structural protein is fused with a cargo via a cleavable linker in the core of the ePDV. And in some embodiments, the first structural protein is separated with a cargo in the core of the ePDV. In some other specific embodiments, the protease domain may not be sufficient to trigger any separation of the cargo, and in such embodiment, the first structural protein is retained being fused with the cargo via a cleavable linker.
[0070] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises any one of the amino acid sequences selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises one of the amino acid sequences having at least 99%, 95%90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%identity with SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016.
[0071] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a functional domain.
[0072] In some embodiments, the functional domain includes an element of gene editing system, such as CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide (e.g. CRISPR nucleases) , zinc finger or transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein useful for the editing of nucleic acids in target cells. In some specific embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide can be any of a variety of CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide or type V CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a Cas9 polypeptide (e.g. SpCas9) .
[0073] The CRISPR effector polypeptide together with or without the corresponding guide RNA (gRNA) system can do one or more of the following activities: (i) modify (e.g., edit) a target ssDNA, dsDNA or RNA (e.g., cleave, nick, or methylate) ; (ii) modulate transcription of the target nucleic acid; (iii) bind the target nucleic acid (e.g., for purposes of isolation, blocking transcription, labeling, or imaging, etc. ) ; or (v) modify a polypeptide associated with a target nucleic acid.
[0074] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide includes a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain. This napDNAbp is complexed with at least one guide nucleic acid, such as guide RNA, which directs the napDNAbp to a specific DNA sequence containing a strand complementary to the guide nucleic acid or a portion of it, like the protospacer of a guide RNA. The guide nucleic acid "programs" the napDNAbp domain to identify and attach to a matching sequence on the target strand. Once the napDNAbp protein binds to this complementary sequence, it allows access for the nucleobase modification protein. In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp possesses one or more nuclease activities, enabling it to cut the DNA and create different types of lesions. For instance, the napDNAbp might include a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at one site and cuts the target strand at another site. Depending on its nuclease function, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” . In other cases, the target DNA might only be nicked at a single location, meaning one strand is cut. Examples of napDNAbps with varied nuclease functions include “Cas9 nickase” (nCas9) and an inactivated Cas9 without any nuclease capabilities (referred to as “dead Cas9” or dCas9) .
[0075] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag. In some embodiments, the first structural protein may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag.
[0076] In some embodiments, the ePDV comprises a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding the cargo. In some embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide.
[0077] In some embodiments, the cargo further comprises a second functional domain such as nucleic acid-modifying domain, linked to the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. The nucleic acid-modifying domain can have one or more types of enzymatic activities, including polymerase activity, ligase activity, reverse transcriptase activity, deaminase activity, replication activity, or proofreading activity. In some embodiments the nucleic acid-modifying domain comprises a nuclease, a nickase, a deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a recombinase, a methyltransferase, a methylase, an acetylase, an acetyltransferase, a transcriptional activator, or a transcriptional repressor domain.
[0078] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain comprises an aptamer-binding protein. Examples of RNA binding proteins included here are MS2 coat protein, lambda N peptide, or COM protein and PP7 coat protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid to be bond may comprise a packaging signal. In some embodiments, the packaging signal comprises an aptamer sequence. The aptamer sequence is attached to or inserted into a nucleic acid sequence of interest. When the aptamer sequence attached to or inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of interest interacts with the aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of interest comprises a mRNA or gRNA. In some specific embodiments, the mRNA comprising a domain encoding the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some specific embodiments, the gRNA comprising a domain capable of forming RNP complex with the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a protein sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a dimerization domain; Optionally, the dimerization domain included here that may or may not need a small molecule inducer is dDZFl, dDZF2, DmrA, DmrB, DmrC, FKBP, FRB, GCN4 scFv, 10x / 24x GCN4, GFP nanobody or GFP. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split intein; Optionally, the split intein included here is Npu DnaE, Cfa, Vma, or Ssp DnaE. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split protein; Optionally, the split protein included here that make a covalent bond together are Spy Tag and Spy Catcher. (the detailed information regarding the heterologous binding domain and packaging signal has been documented in Patent WO2022020800A2, WO2019213257A1, US10870865B2, US11371059B2, WO2005116225A1, WO2007072056A1 which is incorporated into this application by reference) .
[0079] In some embodiment the core further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) , Flag sequences, and / or nuclear export sequences (NES) . In some embodiments, such NLS, Flag and / or NES fused with the cargo. In some embodiments, such NLS, Flag and / or NES fused with the first structure protein.
[0080] In some embodiments, the cargo-fusion complex comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265 as set forth in Tables 4; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0081] In some embodiments, the second structural protein is fused with a protease-containing domain to form a protease-containing fusion protein. In some other embodiments, the ePDV does not comprise a protease-containing domain.
[0082] In some embodiments, the protease-containing protein comprises a polymerase and / or an integrase domain. In some other embodiments, the protease-containing protein does not comprise a polymerase and / or an integrase domain.
[0083] In some embodiments, the protease-containing fusion protein comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 300-476 as set forth in Tables 6; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0084] In some embodiments, the first structural protein or the second structural protein further comprises a nucleocapsid (NC) domain. In some other embodiments, the first structural protein or the second structural protein does not comprise a NC domain.
[0085] In some embodiments, the ePDV further comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) , or a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding said guide RNA (gRNA) . In some embodiments, the ePDV further comprises a donor DNA. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises one or more internal anchors that are at least 5 nucleotides away from both 3’ and 5’ ends of the gRNA and the donor DNA comprises a first portion and a second portion; and wherein the first portion comprises one or more binding segments capable of binding to an internal anchor of the one or more internal anchors via a non-covalent bond and the second portion comprises a sequence of interest (SOI) .
[0086] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a glycoprotein derived from enveloped virus selected from a group consisting of: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) , Rabies virus (RABV) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) , Mokola virus (MOKV) , Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , Chandipura virus (CHPV) , Baboon endogenous virus (BAEV) , Zika Virus and / or Baculovirus, arenavirus, Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus, Australian bat virus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, Avian leukosis virus, baboon endogenous virus, baculovirus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus, Borna disease virus, Breda virus, Bunyamwera virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dengue fever virus, Duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus, Ebola Zaire virus, Ephemerovirus, Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) , European bat virus 1, European bat virus 2, flavivirus, Fug Synthetic gP Fusion, Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis G Virus (GB virus C) , herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, human cytomegalovirus (HHV5) , human foamy virus, human herpesvirus (HHV) , human Herpesvirus 7, human herpesvirus type 6, human herpesvirus type 8, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) , human metapneumovirus, human T-lymphotro pic virus 1, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) , Kaysanur Forest disease virus, La Crosse virus, Lagos bat virus, Lassa fever virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Machupo virus, Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus, measles virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Mokola virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, monkey poxvirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, mumps virus, murine gammaherpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Oropouche virus, parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, Quaranfil virus, RD114 Endogenous Feline Retrovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , Rift Valley fever virus, Ross River virus, Rous sarcoma virus, rubella virus, Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom (SARS) -associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , SARS-CoV-2, Sendai virus, Tacaribe virus, Thogotovirus, tick-borne encephalitis causing virus, torovirus, varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , variola major virus, variola minor virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever virus, Vesiculovirus, West Nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Zika Virus. Non-limiting examples of enveloped virus glycoprotein amino acid sequences are provided in Table 1.
[0087] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0088] In some embodiments, the ePDV further comprises a targeting polypeptide. In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide is selected from single chain variable fragment (scFv) , nanobody, fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3) , Arginylglycylaspartic acid motif (RGD) , single variable domain on a heavy chain / nanobody (VHH) , variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) , Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) or other targeting ligand.
[0089] In some embodiments, the tropism factors are viral envelope glycoproteins, which are oligosaccharide-containing proteins that form a part of the viral envelope, the outermost layer of many types of viruses that protects the viral genetic materials when traveling between host cells. Glycoproteins may assist with identification and binding to receptors on a target cell membrane so that the viral envelope fuses with the membrane, allowing the contents of the viral particle to enter the host cell.
[0090] As provided herein, the glycoprotein or fragments thereof, derived from enveloped virus. Enveloped viruses include but are not limited to: arenavirus, Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus, Australian bat virus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, Avian leukosis virus, baboon endogenous virus, baculovirus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus, Borna disease virus, Breda virus, Bunyamwera virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dengue fever virus, Duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus, Ebola Zaire virus, Ephemerovirus, Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) , European bat virus 1, European bat virus 2, flavivirus, Fug Synthetic gP Fusion, Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis G Virus (GB virus C) , herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, human cytomegalovirus (HHV5) , human foamy virus, human herpesvirus (HHV) , human Herpesvirus 7, human herpesvirus type 6, human herpesvirus type 8, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) , human metapneumovirus, human T-lymphotro pic virus 1, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) , Kaysanur Forest disease virus, La Crosse virus, Lagos bat virus, Lassa fever virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Machupo virus, Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus, measles virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Mokola virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, monkey poxvirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, mumps virus, murine gammaherpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Oropouche virus, parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, Quaranfil virus, rabies virus, RD114 Endogenous Feline Retrovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , Rift Valley fever virus, Ross River virus, Rous sarcoma virus, rubella virus, Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom (SARS) -associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , SARS-CoV-2, Sendai virus, Tacaribe virus, Thogotovirus, tick-borne encephalitis causing virus, torovirus, varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , variola major virus, variola minor virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) , Vesiculovirus, West Nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Zika Virus. Non-limiting examples of enveloped virus glycoprotein amino acid sequences are provided in Table 1.
[0091] In some embodiments, a glycoprotein particle of the disclosure comprises a glycoprotein comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1, or a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity thereto. In some embodiments, a glycoprotein particle of the disclosure comprises a glycoprotein comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1.
[0092] In some embodiments, the ePDV may further comprise a targeting polypeptide that provides for binding to a target cell or target cell type. Targeting polypeptides include antibodies and antibody mimetics (also referred to as antibody analogs) . Suitable antibody analogs include, e.g., an affibody, an affilin, an affimer, an affitin, an alphabody, an anticalin, an avimer, a DARPin, a Fynomer, a Kunitz domain peptide, a monobody, a repebody, a VLR, and a nanoCLAMP. Suitable antibodies include a single chain Fv (scFv) polypeptide, a diabody, a triabody, and a nanobody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a single-chain Fv polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antibody is a nanobody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a bispccific antibody. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the present disclosure comprises a fusion polypeptide that comprises: i) a viral envelop protein; and ii) one or more antibodies or antibody analogs that bind specifically to a target polypeptide on a target cell. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the present disclosure comprises a fusion polypeptide that comprises: i) a viral envelop protein; and ii) two different antibodies (e.g., a first antibody and a second antibody) , where the first antibody specifically binds to a first target polypeptide on a target cell and the second antibody specifically binds to a second target polypeptide on the same target cell.
[0093] In some embodiments, ePDV comprising two or more different targeting polypeptides are provided. In some embodiments, ePDV comprising a bispecific targeting polypeptide is provided wherein the bispecific targeting polypeptide binds to two different targets on the targeted cell type. In some embodiments, the bispecific targeting polypeptide is a bispecific antibody or derivative thereof.
[0094] In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to an organ such as kidney, liver, bone, pancreas, brain, lung, heart, and the like. In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to a particular cell type. For example, in some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to a cell such as a skeletal muscle cell, a cardiomyocyte, an adipocyte, an epithelial cell, an endothelial cell, a macrophage, a beta islet cell, or an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a B cell, a monocyte, a natural killer cell, a dendritic cell, etc. ) . In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to a diseased cell, relative to a non-diseased cell of the same cell type. In some embodiments, the antibody provides for selective binding to a CAR-T cell, i.e., a T cell that is modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on its surface.
[0095] In some embodiments, an ePDV of the disclosure comprises a chimeric glycoprotein. As used herein, a chimeric glycoprotein is a hybrid protein that comprises a portion of a glycoprotein from one source, such as a virus, fused to a glycoprotein, a targeting polypeptide domain, or other protein domain from a different source, creating a single polypeptide chain with characteristics derived from both parent proteins. This fusion allows for the combination of functional and structural properties from each of the original proteins into a single molecule, enhancing its utility in applications like vaccine design, therapeutics, or diagnostic tools. In some embodiments, chimeric glycoproteins are designed to retain the important post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation patterns, which are characteristic of natural glycoproteins, while incorporating novel properties or improved functions from the heterologous protein segment. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the disclosure comprises a combination of two or more full-length glycoproteins to confer tropism of the particle to a target cell. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the disclosure comprises a combination of two or more glycoprotein fragments to confer tropism of the particle to a target cell. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the disclosure comprises a combination of a glycoprotein and a targeting polypeptide domain to target a cell.
[0096] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a plurality of polynucleotides comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising: a) a first structure protein; b) a cargo; optionally, (c) a cleavable linker; and, optionally, (d) one or more nuclear export sequences (NES) ; (ii) a second polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a tropism factor; optionally, (iii) a third polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a polyprotein comprising a second structural protein; and optionally, (iv) a fourth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a guide RNA (gRNA) capable of forming a complex with the cargo of the fusion protein encoded by the first polynucleotide; optionally, (v) a fifth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a donor DNA; wherein the first structure protein comprises: a) a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and b) a membrane recruitment domain or a membrane-interacting domain; and wherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain, are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.
[0097] In some embodiments, the second structural protein is the same as the first structural protein. In some embodiments, the second structural protein is different from the first structural protein.
[0098] In some embodiments, the second structural protein comprising a) a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and b) a membrane recruitment domain or a membrane-interacting domain.
[0099] In some embodiments, expression of the plurality of polynucleotides in a packaging cell enables the assembly of particles. In some embodiments, the particles are nanoparticles.
[0100] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is smaller when compared to if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is at least 5%smaller, at least 6%smaller, at least 7%smaller, at least 8%smaller, at least 9%smaller, at least 10%smaller, at least 11%smaller, at least 12%smaller, at least 13%smaller, at least 14%smaller, at least 15%smaller, at least 16%smaller, at least 17%smaller, at least 18%smaller, at least 19%smaller, at least 20%smaller, at least 21%smaller, at least 22%smaller, at least 23%smaller, at least 24%smaller, at least 25%smaller, at least 26%smaller, at least 27%smaller, at least 28%smaller, at least 29%smaller, at least 30%smaller, at least 31%smaller, at least 32%smaller, at least 33%smaller, at least 34%smaller, at least 35%smaller, at least 36%smaller, at least 37%smaller, at least 38%smaller, at least 39%smaller, at least 40%smaller, at least 41%smaller, at least 42%smaller, at least 43%smaller, at least 44%smaller, at least 45%smaller, at least 46%smaller, at least 47%smaller, at least 48%smaller, at least 49%smaller, at least 50%smaller, at least 51%smaller, at least 52%smaller, at least 53%smaller, at least 54%smaller, at least 55%smaller, at least 56%smaller, at least 57%smaller, at least 58%smaller, at least 59%smaller, at least 60%smaller, at least 61%smaller, at least 62%smaller, at least 63%smaller, at least 64%smaller, at least 65%smaller, at least 66%smaller, at least 67%smaller, at least 68%smaller, at least 69%smaller, at least 70%smaller, at least 71%smaller, at least 72%smaller, at least 73%smaller, at least 74%smaller, at least 75%smaller, at least 76%smaller, at least 77%smaller, at least 78%smaller, at least 79%smaller, at least 80%smaller, at least 81%smaller, at least 82%smaller, at least 83%smaller, at least 84%smaller, at least 85%smaller, at least 86%smaller, at least 87%smaller, at least 88%smaller, at least 89%smaller, or at least 90%smaller when compared to if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is 160 nm or less. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40 nm or less.
[0101] In some embodiments, the size distribution exhibits greater size uniformity among the particles when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0102] In some embodiments, the uniformity can be measured by any methods in prior art such as DLS or NTA.
[0103] In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of particles is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of particles is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 or 0.5.
[0104] In some embodiments, the cargos packaged in particles are more abundant when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0105] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 260 amino acids. In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, or 20 amino acids.
[0106] In some embodiments, CA domain is derived from a first virus structural protein. Suitable first virus can be selected from Retroviridae (such as Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus) , Picornaviridae (such as hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) , Flaviviridae (such as hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Papovaviridae (such as human papillomavirus or HPV) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Polyomaviridae (such as JC virus and BK virus) , Asfarviridae (such as African swine fever virus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Birnaviridae (such as aquabirnavirus) , Orthomyxovirida (such as influenza virus) , Bunyaviridae (such as hantavirus and rift valley fever virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Filoviridae (such as ebola virus and marburg virus) , Paramyxoviridae (such as measles virus and mumps virus) , Pneumoviridae (such as human respiratory syncytial virus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Astroviridae (such as astrovirus) , Circoviridae (such as circovirus) , or Hepeviridae (such as hepatitis E virus) . In some embodiments, suitable first virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, suitable first virus can be Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) .
[0107] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.
[0108] In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0109] In some embodiments, the CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0110] In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of the CA domain or CA-like domain.
[0111] In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise an N-terminal domain (NTD) domain.
[0112] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto.
[0113] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a matrix (MA) domain, matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.
[0114] In some embodiments, the MA domain is derived from a second virus structural protein. Suitable second virus can be selected from Retroviridae (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus) , Orthomyxoviridae (such as influenza viruses) , Bunyaviridae (such as Hantavirus and Rift Valley fever virus) , Filoviridae (such as Ebola virus and Marburg viruses) , Paramyxoviridae (such as Measles and Mumps viruses) , Pneumoviridae (such as Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2) , Flaviviridae (such as Hepatitis C virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Binaviridae (such as aquatic birnavirus) , Papillomaviridae (such as human papillomavirus, hpv) , polyomaviridae (such as bk virus and jc virus) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) or Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) . In some specific embodiments, the second virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, the second virus is selected from an alpharetrovirus, a betaretrovirus, a deltaretrovirus, an epsilonretrovirus, a gammaretrovirus, a lentivirus or a spumaretrovirus. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is selected from a Sarcoma Virus (RSV) , Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) , Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) , Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) , Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) , Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) , Equine infection anemia virus (EIA) , Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) or Baboon endogenous virus (BaEv) , Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) , Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) , Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) , Avian leukosis virus (ALV) , Rat leukemia virus (RLV) , or Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) .
[0115] In some embodiments, the MA domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the second endogenous retrovirus structural protein selected from activity-regulated cytoskeleton (such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0116] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Suitable Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from the group consisting of: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .
[0117] In some embodiments, the MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0118] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0119] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a functional domain.
[0120] In some embodiments, the functional domain includes an element of gene editing system, such as CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide (e.g. CRISPR nucleases) , zinc finger or transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein useful for the editing of nucleic acids in target cells. In some specific embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide can be any of a variety of CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide or type V CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a Cas9 polypeptide (e.g. SpCas9) .
[0121] The CRISPR effector polypeptide together with or without the corresponding guide RNA (gRNA) system can do one or more of the following activities: (i) modify (e.g., edit) a target ssDNA, dsDNA or RNA (e.g., cleave, nick, or methylate) ; (ii) modulate transcription of the target nucleic acid; (iii) bind the target nucleic acid (e.g., for purposes of isolation, blocking transcription, labeling, or imaging, etc. ) ; or (v) modify a polypeptide associated with a target nucleic acid.
[0122] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide includes a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain. This napDNAbp is complexed with at least one guide nucleic acid, such as guide RNA, which directs the napDNAbp to a specific DNA sequence containing a strand complementary to the guide nucleic acid or a portion of it, like the protospacer of a guide RNA. The guide nucleic acid “programs” the napDNAbp domain to identify and attach to a matching sequence on the target strand. Once the napDNAbp protein binds to this complementary sequence, it allows access for the nucleobase modification protein. In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp possesses one or more nuclease activities, enabling it to cut the DNA and create different types of lesions. For instance, the napDNAbp might include a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at one site and cuts the target strand at another site. Depending on its nuclease function, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” . In other cases, the target DNA might only be nicked at a single location, meaning one strand is cut. Examples of napDNAbps with varied nuclease functions include “Cas9 nickase” (nCas9) and an inactivated Cas9 without any nuclease capabilities (referred to as “dead Cas9” or dCas9) .
[0123] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag. In some embodiments, the first structural protein may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag.
[0124] In some embodiments, the cargo further comprises a second functional domain such as nucleic acid-modifying domain, linked to the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. The nucleic acid-modifying domain can have one or more types of enzymatic activities, including polymerase activity, ligase activity, reverse transcriptase activity, deaminase activity, replication activity, or proofreading activity. In some embodiments the nucleic acid-modifying domain comprises a nuclease, a nickase, a deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a recombinase, a methyltransferase, a methylase, an acetylase, an acetyltransferase, a transcriptional activator, or a transcriptional repressor domain.
[0125] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain comprises an aptamer-binding protein. Examples of RNA binding proteins included here are MS2 coat protein, lambda N peptide, or COM protein and PP7 coat protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid to be bond may comprise a packaging signal. In some embodiments, the packaging signal comprises an aptamer sequence. The aptamer sequence is attached to or inserted into a nucleic acid sequence of interest. When the aptamer sequence attached to or inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of interest interacts with the aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of interest comprises a mRNA or gRNA. In some specific embodiments, the mRNA comprising a domain encoding the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some specific embodiments, the gRNA comprising a domain capable of forming RNP complex with the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a protein sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a dimerization domain; Optionally, the dimerization domain included here that may or may not need a small molecule inducer is dDZFl, dDZF2, DmrA, DmrB, DmrC, FKBP, FRB, GCN4 scFv, 10x / 24x GCN4, GFP nanobody or GFP. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split intein; Optionally, the split intein included here is Npu DnaE, Cfa, Vma, or Ssp DnaE. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split protein; Optionally, the split protein included here that make a covalent bond together are Spy Tag and Spy Catcher. (the detailed information regarding the heterologous binding domain and packaging signal has been documented in Patent WO2022020800A2, WO2019213257A1, US10870865B2, US11371059B2, WO2005116225A1, WO2007072056A1 which is incorporated into this application by reference) .
[0126] In some embodiment the fuse protein further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) , Flag protein, and / or nuclear export sequences (NES) .
[0127] In some embodiments, the fusion protein the first polynucleotide encoded comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265 as set forth in Tables 4; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0128] In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises one or more internal anchors that are at least 5 nucleotides away from both 3’ and 5’ ends of the gRNA and the donor DNA comprises a first portion and a second portion; and wherein the first portion comprises one or more binding segments capable of binding to an internal anchor of the one or more internal anchors via a non-covalent bond and the second portion comprises a sequence of interest (SOI) .
[0129] In some embodiments, the polyprotein third polynucleotide encoded further comprises a protease-containing protein. In some embodiments, the plurality of polynucleotides does not comprise a polynucleotide encoding a protease-containing protein.
[0130] In some embodiments, the protease-containing protein comprises a polymerase and / or an integrase domain. In other embodiments, the protease-containing protein does not comprise a polymerase and / or an integrase domain.
[0131] In some embodiments, the polyprotein the third polynucleotide encoded comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 300-476 as set forth in Tables 6; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0132] In some embodiments, the first structural protein or the second structural protein further comprises a NC domain or does not comprise a NC domain.
[0133] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a glycoprotein derived from enveloped virus selected from a group consisting of: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) , Rabies virus (RABV) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) , Mokola virus (MOKV) , Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , Chandipura virus (CNV / CHPV) , Baboon endogenous virus (BAEV) , Zika Virus and / or Baculovirus, arenavirus, Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus, Australian bat virus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, Avian leukosis virus, baboon endogenous virus, baculovirus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus, Borna disease virus, Breda virus, Bunyamwera virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dengue fever virus, Duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus, Ebola Zaire virus, Ephemerovirus, Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) , European bat virus 1, European bat virus 2, flavivirus, Fug Synthetic gP Fusion, Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis G Virus (GB virus C) , herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, human cytomegalovirus (HHV5) , human foamy virus, human herpesvirus (HHV) , human Herpesvirus 7, human herpesvirus type 6, human herpesvirus type 8, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) , human metapneumovirus, human T-lymphotro pic virus 1, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) , Kaysanur Forest disease virus, La Crosse virus, Lagos bat virus, Lassa fever virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Machupo virus, Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus, measles virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Mokola virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, monkey poxvirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, mumps virus, murine gammaherpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Oropouche virus, parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, Quaranfil virus, RD114 Endogenous Feline Retrovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , Rift Valley fever virus, Ross River virus, Rous sarcoma virus, rubella virus, Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom (SARS) -associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , SARS-CoV-2, Sendai virus, Tacaribe virus, Thogotovirus, tick-borne encephalitis causing virus, torovirus, varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , variola major virus, variola minor virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever virus, Vesiculovirus, West Nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Zika Virus. Non-limiting examples of enveloped virus glycoprotein amino acid sequences are provided in Table 1.
[0134] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0135] In some embodiments, the plurality of polynucleotides further comprises a sixth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a targeting polypeptide.
[0136] In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide is selected from single chain variable fragment (scFv) , nanobody, fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3) , Arginylglycylaspartic acid motif (RGD) , single variable domain on a heavy chain / nanobody (VHH) , variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) , Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) or other targeting ligand.
[0137] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides one or more vectors comprising the polynucleotide described herein or the plurality of polynucleotides described herein. In some embodiments, each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and the sixth polynucleotides is on separate vectors. In some embodiments, two or more of the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth or the sixth polynucleotides are on the same vector.
[0138] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a cell comprising the ePDV described herein, the fusion protein described herein, the polynucleotide described herein, the plurality of polynucleotides described herein or the one or more vectors described herein.
[0139] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method of producing an engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) comprising transfecting the plurality of polynucleotides described herein, or the one or more vectors described herein into a cell. In some embodiments, the manufacturing yield in the same manufacturing condition is higher when compared to if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0140] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides an ePDV produced by transfecting, transducing, electroporating, or otherwise inserting the plurality of polynucleotides described herein, or the one or more vectors described herein, into a cell and expressing the components of the ePDV from the plurality of polynucleotides or one or more vectors in the cell, thereby allowing the ePDV to spontaneously assemble in the cell. In some embodiments, the manufacturing yield in a same manufacturing condition is higher when compared to if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0141] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) described herein.
[0142] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method of delivery of the cargo to a target cell comprising contacting the target cell with the ePDV described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein,
[0143] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method of editing a nucleic acid molecule in a target cell comprising contacting the target cell with the ePDV described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein, thereby installing one or more modifications to the nucleic acid molecule at a target site.
[0144] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a kit comprising the ePDV described herein, the polynucleotides described herein, the plurality of polynucleotides described herein, one or more vectors described herein, or the cell described herein.
[0145] In certain embodiments, vectors comprising the nucleic acids of the ePDV are introduced into a cell via methods such as transfection, transduction, lipofection, or electroporation to establish a packaging cell line. The introduction of vectors may utilize one or more commercially available TransMessenger reagents. Techniques for transfection, transduction, or infection are well-established among those skilled in the art. The assembly and release of ePDVs bearing therapeutic cargos from the transfected host cells can be mediated by viral structural proteins (e.g., GAG) and their fusion proteins.
[0146] The ePDVs, along with compositions containing them, may be employed for gene therapy or for editing a nucleic acid molecule within a target cell. An additional aspect of the disclosure pertains to a method for the treatment of subjects using the virus-derived particles of the present disclosure or compositions thereof. Administration of these particles to human subjects or animals in need thereof may be accomplished through any means known in the art for administering viral vectors. Examples of administration routes include rectal, transmucosal, topical, transdermal, inhalational, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intra-articular) , direct tissue / organ injection, intrathecal, direct intramuscular, intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections. Injectables may be prepared in conventional ways either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Alternatively, the virus may be administered locally rather than systemically, for instance, in a depot or sustained-release formulation.
[0147] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method for modifying a target nucleic acid sequence within a eukaryotic cell that involves contacting the cell with the virus-derived particles described herein, or with a composition as detailed in this specification. In some embodiments, the virus-derived particles or compositions containing them are administered directly to the subject in vivo. In other embodiments, cells from the subject are obtained and then transduced ex vivo with the virus-derived particles or a composition containing them. Following this, the transduced cells from the subject are reintroduced into the subject's body. In some instances, this method is performed ex vivo or in vitro.
[0148] In certain embodiments, the ePDV is administered to the subject following a treatment regimen that includes one or more consecutive doses at a therapeutically effective dose of the particles.
[0149] Beneficial effects: The present disclosure provides improved systems for delivery of cargos. The present disclosure is to provide a smaller-sized nanoparticle, i.e. ePDV, for effectively delivering macromolecules to target tissues. By utilizing chimeric structural proteins to assemble small-sized nanoparticles, to assemble nanoparticles with an excellent cargo loading capacity, and / or, in some circumstance, to assemble a nanoparticle exhibiting a good uniformity, the ePDV of the present disclosure has improved delivery capabilities (e.g., distribution capabilities) .Brief description of the drawings
[0150] A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to one or more of the following detailed descriptions that set forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0151] FIG. 1 shows the schematic outline of ePDVs with multiple chimeric Gag designs at capsid (CA) . CA0 is the parental (non-chimeric) structure with matrix (MA) , CA and nucleocapsid (NC) all from the murine leukemia virus (MLV) . CA1 to CA29 represent 29 chimeric Gag designs, each with the MLV CA replaced by CA of other retrovirus, including RSV and REV, non-retroviral enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, or other capsid-like proteins.
[0152] FIG. 2A contains graphs summarizing maximal editing efficiency (indel %by NGS) of concentrated (50X) , differently pseudotyped ePDVs with non-chimeric (CA0) or chimeric Gag at capsid (CA1-CA6) in multiple cell lines at the target site HEK3. GP64 is a glycoprotein from baculovirus. Error bars denote standard deviation of means. FIG. 2B shows that VSV-G-pseudotyped ePDVs with chimeric Gag of capsids derived from non-retroviral enveloped and non-enveloped viruses are biologically active and can deliver genome-editing cargo in multiple cell lines.
[0153] FIG. 3A is a titration graph summarizing editing efficiency (indel %by NGS) of concentrated (50X) VSV-G-pseudotyped ePDVs with non-chimeric or chimeric Gag at capsid in Lenti-X cells, a derivative of human embryonic kidney 293 cells, at the target site HEK3. Four non-zero ePDV input volumes were tested for each design. Data points were fitted using 4-parameter logistic (4PL) regression and tissue culture editing efficiency 50% (TCEE50) , a measurement of ePDV biological activity, were interpolated using GraphPad Prism 10. Each design, except CA0, was tested in technical duplicate. The accompanied table on the right shows comparative fold enhancement in editing efficiency of ePDVs with chimeric Gag at capsid (CA1-CA6) with reference to the non-chimeric design (CA0) . The smaller the TCEE50, the higher the biological activity of ePDVs. All ePDV designs with chimeric Gag at capsid have lower TCEE50 and thus higher potency compared with the non-chimeric counterpart (CA0) . The maximal achievable editing efficiency with chimeric Gag at capsid (CA1-CA6) was consistently higher than that with non-chimeric Gag (CA0) (91.64%-96.13%vs 89.79%) . FIG. 3B shows the enhanced editing efficiency of VSV-G-pseudotyped ePDVs with chimeric Gag of capsids derived from non-retroviral enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
[0154] FIG. 4 is a graph summarizing the cargo loading capacity of concentrated (50X) VSV-G-pseudotyped ePDVs with non-chimeric (CA0) , single chimeric Gag (CA1-CA6) and double chimeric Gag (CA1-CA6) at capsid in Lenti-X cells. The quantity of packaged SpCas9 in ePDV was measured by a commercial ELISA kit (Cell Biolabs; PRB-5079) .
[0155] FIG. 5 is a titration graph summarizing editing efficiency (indel %by NGS) of neat (1X) Chandipura virus glycoprotein (CNV-G) pseudotyped ePDVs with non-chimeric and two designs of chimeric Gag at capsid in neuro-2a cells, a mouse neuroblast line, at the target site mDnmt1. Five non-zero ePDV input volumes were tested for each design. Data points were fitted using 4-parameter logistic (4PL) regression and tissue culture editing efficiency 50% (TCEE50) , a measurement of ePDV biological activity, were interpolated using GraphPad Prism 10. The accompanied table on the right shows comparative fold enhancement in editing efficiency of ePDVs with chimeric Gag at capsid (CA2 and CA3) with reference to the non-chimeric design (CA0) . The smaller the TCEE50, the higher the biological activity of ePDVs. CA2 and CA3 were selected for further validation herein as they are designs with top two editing efficiency enhancement as shown in FIG. 3A.
[0156] FIG. 6A shows diameter distribution of ePDVs with non-chimeric Gag (CA0) or chimeric Gag at capsid derived from retroviruses and non-retroviral enveloped and non-enveloped viruses as measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) . ePDVs were pseudotyped by viral glycoprotein VSV-G or GP64. Tables below each chart summarize the number of ePDV particles counted and median diameters of ePDVs in nanometer (nm) . Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA test was performed against ePDVs with non-chimeric GAG (CA0) with Turkey’s correction for multiple comparisons. #, p<0.1; ****, p<0.0001; N / A, not applicable; NS, not significant. The representative TEM image of each ePDV design is shown in FIG. 6B with a 100 nm or 200 nm scale bar. Refer to FIG. 1 for the identity of capsid (CA) used. FIG. 6C shows the cargo load (SpCas9) of each VSV-G-pseudotyped ePDV design with non-chimeric or chimeric Gag as measured by a commercially available SpCas9 ELISA kit (GenScript) . The amount is normalized to ePDV particle number measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis using ZetaView TWIN PMX-220.
[0157] FIG. 7A shows the schematic outline of ePDVs with multiple chimeric Gag designs at Matrix (MA) and capsid (CA) ; FIG. 7B demonstrates non-inferior and often superior genome-editing performance of ePDVs with chimeric gag at capsids (CA1 to CA6) coupled with non-retroviral membrane recruitment domains (PH) in the absence or presence of MMLV nucleocapsid (NC) , as compared with ePDVs with matrix (MA) , capsid (CA0) and nucleocapsid (NC) proteins of MMLV origin.
[0158] FIG. 8 shows the impact of employing different cleavable linkers between the cargo and the structural protein on genome-editing performance of ePDVs in the mouse cell line Hepa 1-6 targeting mDnmt1 gene. Sequences of these linkers are listed in Table 7. ePDV contains a chimeric gag at capsid (CA3) with matrix (MA) and nucleocapsid (NC) proteins of MMLV.
[0159] Unless otherwise specified, chimeric Gag in the drawings refers to double chimeric Gag that includes both chimeric Gag and chimeric Gag linked with gene-editing cargo.Detailed description
[0160] The following examples further illustrate the present disclosure, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.
[0161] General definitions
[0162] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms or the terms “a” , “an” , “the” , and “said” and similar terms used in the context of the present disclosure (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and plural unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context. In some embodiments, the above terms can be reasonably comprehended as “one” or “one or more” . Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.
[0163] Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all singular / plural terms also encompass the active tense and past tense forms of a term, and it needs to be understood according to the context in the article.
[0164] It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and those terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law. The term “a group consisting of” and the like refer to a specific set or collection of elements, components, or features. It may include one or more of the specified elements, components, or features. For example, a group consisting of: A, B, or C may refer to a set that includes any one or more of the specified elements A, B, or C. The claim encompasses the possibility of having any single element (A, B, or C) individually, any two elements combined (Aand B, A and C, or B and C) , or all three elements together (A, B, and C) . This phrase defines the disclosure in terms of its variability within the specified options, allowing for different combinations of the listed elements while still maintaining the claimed scope.
[0165] When “t” or “T” appears in a sequence in this disclosure as a nucleotide of an RNA sequence, it should be understood as “u” or “U” .
[0166] The term “identity” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same as measured using a BLAST or BLAST 2.0 or FASTA etc. sequence comparison algorithms with default parameters described below.
[0167] The term “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects, embodiments, or designs.
[0168] As used herein, the term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequent described event, circumstance or substituent may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
[0169] The use of “or” or “ / ” is inclusive and means “and / or” unless stated otherwise; or it could be interpreted differently based on the context. The term “and / or” as used herein a phrase such as “A and / or B” is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used herein a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0170] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific, and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The meaning and scope of the terms should be clear; in the event, however of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedent over any dictionary or extrinsic definition.
[0171] Various embodiments are described hereinafter. It should be noted that the specific embodiments are not intended as an exhaustive description or as a limitation to the broader aspects discussed herein. One aspect described in conjunction with a particular embodiment is not necessarily limited to that embodiment and can be practiced with any other embodiment (s) . Reference throughout this specification to “in some embodiment (s) ” , “in certain embodiment (s) ” , “in some preferred embodiments” , “in some typical embodiment (s) ” , “in typical embodiment (s) ” or similar expressions means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the disclosure. For example, in the appended claims, any one of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.
[0172] As presented in this disclosure, the term “fusion protein” refers to a hybrid polypeptide which comprises protein domains from at least two different proteins. One protein may be located at the amino-terminal (N-terminal) portion of the fusion protein or at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) protein thus forming an “amino-terminal fusion protein” or a “carboxy-terminal fusion protein, ” respectively. A protein may comprise different domains, for example, a nucleic acid binding domain (e.g., the gRNA binding domain of Cas9 that directs the binding of the protein to a target site) and a nucleic acid cleavage domain or a catalytic domain. Any of the proteins provided herein may be produced by any method known in the art. For example, the proteins provided herein may be produced via recombinant protein expression and purification, which is especially suited for fusion proteins comprising a peptide linker. Methods for recombinant protein expression and purification are well known. A fusion protein “between” two proteins does not necessarily indicate that the two proteins are directly connected; they may be directly linked, or there may be other domains or sequences in between. In some embodiments, the fusion protein as described herein is capable of assembling nanoparticles.
[0173] As presented in this disclosure, the terms “structural protein (s) ” , “structural component (s) ” , or their derivatives, in any tense-past, present, or future-and in either singular or plural form, refer to proteins that contribute to the overall structure of an ePDV disclosed herein. The presence of structural proteins facilitates the self-assembly of ePDV. The term “structural protein” further includes functional variant, fragments or derivatives of such protein contributing to the structure of a capsid protein or of protein core of an ePDV. Typically, the structural proteins are localized inside the core of the ePDV. Additionally, it is important to clarify that “structural proteins” encompass not only viral-derived proteins but also proteins of other origins, such as endogenous structure proteins, which similarly contribute to the formation and stability of the ePDV’s structure.
[0174] Without being limited by theory, and in the context of typical enveloped virus lifecycle, Gag is the primary structural protein responsible for orchestrating the majority of steps in viral assembly, including budding out of fully-formed enveloped virions having an (i) envelope (comprising a lipid membrane formed from cell membrane during budding out, and one or more glycoproteins inserted therein) , and (ii) a core, which is the internal protein shell. Most of these assembly steps occur via interactions with three Gag subdomain-matrix (MA) , capsid (CA) , and / or nucleocapsid (NC) . Outside of these three domains, Gag proteins can vary widely. For example, HIV-1 Gag additionally codes for a C-terminal p6 protein as well as two spacer proteins, SP1 and SP2, which demarcate the CA-NC and NC-p6 junctions, but HTLV-1 contains no additional sequences outside of MA, CA, and NC. In some embodiments, in this context, the subdomains of Gag or Gag-like are also referred to as Gag or Gag-like.
[0175] It is noteworthy that while, in some typical embodiments, the Matrix (MA) and Capsid (CA) as Gag subdomains may originate from retroviral nomenclature, the protein structural and functional modules they represent hold broader virological significance. In some embodiments, a “MA” universally applies to a structural domain that: occupies topological positions interfacing with lipid membranes (in enveloped systems) or particle peripheries (in non-enveloped systems) ; and / or drives higher-order assembly through mediating cooperative subunit interactions or directing spatial organization of structural components; This domain may have function including mediate envelope association, particle assembly initiation, budding, and / or directing higher-order particle assembly. In some embodiments, the “CA” universally applies to a structural domain that assembles into an architecturally defined core compartment and provides geometric constraints genome packaging in replicative viruses or payload accommodation in replication-deficient VLPs or ePDV. The CA domain constitutes the cavity-forming structural scaffold that assembles into an internal compartment with defined geometry; and / or provides docking interfaces for payload encapsulation (e.g., antigens, nucleic acids, drugs) . Regarding viruses, functional homology of MA and CA domains may exist across diverse viral families (e.g., Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae, etc. ) , though specific names may vary (e.g., influenza M1 protein for MA function; adenovirus Hexon for CA function) . Thus, the “MA domain” and “CA domain” herein essentially refer to conserved structural modules performing these functions, not exclusively to retroviral components.
[0176] As presented in this disclosure, a “capsid-like domain” refers to a protein domain whose folding pattern or overall structure resembles that of a viral capsid protein. In some embodiments, a “capsid-like domain” may indicate one of the following scenarios: (i) Structural Resemblance: A protein domain may be termed “capsid-like” if its folding pattern closely mirrors that of a portion of a viral capsid protein. (ii) Functional Similarity: In some cases, a protein domain may not only share structural resemblance with a viral capsid protein but also exhibit similar functional properties, such as the ability to form multimers or participate in some form of assembly. (iii) Evolutionary Relationship: Sometimes, “capsid-like domain” may imply an evolutionary connection between the domain and viral capsid proteins, suggesting they might have descended from a common ancestral protein. In some specific embodiment, the capsid-like domain exhibits self-assembly activity functionally analogous to a viral capsid protein, regardless of structural homology.
[0177] As presented in this disclosure, a membrane-interacting protein typically possesses the capability to interact with cellular membranes or components on the membrane. They can function by binding to specific lipids, ligands, signal sequences, or proteins (such as glycoproteins) on the membrane, or by aiding other intracellular components (such as proteins) to bind to specific lipids, ligands, or proteins (such as glycoproteins) on the membrane. Membrane-interacting proteins are involved in various cellular processes, such as budding, signal transduction, material transport, cell adhesion, and more.
[0178] As presented in this disclosure, “a membrane recruitment domain” refers to a specific class of protein domains whose primary role is to recognize or, after self-modification, recognize and bind to specific lipids, ligands, signal sequences, or proteins on the cell membrane, or to aid intracellular components (such as proteins) in recognizing and binding to specific lipids, ligands, or proteins on the cell membrane, thereby recruiting the entire protein complex to the cell membrane. For example, the PH domain (Pleckstrin homology domain) is a common type of membrane recruitment domain that can recognize and bind to phosphoinositides on the cell membrane. In some embodiments, a membrane recruitment domain may be characterized by a functional capability such as: (i) Electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions with specific lipids (e.g., anionic phospholipids, acyl chains) , (ii) Binding to membrane-associated proteins (e.g., receptors, scaffolds) , or (iii) Lipidation-dependent anchoring (e.g., myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, GPI) . In some embodiments, this domain may be characterized by structural features such as: (i) Basic residue clusters (e.g., poly-K / R motifs) , (ii) Lipid-binding folds (e.g., PH, C1, C2, FYVE, BAR) , or (iii) Intrinsically disordered regions capable of phase separation, curvature sensing or ligand docking. The membrane recruitment domain mediates association with lipid bilayers through electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions and / or covalent lipid anchoring, and (ii) further promotes assembly or maturation of an engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) . In the exemplary embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain is a retroviral Matrix (MA) domain selected from the group consisting of: (a) Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) MA domain; (b) Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) MA domain; and (c) functional fragments or variants thereof that retain both membrane-binding activity and ePDV-promoting activity. In some other exemplary embodiments, the PH domain is a common membrane recruitment domain that binds phosphoinositides.
[0179] As presented in this disclosure, when the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain are described as “not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein” or other similar expressions thereof mean that the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain, are not normally found together in a single protein in nature. They have been artificially combined in the fusion protein through genetic engineering to create a unique construct with potentially beneficial properties not seen in natural proteins. In a preferred embodiment, this fusion protein is a chimeric Gag protein, wherein the domains originate from distinct sources. This engineered combination allows the fusion protein to perform functions that are not possible with the naturally occurring proteins alone. Furthermore, if the fusion protein includes functional fragments of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain along with the membrane recruitment domain, it should be understood that these functional fragments and the membrane recruitment domain “not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein. ” This is true even if the total capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain and the membrane recruitment domain are found together in nature within a single protein. Preferably, in some cases, the functional fragments and the membrane recruitment domain are derived exclusively from heterologous structural proteins. The specific combination and configuration achieved in the fusion protein through artificial means offer unique characteristics and potential advantages that are absent in naturally occurring viral structural proteins. A similar explanation applies to other structural domains regarding descriptions of “not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein. ” This phraseology indicates that the mentioned domains are not usually present together in a natural protein setting. Their combination within a fusion protein is a result of deliberate genetic engineering aimed at bestowing the fusion protein with enhanced properties or functions not observed in natural proteins. In preferred implementations, this fusion protein is a chimeric Gag protein, or the domains are derived solely from heterologous sources. Consequently, even if some or all of these domains naturally occur within a single protein, their deliberate assembly in the fusion protein through artificial means and, preferably, their specific origin as components of a chimeric Gag or exclusively heterologous structures, provides the protein with unique qualities and potential benefits. Likewise, the expression ‘not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein’ may be read as ‘not naturally co-existing within a single parental structural protein, ’ thereby emphasizing that the domains in question originate from distinct parental proteins or from engineered derivatives thereof.
[0180] As disclosed in this disclosure, in some embodiments, a “chimeric Gag” is used to denote a fusion protein comprising Gag protein sequences, subdomain of Gag sequences, Gag-like protein sequences or subdomain of Gag-like sequences derived from the sequences not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein. Preferably, these sequences originate exclusively from heterologous sources or distinct structural proteins. In some embodiments, the chimeric Gag is designed to retain the fundamental properties of native Gag proteins, such as facilitating viral like particle assembly and release, while incorporating additional functional domains or alterations that enhance its performance in the context of a VLP delivery system. These alterations include, in preferred embodiments, the artificial combination of domains derived from non-naturally coexisting sources. These modifications may include, but are not limited to, improved targeting to specific cell types, reducing the particle size, enhanced stability, and increased efficiency in packaging and delivering cargos. The design of the chimeric Gag protein is optimized to suit the specific requirements of the VLP-based delivery platform described herein, leveraging the unique properties conferred by its heterologous domain composition, ensuring effective presentation of antigens or therapeutic molecules to the immune system without causing adverse effects associated with replication-competent viruses.
[0181] In the context of this disclosure, a “Gag-like protein” refers to a protein that exhibits structural features, functional characteristics, or evolutionary relationships similar to those of viral Gag proteins. The term “Gag-like” may encompass one or more of the following attributes: (i) Structural Characteristics: A Gag-like protein may possess a folding pattern or overall tertiary structure that closely aligns with the architectural features of a viral Gag protein. This resemblance could involve elements such as the arrangement of secondary structural elements (alpha helices, beta sheets) or the formation of specific structural motifs. (ii) Functional Properties: A Gag-like protein might demonstrate functional behaviors akin to those of authentic Gag proteins. This includes the capability to self-associate into multimeric complexes, interact with cellular machinery for particle assembly and budding, or package molecules into VLPs (virus-like particles) suitable for delivery of cargos. (iii) Evolutionary Connection: The term “Gag-like” might also indicate an evolutionary linkage between the protein in question and genuine Gag proteins from viruses. This relationship suggests a possible common ancestry, where the Gag-like protein and viral Gag proteins have diverged from a shared precursor protein during evolution. A Gag-like protein, as described here, is intended to be used in applications such as viral vector development or ePDV production, where it can serve as a substitute or an engineered variant to mimic the functions of native Gag proteins while potentially offering advantages in terms of specificity, size, immunity, efficacy, or safety profile.
[0182] In some specific embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, the capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain, are derived from different species or heterologous.
[0183] In some embodiments, the fusion protein described herein is capable of assembling into particles (e.g., ePDV particles) .
[0184] As presented in this disclosure, “fusion protein is capable of assembling particles” , “particles assembled by the fusion protein” or other similar expressions thereof, refers to the ability of a fusion protein to participate in the process of constructing particles. This assembly process involves the integration of the fusion protein, which may also include other structural proteins, glycoproteins, or suitable components such as elements that can be encapsulated within the particles. The fusion protein plays a crucial role in this assembly mechanism, facilitating the organization and arrangement of these components into a functional particle structure. The participation of the fusion protein not only contributes to the physical formation of the particle but also potentially enhances its functionality by introducing specific properties or functionalities derived from the fused protein domains.
[0185] In some cases, the assembly mechanism exploits synergistic integration of one or more the following steps: (i) Innate self-oligomerization domains (e.g., retroviral CA dimerization motifs) enabling core scaffold formation; (ii) Membrane recruitment domains (MRDs) mediating lipid-specific anchoring and complex recruitment; (iii) Cellular exosome biogenesis pathways wherein MRD-anchored scaffolds nucleate inward budding; and (iv) tropism factors (e.g., VSVG) integration into particle surface. In some embodiments, generic production methodology comprises: (i) Transfecting packaging cells (e.g., HEK293T) with plasmids encoding said fusion protein, optionally together with additional plasmids encoding other particle components such as envelope glycoprotein (s) , Gag-Pol, and / or the packaged components; and / or (ii) Harvesting and purifying the particles, all of which steps are conventional and well known to those skilled in the art.
[0186] As presented in this disclosure, the endogenous structural protein refers to a protein that is naturally encoded within an organism’s genome and possesses structural characteristics reminiscent of viral structural proteins, specifically in their capacity to encapsulate a cargo through the assembly of particles. In some embodiments, the endogenous structural proteins are engineered to assemble into protein shells that resemble viral capsids but lack the viral genetic material. This allows for safe and effective packaging and delivery of cargos. The use of endogenous structural proteins in delivery systems capitalizes on their ability to form structures that are highly stable, protective, and capable of interacting with cellular receptors, making them ideal for mimicking viral entry and triggering immune responses similar to those induced by natural viruses. In some specific embodiments, the endogenous structural protein is an endogenous retroviral structural protein.
[0187] As presented in this disclosure, the “endogenous retrovirus structure protein” refers to the structural protein encoded by the genes of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that have become integrated into the genome of the host organism. Gene of endogenous retroviruses are sequences that originated from ancient viral infections and have become part of the host’s genome over time, passed down through generations. In this disclosure, human endogenous retrovirus domain derived structural protein with Gag homology (HERV-derived Gag) may be used to be fused with the first domain. In specific embodiments, the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) derived structural protein is PEG10.
[0188] “De novo” , as presented in this disclosure, denotes the methodology employed in biology and biotechnology to engineer or synthesize new biological molecules, such as DNA sequences, proteins, or genetic structures, where the design is not derived from any naturally occurring counterparts but is created a new based on theoretical considerations and experimental validation. Suitable approaches for de novo design and synthesis include computational design, where advanced algorithms are used to predict and optimize the structure and function of new molecules; chemical synthesis, which allows for the precise creation of DNA sequences or proteins; directed evolution, an iterative process of mutation, selection, and amplification to develop new enzymes or proteins; homology-independent methods that rely on self-assembly and self-organization; naked DNA assembly, which assembles DNA fragments without homology regions; and the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence to predict and optimize properties of newly created biological molecules. In some embodiments, the de novo process may comprise any method that yields an amino-acid sequence capable of adopting a capsid-forming fold that is structurally and functionally comparable to the canonical CA or CA-like domains; however, the resulting sequence exhibits only limited amino-acid identity to these reference domains-specifically, sharing ≤80 %, ≤70 %, ≤60 %, or ≤50 %, preferably ≤40 %, and most preferably ≤20 %amino-acid identity with any naturally occurring or previously described CA / CA-like domain-thereby distinguishing it from sequences obtained by direct cloning or conservative mutagenesis of the native template. Representative de-novo routes include, but are not limited to, computational design employing RosettaDesign, AlphaFold-based energy minimization, or equivalent algorithms to generate novel sequences predicted to fold into the canonical CA helical bundle.
[0189] As presented in this disclosure, the C-terminal domain (CTD) of a CA or CA-like domain is the region of a capsid protein that lies closest to the carboxyl terminus of the protein’s amino acid sequence. It often plays roles in protein interactions, nucleic acid binding, and can contribute to the stability and maturation of the virus particle, virus-like particle or ePDV as described herein. As an example, for many viral capsid proteins, the CTD may consist of approximately 20 to 200 amino acid residues. This range is broad because the CTD can be short or long, depending on its role in viral assembly and stability.
[0190] As presented in this disclosure, the N-terminal domain of a CA or CA-like domain is located at the amino-terminal end of the protein's amino acid sequence. This domain typically functions in protein-protein interactions during capsid assembly. And, in the exemplary embodiments, for wild-type viruses, it can also be involved in interactions with host cell receptors during viral entry. The NTD is also crucial for the proper formation and stability of the capsid. In some embodiments, the length of the NTD is usually similar, possibly between 20 to 200 amino acid residues. This domain is involved in numerous protein-protein and protein-host receptor interactions, so its size and complexity can vary from relatively simple to very complex.
[0191] As presented in this disclosure, the charged assembly helix (CAH) is an alpha-helical segment within the capsid protein that contains amino acids with charged side chains. These charges facilitate protein-protein interactions through electrostatic attractions, which are crucial for the assembly and stability of the capsid or capsid-like shell. In some embodiments, CAHs are typically smaller, around 10 to 50 amino acid residues. They are alpha-helical structures that often contain a series of charged amino acids-such as lysine, arginine, aspartate, and glutamate-which facilitate connections between proteins through charge interactions.
[0192] As presented in this disclosure, “matrix-like domain” refers to a protein domain that exhibits significant structural, functional, or evolutionary similarity to a viral Matrix protein (MA) . This domain may display characteristics such as: (a) structural similarity: the domain possesses a folding pattern or spatial configuration that closely resembles that of a viral Matrix protein, potentially including similar secondary structures like alpha-helices and beta-sheets arrangements, or analogous tertiary structures; (b) functional similarity: The domain may carry out biological functions akin to those of a viral Matrix protein, such as participating in protein-protein interactions, facilitating virus assembly and budding; (c) evolutionary relationship: The domain could share an evolutionary lineage with viral Matrix proteins, suggesting a common ancestral origin and implying homology between the two.
[0193] A “functional domain” is a distinct part of a protein or enzyme that has a specific function and can operate independently or in conjunction with other domains or components to carry out activities or characteristics. Suitable cargos comprise enzymes, antibodies, growth factors, structural proteins, signaling proteins, detection proteins and other functional proteins. The choice of protein cargo is determined by its intended therapeutic or functional role.
[0194] As presented in this disclosure, a “nickase” refers to a CRISPR / Cas protein capable of cleaving only one of the two complementary strands of a double-stranded target DNA sequence, thereby creating a nick in that strand. In some embodiments, the nickase nicks the non-target strand of a double-stranded target DNA sequence. The nickase may comprise an amino acid sequence with one or more mutations in the catalytic domain of a typical CRISPR nuclease, where these mutations reduce or eliminate the nuclease activity of the catalytic domain. In some cases, the nickase is a Cas9 containing one or more mutations in its RuvC-like domain compared to the wild-type Cas9 sequence or equivalent positions in other Cas9 variants or counterparts. In other instances, the nickase is a Cas9 with one or more mutations in its HNH-like domain relative to the wild-type Cas9 sequence or corresponding positions in other Cas9 variants or counterparts. The nickase may also be a Cas9 featuring an aspartate-to-alanine substitution (D10A) in the RuvC I catalytic domain of Cas9 when compared to the standard Cas9 sequence or equivalent positions in other Cas9 versions or counterparts. It could also be a Cas9 with an H840A, N854A, and / or N863A mutation relative to the standard Cas9 sequence, or equivalent positions in other Cas9 versions or counterparts. The term “Cas9 nickase” may refer to a Cas9 with one of its two nuclease domains inactivated, enabling it to cleave only one strand of the target DNA. In some cases, the nickase is a Cas protein that is not a Cas9 nickase.
[0195] The “engineered protein delivery vehicle” or “ePDV” , as described in this disclosure, refers to a delivery system with the structure resembling a virus particle. In preferred embodiments, an ePDV contains at least one fusogenic protein displayed on the surface of the particle. In some embodiments, the ePDV may also be termed “virus-derived Particle” , “engineered virus-like particle” , or eVLP, which may be formed by one or more virus-derived structural protein (s) , one or more endogenous virus structural protein (s) , and / or one more virus-derived envelope protein (s) . In some embodiments, the ePDV is formed by the fusion protein described herein. In some embodiments, a membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain may be engaged to facilitate the packaging of the cargo or the forming of the particles or vesicles. It is important to note that the ePDV is capable of delivering proteins, but not limited to deliver proteins. In some embodiments, the ePDV herein can also be used to deliver nucleic acids or small molecules. The ePDV can deliver proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, or any combination thereof-including RNPs or cargo consisting solely of nucleic acids or solely of proteins. In some embodiments, the cargo delivered by ePDV consists entirely of nucleic acids without any protein components. In some embodiments, ePDV can be used to deliver both proteins and nucleic acids (e.g., RNP) . In some embodiments, ePDV can be used to deliver proteins alone.
[0196] In some embodiments, a core, assembled by the structural protein, serves as the foundational framework for the ePDV and can encapsulate the cargos of interest, similar to how a natural virus encapsulates its genome within its capsid. The “core” of an ePDV is the central structure that mimics the capsid or shell of a virus, consisting of one or more types of proteins that self-assemble to form a proteinaceous shell. In some preferred embodiments, the forming of the shell is performed by utilizing the self-assembling the fusion protein described herein comprising (i) a first structural protein comprising (a) a core-assembly domain selected from a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and b) a membrane recruitment domain or a membrane-interacting domain; and (ii) a cargo or a protease-containing protein; and wherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain, are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.
[0197] In some embodiments, the ePDV in accordance with this disclosure is non-replicative and noninfectious since it lacks all or part of the viral genome, typically and preferably lacking all or part of the replicative and infectious components of the viral genome. In general, the ePDV lacks the viral genome and, therefore, are noninfectious. Also, the ePDV can often be produced in large quantities by heterologous expression and can be easily purified. Some ePDVs may contain nucleic acid distinct from their genome.
[0198] In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to ePDV designed as a self-assemble particle comprising a cargo wherein the particle is designed for selective delivery to targeted cells.
[0199] As used herein, “replaced with” (or any equivalent comparative term) , when used to describe a comparison between the pre-replacement and post-replacement states, means substituting the (first or second) CA or CA-like domain while keeping all other structural and functional components of the reference chimeric ePDV unchanged. For comparative purposes, parameters such as size, size distribution, cargo loading, particle-measurement protocol, assembly methodology, and purification protocol are held identical between the test and reference ePDVs unless expressly noted.
[0200] The “first” , “second” , “ (first) ” , “ (second) ” , “first or second ” or “ (first or second) ” , are used solely as convenient labels to distinguish among structurally or functionally analogous components that appear in different embodiments or different sub-combinations of the disclosure, and may be applied, for example, to domains (such as CA domains, CA-like domains, MA domains, MA-like domains) , structural proteins, viruses, or any other relevant source. In some embodiments, parentheses-for example “ (first) ” or “ (second) ” -indicate that the label is present only for reader convenience and may be omitted without altering the scope of the disclosure. in some embodiments, inclusion or omission of the parentheses is therefore not material to the claimed subject matter. It should be noted that uses generic language (e.g., “a capsid domain, ” “a membrane-recruitment domain” ) without numeric labels, the subsequent addition of “first, ” “second, ” or parenthetical variants, In some embodiments, does not introduce new matter. In some embodiments, “first” and “second” appear together, they act as handy labels-the labels may hint at a difference, readers should just let the surrounding text tell them whether the two items differ or not.
[0201] As presented in this disclosure, the term “tropism” as used herein refers to preferential entry of the vehicle into certain cell or tissue type (s) and / or preferential interaction with the cell surface that facilitates entry into certain cell or tissue types, optionally and preferably followed by expression (e.g., transcription and, optionally, translation) of sequences carried by the ePDV into the cell.
[0202] As presented in this disclosure, term “tropism factor” as used herein refers to components integrated into the surface of an ePDV that can provide tropism or can inherently provide tropism for a certain cell or tissue type. The tropism factor includes not only the original components with inherent tropism activity but also variants of these components that may have lost their tropism activity. Such variants are still considered part of the tropism factor repertoire due to their structural or functional relationship with the active tropism components in this disclosure.
[0203] As is known in the art, the host range of retroviral vectors, including Gammaretrovirus vectors may be expanded or altered by a process known as pseudotyping. Pseudotyped retroviral vectors consist of viral vector particles bearing glycoproteins derived from other enveloped viruses. Such pseudotyped viral vector particles possess the tropism of the virus from which the glycoprotein is derived. Non-limiting examples of tropism factors include glycoproteins.
[0204] The terms “pseudotype” , “pseudotyping” or other derivatives thereof, as used in this disclosure, refer to the substitution of viral envelope proteins with those from another virus that possesses more favorable characteristics. A well-known example of pseudotyping viral vector particles involves the use of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) for pseudotyping. Pseudotyping viral vector particles is a process well known to those skilled in the art. For instance, Murine leukemia virus (MLV) can be pseudotyped with envelope proteins as set forth in Table 1 (among others described herein, below) , which enables MLV to infect specific cells.
[0205] As presented in this disclosure, the terms “antibodies” and “immunoglobulin” include antibodies or immunoglobulins of any isotype, fragments of antibodies that retain specific binding to antigen, including, but not limited to, Fab, Fv, scFv, and Fd fragments, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, single-chain antibodies (scAb) , single domain antibodies (dAb) , single domain heavy chain antibodies, a single domain light chain antibodies, nanobodies, bi-specific antibodies, multi-specific antibodies, evibodies, minobodies, diabodies, and fusion proteins comprising an antigen-binding (also referred to herein as antigen binding) portion of an antibody and a non-antibody protein.
[0206] As presented in this disclosure, the term “nanobody” (Nb) , as used herein, refers to the smallest antigen binding fragment or single variable domain (VHH) derived from naturally occurring heavy chain antibody and is known to the person skilled in the art. They are derived from heavy chain only antibodies, seen in camelids. In the family of “camelids” immunoglobulins devoid of light polypeptide chains are found. “Camelids” comprise old world camelids (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) and new world camelids (for example, Llama paccos, Llama glama, Llama guanicoe and Llama vicugna) . A single variable domain heavy chain antibody is referred to herein as a nanobody or a VHH antibody.
[0207] As presented in this disclosure, “single-chain Fv” or “sFv” or “scFv” antibody fragments comprise the VH and VL domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains, which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
[0208] As used in this disclosure, the term “antibody mimetic” refers to compounds which, like antibodies, can specifically and / or selectively bind antigens or other targets, but which are not structurally related to antibodies. Antibody mimetics are usually artificial peptides or proteins, but they are not limited to such embodiments. Typically, antibody mimetics are smaller than antibodies, with a molar mass of about 3-20 kDa (whereas antibodies are generally about 150 kDa) . Non-limiting examples of antibody mimetics include peptide aptamers, affimers, affilins, affibodies, affitins, alphabodies, anticalins, avimers, DARPins, fynomers, Kunitz domain peptides, nanoCLAMPs, affinity reagents and scaffold proteins.
[0209] As presented in this disclosure, an “antibody fragment” refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody and that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds. Examples of antibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab', Fab'-SH, F (ab') 2, diabodies, single chain diabodies, linear antibodies, a single domain antibody, a single domain camelid antibody, single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody molecules, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
[0210] As presented in this disclosure, a “target cell marker” refers to a molecule expressed by a target cell including but not limited to cell-surface receptors, cytokine receptors, antigens, tumor-associated antigens, glycoproteins, oligonucleotides, enzymatic substrates, antigenic determinants, or binding sites that may be present in the on the surface of a target tissue or cell that may serve as ligands for a tropism factor. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation intended for pharmaceutical use. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is prepared following standard procedures for administration via intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-articular, intralesional, intraperitoneal, intracardiac, intrathecal, intracerebroventrical, epidural, topical, subconjunctival, intrastromal, peribulbar, intravitreal, posterior juxlascleral, transscleral, suprachoroidal, retrobulbar, subretinal, sub-tenon, nasal inhalational, pressurized inhalation, oral, subcutaneous or local routes to a subject, such as a human patient. For instance, compositions for injection may be provided as sterile isotonic aqueous solutions. If necessary, the pharmaceutical composition may also contain solubilizing agents and local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, to minimize injection site discomfort. Typically, components are supplied either separately or in admixture as a unit dose, e.g., as a lyophilized powder or a concentrated solution devoid of water, in a hermetically sealed container that indicates the quantity of the active agent (s) . Where the pharmaceutical composition is intended for infusion, it may be combined with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical-grade water or saline. Where the pharmaceutical composition is for injection, sterile water for injection or saline may be included to allow for component mixing prior to administration. Additionally, wetting agents, coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, preservatives, and antioxidants may also be incorporated into the formulation as needed.
[0211] The kits described in this disclosure may encompass one or more containers with components essential for performing the methods outlined herein, and may optionally contain instructions for use. Any of the kits delineated may additionally comprise ancillary components required for the execution of the editing methods. Each component within the kits, where applicable, may be provided in a liquid form (e.g., dissolved in solution) or in a solid form (e.g., lyophilized powder) . In specific embodiments, some components may be reconstituted or otherwise processed (e.g., to an active state) upon the addition of a suitable solvent or other substances (such as water) , which may or may not be furnished with the kit.
[0212] Cells that may contain any of the ePDVs, fusion proteins, polynucleotides or compositions described herein include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In various aspects related to the production of ePDVs, this disclosure provides any suitable cell for use as an ePDV-producing cell line, i.e., in various embodiments, the cell line becomes transiently transformed with plasmids encoding the protein and / or nucleic acid components of the ePDVs. In other aspects related to the application of ePDVs, this disclosure provides any suitable target or recipient cells, e.g., a diseased cell or tissue in a subject in need of treatment. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro (e.g., cultured cells) . In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo (e.g., within a subject such as a human subject) . In some embodiments, the cell is ex vivo (e.g., isolated from a subject and may be administered back to the same or a different subject) . Typically, the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. Examples of suitable mammalian cells include, but are not limited to, HEK-293T cells, COS7 cells, Hela cells, and HEK-293 cells.
[0213] Mammalian cells of this disclosure include human cells, primate cells (e.g., vero cells) , rat cells (e.g., GH3 cells, OC23 cells) , or mouse cells (e.g., MC3T3 cells) . There is a variety of human cell lines including, but not limited to, human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, HeLa cells, cancer cells from the National Cancer Institute's 60 cancer cell lines (NCI60) , DU145 (prostate cancer) cells, Lncap (prostate cancer) cells, MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells, MDA-MB-438 (breast cancer) cells, PC3 (prostate cancer) cells, T47D (breast cancer) cells, THP-1 (acute myeloid leukemia) cells, U87 (glioblastoma) cells, SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells (cloned from a myeloma) and Saos-2 (bone cancer) cells. In some embodiments, ePDVs are delivered into human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells (e.g., HEK 293 or HEK 293T cells) . In some embodiments, ePDVs are delivered into stem cells (e.g., human stem cells) such as, for example, pluripotent stem cells (e.g., human pluripotent stem cells including human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) . In some embodiments, the ePDVs are delivered into a hematopoietic stem cell. In some embodiments, the ePDVs are delivered into an isolated blood cell. A stem cell refers to a cell with the ability to divide indefinitely in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. A pluripotent stem cell refers to a type of stem cell that is capable of differentiating into all tissues of an organism, but not alone capable of sustaining full organismal development.
[0214] In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to cells utilized in the production of the ePDV, which is a “packaging cell. ” As used herein, the term “packaging cell” refers to cell lines that do not contain a packaging signal, but do stably or transiently express viral structural proteins and replication enzymes (e.g., Gag, pol, etc. ) which are necessary or useful for the correct packaging of virus-derived particles. In the embodiments, the cell line can be any cell line suitable for the production of particles, including primary ex vivo cultured cells (from an individual organism) as well as established cell lines. Cell types may include bacterial cells, yeast cells, and mammalian cells. Exemplary bacterial cell types may include E. coli. Exemplary yeast cell types may include Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Also suitable for use as packaging cells are insect cell lines, such as Spodoptera frugiperda sf9 cells. Exemplary mammalian cell types may include mouse, hamster, and human primary cells, as we as cell lines such as human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, HEK293T, Lenti-X 293T cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, HepG2 cells, Saos-2 cells, HuH7 cells, NS0 cells, SP2 / 0 cells, YO myeloma cells, A549 cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER. C6 cells, hybridoma cells, VERO cells, NIH3T3 cells, COS cells, WI38 cells, MRC5 cells, A549 cells, HeLa cells, B-50, HepG2, Saos-2, HuH7, and HT1080 cell lines Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or HT1080 cells. The choice of the appropriate vector for the cell type will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell is modified by one or more mutations to reduce the expression of a cell surface marker that could be incorporated into the particle. This disclosure also provides an in vitro or ex vivo method for altering, in at least one eukaryotic cell, a target nucleic acid comprising at least one target sequence, comprising the steps of contacting the at least one eukaryotic cell with one or more virus-derived particles as defined above, wherein said step of contacting is performed under conditions that permit the virus-derived particles to infect the at least one eukaryotic cell.
[0215] In certain embodiments, vectors comprising the nucleic acids of the ePDV are introduced into a cell via methods such as transfection, transduction, lipofection, or electroporation to establish a packaging cell line. The introduction of vectors may utilize one or more commercially available TransMessenger reagents. Techniques for transfection, transduction, or infection are well-established among those skilled in the art. The assembly and release of ePDVs bearing therapeutic cargos from the transfected host cells can be mediated by viral structural proteins (e.g., GAG) and their fusion proteins.
[0216] The ePDVs, along with compositions containing them, may be employed for gene therapy or for editing a nucleic acid molecule within a target cell. An additional aspect of the disclosure pertains to a method for the treatment of subjects using the virus-derived particles of the present disclosure or compositions thereof. Administration of these particles to human subjects or animals in need thereof may be accomplished through any means known in the art for administering viral vectors. Examples of administration routes include rectal, transmucosal, topical, transdermal, inhalational, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intra-articular) , direct tissue / organ injection, intrathecal, direct intramuscular, intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections. Injectables may be prepared in conventional ways either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Alternatively, the virus may be administered locally rather than systemically, for instance, in a depot or sustained-release formulation. As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” are terms used interchangeably to describe an approach aimed at achieving a beneficial outcome, including but not limited to therapeutic or prophylactic benefits. A therapeutic benefit is defined as the eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder or disease being treated. This can also entail the eradication or amelioration of one or more symptoms or an improvement in clinical parameters associated with the underlying condition, resulting in an observable positive change in the subject's condition, even if the underlying disorder persists.
[0217] The term “administering, ” as used herein, refers to the method of delivering a dosage of a compound (e.g., a composition of this disclosure) or a medicinal preparation (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) to a subject.
[0218] As presented in this disclosure, a “subject” refers to a mammal, which includes but is not limited to domesticated animals, non-human primates, humans, dogs, rabbits, mice, rats, and other rodents.
[0219] As presented in this disclosure, the term “linker” as used herein, refers to a molecule linking two other molecules or moieties. The linker can be an amino acid sequence in the case of a linker joining two fusion protein fragments. In some embodiments, the linker is 5-200 amino acids in length for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated.
[0220] In some embodiments, the linker between a structural protein and a cargo provided herein comprises a cleavable linker. The cleavable linker may comprise a self-cleaving peptide.
[0221] As presented in this disclosure, a “cleavable linker” refers to a linker that can be split or cut by any means. In some embodiments, the linker can be an amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a protease cleavage site that is cut after being contacted by a protease. In certain embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises an MMLV protease cleavage site or an FMLV protease cleavage site.
[0222] The term “protease cleavage site, ” as used herein, refers to an amino acid sequence that is recognized and cleaved by a protease, i.e., an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis and breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides, or single amino acids. In some embodiments, a protease cleavage site is included in a cleavable linker in a fusion protein, as described herein. In certain embodiments, a protease cleavage site is cleaved by the protease of a Gag-pol polyprotein. In some embodiments, a protease cleavage site comprises an MMLV protease cleavage site or an FMLV protease cleavage site. In certain embodiments, a protease cleavage site comprises any one of the amino acid sequences selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016. In some embodiments, the protease cleavage site comprises one of the amino acid sequences having at least 99%, 95%90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%identity with SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016.
[0223] In some embodiments, the linker is located between the structural protein and the cargo. “Between” means the linker directly or indirectly located between the two molecules, moieties or parts. If there exist another molecules, moieties or parts within the two molecules, moieties or parts aforementioned, that can also be regard as between the two molecules, moieties or parts (e.g., Gag-NES-Linker-NLS-Cargo can be described as the linker located between the Gag and the Cargo, the linker located between the Gag and the NLS, the linker located between the NES and the Cargo, the linker located between the NES and the NLS) .
[0224] The term “nuclear export sequence” or “NES” refers to an amino acid sequence that promotes transport of a protein out of the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, for example, through the nuclear pore complex by nuclear transport. Nuclear export sequences are known in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. Exemplary sequence of NES is shown in Table 5.
[0225] The term “nuclear localization sequence” or “NLS” refers to an amino acid sequence that promotes import of a protein into the cell nucleus, for example, by nuclear transport. Nuclear localization sequences are known in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, NLS sequences are described in Plank et ah, International PCT Application, PCT / EP2000 / 011690, filed November 23, 2000, published as WO / 2001 / 038547 on May 31, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for its disclosure of exemplary nuclear localization sequences. Exemplary sequence of NLS is shown in Table 5.
[0226] The terms “protein” “peptide” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide (amide) bonds. The terms refer to a protein, peptide, or polypeptide of any size, structure, or function. Typically, a protein, peptide, or polypeptide will be at least three amino acids long. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may refer to an individual protein or a collection of proteins. One or more of the amino acids in a protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be modified, for example, by the addition of a chemical entity such as a carbohydrate group, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a famesyl group, an isofamesyl group, a fatty acid group, a linker for conjugation, functionalization, or other modification, etc. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may also be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be just a fragment of a naturally occurring protein or peptide. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be naturally occurring, recombinant, or synthetic, or any combination thereof. Any of the proteins provided herein may be produced by any method known in the art. For example, the proteins provided herein may be produced via recombinant protein expression and purification, which is especially suited for fusion proteins comprising a peptide linker. Methods for recombinant protein expression and purification are well known, and include those described by Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (2012) ) , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0227] The term a “fragment” of a polypeptide or a protein, as used herein, should encompass any polypeptide comprising, or alternatively or preferably consisting of, at least 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30 contiguous or discontinuous amino acids of the protein or polypeptide, as defined herein, as well as any polypeptide having more than 65%, preferably more than 80%, more preferably more than 90%and even more preferably more than 95%amino acid sequence identity thereto. In the preferred embodiments, the fragment is a functional fragment that retains at least one structural or functional characteristic of the full-length parent sequence. In some embodiments, the retained characteristic may be equivalent to, stronger than, or weaker than that of the parent sequence.
[0228] The term “variant” when used herein with reference to a polypeptide, refers to a polypeptide related, but not identical, to a wild-type polypeptide, for example either by amino acid sequence, structure (e.g., secondary and / or tertiary) , activity (e.g., enzymatic activity) and / or function. Variants include polypeptides comprising one or more amino acid variations (e.g., mutations, insertions, and deletions) , truncations, modifications, or combinations thereof compared to a wild-type polypeptide. Variants also include derivatives of the wild-type polypeptide and fragments of the wild-type polypeptide. Preferred methods of generating a variant of a protein is by genetic engineering, preferably by insertion, substitution, deletion or a combination thereof. A variant of a polypeptide or protein should encompass any polypeptide comprising, or alternatively or preferably consisting of, any natural or genetically engineered polypeptide having more than 70%, preferably more than 80%, even more preferably more than 90%, again more preferably more than 95%, and most preferably more than 97%amino acid sequence identity with the sequence of the protein or polypeptide.
[0229] “Heterologous” refers to any element, such as a gene, protein, or other biological component, that is derived from a different organism, species, or strain than the one in which it is currently found or expressed.
[0230] The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid” used interchangeably herein, refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Thus, terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid” encompass single-stranded DNA; double-stranded DNA; multi-stranded DNA; single-stranded RNA; double-stranded RNA; multi-stranded RNA; genomic DNA; cDNA; DNA-RNA hybrids; and a polymer comprising purine and pyrimidine bases or other natural, chemically or biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases.
[0231] As used herein, the term “contacting” means establishing a physical connection between two or more entities. For example, contacting a target nucleic acid with a guide nucleic acid means that the target nucleic acid and the guide nucleic acid are made to share a physical connection; e.g., can hybridize if the sequences share sequence similarity.
[0232] A “vector” or “expression vector” is a replicon, such as plasmid, phage, virus, or cosmid, to which another DNA segment, i.e., an “insert” , may be attached so as to bring about the replication or expression of the attached segment in a cell.
[0233] The term “naturally occurring” or “unmodified” or “wild-type” as used herein as applied to a nucleic acid, a polypeptide, a cell, or an organism, refers to a nucleic acid, polypeptide, cell, or organism that is found in nature.
[0234] A “host cell” as used herein, denotes a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell, or a cell from a multicellular organism (e.g., a cell line) cultured as a unicellular entity, which eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells are used as recipients for a nucleic acid (e.g., an expression vector) , and include the progeny of the original cell which has been genetically modified by the nucleic acid. It is understood that the progeny of a single cell may not necessarily be completely identical in morphology or in genomic or total DNA complement as the original parent, due to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation. A “recombinant host cell” (also referred to as a “genetically modified host cell” ) is a host cell into which has been introduced a heterologous nucleic acid, e.g., an expression vector.
[0235] “Ribonucleoprotein” (RNP) or “RNP complex” as used herein describes a gRNA, for example, together with a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide, such as a Cas protein. In some embodiments, the RNP comprises Cas9 and gRNA (e.g., sgRNA, dgRNA, or crRNA) .
[0236] “Guide RNA” , “gRNA” , and “guide” are used herein interchangeably to refer to either a crRNA (also known as CRISPR RNA) , or the combination of a crRNA and a tracrRNA. The crRNA and tracrRNA may be associated as a single RNA molecule (single guide RNA, sgRNA) or in two separate RNA molecules (dual guide RNA, dgRNA) . “Guide RNA” or “gRNA” refers to each type. The tracrRNA may be a naturally occurring sequence, or a tracrRNA sequence with modifications or variations compared to naturally occurring sequences. Guide RNAs can include modified RNAs or unmodified RNAs as described herein.
[0237] Exemplary embodiments
[0238] In one aspect, this disclosure provides a fusion protein comprising: (i) a first structural protein comprising: (a) a core-assembly domain selected from a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a membrane recruitment domain or a membrane-interacting domain. wherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain, are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.
[0239] In some embodiments, the fusion protein also comprises a cargo or a protease-containing protein.
[0240] The average or peak diameter of particles assembled by the fusion protein is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of particles assembled by the fusion protein is at least 5%smaller, at least 6%smaller, at least 7%smaller, at least 8%smaller, at least 9%smaller, at least 10%smaller, at least 11%smaller, at least 12%smaller, at least 13%smaller, at least 14%smaller, at least 15%smaller, at least 16%smaller, at least 17%smaller, at least 18%smaller, at least 19%smaller, at least 20%smaller, at least 21%smaller, at least 22%smaller, at least 23%smaller, at least 24%smaller, at least 25%smaller, at least 26%smaller, at least 27%smaller, at least 28%smaller, at least 29%smaller, at least 30%smaller, at least 31%smaller, at least 32%smaller, at least 33%smaller, at least 34%smaller, at least 35%smaller, at least 36%smaller, at least 37%smaller, at least 38%smaller, at least 39%smaller, at least 40%smaller, at least 41%smaller, at least 42%smaller, at least 43%smaller, at least 44%smaller, at least 45%smaller, at least 46%smaller, at least 47%smaller, at least 48%smaller, at least 49%smaller, at least 50%smaller, at least 51%smaller, at least 52%smaller, at least 53%smaller, at least 54%smaller, at least 55%smaller, at least 56%smaller, at least 57%smaller, at least 58%smaller, at least 59%smaller, at least 60%smaller, at least 61%smaller, at least 62%smaller, at least 63%smaller, at least 64%smaller, at least 65%smaller, at least 66%smaller, at least 67%smaller, at least 68%smaller, at least 69%smaller, at least 70%smaller, at least 71%smaller, at least 72%smaller, at least 73%smaller, at least 74%smaller, at least 75%smaller, at least 76%smaller, at least 77%smaller, at least 78%smaller, at least 79%smaller, at least 80%smaller, at least 81%smaller, at least 82%smaller, at least 83%smaller, at least 84%smaller, at least 85%smaller, at least 86%smaller, at least 87%smaller, at least 88%smaller, at least 89%smaller, or at least 90%smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is capable of assembling into particles with average or peak diameter of 160 nm or less. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is capable of assembling into particles with average or peak diameter of 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, , 50 nm or less, or 40nm or less.
[0241] In some embodiments, the size distribution exhibits greater size uniformity among the particles when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0242] In some embodiments, the uniformity can be measured by any methods in the prior art such as DLS or NTA; and can be quantified using standard metrics in the art such as PDI.
[0243] In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) , or other similar measurements of broadness of size distribution, of particles assembled by the fusion protein is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of particles assembled by the fusion protein is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 or 0.5.
[0244] In some embodiments, the cargos packaged in particles assembled by the fusion protein is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0245] In some embodiments, the core-assembly domain has a length of less than 260 amino acids. In some embodiments, the core-assembly domain has a length of less than 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 amino acids.
[0246] In some embodiments, the CA domain is derived from a first virus structural protein. In some embodiments, suitable first virus is a (first) Retroviridae. In some embodiments, suitable first virus is selected from: Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) .
[0247] In some embodiments, the first virus is a (first) non-Retroviridae virus. In some embodiments, the first non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Picornaviridae (such as hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) , Flaviviridae (such as hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Papovaviridae (such as human papillomavirus or HPV) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Polyomaviridae (such as JC virus and BK virus) , Asfarviridae (such as African swine fever virus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Birnaviridae (such as aquabirnavirus) , Orthomyxovirida (such as influenza virus) , Bunyaviridae (such as hantavirus and rift valley fever virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Filoviridae (such as ebola virus and marburg virus) , Paramyxoviridae (such as measles virus and mumps virus) , Pneumoviridae (such as human respiratory syncytial virus) , or Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Matonaviridae, Astroviridae (such as astrovirus) , Circoviridae (such as circovirus) , Hepeviridae (such as hepatitis E virus) . In some embodiments, suitable first virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, suitable first virus can be Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) .
[0248] In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.
[0249] In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0250] In some embodiments, the CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0251] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprising a fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or the capsid (CA) -like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of the CA domain or CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) domain. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is engineered to comprise only a defined fragment of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain-namely, a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a charged assembly helix (CAH) situated within the CTD, or, if desired, the N-terminal domain (NTD) , with the explicit option that the fragment does not include the NTD-thereby embodying the structure–function findings of Ngo et al. (PNAS, 2025, Vol. 122, No. 1) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises only the C-terminal domain (CTD) and / or the charged assembly helix (CAH) of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain, and is deliberately engineered to exclude the N-terminal domain (NTD) . This configuration has been experimentally verified to maintain robust particle assembly, membrane budding, and cargo (e.g., Cas9 RNP) packaging while eliminating some of the original viral residues. Particles built with this truncated CA fragment are smaller in diameter; or, yet achieve a higher editing potency per particle, demonstrating that the minimal CA region (CTD ± CAH) alone is sufficient to form a functional, non-replicative delivery vehicle that both transports and enables the functional activity of the encapsulated cargo.
[0252] In some exemplary embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto.
[0253] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane interaction domain comprises a matrix (MA) domain, matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.
[0254] In some embodiments, MA domain is derived from a second virus structural protein. Suitable second virus can be selected from a (second) Retroviridae (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus) ;
[0255] In some embodiments, the second virus is a (second) non-Retroviridae virus. In some embodiments, the (second) non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Orthomyxoviridae (such as influenza viruses) , Bunyaviridae (such as Hantavirus and Rift Valley fever virus) , Filoviridae (such as Ebola virus and Marburg viruses) , Paramyxoviridae (such as Measles and Mumps viruses) , Pneumoviridae (such as Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2) , Flaviviridae (such as Hepatitis C virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Binaviridae (such as aquatic birnavirus) , Papillomaviridae (such as human papillomavirus, hpv) , polyomaviridae (such as bk virus and jc virus) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) or Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) . In some specific embodiments, the second virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, the second virus is selected from an alpharetrovirus, a betaretrovirus, a deltaretrovirus, an epsilonretrovirus, a gammaretrovirus, a lentivirus or a spumaretrovirus. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is selected from a Sarcoma Virus (RSV) , Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) , Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) , Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) , Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) , Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) , Equine infection anemia virus (EIA) , Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) or Baboon endogenous virus (BaEv) , Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) , Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) , Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) , Avian leukosis virus (ALV) , Rat leukemia virus (RLV) , or Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) .
[0256] In some embodiments, the MA domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the second endogenous structural protein is selected from: the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0257] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. And in some embodiments, the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .
[0258] In some embodiments, the MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0259] In some embodiments, the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0260] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a functional domain.
[0261] In some embodiments, the functional domain includes an element of gene editing system, such as CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide (e.g. CRISPR nucleases) , zinc finger or transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein useful for the editing of nucleic acids in target cells. In some specific embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide can be any of a variety of CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide or type V CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a Cas9 polypeptide (e.g. SpCas9) .
[0262] The CRISPR effector polypeptide together with or without the corresponding guide RNA (gRNA) system can do one or more of the following activities: (i) modify (e.g., edit) a target ssDNA, dsDNA or RNA (e.g., cleave, nick, or methylate) ; (ii) modulate transcription of the target nucleic acid; (iii) bind the target nucleic acid (e.g., for purposes of isolation, blocking transcription, labeling, or imaging, etc. ) ; or (v) modify a polypeptide associated with a target nucleic acid.
[0263] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide includes a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain. This napDNAbp is complexed with at least one guide nucleic acid, such as guide RNA, which directs the napDNAbp to a specific DNA sequence containing a strand complementary to the guide nucleic acid or a portion of it, like the protospacer of a guide RNA. The guide nucleic acid “programs” the napDNAbp domain to identify and attach to a matching sequence on the target strand. Once the napDNAbp protein binds to this complementary sequence, it allows access for the nucleobase modification protein. In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp possesses one or more nuclease activities, enabling it to cut the DNA and create different types of lesions. For instance, the napDNAbp might include a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at one site and cuts the target strand at another site. Depending on its nuclease function, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” . In other cases, the target DNA might only be nicked at a single location, meaning one strand is cut. Examples of napDNAbps with varied nuclease functions include “Cas9 nickase” (nCas9) and an inactivated Cas9 without any nuclease capabilities (referred to as “dead Cas9” or “dCas9” ) .
[0264] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag. In some embodiments, the first structural protein may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag.
[0265] In some embodiments, the cargo further comprises a second functional domain such as nucleic acid-modifying domain, linked to the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. The nucleic acid-modifying domain can have one or more types of enzymatic activities, including polymerase activity, ligase activity, reverse transcriptase activity, deaminase activity, replication activity, or proofreading activity. In some embodiments the nucleic acid-modifying domain comprises a nuclease, a nickase, a deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a recombinase, a methyltransferase, a methylase, an acetylase, an acetyltransferase, a transcriptional activator, or a transcriptional repressor domain.
[0266] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain comprises an aptamer-binding protein. Examples of RNA binding proteins included here are MS2 coat protein, lambda N peptide, or COM protein and PP7 coat protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid to be bond may comprise a packaging signal. In some embodiments, the packaging signal comprises an aptamer sequence. The aptamer sequence is attached to or inserted into a nucleic acid sequence of interest. When the aptamer sequence attached to or inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of interest interacts with the aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of interest comprises a mRNA or gRNA. In some specific embodiments, the mRNA comprising a domain encoding the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some specific embodiments, the gRNA comprising a domain capable of forming RNP complex with the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a protein sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a dimerization domain; Optionally, the dimerization domain included here that may or may not need a small molecule inducer is dDZFl, dDZF2, DmrA, DmrB, DmrC, FKBP, FRB, GCN4 scFv, 10x / 24x GCN4, GFP nanobody or GFP. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split intein. Optionally, the split intein included here is Npu DnaE, Cfa, Vma, or Ssp DnaE. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split protein. Optionally, the split protein included here that make a covalent bond together are Spy Tag and Spy Catcher. (the detailed information regarding the heterologous binding domain and packaging signal has been documented in Patent WO2022020800A2, WO2019213257A1, US10870865B2, US11371059B2, WO2005116225A1, WO2007072056A1 which is incorporated into this application by reference) .
[0267] In some embodiments, the fuse protein further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) , Flag protein, and / or nuclear export sequences (NES) .
[0268] In some embodiments, one or more NES are fused with the first structural protein. In some embodiments, one or more NLS are fused with the cargo.
[0269] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a cleavable linker. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is located between the first structural protein and the cargo. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is located between at least one NES and the cargo. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises any one of the amino acid sequences selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016 as set forth in Table 7. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises one of the amino acid sequences having at least 99%, 95%90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%identity with SEQ ID NOs: 1001-1005, 1008-1009, 1011-1016.
[0270] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265, 300-476 as set forth in Tables 4 and 6; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0271] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides an engineered protein delivery vehicle.
[0272] In some embodiments, the ePDV is formed by the fusion protein described herein. In some embodiments, a membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain may be engaged to facilitate the packaging of the cargo or the forming of the particles or vesicles.
[0273] In some embodiments, the ePDV is a non-replicating, self-assembling, non-naturally occurring multicomponent structure composed of one or more viral proteins, polyproteins, virally-like peptides or polypeptides, such as, but not limited to, capsid, coat, shell, as well as tropism factors such as envelope glycoproteins derived from viruses, antibody fragments, receptors or ligand utilized for tropism to direct the ePDV to target cells or tissues, with a lipid layer (derived from the host cell) , wherein the ePDV are capable of self-assembly in a host cell and encapsidating or encompassing a cargo. The ePDV of present disclosure can be utilized to specifically and selectively deliver the cargo to target cells or tissues.
[0274] In some embodiments, the engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) comprising: a core comprising: (i) a first structural protein comprising: (a) a (first) core-assembly domain selected from: a (first) capsid (CA) domain, a (first) capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a (first) membrane recruitment domain or a (first) membrane-interacting domain; wherein the (first) capsid (CA) domain or (first) capsid (CA) -like domain in (a) , and the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain in (b) are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the fragment of the (first) capsid (CA) domain or the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain has self-assembly activity. In some embodiments, the core comprises a cargo.
[0275] In some embodiments, the ePDV also comprises a tropism factor to facilitate entry into certain cell or tissue types. In some embodiments, the ePDV comprises a tropism factor integrated into the surface of an ePDV. In some embodiments, the (first) structural protein is fused with the cargo via a cleavable linker. In some embodiments, the (first) structural protein is separated from the cargo.
[0276] In some embodiments, the core further comprises a second structural protein; optionally, the second structural protein is fused to a protease-containing protein.
[0277] In some embodiments, the second structural protein is the same as the first structural protein. In some embodiments, the second structural protein is different from the first structural protein.
[0278] In some embodiments, the second structural protein comprising: (a) a second core-assembly domain selected from a (second) capsid (CA) domain, a (second) capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a (second) membrane recruitment domain or a (second) membrane-interacting domain.
[0279] In some embodiments, the first CA domain is the same as the second CA domain. In some embodiments, the second CA-like domain is the same as the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the first CA domain or first CA-like domain is the same as the fragment of the second CA domain or the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane recruitment domain is the same as the second membrane recruitment domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane-interacting domain is the same as the second membrane-interacting domain.
[0280] In some embodiments, the first CA domain is distinct from the second CA domain. In some embodiments, the second CA-like domain is distinct from the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the first CA domain or first CA-like domain is distinct from the fragment of the second CA domain or the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane recruitment domain is distinct from the second membrane recruitment domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane-interacting domain is distinct from the second membrane-interacting domain.
[0281] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is smaller when compared to that assembled if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is at least 5%smaller, at least 6%smaller, at least 7%smaller, at least 8%smaller, at least 9%smaller, at least 10%smaller, at least 11%smaller, at least 12%smaller, at least 13%smaller, at least 14%smaller, at least 15%smaller, at least 16%smaller, at least 17%smaller, at least 18%smaller, at least 19%smaller, at least 20%smaller, at least 21%smaller, at least 22%smaller, at least 23%smaller, at least 24%smaller, at least 25%smaller, at least 26%smaller, at least 27%smaller, at least 28%smaller, at least 29%smaller, at least 30%smaller, at least 31%smaller, at least 32%smaller, at least 33%smaller, at least 34%smaller, at least 35%smaller, at least 36%smaller, at least 37%smaller, at least 38%smaller, at least 39%smaller, at least 40%smaller, at least 41%smaller, at least 42%smaller, at least 43%smaller, at least 44%smaller, at least 45%smaller, at least 46%smaller, at least 47%smaller, at least 48%smaller, at least 49%smaller, at least 50%smaller, at least 51%smaller, at least 52%smaller, at least 53%smaller, at least 54%smaller, at least 55%smaller, at least 56%smaller, at least 57%smaller, at least 58%smaller, at least 59%smaller, at least 60%smaller, at least 61%smaller, at least 62%smaller, at least 63%smaller, at least 64%smaller, at least 65%smaller, at least 66%smaller, at least 67%smaller, at least 68%smaller, at least 69%smaller, at least 70%smaller, at least 71%smaller, at least 72%smaller, at least 73%smaller, at least 74%smaller, at least 75%smaller, at least 76%smaller, at least 77%smaller, at least 78%smaller, at least 79%smaller, at least 80%smaller, at least 81%smaller, at least 82%smaller, at least 83%smaller, at least 84%smaller, at least 85%smaller, at least 86%smaller, at least 87%smaller, at least 88%smaller, at least 89%smaller, or at least 90%smaller when compared to that assembled if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0282] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is 160 nm or less. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40 nm or less.
[0283] In some embodiments, the size distribution exhibits greater size uniformity among the particles when compared to those assembled if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0284] In some embodiments, the uniformity can be measured by any methods in the prior art such as DLS or NTA; and can be quantified using standard metrics in the art such as PDI.
[0285] In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) , or other similar measurements of broadness of size distribution, of ePDV is smaller when compared to those assembled if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of ePDV is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 or 0.5.
[0286] In some embodiments, the cargos packaged in the ePDV is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0287] In some embodiments, the (first) capsid (CA) domain, the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 260 amino acids.
[0288] In some embodiments, the (first) capsid (CA) domain, the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, or 20 amino acids.
[0289] In some embodiments, the CA domain is derived from a first virus structural protein. In some embodiments, the first virus is selected from a (first) Retroviridae (such as Reticuloendotheliosis virus or Rous sarcoma virus) . In some embodiments, the (first) Retroviridae is selected from Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) .
[0290] In some embodiments, the first virus is a (first) non-Retroviridae virus. In some embodiments, the (first) non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Picornaviridae (such as hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) , Flaviviridae (such as hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Papovaviridae (such as human papillomavirus or HPV) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Polyomaviridae (such as JC virus and BK virus) , Asfarviridae (such as African swine fever virus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Birnaviridae (such as aquabirnaviru) , Orthomyxovirida (such as influenza virus) , Bunyaviridae (such as hantavirus and rift valley fever virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Filoviridae (such as ebola virus and marburg virus) , Paramyxoviridae (such as measles virus and mumps virus) , Pneumoviridae (such as human respiratory syncytial virus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Matonaviridae, Astroviridae (such as astrovirus) , Circoviridae (such as circovirus) , or Hepeviridae (such as hepatitis E virus) .
[0291] In some embodiments, the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.
[0292] In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0293] In some embodiments, the (first) CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0294] In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of the CA domain or CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) domain. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is engineered to comprise only a defined fragment of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain-namely, a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a charged assembly helix (CAH) situated within the CTD, or, if desired, the N-terminal domain (NTD) , with the explicit option that the fragment does not include the NTD-thereby embodying the structure–function findings of Ngo et al. (PNAS, 2025, Vol. 122, No. 1) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises only the C-terminal domain (CTD) and / or the charged assembly helix (CAH) of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain, and is deliberately engineered to exclude the N-terminal domain (NTD) . This configuration has been experimentally verified to maintain robust particle assembly, membrane budding, and cargo (e.g., Cas9 RNP) packaging while eliminating some of the original viral residues. Particles built with this truncated CA fragment are smaller in diameter; or, yet achieve a higher editing potency per particle, demonstrating that the minimal CA region (CTD ± CAH) alone is sufficient to form a functional, non-replicative delivery vehicle that both transports and enables the functional activity of the encapsulated cargo.
[0295] In some embodiments, the (first) capsid (CA) domain, the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto.
[0296] In some embodiments, the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain comprises a (first) matrix (MA) domain, (first) matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.
[0297] In some embodiments, the (first) MA domain is derived from a second virus structural protein. Suitable second virus can be selected from a (second) Retroviridae (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus) ; preferably, the Retroviridae virus is Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus.
[0298] In some embodiments, the second virus is a (second) non-Retroviridae virus. In some embodiments, the (second) non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Orthomyxoviridae (such as influenza viruses) , Bunyaviridae (such as Hantavirus and Rift Valley fever virus) , Filoviridae (such as Ebola virus and Marburg viruses) , Paramyxoviridae (such as Measles and Mumps viruses) , Pneumoviridae (such as Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2) , Flaviviridae (such as Hepatitis C virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Binaviridae (such as aquatic birnavirus) , Papillomaviridae (such as human papillomavirus, hpv) , polyomaviridae (such as bk virus and jc virus) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Fimoviridae (such as emaravirus) , or Matonaviridae. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, the second virus is selected from an alpharetrovirus, a betaretrovirus, a deltaretrovirus, an epsilonretrovirus, a gammaretrovirus, a lentivirus or a spumaretrovirus. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is selected from a Sarcoma Virus (RSV) , Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) , Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) , Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) , Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) , Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) , Equine infection anemia virus (EIA) , Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) or Baboon endogenous virus (BaEv) , Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) , Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) , Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) , Avian leukosis virus (ALV) , Rat leukemia virus (RLV) , or Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) .
[0299] In some embodiments, the (first) MA domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the second endogenous structural protein is selected from: the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (ARC, such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0300] In some embodiments, the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Suitable Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .
[0301] In some embodiments, the (first) MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0302] In some embodiments, the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0303] In some embodiments, the core of the ePDV further comprises a cargo. In some embodiments, the cargo is previously fused to the first structural protein to form a cargo-fusion complex via a cleavable linker. In such specifically engineered configuration, the cargo is pre-fused to the first structural protein (e.g., chimeric Gag) to form a cargo-fusion complex (cargo-containing fusion protein) via a cleavable linker. This complex is co-assembled into the ePDV core during particle formation. The cleavable linker is designed to be selectively recognized and processed by a protease domain (e.g., derived from the protease-containing protein in the core) , triggering partial or complete separation of the cargo from the first structural protein during / after ePDV assembly. This separation state is achieved as a direct result of the protease-mediated cleavage event described above, wherein the cargo (e.g., therapeutic peptide) is liberated from the structural scaffold to exert its biological activity within the target cell. As a result, in some embodiments, the first structural protein is fused with a cargo via a cleavable linker in the core of the ePDV. And in some embodiments, the first structural protein is separated with a cargo in the core of the ePDV. In some other specific embodiments, the protease domain may not sufficient to triggering any separation of the cargo, and in such embodiment, the first structural protein is retained being fused with the cargo via a cleavable linker.
[0304] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a functional domain.
[0305] In some embodiments, the functional domain includes an element of gene editing system, such as CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide (e.g. CRISPR nucleases) , zinc finger or transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein useful for the editing of nucleic acids in target cells. In some specific embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide can be any of a variety of CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide or type V CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a Cas9 polypeptide (e.g. SpCas9) .
[0306] The CRISPR effector polypeptide together with or without the corresponding guide RNA (gRNA) system can do one or more of the following activities: (i) modify (e.g., edit) a target ssDNA, dsDNA or RNA (e.g., cleave, nick, or methylate) ; (ii) modulate transcription of the target nucleic acid; (iii) bind the target nucleic acid (e.g., for purposes of isolation, blocking transcription, labeling, or imaging, etc. ) ; or (v) modify a polypeptide associated with a target nucleic acid.
[0307] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has a nuclease activity. In some other embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has no nuclease activities (dead Cas) . In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has nickase activities. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide includes a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain. This napDNAbp is complexed with at least one guide nucleic acid, such as guide RNA, which directs the napDNAbp to a specific DNA sequence containing a strand complementary to the guide nucleic acid or a portion of it, like the protospacer of a guide RNA. The guide nucleic acid “programs” the napDNAbp domain to identify and attach to a matching sequence on the target strand. Once the napDNAbp protein binds to this complementary sequence, it allows access for the nucleobase modification protein. In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp possesses one or more nuclease activities, enabling it to cut the DNA and create different types of lesions. For instance, the napDNAbp might include a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at one site and cuts the target strand at another site. Depending on its nuclease function, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” . In other cases, the target DNA might only be nicked at a single location, meaning one strand is cut. Examples of napDNAbps with varied nuclease functions include “Cas9 nickase” (nCas9) and an inactivated Cas9 without any nuclease capabilities (referred to as “dead Cas9” or dCas9) .
[0308] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag. In some embodiments, the first structural protein may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag.
[0309] In some embodiments, the ePDV comprises a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding the cargo. In some embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide.
[0310] In some embodiments, the cargo further comprises a second functional domain such as nucleic acid-modifying domain, linked to the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. The nucleic acid-modifying domain can have one or more types of enzymatic activities, including polymerase activity, ligase activity, reverse transcriptase activity, deaminase activity, replication activity, or proofreading activity. In some embodiment the nucleic acid-modifying domain comprises a nuclease, a nickase, a deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a ligase, a recombinase, a methyltransferase, a methylase, an acetylase, an acetyltransferase, a transcriptional activator, or a transcriptional repressor domain.
[0311] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain comprises an aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the cargo comprises an RNA binding domain. Examples of RNA binding proteins included here are MS2 coat protein, lambda N peptide, or COM protein and PP7 coat protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid to be bond may comprise a packaging signal. In some embodiments, the packaging signal comprises an aptamer sequence. The aptamer sequence is attached to or inserted into a nucleic acid sequence of interest. When the aptamer sequence attached to or inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of interest interacts with the aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of interest comprises a mRNA or gRNA. In some specific embodiments, the mRNA comprising a domain encoding the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some specific embodiments, the gRNA comprising a domain capable of forming RNP complex with the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a protein sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a dimerization domain; Optionally, the dimerization domain included here that may or may not need a small molecule inducer is dDZFl, dDZF2, DmrA, DmrB, DmrC, FKBP, FRB, GCN4 scFv, 10x / 24x GCN4, GFP nanobody or GFP. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split intein; Optionally, the split intein included here is Npu DnaE, Cfa, Vma, or Ssp DnaE. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split protein. Optionally, the split protein included here that make a covalent bond together are Spy Tag and Spy Catcher. (the detailed information regarding the heterologous binding domain and packaging signal has been documented in Patent WO2022020800A2, WO2019213257A1, US10870865B2, US11371059B2, WO2005116225A1, WO2007072056A1 which is incorporated into this application by reference) .
[0312] In some embodiment the core further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) , Flag sequences, and / or nuclear export sequences (NES) . In some embodiments, such NLS, Flag and / or NES fused with the cargo. In some embodiments, such NLS, Flag and / or NES fused with the first structural protein. In some embodiments, one or more NES are fused with the first structural protein. In some embodiments, one or more NLS are fused with the cargo. Exemplary CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide of the ePDV is shown in Table 2.
[0313] In some embodiments, the cargo-fusion complex comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265 as set forth in Tables 4; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0314] In some embodiments, the second structural protein is fused with a protease-containing domain to form a protease-containing fusion protein. In some other embodiments, the ePDV does not comprise a protease-containing domain. In some embodiments, the core does not comprise a protease-containing protein.
[0315] In some embodiments, the protease-containing protein comprises a polymerase and / or an integrase domain. In some other embodiments, the protease-containing protein does not comprise a polymerase and / or an integrase domain.
[0316] In some embodiments, the protease-containing fusion protein comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 300-476 as set forth in Tables 6; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0317] In some embodiments, the first structural protein or the second structural protein further comprises a nucleocapsid (NC) domain. In some other embodiments, the first structural protein or the second structural protein does not comprise a NC domain.
[0318] In some embodiments, the ePDV further comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) , or a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding said guide RNA (gRNA) . In some embodiments, the ePDV further comprises a donor DNA. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises one or more internal anchors that are at least 5 nucleotides away from both 3’ and 5’ ends of the gRNA and the donor DNA comprises a first portion and a second portion; and wherein the first portion comprises one or more binding segments capable of binding to an internal anchor of the one or more internal anchors via a non-covalent bond and the second portion comprises a sequence of interest (SOI) .
[0319] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a glycoprotein derived from an enveloped virus selected from: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) , Rabies virus (RABV) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) , Mokola virus (MOKV) , Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , Chandipura virus (CNV / CHPV) , Baboon endogenous virus (BAEV) , Zika Virus and / or Baculovirus, arenavirus, Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus, Australian bat virus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, Avian leukosis virus, baboon endogenous virus, baculovirus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus, Borna disease virus, Breda virus, Bunyamwera virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dengue fever virus, Duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus, Ebola Zaire virus, Ephemerovirus, Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) , European bat virus 1, European bat virus 2, flavivirus, Fug Synthetic gP Fusion, Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis G Virus (GB virus C) , herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, human cytomegalovirus (HHV5) , human foamy virus, human herpesvirus (HHV) , human Herpesvirus 7, human herpesvirus type 6, human herpesvirus type 8, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) , human metapneumovirus, human T-lymphotro pic virus 1, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) , Kaysanur Forest disease virus, La Crosse virus, Lagos bat virus, Lassa fever virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Machupo virus, Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus, measles virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Mokola virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, monkey poxvirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, mumps virus, murine gammaherpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Oropouche virus, parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, Quaranfil virus, RD114 Endogenous Feline Retrovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , Rift Valley fever virus, Ross River virus, Rous sarcoma virus, rubella virus, Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom (SARS) -associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , SARS-CoV-2, Sendai virus, Tacaribe virus, Thogotovirus, tick-borne encephalitis causing virus, torovirus, varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , variola major virus, variola minor virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever virus, Vesiculovirus, West Nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Zika Virus. Non-limiting examples of enveloped virus glycoprotein amino acid sequences are provided in Table 1.
[0320] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0321] In some embodiments, the ePDV further comprises a targeting polypeptide. In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide is selected from single chain variable fragment (scFv) , nanobody, fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3) , Arginylglycylaspartic acid motif (RGD) , single variable domain on a heavy chain / nanobody (VHH) , variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) , Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) or other targeting ligand.
[0322] In some embodiments, the tropism factors are viral envelope glycoproteins, which are oligosaccharide-containing proteins that form a part of the viral envelope, the outermost layer of many types of viruses that protects the viral genetic materials when traveling between host cells. Glycoproteins may assist with identification and binding to receptors on a target cell membrane so that the viral envelope fuses with the membrane, allowing the contents of the viral particle to enter the host cell.
[0323] As provided herein, the glycoprotein or fragments thereof, derived from enveloped virus. Enveloped viruses include but are not limited to: arenavirus, Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus, Australian bat virus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, Avian leukosis virus, baboon endogenous virus, baculovirus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus, Borna disease virus, Breda virus, Bunyamwera virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dengue fever virus, Duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus, Ebola Zaire virus, Ephemerovirus, Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) , European bat virus 1, European bat virus 2, flavivirus, Fug Synthetic gP Fusion, Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis G Virus (GB virus C) , herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, human cytomegalovirus (HHV5) , human foamy virus, human herpesvirus (HHV) , human Herpesvirus 7, human herpesvirus type 6, human herpesvirus type 8, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) , human metapneumovirus, human T-lymphotro pic virus 1, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) , Kaysanur Forest disease virus, La Crosse virus, Lagos bat virus, Lassa fever virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Machupo virus, Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus, measles virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Mokola virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, monkey poxvirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, mumps virus, murine gammaherpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Oropouche virus, parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, Quaranfil virus, rabies virus, RD114 Endogenous Feline Retrovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , Rift Valley fever virus, Ross River virus, Rous sarcoma virus, rubella virus, Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom (SARS) -associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , SARS-CoV-2, Sendai virus, Tacaribe virus, Thogotovirus, tick-borne encephalitis causing virus, torovirus, varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , variola major virus, variola minor virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) , Vesiculovirus, West Nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Zika Virus. Non-limiting examples of enveloped virus glycoprotein amino acid sequences are provided in Table 1.
[0324] In some embodiments, a glycoprotein particle of the disclosure comprises a glycoprotein comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, as set forth in Table 1, or a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity thereto. In some embodiments, a glycoprotein particle of the disclosure comprises a glycoprotein comprising any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1.
[0325] In some embodiments, the ePDV may further comprise a targeting polypeptide that provides for binding to a target cell or target cell type. Targeting polypeptides include antibodies and antibody mimetics (also referred to as antibody analogs) . Suitable antibody analogs include, e.g., an affibody, an affilin, an affimer, an affitin, an alphabody, an anticalin, an avimer, a DARPin, a Fynomer, a Kunitz domain peptide, a monobody, a repebody, a VLR, and a nanoCLAMP. Suitable antibodies include a single chain Fv (scFv) polypeptide, a diabody, a triabody, and a nanobody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a single-chain Fv polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antibody is a nanobody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a bispccific antibody.
[0326] In some embodiments, ePDV comprising two or more different targeting polypeptides are provided. In some embodiments, ePDV comprising a bispecific targeting polypeptide is provided wherein the bispecific targeting polypeptide binds to two different targets on the targeted cell type. In some embodiments, the bispecific targeting polypeptide is a bispecific antibody or derivative thereof.
[0327] In some embodiments, the envelope protein and the one or more antibodies (or antibody analogs) are encoded on separate polypeptides and are not covalently linked. They can be co-expressed from distinct open reading frames on the same or on separate expression cassettes, yet co-assemble into the same ePDV during particle budding. In some embodiments, they act as bispecific targeting without fusion. In such embodiments, the envelope protein is expressed as a stand-alone fusogen (e.g., full-length VSV-G, truncated VSV-G or mutated VSV-G) , while (i) a first antibody specific for a first target polypeptide, and / or (ii) a second antibody specific for a second target polypeptide; are expressed as separate single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments or as full-length IgG molecules that are subsequently anchored to the ePDV surface.
[0328] In some embodiments, an ePDV is produced in producer cells that receive (i) one plasmid encoding the envelope protein; and (ii) one or more additional plasmids encoding antibodies or antibody analogs. Upon budding, the antibodies spontaneously incorporate into the envelope via membrane affinity tags or adaptor systems, yielding a modular, non-fusion bispecific or multi-specific targeting ePDV whose targeting specificity can be altered simply by swapping the antibody-encoding plasmid (s) without modifying the envelope protein sequence.
[0329] In further embodiments, each antibody (or antibody analog) is expressed from its own independent open reading frame-whether located on separate plasmids, polycistronic cassettes with distinct promoters, or any combination thereof-thereby permitting the identity, ratio, and stoichiometry of antibodies displayed on the ePDV surface to be adjusted without modifying either the envelope-protein sequence or the antibody sequences themselves.
[0330] In some embodiments, an ePDV of the present disclosure comprises a fusion polypeptide (atargeting fusion polypeptide) that comprises: (i) a envelop protein (e.g., a viral envelop protein) ; and (ii) one or more antibodies or antibody analogs that bind specifically to a target polypeptide on a target cell. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the present disclosure comprises a fusion polypeptide that comprises: (i) a viral envelop protein; and (ii) two different antibodies (e.g., a first antibody and a second antibody) , where the first antibody specifically binds to a first target polypeptide on a target cell and the second antibody specifically binds to a second target polypeptide on the same target cell.
[0331] In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to an organ such as kidney, liver, bone, pancreas, brain, lung, heart, and the like. In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to a particular cell type. For example, in some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to a cell such as a skeletal muscle cell, a cardiomyocyte, an adipocyte, an epithelial cell, an endothelial cell, a macrophage, a beta islet cell, or an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a B cell, a monocyte, a natural killer cell, a dendritic cell, etc. ) . In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide provides for selective binding to a diseased cell, relative to a non-diseased cell of the same cell type. In some embodiments, the antibody provides for selective binding to a CAR-T cell, i.e., a T cell that is modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on its surface.
[0332] In some embodiments, the ePDV of the disclosure comprises a chimeric glycoprotein. As used herein, a chimeric glycoprotein is a hybrid protein that comprises a portion of a glycoprotein from one source, such as a virus, fused to a glycoprotein, a targeting polypeptide domain, or other protein domain from a different source, creating a single polypeptide chain with characteristics derived from both parent proteins. This fusion allows for the combination of functional and structural properties from each of the original proteins into a single molecule, enhancing its utility in applications like vaccine design, therapeutics, or diagnostic tools. In some embodiments, chimeric glycoproteins are designed to retain the important post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation patterns, which are characteristic of natural glycoproteins, while incorporating novel properties or improved functions from the heterologous protein segment. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the disclosure comprises a combination of two or more full-length glycoproteins to confer tropism of the particle to a target cell. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the disclosure comprises a combination of two or more glycoprotein fragments to confer tropism of the particle to a target cell. In some embodiments, an ePDV of the disclosure comprises a combination of a glycoprotein and a targeting polypeptide domain to target to a cell.
[0333] In another aspect, this disclosure provides a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding the fusion protein as described herein.
[0334] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a plurality of polynucleotides comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising: (a) a first structural protein comprising: (1) a (first) capsid (CA) domain, a (first) capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (2) a (first) membrane recruitment domain or a (first) membrane-interacting domain; and (b) a cargo; optionally, (c) a cleavable linker; and optionally, (d) one or more nuclear export sequences (NES) ; (ii) a second polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a tropism factor; optionally, (iii) a third polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a polyprotein comprising a second structural protein; optionally, (iv) a fourth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a guide RNA (gRNA) capable of forming a complex with the cargo of the fusion protein encoded by the first polynucleotide; and optionally, (v) a fifth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a donor DNA.
[0335] In some embodiments, the (first) capsid (CA) domain or the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain, and the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain, are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.
[0336] In some embodiments, the second structural protein is the same as the first structural protein. In some embodiments, the second structural protein is different from the first structural protein.
[0337] In some embodiments, the second structural protein comprising: (a) a (second) capsid (CA) domain, a (second) capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a (second) membrane recruitment domain or a (second) membrane-interacting domain.
[0338] In some embodiments, the first CA domain is the same as the second CA domain. In some embodiments, the second CA-like domain is the same as the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the first CA domain or first CA-like domain is the same as the fragment of the second CA domain or the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane recruitment domain is the same as the second membrane recruitment domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane-interacting domain is the same as the second membrane-interacting domain.
[0339] In some embodiments, the first CA domain is distinct from the second CA domain. In some embodiments, the second CA-like domain is distinct from the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the first CA domain or first CA-like domain is distinct from the fragment of the second CA domain or the second CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane recruitment domain is distinct from the second membrane recruitment domain. In some embodiments, the first membrane-interacting domain is distinct from the second membrane-interacting domain.
[0340] In some typical embodiments, expression of the plurality of polynucleotides in a packaging cell enables the assembly of particles. In some embodiments, the particles are nanoparticles.
[0341] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is smaller when compared to if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0342] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is at least 5%smaller, at least 6%smaller, at least 7%smaller, at least 8%smaller, at least 9%smaller, at least 10%smaller, at least 11%smaller, at least 12%smaller, at least 13%smaller, at least 14%smaller, at least 15%smaller, at least 16%smaller, at least 17%smaller, at least 18%smaller, at least 19%smaller, at least 20%smaller, at least 21%smaller, at least 22%smaller, at least 23%smaller, at least 24%smaller, at least 25%smaller, at least 26%smaller, at least 27%smaller, at least 28%smaller, at least 29%smaller, at least 30%smaller, at least 31%smaller, at least 32%smaller, at least 33%smaller, at least 34%smaller, at least 35%smaller, at least 36%smaller, at least 37%smaller, at least 38%smaller, at least 39%smaller, at least 40%smaller, at least 41%smaller, at least 42%smaller, at least 43%smaller, at least 44%smaller, at least 45%smaller, at least 46%smaller, at least 47%smaller, at least 48%smaller, at least 49%smaller, at least 50%smaller, at least 51%smaller, at least 52%smaller, at least 53%smaller, at least 54%smaller, at least 55%smaller, at least 56%smaller, at least 57%smaller, at least 58%smaller, at least 59%smaller, at least 60%smaller, at least 61%smaller, at least 62%smaller, at least 63%smaller, at least 64%smaller, at least 65%smaller, at least 66%smaller, at least 67%smaller, at least 68%smaller, at least 69%smaller, at least 70%smaller, at least 71%smaller, at least 72%smaller, at least 73%smaller, at least 74%smaller, at least 75%smaller, at least 76%smaller, at least 77%smaller, at least 78%smaller, at least 79%smaller, at least 80%smaller, at least 81%smaller, at least 82%smaller, at least 83%smaller, at least 84%smaller, at least 85%smaller, at least 86%smaller, at least 87%smaller, at least 88%smaller, at least 89%smaller, or at least 90%smaller when compared to if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0343] In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is 160 nm or less. In some embodiments, the average or peak diameter of the particles is 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40 nm or less.
[0344] In some embodiments, the size distribution exhibits greater size uniformity among the particles when compared to those assembled if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0345] In some embodiments, the uniformity can be measured by any methods in the prior art such as DLS or NTA; and can be quantified using standard metrics in the art such as PDI.
[0346] In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) , or other similar measurements of broadness of size distribution, of particles is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with the CA domain or CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of particles is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 or 0.5.
[0347] In some embodiments, the cargos packaged in particles is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the (first) membrane recruitment domain or the (first) membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0348] In some embodiments, the (first) core-assembly domain selected from the (first) capsid (CA) domain, the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 260 amino acids. In some embodiments, the capsid (CA) domain, capsid (CA) -like domain, or the fragment thereof has a length of less than 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 260, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, or 20 amino acids.
[0349] In some embodiments, CA domain is derived from a first virus structural protein. Suitable first virus can be selected from a (first) Retroviridae (such as Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) ) .
[0350] In some embodiments, the first virus is a (first) non-Retroviridae virus. In some embodiments, the (first) non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Picornaviridae (such as hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) , Flaviviridae (such as hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Papovaviridae (such as human papillomavirus or HPV) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Polyomaviridae (such as JC virus and BK virus) , Asfarviridae (such as African swine fever virus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Birnaviridae (such as aquabirnavirus) , Orthomyxovirida (such as influenza virus) , Bunyaviridae (such as hantavirus and rift valley fever virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Filoviridae (such as ebola virus and marburg virus) , Paramyxoviridae (such as measles virus and mumps virus) , Pneumoviridae (such as human respiratory syncytial virus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Fimoviridae (such as emaravirus) , Matonaviridae, Astroviridae (such as astrovirus) , Circoviridae (such as circovirus) , or Hepeviridae (such as hepatitis E virus) .
[0351] In some embodiments, the (first) capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.
[0352] In some embodiments, the first endogenous structural protein is selected from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton (ARC, such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0353] In some embodiments, the (first) CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0354] In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of the CA domain or CA-like domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) domain. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is engineered to comprise only a defined fragment of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain-namely, a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a charged assembly helix (CAH) situated within the CTD, or, if desired, the N-terminal domain (NTD) , with the explicit option that the fragment does not include the NTD-thereby embodying the structure–function findings of Ngo et al. (bioRxiv 2024.07.23.604809) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises only the C-terminal domain (CTD) and / or the charged assembly helix (CAH) of the capsid (CA) or CA-like domain, and is deliberately engineered to exclude the N-terminal domain (NTD) . This configuration has been experimentally verified to maintain robust particle assembly, membrane budding, and cargo (e.g., Cas9 RNP) packaging while eliminating some of the original viral residues. Particles built with this truncated CA fragment are smaller in diameter; or, yet achieve a higher editing potency per particle, demonstrating that the minimal CA region (CTD ± CAH) alone is sufficient to form a functional, non-replicative delivery vehicle that both transports and enables the functional activity of the encapsulated cargo.
[0355] In some embodiments, the (first) core-assembly domain comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or a sequence having at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto.
[0356] In some embodiments, the (first) membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a (first) matrix (MA) domain, a (first) matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.
[0357] In some embodiments, the (first) MA domain is derived from a second virus structural protein. Suitable second virus can be selected from a (second) Retroviridae (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus) ; preferably, the Retroviridae virus is Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus.
[0358] In some embodiments, the second virus is a (second) non-Retroviridae virus. In some embodiments, the (second) non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Orthomyxoviridae (such as influenza viruses) , Bunyaviridae (such as Hantavirus and Rift Valley fever virus) , Filoviridae (such as Ebola virus and Marburg viruses) , Paramyxoviridae (such as Measles and Mumps viruses) , Pneumoviridae (such as Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV) , Coronaviridae (such as SARS-CoV-2) , Flaviviridae (such as Hepatitis C virus) , Togaviridae (such as Sindbis virus) , Rhabdoviridae (such as rabies virus, cytorhabdovirus) , Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Reoviridae (such as rotavirus) , Binaviridae (such as aquatic birnavirus) , Papillomaviridae (such as human papillomavirus, hpv) , polyomaviridae (such as bk virus and jc virus) , Parvoviridae (such as feline panleukopenia virus and B19 virus) , Adenoviridae (such as human adenovirus) , Herpesviridae (such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus) , Hepadnaviridae (such as hepatitis B virus) , Fimoviridae (such as emaravirus) , or Matonaviridae. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is Retroviridae. In some embodiments, the second virus is selected from an alpharetrovirus, a betaretrovirus, a deltaretrovirus, an epsilonretrovirus, a gammaretrovirus, a lentivirus or a spumaretrovirus. In some specific embodiments, the second virus is selected from a Sarcoma Virus (RSV) , Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) , Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) , Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) , Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) , Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) , Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) , Equine infection anemia virus (EIA) , Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) or Baboon endogenous virus (BaEv) , Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) , Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) , Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) , Avian leukosis virus (ALV) , Rat leukemia virus (RLV) , or Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) .
[0359] In some embodiments, the (first) MA domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein. In some embodiments, the second endogenous structural protein selected from activity-regulated cytoskeleton (ARC, such as human activity-regulated cytoskeleton, hARC) , PEG10 (such as human paternally expressed 10, or mouse paternally expressed 10) , PNMA2 (such as human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2, hPNMA2) , Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-Kcon) GAG, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, or ZCCHC12.
[0360] In some embodiments, the (first) membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Suitable Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .
[0361] In some embodiments, the MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.
[0362] In some embodiments, the (first) membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0363] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a functional domain.
[0364] In some embodiments, the functional domain includes an element of gene editing system, such as CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide (e.g. CRISPR nucleases) , zinc finger or transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein useful for the editing of nucleic acids in target cells. In some specific embodiments, the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide can be any of a variety of CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide or type V CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. In some embodiments, the type II CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide is a Cas9 polypeptide (e.g. SpCas9) .
[0365] The CRISPR effector polypeptide together with or without the corresponding guide RNA (gRNA) system can do one or more of the following activities: (i) modify (e.g., edit) a target ssDNA, dsDNA or RNA (e.g., cleave, nick, or methylate) ; (ii) modulate transcription of the target nucleic acid; (iii) bind the target nucleic acid (e.g., for purposes of isolation, blocking transcription, labeling, or imaging, etc. ) ; or (v) modify a polypeptide associated with a target nucleic acid.
[0366] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has a nuclease activity. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has no nuclease activities (dead Cas) . In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has nickase activities. In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide includes a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) domain. This napDNAbp is complexed with at least one guide nucleic acid, such as guide RNA, which directs the napDNAbp to a specific DNA sequence containing a strand complementary to the guide nucleic acid or a portion of it, like the protospacer of a guide RNA. The guide nucleic acid “programs” the napDNAbp domain to identify and attach to a matching sequence on the target strand. Once the napDNAbp protein binds to this complementary sequence, it allows access for the nucleobase modification protein. In certain embodiments, the napDNAbp possesses one or more nuclease activities, enabling it to cut the DNA and create different types of lesions. For instance, the napDNAbp might include a nuclease activity that cuts the non-target strand at one site and cuts the target strand at another site. Depending on its nuclease function, the target DNA can be cut to form a “double-stranded break” . In other cases, the target DNA might only be nicked at a single location, meaning one strand is cut. Examples of napDNAbps with varied nuclease functions include “Cas9 nickase” (nCas9) and an inactivated Cas9 without any nuclease capabilities (referred to as “dead Cas9” or dCas9) .
[0367] As used herein, a “nickase” refers to a CRISPR / Cas protein capable of cleaving only one of the two complementary strands of a double-stranded target DNA sequence, thereby creating a nick in that strand. In some embodiments, the nickase nicks the non-target strand of a double-stranded target DNA sequence. The nickase may comprise an amino acid sequence with one or more mutations in the catalytic domain of a typical CRISPR nuclease, where these mutations reduce or eliminate the nuclease activity of the catalytic domain. In some cases, the nickase is a Cas9 containing one or more mutations in its RuvC-like domain compared to the wild type Cas9 sequence or equivalent positions in other Cas9 variants or counterparts. In other instances, the nickase is a Cas9 with one or more mutations in its HNH-like domain relative to the wild-type Cas9 sequence or corresponding positions in other Cas9 variants or counterparts. The nickase may also be a Cas9 featuring an aspartate-to-alanine substitution (D10A) in the RuvC I catalytic domain of Cas9 when compared to the standard Cas9 sequence or equivalent positions in other Cas9 versions or counterparts. It could also be a Cas9 with an H840A, N854A, and / or N863A mutation relative to the standard Cas9 sequence, or equivalent positions in other Cas9 versions or counterparts. The term “Cas9 nickase” may refer to a Cas9 with one of its two nuclease domains inactivated, enabling it to cleave only one strand of the target DNA. In some cases, the nickase is a Cas protein that is not a Cas9 nickase.
[0368] In some embodiments, the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag. In some embodiments, the first structural protein may fuse with a nuclear export domain, a nuclear localization domain an affinity tag and / or Flag.
[0369] In some embodiments, the cargo further comprises a second functional domain such as nucleic acid-modifying domain, linked to the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide. The nucleic acid-modifying domain can have one or more types of enzymatic activities, including polymerase activity, ligase activity, reverse transcriptase activity, deaminase activity, replication activity, or proofreading activity. In some embodiment the nucleic acid-modifying domain comprises a nuclease, a nickase, a deaminase, a reverse transcriptase, a ligase, a recombinase, a methyltransferase, a methylase, an acetylase, an acetyltransferase, a transcriptional activator, or a transcriptional repressor domain.
[0370] In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain comprises an aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the cargo comprises an RNA binding domain. Examples of RNA binding proteins included here are MS2 coat protein, lambda N peptide, or COM protein and PP7 coat protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid to be bond may comprise a packaging signal. In some embodiments, the packaging signal comprises an aptamer sequence. The aptamer sequence is attached to or inserted into a nucleic acid sequence of interest. When the aptamer sequence attached to or inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of interest interacts with the aptamer-binding protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of interest comprises a mRNA or gRNA. In some specific embodiments, the mRNA comprising a domain encoding the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some specific embodiments, the gRNA comprising a domain capable of forming RNP complex with the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide herein. In some embodiments, cargo in the fusion protein comprises a heterologous binding domain capable of binding a protein sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a dimerization domain; Optionally, the dimerization domain included here that may or may not need a small molecule inducer is dDZFl, dDZF2, DmrA, DmrB, DmrC, FKBP, FRB, GCN4 scFv, 10x / 24x GCN4, GFP nanobody or GFP. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split intein. Optionally, the split intein included here is Npu DnaE, Cfa, Vma, or Ssp DnaE. In some embodiments, the heterologous binding domain is a split protein; Optionally, the split protein included here that make a covalent bond together are Spy Tag and Spy Catcher. (the detailed information regarding the heterologous binding domain and packaging signal has been documented in Patent WO2022020800A2, WO2019213257A1, US10870865B2, US11371059B2, WO2005116225A1, WO2007072056A1 which is incorporated into this application by reference) .
[0371] In some embodiment the fuse protein further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) , Flag protein, and / or nuclear export sequences (NES) . In some embodiments, such NLS, Flag and / or NES fused with the cargo. In some embodiments, such NLS, Flag and / or NES fused with the first structural protein. In some embodiments, one or more NES are fused with the first structural protein. In some embodiments, one or more NLS are fused with the cargo.
[0372] In some embodiments, the fusion protein the first polynucleotide encoded comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265 as set forth in Tables 4; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0373] In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises one or more internal anchors that are at least 5 nucleotides away from both 3’ and 5’ ends of the gRNA and the donor DNA comprises a first portion and a second portion; and wherein the first portion comprises one or more binding segments capable of binding to an internal anchor of the one or more internal anchors via a non-covalent bond and the second portion comprises a sequence of interest (SOI) .
[0374] In some embodiments, the polyprotein that the third polynucleotide encoded further comprises a protease-containing protein. In some embodiments, the plurality of polynucleotides does not comprise a polynucleotide encoding a protease-containing protein.
[0375] In some embodiments, the protease-containing protein comprises a polymerase and / or an integrase domain. In other some embodiments, the protease-containing protein does not comprise a polymerase and / or an integrase domain.
[0376] In some embodiments, the polyprotein that the third polynucleotide encoded comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 300-476 as set forth in Tables 6; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0377] In some embodiments, the first structural protein or the second structural protein further comprises a NC domain or does not comprise a NC domain.
[0378] In some embodiments, the tropism factors are viral envelope glycoproteins, which are oligosaccharide-containing proteins that form a part of the viral envelope, the outermost layer of many types of viruses that protects the viral genetic materials when traveling between host cells. Glycoproteins may assist with identification and binding to receptors on a target cell membrane so that the viral envelope fuses with the membrane, allowing the contents of the viral particle to enter the host cell.
[0379] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a glycoprotein derived from enveloped virus selected from: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) , Rabies virus (RABV) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) , Mokola virus (MOKV) , Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , Chandipura virus (CNV / CHPV) , Baboon endogenous virus (BAEV) , Zika Virus and / or Baculovirus, arenavirus, Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus, Australian bat virus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, Avian leukosis virus, baboon endogenous virus, baculovirus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus, Borna disease virus, Breda virus, Bunyamwera virus, Chandipura virus, Chikungunya virus, coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dengue fever virus, Duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus, Ebola Zaire virus, Ephemerovirus, Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) , European bat virus 1, European bat virus 2, flavivirus, Fug Synthetic gP Fusion, Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis G Virus (GB virus C) , herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, human cytomegalovirus (HHV5) , human foamy virus, human herpesvirus (HHV) , human Herpesvirus 7, human herpesvirus type 6, human herpesvirus type 8, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) , human metapneumovirus, human T-lymphotro pic virus 1, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) , Kaysanur Forest disease virus, La Crosse virus, Lagos bat virus, Lassa fever virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Machupo virus, Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus, measles virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Mokola virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, monkey poxvirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, mumps virus, murine gammaherpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Oropouche virus, parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, Quaranfil virus, RD114 Endogenous Feline Retrovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , Rift Valley fever virus, Ross River virus, Rous sarcoma virus, rubella virus, Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom (SARS) -associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , SARS-CoV-2, Sendai virus, Tacaribe virus, Thogotovirus, tick-borne encephalitis causing virus, torovirus, varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , varicella zoster virus (HHV3) , variola major virus, variola minor virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever virus, Vesiculovirus, West Nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Zika Virus. Non-limiting examples of enveloped virus glycoprotein amino acid sequences are provided in Table 1.
[0380] In some embodiments, the tropism factor comprises a sequence selected from any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, as set forth in Table 1; a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity thereto, or a fragment thereof.
[0381] In some embodiments, the plurality of polynucleotides further comprises a sixth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a targeting polypeptide.
[0382] In some embodiments, the targeting polypeptide is selected from single chain variable fragment (scFv) , nanobody, fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3) , Arginylglycylaspartic acid motif (RGD) , single variable domain on a heavy chain / nanobody (VHH) , variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) , Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) or other targeting ligand.
[0383] In some embodiments, the envelope protein and the one or more antibodies (or antibody analogs) are encoded on separate polypeptides and are not covalently linked. They can be co-expressed from distinct open reading frames on the same or on separate expression cassettes, yet co-assemble into the same ePDV during particle budding. In some embodiments, they act as bispecific targeting without fusion. In such embodiments, the envelope protein is expressed as a stand-alone fusogen (e.g., full-length VSV-G, truncated VSV-G or mutated VSV-G) , while (i) a first antibody specific for a first target polypeptide, and / or (ii) a second antibody specific for a second target polypeptide; are expressed as separate single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments or as full-length IgG molecules that are subsequently anchored to the ePDV surface.
[0384] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides one or more vectors comprising the polynucleotide described herein or the plurality of polynucleotides described herein. In some embodiments, each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and the sixth polynucleotides is on separate vectors. In some embodiments, two or more of the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth or the sixth polynucleotides are on the same vector.
[0385] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a cell comprising the ePDV described herein, the fusion protein described herein, the polynucleotide described herein, the plurality of polynucleotides described herein or the one or more vectors described herein.
[0386] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method of producing an engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) comprising transfecting the plurality of polynucleotides described herein, or the one or more vectors described herein into a cell. In some embodiments, the manufacturing yield in the same manufacture condition is higher when compared to if the (first) CA domain or the (first) CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0387] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides an ePDV produced by transfecting, transducing, electroporating, or otherwise inserting the plurality of polynucleotides described herein, or the one or more vectors described herein, into a cell and expressing the components of the ePDV from the plurality of polynucleotides or one or more vectors in the cell, thereby allowing the ePDV to spontaneously assemble in the cell. In some embodiments, the manufacturing yield in a same manufacturing condition is higher when compared to if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain or membrane-interacting domain within a single structural protein.
[0388] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) described herein.
[0389] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method of delivery the cargo to a target cell comprising contacting the target cell with the ePDV described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein,
[0390] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method of editing a nucleic acid molecule in a target cell comprising contacting the target cell with the ePDV described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein, thereby installing one or more modifications to the nucleic acid molecule at a target site.
[0391] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a kit comprising the ePDV described herein, the polynucleotides described herein, the plurality of polynucleotides described herein, one or more vectors described herein, or the cell described herein.
[0392] In another aspect, this disclosure also provides a method for modifying a target nucleic acid sequence within a eukaryotic cell that involves contacting the cell with the virus-derived particles described herein, or with a composition as detailed in this specification. In some embodiments, the ePDV or compositions containing them are administered directly to the subject in vivo. In other embodiments, cells from the subject are obtained and then transduced ex vivo with the virus-derived particles or a composition containing them. Following this, the transduced cells from the subject are reintroduced into the subject's body. In some instances, this method is performed ex vivo or in vitro.
[0393] In certain embodiments, the ePDV is administered to the subject following a treatment regimen that includes one or more consecutive doses at a therapeutically effective dose of the particle.
[0394] Exemplary sequences
[0395] In some embodiments, the glycoprotein has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3.
[0396] Table 1: Exemplary glycoproteins of the ePDV
[0397] Table 2: Exemplary CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide of the ePDV
[0398] Table 3: Exemplary subdomain sequences of the structural proteins
[0399] Table 4: Exemplary fusion protein sequences with cargos described herein
[0400] Table 5: Exemplary NLS and NES of the ePDV
[0401] Table 6: Exemplary fusion protein sequences with the protease-containing described herein
[0402] Table 7: Exemplary protease cleavage substrate sequences
[0403] Table 8: Exemplary Sequences and sequence motifs of exemplary sgRNA
[0404] Table 9: Exemplary DNA sequences in the plasmids
[0405] Examples
[0406] Below presents the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure based on the drawings in order to illustrate the technical schemes of the present disclosure in detail.
[0407] Example 1 Enhanced editing efficiency of smaller engineered protein delivery vehicles (ePDVs) with chimeric capsid (CA) compared with larger ePDV with non-chimeric CA in cell lines
[0408] Described herein is the development and application of ePDVs. Four types of plasmids, each encoding either one tropism factor such as glycoprotein (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, Table 1) , one guide RNA (gRNA) (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1000, Table 8) , a polyprotein of one or more structural proteins (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 300-476, Table 6) , or a polyprotein of one or more structural proteins fused with a cargo capable of gene editing (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 91-265, Table 4) , were transfected in a ratio of 1: 10: 3.3: 6.6 by mass into a producer cell line of Lenti-X 293T (Takara Bio; #632180) cells using polyethylenimine. Cells were cultured in medium at 37℃ with 5%CO2. At six hours post-transfection, original supernatant was removed and replenished with fresh medium. Cells were further cultured at 37℃ with 5%CO2 for 48 hours. An ePDV-containing supernatant was then collected and concentrated 50-fold using the PEG precipitation method with an 8%final concentration of PEG 8000.
[0409] The exemplary schematic outline of ePDVs with multiple chimeric Gag designs at Matrix (MA) and capsid (CA) was shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 7A. The cargo loading capacity of the exemplary ePDVs with chimeric Gag at capsid derived from either retroviral / endogenous capsid-like proteins, or from non-retroviral enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, are shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 6C, respectively; The diameter distribution and representative TEM image of exemplary ePDVs are shown in FIG. 6A-6B.
[0410] Morphology and diameter of ePDVs were determined by transmission electron microscopy using routine negative staining method. First, ePDVs were fixed with 2%glutaraldehyde at room temperature for one hour, followed by coating 10 μL of fixed ePDVs on a formavar / carbon-coated copper grid for 5 minutes on humidified filter paper. The grid was washed three times by touching the surface of a drop of double-distilled water. The grid was then negatively stained with 10 μL of 1%phosphotungstic acid for 1 minute. Residual stain was wicked away by touching the edge of the grid to a piece of filter paper. Finally, the grid was air-dried, and three to five electron micrographs were taken per sample by using FEI Tecnai G2 20 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. Images were analysed by using software ImageJ 1.54 to determine diameter of ePDVs against calibrated scale bar.
[0411] Potency (delivery and editing efficiency) of ePDVs were evaluated using in vitro tissue culture editing efficiency (TCEE) assay. Four target cell lines were tested: Lenti-X 293T, Neuro-2a, BE (2) -C, and ARPE-19. Lenti-X 293T is a human embryonic kidney cell line; Neuro-2a is a mouse neuroblastoma cell line; BE (2) -C is a human neuroblast cell line; and ARPE-19 is human retinal pigment epithelial cell line. Target cells were seeded at a density of 1.2x104 per well in 96-well cell culture plate (SPL Life Sciences) . Four to five non-zero ePDV input volumes were added in technical duplicate or triplicate to each well in a final volume of 120 μL as indicated in the corresponding drawings. TCEE assay was performed once unless otherwise specified in the drawings. After ePDV transduction for 48 hours, supernatants were aspirated and discarded, followed by washing with 1xDulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (1xDPBS) (Cytiva; #SH30028. FS) . Cells were then lysed using QuickExtractTM DNA Extraction Solution 1.0 (Lucigen; #QE09050) . Extracted genomic DNA was used for downstream next-generation sequencing.
[0412] Genomic regions encompassing the target sites were subjected to amplicon sequencing to evaluate editing efficiency. Extracted genomic DNA (20 ng for each site) was used for PCR amplification using target specific primers and Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific; #15966005) by the following condition: 95℃ for 5 min, 14 cycles of [95℃ for 30 sec, 72℃ touchdown at -1℃ per cycle for 1 min] , 20 cycles of [95℃ for 30 sec, 58℃ for 1 min] , 72℃ for 3 min and hold at 4℃.The product was cleaned up using SPRI beads (Beckman Coulter; #B23318) and then used for a second PCR step to introduce Illumina sequencing primer sequences by the following condition: 95℃ for 5 min, 20 cycles of [95℃ for 30 sec, 65℃ for 1 min] , 72℃ for 3 min and hold at 4℃. The sequencing libraries were quantified by CollibriTM Library Quantification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific; #A38524500) and sequenced on Illumina NextSeq 2000 System using 300-cycle kit for 2x150 sequencing.
[0413] Generated raw data from next-generation sequencing were subjected to bioinformatics analysis of on-target gene editing. Raw reads were converted to FASTQ file using bcl2fastq2 (Illumina) , followed by demultiplexed and adaptor trimming steps using an in-house script. The clean FASTQ reads were used to estimate editing efficiency by the CRISPResso2 software. The editing efficiency was shown in FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B, FIG 5. The impact of employing different cleavable linkers between the cargo and the structural protein were also evaluated; the results are presented in FIG. 8. The membrane-recruitment PH domain of non-retroviral origin was also evaluated, and the results are shown in FIG 7B.
[0414] Some exemplary plasmids sequences are shown in Tables 8-9.
[0415] Results indicated that chimeric gag with new capsids (CAs) can assemble into morphologically intact ePDVs. The ePDVs assembled from the engineered chimeric structural proteins exhibited markedly reduced particle size while retaining (rather than sacrificing) carg o-loading capacity and efficiency, in some instances even enhancing it. The ePDVs also exhibited superior delivery performance, actively transporting genome-editing cargo into cell lines to achieve robust genome editing at multiple target genes, including B2M, DNMT1 and HEK3 of human and mouse origins. Optimizing the cleavable linker sequence further elevated overall performance. Both non-retroviral and retroviral membrane-recruitment domains supported outstanding delivery activity, enabling the ePDVs to transport genome-editing payloads efficiently into target cell lines and thereby potentiate robust cargo genome editing efficacy.
[0416] While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the disclosure be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the disclosure has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the disclosure are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the disclosure described herein may be employed in practicing the disclosure. It is therefore contemplated that the disclosure shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the disclosure and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. This disclosure was made with the support of Lau Grant (LC230003) , Karolinska Institutet.
Claims
1.A fusion protein comprising:(i) a first structural protein comprising (a) a first core-assembly domain selected from a capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a membrane recruitment domain; and(ii) a cargo;wherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain in (a) , and the membrane recruitment domain in (b) , are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.2.The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the capsid (CA) domain, a capsid (CA) -like domain, and the membrane recruitment domain are derived from different species or heterologous.3.The fusion protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the fusion protein is capable of assembling into particles.4.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first core-assembly domain has a length of less than 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, or 100 amino acids.5.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the CA domain is derived from a structural protein of a first virus.6.The fusion protein of claim 5, wherein the first virus is a first Retroviridae virus.7.The fusion protein of claim 6, wherein the first Retroviridae virus is selected from Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and Rous sarcoma virus.8.The fusion protein of claim 5, wherein the first virus is a first non-Retroviridae virus.9.The fusion protein of claim 8, wherein the first non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Coronaviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papovaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Caliciviridae (such as norovirus) , Fimoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Matonaviridae.10.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein.11.The fusion protein of claim 10, wherein the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.12.The fusion protein of claim 10 or 11, wherein the first endogenous structural protein is selected from: ARC, PEG10, PNMA2, HERV-Kcon Gag, Arcl, Asprvl,PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, and ZCCHC12.13.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.14.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) , or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of said CA domain or CA-like domain.15.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) .16.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the first core-assembly domain comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or (ii) a sequence having at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3.17.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the membrane recruitment domain comprises a matrix (MA) domain, matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.18.The fusion protein of claim 17, wherein the MA domain or MA-like domain is derived from a structural protein of a second virus.19.The fusion protein of claim 18, wherein the second virus is a second Retroviridae virus.20.The fusion protein of claim 19, wherein the second Retroviridae virus is selected from: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus; preferably, the second Retroviridae virus is Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus.21.The fusion protein of claim 18, wherein the second virus a second non-Retroviridae virus.22.The fusion protein of claim 21, wherein the second non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae, Binaviridae, Papillomaviridae, polyomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Fimoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Matonaviridae.23.The fusion protein of any one of claims 17-22, wherein the MA domain or MA-like domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein, preferably a second endogenous retrovirus structural protein.24.The fusion protein of any one of claims 17-23, wherein the second endogenous retrovirus structural protein is selected from ARC, PEG10, PNMA2, HERV-Kcon Gag, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, and ZCCHC12.25.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the membrane recruitment domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain.26.The fusion protein of claim 25, wherein the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from the group consisting of: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .27.The fusion protein of any one of claims 17-24, wherein the MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.28.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the membrane recruitment domain comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; or (iii) a fragment of (i) or (ii) .29.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide.30.The fusion protein of claim 29, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has a nuclease activity.31.The fusion protein of claim 29, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has no nuclease activities (dead Cas) .32.The fusion protein of claim 29 or 30, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has nickase activities.33.The fusion protein of any one of claims 29-32, wherein the cargo further comprises a nucleic acid-modifying domain.34.The fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the nucleic acid-modifying domain is selected from a deaminase domain, a reverse transcriptase domain, a ligase domain, a recombinase domain, a methylase domain, an acetylase domain, an acetyltransferase domain, a transcriptional activator domain, or a transcriptional repressor domain.35.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-34, wherein the cargo comprises an RNA binding domain.36.The fusion protein of claim 35, wherein the RNA binding domain is selected from MS2, Com or PP7.37.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the fusion protein further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) and / or nuclear export sequences (NES) .38.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-37, wherein the fusion protein further comprises a cleavable linker; preferably, the cleavable linker is located between the cargo and the first structural protein.39.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-38, wherein the fusion protein comprises (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265 and 300-476 as set forth in Tables 4 and 6; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-265 and 300-476 as set forth in Tables 4 and 6; or (iii) a fragment of (i) or (ii) .40.The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-39, wherein the first structural protein further comprises a NC domain.41.An engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) assembled by the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-40.42.The ePDV of claim 41, wherein an average or peak diameter of particles assembled by the fusion protein is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.43.The ePDV claims 41 or 42, wherein the average or peak diameter of particles assembled by the fusion protein is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%or 90%smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.44.The ePDV of any one of claims 41-43, wherein the fusion protein is capable of assembling into particles with average or peak diameter of 160 nm or less, 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40 nm or less.45.The ePDV of any one of claims 41-44, wherein a uniformity of particles assembled by the fusion protein is smaller when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.46.The ePDV of any one of claims 41-45, wherein a polydispersity index (PDI) of particles assembled by the fusion protein is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2.47.The ePDV of any one of claims 41-46, wherein the cargos packaged in particles assembled by the fusion protein is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the CA domain or CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.48.An engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) comprising:(i) a core comprising:(a) a first structural protein comprising: (1) a first core-assembly domain selected from a first capsid (CA) domain, a first capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (2) a first membrane recruitment domain; and(b) a cargo;(ii) a tropism factor integrated into a surface of the ePDV; andwherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain in (i) (a) (1) , and the first membrane recruitment domain in (i) (a) (2) are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein; andwherein the first structural protein is fused with the cargo via a cleavable linker.49.An engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) comprising:(i) a core comprising:(a) a first structural protein comprising: (1) a first core-assembly domain selected from a first capsid (CA) domain, a first capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (2) a first membrane recruitment domain; and(b) a cargo;(ii) a tropism factor integrated into a surface of the ePDV; andwherein the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain in (i) (a) (1) , and the membrane recruitment domain in (i) (a) (2) are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein; andwherein the first structural protein is separated with the cargo.50.The ePDV of claim 48 or 49, wherein the ePDV further comprises a second structural protein; optionally, the second structural protein is fused to a protease-containing protein.51.The ePDV of claim 50, wherein the second structural protein comprises: (a) a second core-assembly domain selected from a second capsid (CA) domain, a second capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a second membrane recruitment domain.52.The ePDV of claim 50 or 51, wherein the second structural protein is the same as the first structural protein.53.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-52, wherein the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is smaller when compared to that assembled if the first CA domain or first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.54.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-53, wherein the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%smaller when compared to that assembled if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.55.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-54, wherein the average or peak diameter of the ePDV is 160 nm or less, 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40 nm or less.56.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-55, wherein the ePDV exhibits greater size uniformity when compared to those assembled if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.57.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-56, wherein the polydispersity index (PDI) of the ePDV is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2.58.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-57, wherein the cargos packaged in ePDV is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the first CA domain or first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.59.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-58, wherein the first core-assembly domain has a length of less than 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, or 100 amino acids.60.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-59, wherein the first CA domain is derived from a structural protein of a first virus.61.The ePDV of claim 60, wherein the first virus is a first Retroviridae virus.62.The ePDV of claim 61, wherein the first Retroviridae virus is selected from Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) .63.The ePDV of claim 60, wherein the first virus is a first non-Retroviridae virus.64.The ePDV of claim 63, wherein the first non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Coronaviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papovaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Hepeviridae, Picornaviridae, and Caliciviridae.65.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-64, wherein the first capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein.66.The ePDV of claim 65, wherein the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.67.The ePDV of claim 65 or 66, wherein the first endogenous structural protein is selected from: ARC, PEG10, PNMA2, HERV-Kcon Gag, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, and ZCCHC12.68.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-67, wherein the first CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.69.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-68, wherein the fragment of the first capsid (CA) domain or first capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from: a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of said CA domain or CA-like domain.70.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-69, wherein the fragment of the first capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) domain.71.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-70, wherein the first core-assembly domain comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or (ii) a sequence having at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3.72.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-71, wherein the first membrane recruitment domain comprises a first matrix (MA) domain, a first matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.73.The ePDV of claim 72, wherein the first MA domain is derived from a structural protein of a second virus.74.The ePDV of claim 73, wherein the second virus is a second Retroviridae virus; optionally, the second Retroviridae virus is selected from: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus, and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus; preferably, the Retroviridae virus is Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus.75.The ePDV of claim 73, wherein the second virus is a second non-Retroviridae virus.76.The ePDV of claim 75, wherein the second non-Retroviral virus is selected from: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae, Binaviridae, Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Fimoviridae and Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Matonaviridae.77.The ePDV of any one of claims 72-76, wherein the first MA-like domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein.78.The ePDV of claim 77, wherein the second endogenous structural protein is selected from: ARC, PEG10, PNMA2, HERV-Kcon Gag, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, and ZCCHC12.79.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-78, wherein the first membrane recruitment domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain.80.The ePDV of claim 79, wherein the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from the group consisting of Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .81.The ePDV of any one of claims 72-77, wherein the first MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.82.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-81, wherein the first membrane recruitment domain comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; (ii) a sequence having at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3, or (iii) a fragment of (i) and (ii) .83.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-82, wherein the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide.84.The ePDV of claim 83, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has a nuclease activity.85.The ePDV of claim 83, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has no nuclease activities (dead Cas) .86.The ePDV of claim 83 or 84, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has nickase activities.87.The ePDV of any one of claims 83-86, wherein the cargo further comprises a nucleic acid-modifying domain.88.The ePDV of claim 87, wherein the nucleic acid-modifying domain is selected from a deaminase domain, a reverse transcriptase domain, a ligase domain, a recombinase domain, a methylase domain, an acetylase domain, an acetyltransferase domain, a transcriptional activator domain, or a transcriptional repressor domain.89.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-88, wherein the cargo comprises an RNA binding domain.90.The ePDV of claim 89, wherein the RNA binding domain is selected from: MS2, Com or PP7.91.The ePDV of any one of claims 83-90, wherein the cargo further comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS) .92.The ePDV of any one of claims 50-91, wherein the protease-containing protein comprises a polymerase and / or an integrase domain.93.The ePDV of any one of claims 50-91, wherein the protease-containing protein does not comprise a polymerase or an integrase domain.94.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-91, wherein the core does not comprise a protease-containing protein.95.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-94, wherein the first structural protein or the second structural protein further comprises a nucleocapsid (NC) domain.96.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-95, wherein the ePDV further comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) , or a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding said guide RNA (gRNA) .97.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-96, wherein the ePDV further comprises a donor DNA.98.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-97, wherein the tropism factor comprises a glycoprotein derived from an enveloped virus selected from the group consisting of: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) , Rabies virus (RABV) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) , Mokola virus (MOKV) , Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , Chandipura virus (CHPV) , Baboon endogenous virus (BAEV) , Zika Virus and Baculovirus.99.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-97, wherein the tropism factor comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1; (ii) a sequence having at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1, or (iii) a fragment of (i) or (ii) .100.The ePDV of any one of claims 48-98, wherein the ePDV further comprises a targeting polypeptide.101.The ePDV of claim 100, wherein the targeting polypeptide is selected from: single chain variable fragment (scFv) , nanobody, fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3) , Arginylglycylaspartic acid motif (RGD) , single variable domain on a heavy chain / nanobody (VHH) , variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) , Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) and other targeting ligand.102.A polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding the fusion protein of any one of the claims 1-40.103.A plurality of polynucleotides comprising:(i) a first polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising:(a) a first structure protein comprising: (1) a first core-assembly domain selected from a first capsid (CA) domain, a first capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (2) a first membrane recruitment domain; and(b) a cargo;optionally, (c) a cleavable linker; and,optionally, (d) one or more nuclear export sequences (NES) ;(ii) a second polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a tropism factor;optionally, (iii) a third polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a polyprotein comprising a second structural protein;optionally, (iv) a fourth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a guide RNA (gRNA) capable of forming a complex with the cargo of the fusion protein encoded by the first polynucleotide; andoptionally, (v) a fifth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a donor DNA;wherein the capsid (CA) domain or the capsid (CA) -like domain in (i) (a) (1) , and the first membrane recruitment domain in (i) (a) (2) , are not naturally co-existing within a single structural protein.104.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 103, wherein the polyprotein encoded by the third polynucleotide is a protease-structural polyprotein comprising a protease-containing protein fused to the second structural protein.105.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 103 or 104, wherein the second structural protein comprises: (a) a second capsid (CA) domain, a second capsid (CA) -like domain, or a fragment thereof; and (b) a second membrane recruitment domain.106.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-105, wherein the second structural protein is the same as the first structural protein.107.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-106, wherein expression of the plurality of polynucleotides in a packaging cell enables the assembly of particles.108.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 107, wherein an average or peak diameter of the particles is smaller when compared to if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the first membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.109.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 107 or 108, wherein the average or peak diameter of the particles is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%or 90%smaller when compared to if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the first membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.110.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 107-109, wherein the average or peak diameter of the particles is 160 nm or less, 155 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 40nm or less.111.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 107-110, wherein the particles exhibit greater size uniformity when compared to those assembled if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-exist with the first membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.112.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 107-111, wherein a polydispersity index (PDI) of the particles is less than 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2.113.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-112, wherein the cargos packaged in particles is more abundant when compared to those assembled if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-existing with the first membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.114.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-113, wherein the first core-assembly domain has a length of less than 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 260, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, or 100 amino acids.115.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-114, wherein the CA domain is derived from a structural protein of a first virus.116.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 115, wherein the first virus is a first Retroviridae virus.117.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 116, wherein the first Retroviridae virus is selected from Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) .118.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 115, wherein the first virus a first non-Retroviridae virus.119.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 118, wherein the first non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papovaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Caliciviridae, Fimoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, or Matonaviridae.120.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-119, wherein the first capsid (CA) -like domain is derived from a first endogenous structural protein.121.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 120, wherein the first endogenous structural protein is human endogenous structural protein or animal endogenous structural protein.122.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 120 or 121, wherein the first endogenous structural protein is selected from: ARC, PEG10, PNMA2, HERV-Kcon Gag, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, and ZCCHC12.123.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-122, wherein the first CA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.124.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-123, wherein the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain or capsid (CA) -like domain is selected from a C-terminal domain (CTD) , a N-terminal domain (NTD) or a charged assembly helix (CAH) of said CA domain or CA-like domain.125.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-124, wherein the fragment of the capsid (CA) domain does not comprise a N-terminal domain (NTD) domain.126.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-125, wherein the first core-assembly domain comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3; or (ii) a sequence having at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-27, 54-76 as set forth in Table 3.127.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-126, wherein the first membrane recruitment domain comprises a first matrix (MA) domain, a first matrix (MA) -like domain or a fragment thereof.128.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 127, wherein the first MA domain is derived from a structural protein of a second virus.129.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 128, wherein the second virus is a second Retroviridae virus; optionally, the second Retroviridae virus is selected from: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Bovine leukemia virus, Murine leukemia virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Feline leukemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Rat leukemia virus, and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus; preferably, the second Retroviridae virus is Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus.130.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 128, wherein second virus is a second non-Retroviridae virus.131.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 130, wherein the second non-Retroviridae virus is selected from: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae, Binaviridae, Papillomaviridae, polyomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Fimoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, or Matonaviridae.132.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 127-131, wherein the first MA-like domain is derived from a second endogenous structural protein.133.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 132, wherein the second endogenous structural protein selected from: ARC, PEG10, PNMA2, HERV-Kcon Gag, Arcl, Asprvl, PNMA1, PNMA3, PNMA4, PNMA5, PNMA6, PNMA7, RTL1, MOAPI, and ZCCHC12.134.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-133, wherein the membrane recruitment domain comprises a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain.135.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 134, wherein the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is selected from the group consisting of: Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Dappl, Pleckstrin homology domain of Mouse Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Grp1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human OSBP, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human Btk1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human FAPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human CERT, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PKD, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human PHLPP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human SWAP70, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human MAPKAP1, Pleckstrin homology domain of Human phospholipase Cδ1 (hPLCδ1) , Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1, Mutant Pleckstrin homology domain of human Akt1 (E17K) , or Pleckstrin homology domain of human phossephoinositede-dependent protein kinase 1 (Hpdpk1) .136.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 127-133, wherein the first MA-like domain is obtained through a de novo process.137.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-136, wherein the first membrane recruitment domain comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 51-53 as set forth in Table 3, or (iii) a fragment of (i) or (ii) .138.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-137, wherein the cargo comprises a CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide.139.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 138, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has a nuclease activity.140.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 138, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has no nuclease activities (dead Cas) .141.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 138 or 139, wherein the CRISPR / Cas effector polypeptide has nickase activities.142.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 138-141, wherein the cargo further comprises a nucleic acid-modifying domain.143.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 142, wherein the nucleic acid-modifying domain is selected from a deaminase domain, a reverse transcriptase domain, a ligase domain, a recombinase domain, a methylase domain, an acetylase domain, an acetyltransferase domain, a transcriptional activator domain, or a transcriptional repressor domain.144.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-143, wherein the cargo comprises an RNA binding domain.145.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 144, wherein the RNA binding domain is selected from MS2, Com, or PP7.146.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 104-145, wherein the protease-containing protein comprises a polymerase and / or an integrase domain.147.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 104-145, wherein the protease-containing protein does not comprise a polymerase and / or an integrase domain.148.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-147, wherein the plurality of polynucleotides does not comprise a polynucleotide encoding a protease-containing protein.149.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-148, wherein the first structural protein or the second structural protein further comprises a NC domain.150.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-149, wherein the tropism factor comprises a glycoprotein derived from enveloped virus selected from a group consisting of: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) , Rabies virus (RABV) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) , Mokola virus (MOKV) , Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) , Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , Chandipura virus (CHPV) , Baboon endogenous virus (BAEV) , Zika Virus and Baculovirus.151.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-150, wherein the tropism factor comprises: (i) a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as set forth in Table 1, or (iii) a fragment of (i) or (ii) .152.The plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-151, wherein the plurality of polynucleotides further comprises a sixth polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a targeting polypeptide.153.The plurality of polynucleotides of claim 152, wherein the targeting polypeptide is selected from: single chain variable fragment (scFv) , nanobody, fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3) , Arginylglycylaspartic acid motif (RGD) , single variable domain on a heavy chain / nanobody (VHH) , variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) , Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) and other targeting ligand.154.One or more vectors comprising the polynucleotide of claim 102 or the plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-153.155.The one or more vectors of claim 154, wherein each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth polynucleotides is on separate vectors.156.The one or more vectors of claim 154 or 155, wherein two or more of the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth polynucleotides are on the same vector.157.A cell comprising the ePDV of any one of claims 41-101, the fusion protein of any one of the claims 1-40, the polynucleotide of claim 102, the plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-153 or the one or more vectors of any one of claims 154-156.158.A method of producing an engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) comprising transfecting, transducing, electroporating, or otherwise inserting the polynucleotide of claim 102, the plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-153, or the one or more vectors of any one of claims 154-156 into a cell.159.The method of claim 158, wherein a manufacturing yield in a same manufacturing condition is higher when compared to if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-exist with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.160.An ePDV produced by transfecting, transducing, electroporating, or otherwise inserting the polynucleotide of claim 102, the plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-153, or the one or more vectors of any one of claims 154-156, into a cell and expressing components of the ePDV from the polynucleotide, the plurality of polynucleotides or one or more vectors in the cell, thereby allowing the ePDV to spontaneously assemble in the cell.161.The ePDV of claim 160, wherein a manufacturing yield in the same manufacture condition is higher when compared to if the first CA domain or the first CA-like domain is replaced with a CA domain or a CA-like domain that naturally co-exist with the membrane recruitment domain within a single structural protein.162.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered protein delivery vehicle (ePDV) of any one of claims 41-101 and 160-161.163.A method of delivery a cargo to a target cell comprising contacting a target cell with the ePDV of any one of claims 41-101 and 160-161, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 162.164.A method of editing a nucleic acid molecule in a target cell comprising contacting the target cell with the ePDV of any one of claims 41-101 and 160-161, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 162, thereby installing one or more modifications to the nucleic acid molecule at a target site.165.A kit comprising the ePDV of any one of claims 41-101 and 160-161, the polynucleotides of claim 102, the plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 103-153, the one or more vectors of any one of claims 154-156, or the cell of claim 157.
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