Methods and systems for base graph selection
By using an adjusted code rate for base graph selection in LDPC codes, the method optimizes performance in repetition transmissions, addressing limitations of existing methods and enhancing reliability and efficiency in NR communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/123799
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-08
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing base graph selection methods for LDPC codes in NR communication are limited and may not optimize for repetition transmissions, leading to suboptimal performance in scenarios with varying channel conditions and retransmission strategies.
Implementing base graph selection based on an adjusted code rate, separate from the target code rate indicated by DCI, to enhance performance in repetition transmissions and achieve larger incremental redundancy gains.
Improves communication system performance by optimizing base graph selection for different transmission schemes and parameters, enhancing reliability and efficiency in both uplink and downlink communications.
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Figure CN2024123799_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR BASE GRAPH SELECTION
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 680,941 filed on August 8, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to base graph selection.BACKGROUND
[0004] A New Radio (NR) communication standard Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code can be defined by a graph, or equivalently a matrix. In some implementations, an LDPC code can be a code that has been expanded (also known as lifted) to larger graph from a smaller graph. The smaller graph may be known as a base graph (BG) . The larger graph typically defines the LDPC code used for encoding and decoding operations. Different LDPC codes can be obtained by expanding different base graphs. For example, NR LDPC codes are expanded from one of two base graphs: BG1 and BG2. In some implementations, base graph selection can be performed before transmission, and a base graph selection rule is known for both transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) sides.SUMMARY
[0005] One or more implementations of the present application provide methods and systems for base graph selection. The techniques described in the application can improve the performance of a communication system using channel coding (e.g., LDPC) and repetition transmission.
[0006] According to a first aspect, a method is provided. The method includes determining a base graph based on an adjusted code rate. The adjusted code rate is associated with a quantity of transmissions. The method further includes communicating data by using a target code rate.
[0007] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by the quantity of transmissions, and the transmissions include a first transmission and one or more repetitions of the first transmission.
[0008] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes transmitting higher layer signaling. The higher layer signaling indicates the quantity of transmissions. The method further includes transmitting physical layer signaling. The physical layer signaling indicates a target code rate.
[0009] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes in response to determining that the quantity of transmissions is larger than a preset threshold value, determining that the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by the preset threshold value.
[0010] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes transmitting the adjusted code rate.
[0011] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by an adjustment factor. The adjustment factor equals a total size of resource for the transmissions divided by a size of resource for a first transmission of the transmissions.
[0012] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a payload size of the data divided by a total number of coded bits to be transmitted through the transmissions.
[0013] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by an adjustment factor. The adjustment factor equals a maximum number of transmissions divided by a normalization factor.
[0014] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the communicating the data includes: encoding the data based on the base graph and the target code rate; and transmitting the encoded data.
[0015] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate is signaled through higher layer signaling.
[0016] According to a second aspect, a method is provided. The method includes determining a base graph based on an adjusted code rate. The adjusted code rate is associated with a quantity of transmissions. The method further includes communicating data by using a target code rate.
[0017] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by the quantity of transmissions, and the transmissions include a first transmission and one or more repetitions of the first transmission.
[0018] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes receiving higher layer signaling. The higher layer signaling indicates the quantity of transmissions. The method further includes receiving physical layer signaling. The physical layer signaling indicates a target code rate.
[0019] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes in response to determining that the quantity of transmissions is larger than a preset threshold value, determining that the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by the preset threshold value.
[0020] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes receiving the adjusted code rate.
[0021] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by an adjustment factor. The adjustment factor equals a total size of resource for the transmissions divided by a size of resource for a first transmission of the transmissions.
[0022] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a payload size of the data divided by a total number of coded bits to be transmitted through the transmissions.
[0023] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by an adjustment factor. The adjustment factor equals a maximum number of transmissions divided by a normalization factor.
[0024] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the communicating the data includes: receiving encoded data; and decoding the encoded data based on the base graph and the target code rate.
[0025] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the adjusted code rate is signaled through higher layer signaling.
[0026] According to a third aspect, a communication apparatus is provided. The communication apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0027] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes a processing unit configured to determine a base graph based on an adjusted code rate and a transmitting unit configured to transmit data by using a target code rate. The adjusted code rate is associated with a quantity of transmissions.
[0028] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes a processing unit configured to determine a base graph based on an adjusted code rate and a receiving unit configured to receive data by using a target code rate. The adjusted code rate is associated with a quantity of transmissions.
[0029] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes one or more processors and an interface circuit configured to transmit data by using a target code rate.
[0030] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes one or more processors and an interface circuit configured to receive data by using a target code rate.
[0031] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the interface circuit includes one or more transceivers.
[0032] According to a fourth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more memories store instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0033] According to a fifth aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a first communication apparatus configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect. The communication system further includes a second communication apparatus configured to perform the method according to the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0034] According to a sixth aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0035] According to a seventh aspect, a computer program product storing instructions is provided. The computer program product stores instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic illustration of an example communication system.
[0037] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system.
[0038] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus in a communication system.
[0039] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus.
[0040] FIG. 5 illustrates another example apparatus.
[0041] FIG. 6 illustrates an example base graph (BG) selection rule.
[0042] FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of an example communication method.
[0043] FIG. 8 illustrates an example BG selection method that can be applied to the communication method of FIG. 7.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0044] Different LDPC codes can be obtained by expanding a same base graph according to different lifting sizes. That is, the same BG can be expanded to various larger graphs of different sizes. Therefore, LDPC codes with different code lengths can be obtained in this manner. The LDPC codes of various code lengths expanded from the same BG all share the same mother code rate with the LDPC code defined by the base graph. To achieve larger code rates, the expanded LDPC codes, called mother codes, can undergo a rate matching operation, which means some parity check bits will not be transmitted. Therefore, LDPC codes with higher code rates can be obtained during initial transmission. To achieve high reliability, the same transport block (TB) , including its different redundancy versions (RV) , may be transmitted several times without waiting for a negative acknowledgement (NACK) , which is referred to as repetition transmission. These transmissions may happen sequentially or at the same time. The first transmission may refer to a first transmission in time domain, in the frequency domain, or in the spatial domain. For a repetition transmission following the first transmission, different RVs may be used for rate matching, which means different potions of the mother code may be used and some un-transmitted parity check bits may be transmitted. A repetition or repetition transmission, in the present disclosure, may refer to a broad category of transmission types based on a repetition concept. Thus, a repetition or repetition transmission may be also known as a repetition-type transmission, a repetition-like transmission, or any other suitably equivalent term. Accordingly, a repetition in the present disclosure may include a transmission that is a part of a rateless coding scheme, in which case the repetition is part of a sequence of transmissions with no overall fixed code rate. A rateless coding scheme may add additional redundancy bits for each transmission among the sequence of transmissions. Feedback may be used initiate one or more repetitions. Alternatively, feedback may be used terminate the transmission of the repetitions that form the burst of transmission in the rateless coding scheme.
[0045] As mentioned above, NR supports two BGs and their mother code rate are quite low. For example, BG1 code rate is 1 / 3, and BG2 code rate is 1 / 5. The initial transmission may use a larger code rate, and the retransmission may bring code rate lower if different RV is used. This is called incremental redundancy (IR) gain. However, the lowest code rate can be bounded by the mother code rate. In some implementations, once the code rate reaches to the mother code rate, namely all bits are transmitted at least once, the code rate cannot be smaller and there is only chase combining (CC) gain. It should be noted that usually IR gain provides larger error correction improvement than CC gain.
[0046] NR supports two BGs and both BGs can be used to generate a LDPC code of the expected code length and the target code rate. So, a BG selection method can decide which BG will be used to generate the LDPC code. For example, in NR, the BG selection can be based on TB size (TBS) and the target code rate (CR) indicated by downlink control information (DCI) . TB size itself depends on the target code rate and the amount of scheduled resources. A detailed BG selection rule or condition can be explained as below (which is also illustrated by FIG. 6) :
[0047] if TBS <=3824 and CR<=0.67 then BG2 is selected;
[0048] if TBS <= 292 then BG2 is selected;
[0049] if CR<=0.25 then BG2 is selected;
[0050] otherwise, BG1 is selected.
[0051] It should be noted that for a single transmission, the code rate that the receiver achieved, namely the effective code rate, is almost the same as the target code rate. There is a tiny difference due to quantization. If different redundant versions are used for repetition transmission, the effective code rate of this repetition transmission will be lower than the target code rate specified by DCI. Therefore, the BG selection based on the target code rate specified by DCI is suitable for single transmission and using this target code rate for repetition transmission may not be optimal.
[0052] Table I
[0053] In some cases, the retransmission cannot benefit from IR gains. Table I shows the effective code rate of each transmission after combining if BG1 is used and the retransmission resource is the same as the initial transmission. For example, if MCS 14 is selected, the target code rate for the initial transmission will be 0.554 and the effective code rate for the second transmission will be 1 / 3. Since 1 / 3 is the code rate of the mother code, the effective code rate cannot be lower and there will be no IR gain after the second transmission.
[0054] In some cases, to achieve high reliability, the maximum number of re-transmissions may be large, such as 6. Then most of the retransmission cannot benefit from IR gain. For example, if MCS 28 is selected, it can be seen from the above table that all transmissions after the third transmission cannot benefit from the IR gain. Since the maximum number of re-transmissions is 6, there are possibly 4 transmissions which cannot benefit from IR gain. Therefore, the existing BG selection rules can have some limitations. For example, the existing rules may only be suitable for single transmission. In addition, the existing rules may require relative accurate channel state information to achieve a low error rate for the first transmission, so those retransmissions may not be necessary. As such, it is desired to select a base graph to better utilize the IR gain when different schemes, such as repetition transmission, and different parameters, such as maximum number of retransmissions, are used.
[0055] This application describes BG selection methods and systems based on a parameter called an adjusted code rate. In some implementations, the BG selection is based on TB size and the adjusted code rate. This adjusted code rate may be an effective code rate or a normalized code rate and may not necessarily be the same as the target code rate indicated by DCI. One or more implementations of the described techniques can be applied to either uplink communications, or downlink communications, or both. In some implementations, the described BG selection methods can be applied to communication systems using multiple-TRP. In some implementations, the described BG selection methods can work in any suitable types of BGs.
[0056] In some existing methods, the target code rate specified by DCI is used for both TB size calculation and BG selection. Implementation of this application can separate the roles of the target code rate into two parameters. In some implementations, the target code rate specified by DCI will only be used for TB size calculation, and the adjusted code rate will be only used for BG selection. Such implementations can provide more freedom for the BG selection in different scenarios. In some implementations, the effective code rate or normalized code rate can be used as the adjusted code rate for BG selection. Therefore, for different schemes, such as repetition transmission, and different parameters, such as maximum number of retransmissions, larger IR gain may be achieved.
[0057] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure, there is shown a communication system 100 that includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 10a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 . The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 2G, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 for 3G, LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) for 4G, and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, The RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and consists of network nodes (e.g., 170a, 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, i.e., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3GPP system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G System (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to FIG. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0058] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0059] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) services, Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, Ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility and the like.
[0060] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0061] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system 100 according to an implementation of the present disclosure, there is shown the communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. Additionally, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 170a, 170b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a and 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In this context, the terms "TRP" and "base station" are used interchangeably unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, this disclosure primarily refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0062] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0063] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device facilitating communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0064] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0065] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0066] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinates to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0067] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as "sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) " in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like "receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0068] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0069] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0070] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0071] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0072] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0073] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0074] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) .
[0075] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b and / or the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0076] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0077] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e, g., the network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or number of apparatus 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0078] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0079] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0080] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0081] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) , b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs, c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs, and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320, processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320, and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0082] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or a part of the receiver 203 or a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0083] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by one or more processors that may the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0084] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated ) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0085] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore also can be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0086] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the Medium Access Control (MAC) or Radio Link Control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing. In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0087] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0088] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0089] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0090] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0091] Note that the term “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a. 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0092] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0093] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0094] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method embodiments disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality of times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method embodiments disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with another apparatus or system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or another processor. The signal may include or carry information intended as a payload, such as user data, control information, etc. The signal may also include or carry information useful to a receiver, but not necessarily as a payload, such as a pilot signal or reference signal. Communicating the signal may include transmitting the signal to another component or device. Communicating the signal may additionally or alternatively include receiving the signal from another component or device. Transmitting the signal may include outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Receiving the signal may include inputting or obtaining the signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly couped to the interface circuit 412. Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0095] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0096] FIG. 5 illustrates example apparatus 510 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0097] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0098] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0099] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0100] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, -such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core -a function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0101] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0102] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0103] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0104] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0105] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute embodiments may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method embodiments disclosed herein.
[0106] FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of an example communication method 700. As shown in FIG. 7, at 706, a transmitting (TX) node 702 can determine a base graph. At 708, the TX node 702 can transmit data to a receiving (RX) node 704 by using a target code rate. Correspondingly, the RX node 704 can receive the data using the target code rate. In some implementations, before 708, the TX node 702 can encode the data based on the base graph and the target code rate. The data transmitted to the RX node 704 at 708 is the encoded data. At 710, the RX node 704 can also determine a base graph. In some implementations, after 710, the RX node 704 can decode the encoded data based on the base graph and the target code rate. In the present disclosure, a TX node can refer to an entity who initiates transmission of the data while an RX node can refer to another entity who receives the data. An example of the transmitting node is a TRP, and an example of the receiving node is a UE. In another example, the transmitting node is a UE, and an example of the receiving node is a TRP. In some implementations, the transmitting node can be a UE, a BS, a TRP, a TP, or any other suitable node, and the receiving can also be a UE, a BS, a TRP, a TP, or any other suitable node.
[0107] FIG. 8 illustrates an example BG selection method. The BG selection method can be applied to, for example, operations 706 and 710 of FIG. 7. In some implementations, the BG selection is based on TB size and an adjusted code rate. The adjusted code rate can be obtained by an adjusted code rate calculation unit and may not be necessarily the same as the target code rate indicated by DCI. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the TBS can be calculated based on the target code rate R specified by DCI. In some implementations, other parameters, such as a number of resource elements, a number of layers, or modulation of the data, can be used to calculate TBS. The adjusted code rate R′can be determined. The TBS and the adjusted code rate R′can be used for BG selection, such as the selection procedure described above with reference to FIG. 6. In some implementations, the adjusted code rate can also be referred to as a BG selection code rate. In some implementations, the BG selection method can be combined with different BG selection rules, such as the NR rule, or any other suitable rules. The BGs to be selected may be the same as ones in NR or new ones. In some implementations, the TX node 702 can transmit the adjusted code rate to the RX node 704 (e.g., using higher layer signaling or DCI) .
[0108] In some implementations, for the repetition transmission, the adjusted code rate can be calculated as the effective code rate of the overall transmission. In some instances, the resource for each repetition transmission can be predetermined at the beginning and can be almost the same. For example, the effective code rate of the transmission may be R′= R / K_rep, where R is the target code rate, and K_rep is the number of repetitions (also referred to as a quantity of transmissions) . In some implementations, the quantity of transmissions can include a first transmission and one or more repetitions of the first transmission. An example transmission procedure is described as below. A BS can schedule multiple TX over consecutive slots with a single DCI. The DCI may include an indication of the target code rate R. The BS can use the rough effective code rate, R′=R / K_rep, for BG selection. The BS can send the single DCI with code rate R. The UE can use R for TBS calculation and use R / K_rep for BG selection.
[0109] For single TRP slot aggregation, the number of repetitions, K_rep, can be determined by the RRC parameter. For multi-TRP transmission, in some implementations, the number of repetitions may be a fixed value (e.g., 2 repetitions) ; alternatively or additionally, the number of repetitions may be configured, such as via a higher-layer parameter (e.g., an RRC parameter) . In some cases, the number of repetitions (e.g., the quantity of transmissions) , K_rep, is signaled by DCI. In some implementations, in response to determining that the quantity of transmissions is larger than a preset threshold value, the TX node 702 or the RX node 704 can determine that the adjusted code rate equals a target code rate divided by the preset threshold value. In other words, a threshold can be defined for the adjusted code rate, which may be denominated by the character “R” or, if the adjusted code rate is the same as the effective code rate, may be denominated by the character “R′” . For example, if K_rep is larger than a threshold (e.g., 4) , K_rep will be set as 4. In another example, if R / K_rep is lower than a threshold value, the adjusted code rate (e.g., R or R′) will be the threshold value.
[0110] In some cases, the resource size for each repetition transmission may not be the same. The effective code rate of the transmission may be R′= R / (total_resource / first_resource) , where R is the target code rate, total_resource is the total amount of resource for all transmissions and first_resource is the resource amount for the first transmission. In other words, the adjusted code rate can equal a target code rate divided by an adjustment factor. For example, the adjustment factor equals a total size of resource for the transmissions (e.g., total_resource) divided by a size of resource for a first transmission of the transmissions (e.g., first_resource) . In some implementations, multiple transmission occasions and resources of the same data are indicated in one DCI. The adjusted code rate can equal a target code rate divided by an adjustment factor. In some implementations, the adjusted code rate equals a payload size of the data divided by a total number of coded bits to be transmitted through the transmissions.
[0111] In some implementations, if the maximum number of allowed transmissions is large, the adjusted code rate can be calculated as the normalized target code rate. In some case, the adjusted code rate may be R′=R / (max_reTX_num / adjustment_factor) , where R is the target code rate, and max_reTX_num is the maximum number of allowed retransmissions. The parameter max_reTX_num may be configured through RRC. Adjustment_factor can also be configured through RRC or it can be obtained by a table with respect to different max_reTX_num. In some instances, the value of adjustment_factor can be obtained through experiment. In one example, adjustment_factor is 3. In this example, if max_reTX_num is 3, then R′= R, and if max_reTX_num is 6, R′= R / 2. In a corner case, if max_reTX_num < adjustment_factor, then R′= R. An example transmission procedure is described as below. In this example, the BS schedules a single TX over with code rate R. The BS can configure the maximum number of transmission times, e.g., max_reTX_num, through RRC. The BS uses the rough effective code rate, R / (max_reTX_num / adjustment_factor) , for BG selection. The BS sends a single DCI with code rate R. The UE can use R for TBS calculation and uses R / (max_reTX_num / adjustment_factor) for BG selection.
[0112] In some implementations, a specific BG can be selected for some specific scenarios, such as repetition. In this case, in order to reuse the same BG selection framework, which is based on TBS and code rate, the adjusted code rate can be set to a code rate which may always leads to a specific BG. For example, if repetition is used, the adjusted code rate can be set to 0.2. Then based on the NR condition, BG 2 may always be selected in this case.
[0113] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0114] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example embodiment for its intended application.
[0115] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0116] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0117] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0118] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in different embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0119] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0120] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device and enable a machine to execute the instructions. When executed by any computer or the processor of a programmable data processing device, the instructions cause the apparatus to implement specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0121] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the other programmable data processing device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or on another programmable device provide steps for implementing specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0122] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
[0123] Acronyms and Abbreviations
Claims
1.A method comprising:determining a base graph based on an adjusted code rate, wherein the adjusted code rate is associated with a quantity of transmissions; andcommunicating data by using a target code rate.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusted code rate equals the target code rate divided by the quantity of transmissions, and the transmissions comprise a first transmission and one or more repetitions of the first transmission.3.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, further comprising:transmitting higher layer signaling, wherein the higher layer signaling indicates the quantity of transmissions; andtransmitting physical layer signaling, wherein the physical layer signaling indicates the target code rate.4.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, further comprising:receiving higher layer signaling, wherein the higher layer signaling indicates the quantity of transmissions; andreceiving physical layer signaling, wherein the physical layer signaling indicates the target code rate.5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising:in response to determining that the quantity of transmissions is larger than a preset threshold value, determining that the adjusted code rate equals the target code rate divided by the preset threshold value.6.The method of any one of claims 1-3 and 5, further comprising transmitting the adjusted code rate.7.The method of any one of claims 1-2 and 4-5, further comprising receiving the adjusted code rate.8.The method of any one of claims 1 and 3-7, wherein the adjusted code rate equals the target code rate divided by an adjustment factor, wherein the adjustment factor equals a total size of resources for the transmissions divided by a size of a resource for a first transmission of the transmissions.9.The method of any one of claims 1 and 3-7, wherein the adjusted code rate equals a payload size of the data divided by a total number of coded bits to be transmitted through the transmissions.10.The method of any one of claims 1 and 3-7, wherein the adjusted code rate equals the target code rate divided by an adjustment factor, wherein the adjustment factor equals a maximum number of transmissions divided by a normalization factor.11.The method of any one of claims 1-3, 5-6, and 8-10, wherein the communicating the data comprises:encoding the data based on the base graph and the target code rate; andtransmitting the encoded data.12.The method of claims 1-2, 4-5, and 7-10, wherein the communicating the data comprises:receiving encoded data; anddecoding the encoded data based on the base graph and the target code rate.13.The method of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the adjusted code rate is signaled through higher layer signaling.14.A communication apparatus, configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 13.15.The communication apparatus of claim 14, comprising:a processing unit configured to determine a base graph based on an adjusted code rate, wherein the adjusted code rate is associated with a quantity of transmissions; anda transmitting unit configured to transmit data by using the target code rate.16.The communication apparatus of claim 14, comprising:a processing unit configured to determine a base graph based on an adjusted code rate, wherein the adjusted code rate is associated with a quantity of transmissions; anda receiving unit configured to receive data by using the target code rate.17.The communication apparatus of claim 14, comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to transmit data by using the target code rate.18.The communication apparatus of claim 14, comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to receive data by using the target code rate.19.The communication apparatus of claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.20.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 13.21.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1-3, 5-6, 8-11, and 13 and a second communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1-2, 4-5, 7-10, and 12-13.22.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 13.23.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 13.
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