Consistent Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) Failure with Secondary Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Occasions

Abstract

A wireless device receives one or more messages comprising one or more configuration parameters of a cell, where the one or more configuration parameters indicate: one or more secondary physical random-access channel (PRACH) occasions for a first uplink bandwidth part (BWP) of the cell; and no primary PRACH occasion for the first uplink BWP. The wireless device receives a control message indicating activation of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP. Based on triggering a consistent listen-before-talk (LBT) failure for an active uplink BWP of the cell, the wireless device switches the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP with the one or more secondary PRACH occasions being activated, and initiates, via the first uplink BWP, a random-access procedure.

Description

Docket No.: 24-1165PCTTITLEConsistent Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) Failure with Secondary Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) OccasionsCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 679,197, filed August 5, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings.

[0003] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1 B illustrate example mobile communication networks in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.

[0004] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate a New Radio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol stack.

[0005] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

[0006] FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG.2A.

[0007] FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU.

[0008] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B respectively illustrate a mapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels for the downlink and uplink.

[0009] FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE.

[0010] FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into which OFDM symbols are grouped.

[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time and frequency domain for an NR carrier.

[0012] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using three configured BWPs for an NR carrier.

[0013] FIG. 10A illustrates three carrier aggregation configurations with two component carriers.

[0014] FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may be configured into one or more PUCCH groups.

[0015] FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS / PBCH block structure and location.

[0016] FIG. 11 B illustrates an example of CSI-RSs that are mapped in the time and frequency domains.

[0017] FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B respectively illustrate examples of three downlink and uplink beam management procedures.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0018] FIG. 13A, FIG. 13B, and FIG. 13C respectively illustrate a four-step contention-based random access procedure, a two-step contention-free random access procedure, and another two-step random access procedure.

[0019] FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for a bandwidth part.

[0020] FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCI transmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing.

[0021] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device in communication with a base station.

[0022] FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D illustrate example structures for uplink and downlink transmission.

[0023] FIG. 17 illustrates a proposed approach for dynamic physical random access channel (PRACH) adaptation in the time-domain.

[0024] FIG. 18 shows an example of dynamic activation / deactivation of PRACH occasions within a cell according to the proposed approach illustrated in FIG. 17.

[0025] FIG. 19 shows an example that illustrates an existing Listen-before-talk (LBT) failure recovery procedure

[0026] FIG. 20 illustrates a problem that may arise using the existing LBT failure recovery procedure when an uplink BWP is configured with only non-legacy PRACH occasions.

[0027] FIG. 21 illustrates another problem that may arise using the existing LBT failure recovery procedure when an uplink BWP is configured with only non-legacy PRACH occasions.

[0028] FIG. 22 illustrates an aspect of an embodiment according to the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 23 illustrates another aspect of an embodiment according to the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 24 illustrates an example process according to an embodiment according to the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] In the present disclosure, various embodiments are presented as examples of how the disclosed techniques may be implemented and / or how the disclosed techniques may be practiced in environments and scenarios. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the scope. In fact, after reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art how to implement alternative embodiments. The present embodiments should not be limited by any of the described exemplary embodiments. The embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Limitations, features, and / or elements from the disclosed example embodiments may be combined to create further embodiments within the scope of the disclosure. Any figures which highlight the functionality and advantages, are presented for example purposes only. The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable, such that it may be utilizedDocket No.: 24-1165PCT in ways other than that shown. For example, the actions listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionally used in some embodiments.

[0032] Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosed mechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example, in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, a combination of the above, and / or the like. Example criteria may be based, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network node configurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes, traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and / or the like. When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments may be applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement example embodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols.

[0033] A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wireless devices and / or base stations may support multiple technologies, and / or multiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have some specific capabi lity(ies) depending on wireless device category and / or capabi li ty(ies). When this disclosure refers to a base station communicating with a plurality of wireless devices, this disclosure may refer to a subset of the total wireless devices in a coverage area. This disclosure may refer to, for example, a plurality of wireless devices of a given LTE or 5G release with a given capability and in a given sector of the base station. The plurality of wireless devices in this disclosure may refer to a selected plurality of wireless devices, and / or a subset of total wireless devices in a coverage area which perform according to disclosed methods, and / or the like. There may be a plurality of base stations or a plurality of wireless devices in a coverage area that may not comply with the disclosed methods, for example, those wireless devices or base stations may perform based on older releases of LTE or 5G technology.

[0034] In this disclosure, “a” and "an” and similar phrases are to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” Similarly, any term that ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more." In this disclosure, the term “may” is to be interpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” is indicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed by one or more of the various embodiments. The terms “comprises” and “consists of’, as used herein, enumerate one or more components of the element being described. The term “comprises” is interchangeable with “includes” and does not exclude unenumerated components from being included in the element being described. By contrast, “consists of provides a complete enumeration of the one or more components of the element being described. The term “based on”, as used herein, should be interpreted as “based at least in part on” rather than, for example, “based solely on”. The term “and / or” as used herein represents any possible combination of enumerated elements. For example, “A, B, and / or C” may represent A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C.

[0035] If A and B are sets and every element of A is an element of B, A is called a subset of B. In this specification, only non-empty sets and subsets are considered. For example, possible subsets of B = {celH ,Docket No.: 24-1165PCT cell2} are: {celH }, {cell2}, and {celH , cell2}. The phrase "based on” (or equally "based at least on”) is indicative that the phrase following the term “based on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase "in response to” (or equally “in response at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “in response to” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “depending on” (or equally “depending at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “depending on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase "employing / using” (or equally “employing / using at least”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “employing / using” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.

[0036] The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. Configured may refer to specific settings in a device that affect or implement the operational characteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware, registers, memory values, and / or the like may be “configured” within a device, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state, to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “a control message to cause in a device” may mean that a control message has parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics or may be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state.

[0037] In this disclosure, parameters (or equally called, fields, or Information elements: lEs) may comprise one or more information objects, and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. For example, if parameter (IE) N comprises parameter (IE) M, and parameter (IE) M comprises parameter (IE) K, and parameter (IE) K comprises parameter (information element) J. Then, for example, N comprises K, and N comprises J. In an example embodiment, when one or more messages comprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that a parameter in the plurality of parameters is in at least one of the one or more messages, but does not have to be in each of the one or more messages.

[0038] Many features presented are described as being optional through the use of “may” or the use of parentheses For the sake of brevity and legibility, the present disclosure does not explicitly recite each and every permutation that may be obtained by choosing from the set of optional features. The present disclosure is to be interpreted as explicitly disclosing all such permutations. For example, a system described as having three optional features may be embodied in seven ways, namely with just one of the three possible features, with any two of the three possible features or with three of the three possible features.

[0039] Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element that performs a defined function and has a defined interface to otherDocket No.: 24-1165PCT elements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (e.g., hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented as a software routine written in a computer language configured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic, MATLAB or the like) or a modeling / simulation program such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVIEWMathScript. It may be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and / or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware comprise: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmed using languages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog that configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. The mentioned technologies are often used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

[0040] FIG. 1 A illustrates an example of a mobile communication network 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The mobile communication network 100 may be, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN) run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobile communication network 100 includes a core network (CN) 102, a radio access network (RAN) 104, and a wireless device 106.

[0041] The CN 102 may provide the wireless device 106 with an interface to one or more data networks (DNs), such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and / or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the CN 102 may set up end-to-end connections between the wireless device 106 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the wireless device 106, and provide charging functionality.

[0042] The RAN 104 may connect the CN 102 to the wireless device 106 through radio communications over an air interface. As part of the radio communications, the RAN 104 may provide scheduling, radio resource management, and retransmission protocols. The communication direction from the RAN 104 to the wireless device 106 over the air interface is known as the downlink and the communication direction from the wireless device 106 to the RAN 104 over the air interface is known as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions using frequency division duplexing (FDD), time-division duplexing (TDD), and / or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

[0043] The term wireless device may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to and encompass any mobile device or fixed (non-mobile) device for which wireless communication is needed or usable. For example, a wireless device may be a telephone, smart phone, tablet, computer, laptop, sensor, meter, wearable device, Internet of Things (loT) device, vehicle roadside unit (RSU), relay node, automobile, and / orDocket No.: 24-1165PCT any combination thereof. The term wireless device encompasses other terminology, including user equipment (UE), user terminal (UT), access terminal (AT), mobile station, handset, wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), and / or wireless communication device.

[0044] The RAN 104 may include one or more base stations (not shown). The term base station may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to and encompass a Node B (associated with UMTS and / or 3G standards), an Evolved Node B (eNB, associated with E-UTRA and / or 4G standards), a remote radio head (RRH), a baseband processing unit coupled to one or more RRHs, a repeater node or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node, a Next Generation Evolved Node B (ng-eNB), a Generation Node B (gNB, associated with NR and / or 5G standards), an access point (AP, associated with, for example, Wi-Fi or any other suitable wireless communication standard), and / or any combination thereof A base station may comprise at least one gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) and at least one a gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU).

[0045] A base station included in the RAN 104 may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the wireless device 106 over the air interface. For example, one or more of the base stations may include three sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors). The size of a cell may be determined by a range at which a receiver (e.g., a base station receiver) can successfully receive the transmissions from a transmitter (e.g., a wireless device transmitter) operating in the cell. Together, the cells of the base stations may provide radio coverage to the wireless device 106 over a wide geographic area to support wireless device mobility.

[0046] In addition to three-sector sites, other implementations of base stations are possible. For example, one or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may be implemented as a sectored site with more or less than three sectors. One or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may be implemented as an access point, as a baseband processing unit coupled to several remote radio heads (RRHs), and / or as a repeater or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node. A baseband processing unit coupled to RRHs may be part of a centralized or cloud RAN architecture, where the baseband processing unit may be either centralized in a pool of baseband processing units or virtualized. A repeater node may amplify and rebroadcast a radio signal received from a donor node. A relay node may perform the same / similar functions as a repeater node but may decode the radio signal received from the donor node to remove noise before amplifying and rebroadcasting the radio signal.

[0047] The RAN 104 may be deployed as a homogenous network of macrocell base stations that have similar antenna patterns and similar high-level transmit powers. The RAN 104 may be deployed as a heterogeneous network. In heterogeneous networks, small cell base stations may be used to provide small coverage areas, for example, coverage areas that overlap with the comparatively larger coverage areas provided by macrocell base stations. The small coverage areas may be provided in areas with high data traffic (or so-called “hotspots”) or in areas with weak macrocell coverage. Examples of small cell base stationsDocket No.: 24-1165PCT include, in order of decreasing coverage area, microcell base stations, picocell base stations, and femtocell base stations or home base stations.

[0048] The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to provide global standardization of specifications for mobile communication networks similar to the mobile communication network 100 in FIG. 1A. To date, 3GPP has produced specifications for three generations of mobile networks: a third generation (3G) network known as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a fourth generation (4G) network known as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and a fifth generation (5G) network known as 5G System (5GS). Embodiments of the present disclosure are described with reference to the RAN of a 3GPP 5G network, referred to as next-generation RAN (NG-RAN). Embodiments may be applicable to RANs of other mobile communication networks, such as the RAN 104 in FIG. 1A, the RANs of earlier 3G and 4G networks, and those of future networks yet to be specified (e.g., a 3GPP 6G network). NG-RAN implements 5G radio access technology known as New Radio (NR) and may be provisioned to implement 4G radio access technology or other radio access technologies, including non-3GPP radio access technologies.

[0049] FIG. 1 B illustrates another example mobile communication network 150 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Mobile communication network 150 may be, for example, a PLMN run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1 B, mobile communication network 150 includes a 5G core network (5G-CN) 152, an NG-RAN 154, and UEs 156A and 156B (collectively UEs 156). These components may be implemented and operate in the same or similar manner as corresponding components described with respect to FIG 1A.

[0050] The 5G-CN 152 provides the UEs 156 with an interface to one or more DNs, such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and / or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the 5G-CN 152 may set up end-to-end connections between the UEs 156 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the UEs 156, and provide charging functionality. Compared to the CN of a 3GPP 4G network, the basis of the 5G-CN 152 may be a service-based architecture. This means that the architecture of the nodes making up the 5G-CN 152 may be defined as network functions that offer services via interfaces to other network functions. The network functions of the 5G-CN 152 may be implemented in several ways, including as network elements on dedicated or shared hardware, as software instances running on dedicated or shared hardware, or as virtualized functions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud-based platform).

[0051] As illustrated in FIG. 1 B, the 5G-CN 152 includes an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 158A and a User Plane Function (UPF) 158B, which are shown as one component AMF / UPF 158 in FIG. 1 B for ease of illustration. The UPF 158B may serve as a gateway between the NG-RAN 154 and the one or more DNs. The UPF 158B may perform functions such as packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection and user plane policy rule enforcement, traffic usage reporting, uplink classification to support routing of traffic flows to the one or more DNs, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g.,Docket No.: 24-1165PCT packet filtering, gating, uplink / downlink rate enforcement, and uplink traffic verification), downlink packet buffering, and downlink data notification triggering. The UPF 158B may serve as an anchor point for intra- / inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, an external protocol (or packet) data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to the one or more DNs, and / or a branching point to support a multi-homed PDU session. The UEs 156 may be configured to receive services through a PDU session, which is a logical connection between a UE and a DN.

[0052] The AMF 158A may perform functions such as Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling termination, NAS signaling security, Access Stratum (AS) security control, inter-CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks, idle mode UE reachability (e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission), registration area management, intra-system and inter-system mobility support, access authentication, access authorization including checking of roaming rights, mobility management control (subscription and policies), network slicing support, and / or session management function (SMF) selection. NAS may refer to the functionality operating between a CN and a UE, and AS may refer to the functionality operating between the UE and a RAN.

[0053] The 5G-CN 152 may include one or more additional network functions that are not shown in FIG. 1 B for the sake of clarity. For example, the 5G-CN 152 may include one or more of a Session Management Function (SMF), an NR Repository Function (NRF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), a Network Exposure Function (NEF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), and / or an Authentication Server Function (AUSF).

[0054] The NG-RAN 154 may connect the 5G-CN 152 to the UEs 156 through radio communications over the air interface. The NG-RAN 154 may include one or more gNBs, illustrated as gNB 160A and gNB 160B (collectively gNBs 160) and / or one or more ng-eNBs, illustrated as ng-eNB 162A and ng-eNB 162B (collectively ng-eNBs 162). The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162 may be more generically referred to as base stations. The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162 may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the UEs 156 over an air interface. For example, one or more of the gNBs 160 and / or one or more of the ng-eNBs 162 may include three sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors). Together, the cells of the gNBs 160 and the ng-eNBs 162 may provide radio coverage to the UEs 156 over a wide geographic area to support UE mobility.

[0055] As shown in FIG. 1 B, the gNBs 160 and / or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to the 5G-CN 152 by means of an NG interface and to other base stations by an Xn interface. The NG and Xn interfaces may be established using direct physical connections and / or indirect connections over an underlying transport network, such as an internet protocol (IP) transport network. The gNBs 160 and / or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to the UEs 156 by means of a Uu interface For example, as illustrated in FIG 1 B, gNB 160A may be connected to the UE 156A by means of a Uu interface. The NG, Xn, and Uu interfaces are associatedDocket No.: 24-1165PCT with a protocol stack. The protocol stacks associated with the interfaces may be used by the network elements in FIG. 1 B to exchange data and signaling messages and may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The user plane may handle data of interest to a user. The control plane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

[0056] The gNBs 160 and / or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to one or more AMF / UPF functions of the 5G-CN 152, such as the AMF / UPF 158, by means of one or more NG interfaces. For example, the gNB 160A may be connected to the UPF 158B of the AMF / UPF 158 by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U) interface. The NG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g., non-guaranteed delivery) of user plane PDUs between the gNB 160A and the UPF 158B. The gNB 160A may be connected to the AMF 158A by means of an NG- Control plane (NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide, for example, NG interface management, UE context management, UE mobility management, transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, and configuration transfer and / or warning message transmission.

[0057] The gNBs 160 may provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UEs 156 over the Uu interface. For example, the gNB 160A may provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UE 156A over a Uu interface associated with a first protocol stack. The ng-eNBs 162 may provide Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UEs 156 over a Uu interface, where E-UTRA refers to the 3GPP 4G radio-access technology. For example, the ng-eNB 162B may provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE 156B over a Uu interface associated with a second protocol stack.

[0058] The 5G-CN 152 was described as being configured to handle NR and 4G radio accesses. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that it may be possible for NR to connect to a 4G core network in a mode known as “non-standalone operation.” In non-standalone operation, a 4G core network is used to provide (or at least support) control-plane functionality (e.g., initial access, mobility, and paging). Although only one AMF / UPF 158 is shown in FIG. 1 B, one gNB or ng-eNB may be connected to multiple AMF / UPF nodes to provide redundancy and / or to load share across the multiple AMF / UPF nodes.

[0059] As discussed, an interface (e.g., Uu, Xn, and NG interfaces) between the network elements in FIG. 1 B may be associated with a protocol stack that the network elements use to exchange data and signaling messages A protocol stack may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The user plane may handle data of interest to a user, and the control plane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

[0060] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate examples of NR user plane and NR control plane protocol stacks for the Uu interface that lies between a UE 210 and a gNB 220. The protocol stacks illustrated in FIG 2A and FIG 2B may be the same or similar to those used for the Uu interface between, for example, the UE 156A and the gNB 160A shown in FIG. 1 B.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0061] FIG. 2A illustrates a NR user plane protocol stack comprising five layers implemented in the UE 210 and the gNB 220. At the bottom of the protocol stack, physical layers (PHYs) 211 and 221 may provide transport services to the higher layers of the protocol stack and may correspond to layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The next four protocols above PHYs 21 1 and 221 comprise media access control layers (MACs) 212 and 222, radio link control layers (RLCs) 213 and 223, packet data convergence protocol layers (PDCPs) 214 and 224, and service data application protocol layers (SDAPs) 215 and 225. Together, these four protocols may make up layer 2, or the data link layer, of the OSI model.

[0062] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack. Starting from the top of FIG. 2A and FIG. 3, the SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform QoS flow handling. The UE 210 may receive services through a PDU session, which may be a logical connection between the UE 210 and a DN. The PDU session may have one or more QoS flows. A UPF of a CN (e.g the UPF 158B) may map IP packets to the one or more QoS flows of the PDU session based on QoS requirements (e.g., in terms of delay, data rate, and / or error rate). The SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform mapping / de-mapping between the one or more QoS flows and one or more data radio bearers. The mapping / de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers may be determined by the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220. The SDAP 215 at the UE 210 may be informed of the mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers through reflective mapping or control signaling received from the gNB 220. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220 may mark the downlink packets with a QoS flow indicator (QFI), which may be observed by the SDAP 215 at the UE 210 to determine the mapping / de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers.

[0063] The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform header compression / decompression to reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over the air interface, ciphering / deciphering to prevent unauthorized decoding of data transmitted over the air interface, and integrity protection (to ensure control messages originate from intended sources. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform retransmissions of undelivered packets, in-sequence delivery and reordering of packets, and removal of packets received in duplicate due to, for example, an Intra-gNB handover. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform packet duplication to improve the likelihood of the packet being received and, at the receiver, remove any duplicate packets. Packet duplication may be useful for services that require high reliability.

[0064] Although not shown in FIG. 3, PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform mapping / de-mapping between a split radio bearer and RLC channels in a dual connectivity scenario. Dual connectivity is a technique that allows a UE to connect to two cells or, more generally, two cell groups: a master cell group (MCG) and a secondary cell group (SCG). A split bearer is when a single radio bearer, such as one of the radio bearers provided by the PDCPs 214 and 224 as a service to the SDAPs 215 and 225, is handled by cell groups inDocket No.: 24-1165PCT dual connectivity The PDCPs 214 and 224 may map / de-map the split radio bearer between RLC channels belonging to cell groups.

[0065] The RLCs 213 and 223 may perform segmentation, retransmission through Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), and removal of duplicate data units received from MACs 212 and 222, respectively. The RLCs 213 and 223 may support three transmission modes: transparent mode (TM); unacknowledged mode (UM); and acknowledged mode (AM). Based on the transmission mode an RLC is operating, the RLC may perform one or more of the noted functions. The RLC configuration may be per logical channel with no dependency on numerologies and / or Transmission Time Interval (TTI) durations. As shown in FIG. 3, the RLCs 213 and 223 may provide RLC channels as a service to PDCPs 214 and 224, respectively.

[0066] The MACs 212 and 222 may perform m u Iti plexi n g / demu Iti plexi n g of logical channels and / or mapping between logical channels and transport channels. The multiplexing / demultiplexing may include multiplexing / demultiplexing of data units, belonging to the one or more logical channels, into / from Transport Blocks (TBs) delivered to / from the PHYs 211 and 221. The MAC 222 may be configured to perform scheduling, scheduling information reporting, and priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling. Scheduling may be performed in the gNB 220 (at the MAC 222) for downlink and uplink The MACs 212 and 222 may be configured to perform error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) (e.g., one HARQ entity per carrier in case of Carrier Aggregation (CA)), priority handling between logical channels of the UE 210 by means of logical channel prioritization, and / or padding. The MACs 212 and 222 may support one or more numerologies and / or transmission timings. In an example, mapping restrictions in a logical channel prioritization may control which numerology and / or transmission timing a logical channel may use. As shown in FIG. 3, the MACs 212 and 222 may provide logical channels as a service to the RLCs 213 and 223.

[0067] The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform mapping of transport channels to physical channels and digital and analog signal processing functions for sending and receiving information over the air interface. These digital and analog signal processing functions may include, for example, coding / decoding and modulation / demodulation. The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform multi-antenna mapping. As shown in FIG. 3, the PHYs 211 and 221 may provide one or more transport channels as a service to the MACs 212 and 222.

[0068] FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack. FIG. 4A illustrates a downlink data flow of three IP packets (n, n+1 , and m) through the NR user plane protocol stack to generate two TBs at the gNB 220. An uplink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack may be similar to the downlink data flow depicted in FIG. 4A.

[0069] The downlink data flow of FIG. 4A begins when SDAP 225 receives the three IP packets from one or more QoS flows and maps the three packets to radio bearers. In FIG. 4A, the SDAP 225 maps IP packets n and n+1 to a first radio bearer 402 and maps IP packet m to a second radio bearer 404. An SDAP headerDocket No.: 24-1165PCT(labeled with an “H” in FIG 4A) is added to an IP packet. The data unit from / to a higher protocol layer is referred to as a service data unit (SDU) of the lower protocol layer and the data unit to / from a lower protocol layer is referred to as a protocol data unit (PDU) of the higher protocol layer. As shown in FIG. 4A, the data unit from the SDAP 225 is an SDU of lower protocol layer PDCP 224 and is a PDU of the SDAP 225.

[0070] The remaining protocol layers in FIG. 4A may perform their associated functionality (e.g., with respect to FIG. 3), add corresponding headers, and forward their respective outputs to the next lower layer. For example, the PDCP 224 may perform IP-header compression and ciphering and forward its output to the RLC 223. The RLC 223 may optionally perform segmentation (e.g., as shown for IP packet m in FIG. 4A) and forward its output to the MAC 222. The MAC 222 may multiplex a number of RLC PDUs and may attach a MAC subheader to an RLC PDU to form a transport block. In NR, the MAC subheaders may be distributed across the MAC PDU, as illustrated in FIG. 4A. In LTE, the MAC subheaders may be entirely located at the beginning of the MAC PDU. The NR MAC PDU structure may reduce processing time and associated latency because the MAC PDU subheaders may be computed before the full MAC PDU is assembled.

[0071] FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU. The MAC subheader includes: an SDU length field for indicating the length (e.g , in bytes) of the MAC SDU to which the MAC subheader corresponds; a logical channel identifier (LCID) field for identifying the logical channel from which the MAC SDU originated to aid in the demultiplexing process; a flag (F) for indicating the size of the SDU length field; and a reserved bit (R) field for future use.

[0072] FIG. 4B further illustrates MAC control elements (CEs) inserted into the MAC PDU by a MAC, such as MAC 212 or MAC 222. For example, FIG. 4B illustrates two MAC CEs inserted into the MAC PDU. MAC CEs may be inserted at the beginning of a MAC PDU for downlink transmissions (as shown in FIG. 4B) and at the end of a MAC PDU for uplink transmissions. MAC CEs may be used for in-band control signaling. Example MAC CEs include: scheduling-related MAC CEs, such as buffer status reports and power headroom reports; activation / deactivation MAC CEs, such as those for activation / deactivation of PDCP duplication detection, channel state information (CSI) reporting, sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission, and prior configured components; discontinuous reception (DRX) related MAC CEs; timing advance MAC CEs; and random access related MAC CEs. A MAC CE may be preceded by a MAC subheader with a similar format as described for MAC SDUs and may be identified with a reserved value in the LCID field that indicates the type of control information included in the MAC CE.

[0073] Before describing the NR control plane protocol stack, logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels are first described as well as a mapping between the channel types. One or more of the channels may be used to carry out functions associated with the NR control plane protocol stack described later below.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0074] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate, for downlink and uplink respectively, a mapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. Information is passed through channels between the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY of the NR protocol stack. A logical channel may be used between the RLC and the MAC and may be classified as a control channel that carries control and configuration information in the NR control plane or as a traffic channel that carries data in the NR user plane. A logical channel may be classified as a dedicated logical channel that is dedicated to a specific UE or as a common logical channel that may be used by more than one UE. A logical channel may also be defined by the type of information it carries. The set of logical channels defined by NR include, for example:

[0075] - a paging control channel (PCCH) for carrying paging messages used to page a UE whose location is not known to the network on a cell level;

[0076] - a broadcast control channel (BCCH) for carrying system information messages in the form of a master information block (MIB) and several system information blocks (SIBs), wherein the system information messages may be used by the UEs to obtain information about how a cell is configured and how to operate within the cell;

[0077] -- a common control channel (CCCH) for carrying control messages together with random access;

[0078] - a dedicated control channel (DCCH) for carrying control messages to / from a specific the UE to configure the UE; and

[0079] - a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) for carrying user data to / from a specific the UE.

[0080] Transport channels are used between the MAC and PHY layers and may be defined by how the information they carry is transmitted over the air interface. The set of transport channels defined by NR include, for example:

[0081] - a paging channel (PCH) for carrying paging messages that originated from the PCCH;

[0082] - a broadcast channel (BCH) for carrying the MIB from the BCCH;

[0083] -- a downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) for carrying downlink data and signaling messages, including the SIBs from the BCCH;

[0084] -- an uplink shared channel (UL-SCH) for carrying uplink data and signaling messages; and

[0085] - a random access channel (RACH) for allowing a UE to contact the network without any prior scheduling.

[0086] The PHY may use physical channels to pass information between processing levels of the PHY. A physical channel may have an associated set of time-frequency resources for carrying the information of one or more transport channels. The PHY may generate control information to support the low-level operation of the PHY and provide the control information to the lower levels of the PHY via physical control channels, known as L1 / L2 control channels. The set of physical channels and physical control channels defined by NR include, for example:Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0087] - a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) for carrying the MIB from the BCH;

[0088] - a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for carrying downlink data and signaling messages from the DL-SCH, as well as paging messages from the PCH;

[0089] - a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for carrying downlink control information (DCI), which may include downlink scheduling commands, uplink scheduling grants, and uplink power control commands;

[0090] -- a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for carrying uplink data and signaling messages from the UL-SCH and in some instances uplink control information (UCI) as described below;

[0091] - a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) for carrying UCI, which may include HARQ acknowledgments, channel quality indicators (CQI), pre-coding matrix indicators (PM I), rank indicators (Rl), and scheduling requests (SR); and

[0092] -- a physical random access channel (PRACH) for random access.

[0093] Similar to the physical control channels, the physical layer generates physical signals to support the low-level operation of the physical layer. As shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the physical layer signals defined by NR include: primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), sounding reference signals (SRS), and phase-tracking reference signals (PT-RS). These physical layer signals will be described in greater detail below.

[0094] FIG. 2B illustrates an example NR control plane protocol stack. As shown in FIG. 2B, the NR control plane protocol stack may use the same / similar first four protocol layers as the example NR user plane protocol stack. These four protocol layers include the PHYs 211 and 221 , the MACs 212 and 222, the RLCs 213 and 223, and the PDCPs 214 and 224. Instead of having the SDAPs 215 and 225 at the top of the stack as in the NR user plane protocol stack, the NR control plane stack has radio resource controls (RRCs) 216 and 226 and NAS protocols 217 and 237 at the top of the NR control plane protocol stack.

[0095] The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 (e.g., the AMF 158A) or, more generally, between the UE 210 and the CN. The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 via signaling messages, referred to as NAS messages. There is no direct path between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 through which the NAS messages can be transported. The NAS messages may be transported using the AS of the Uu and NG interfaces. NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality such as authentication, security, connection setup, mobility management, and session management.

[0096] The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the gNB 220 or, more generally, between the UE 210 and the RAN. The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the gNB 220 via signaling messages, referred to as RRC messages.Docket No.: 24-1165PCTRRC messages may be transmitted between the UE 210 and the RAN using signaling radio bearers and the same / similar PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY protocol layers. The MAC may multiplex control-plane and userplane data into the same transport block (TB). The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality such as: broadcast of system information related to AS and NAS; paging initiated by the CN or the RAN; establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 210 and the RAN; security functions including key management; establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of signaling radio bearers and data radio bearers; mobility functions; QoS management functions; the UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting; detection of and recovery from radio link failure (RLE); and / or NAS message transfer. As part of establishing an RRC connection, RRCs 216 and 226 may establish an RRC context, which may involve configuring parameters for communication between the UE 210 and the RAN.

[0097] FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE. The UE may be the same or similar to the wireless device 106 depicted in FIG. 1A, the UE 210 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any other wireless device described in the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a UE may be in at least one of three RRC states: RRC connected 602 (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED), RRC idle 604 (e.g., RRCJDLE), and RRC inactive 606 (e.g., RRCJNACTIVE).

[0098] In RRC connected 602, the UE has an established RRC context and may have at least one RRC connection with a base station. The base station may be similar to one of the one or more base stations included in the RAN 104 depicted in FIG. 1A, one of the gNBs 160 or ng-eNBs 162 depicted in FIG. 1 B, the gNB 220 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any other base station described in the present disclosure. The base station with which the UE is connected may have the RRC context for the UE. The RRC context, referred to as the UE context, may comprise parameters for communication between the UE and the base station. These parameters may include, for example: one or more AS contexts; one or more radio link configuration parameters; bearer configuration information (e.g., relating to a data radio bearer, signaling radio bearer, logical channel, QoS flow, and / or PDU session); security information; and / or PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, and / or SDAP layer configuration information. While in RRC connected 602, mobility of the UE may be managed by the RAN (e.g., the RAN 104 or the NG-RAN 154). The UE may measure the signal levels (e.g., reference signal levels) from a serving cell and neighboring cells and report these measurements to the base station currently serving the UE. The UE's serving base station may request a handover to a cell of one of the neighboring base stations based on the reported measurements. The RRC state may transition from RRC connected 602 to RRC idle 604 through a connection release procedure 608 or to RRC inactive 606 through a connection inactivation procedure 610.

[0099] In RRC idle 604, an RRC context may not be established for the UE. In RRC idle 604, the UE may not have an RRC connection with the base station While in RRC idle 604, the UE may be in a sleep state for the majority of the time (e.g., to conserve battery power). The UE may wake up periodically (e.g., once inDocket No.: 24-1165PCT every discontinuous reception cycle) to monitor for paging messages from the RAN. Mobility of the UE may be managed by the UE through a procedure known as cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602 through a connection establishment procedure 612, which may involve a random access procedure as discussed in greater detail below.

[0100] In RRC inactive 606, the RRC context previously established is maintained in the UE and the base station. This allows for a fast transition to RRC connected 602 with reduced signaling overhead as compared to the transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602. While in RRC inactive 606, the UE may be in a sleep state and mobility of the UE may be managed by the UE through cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from RRC inactive 606 to RRC connected 602 through a connection resume procedure 614 or to RRC idle 604 though a connection release procedure 616 that may be the same as or similar to connection release procedure 608.

[0101] An RRC state may be associated with a mobility management mechanism. In RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606, mobility is managed by the UE through cell reselection. The purpose of mobility management in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 is to allow the network to be able to notify the UE of an event via a paging message without having to broadcast the paging message over the entire mobile communications network. The mobility management mechanism used in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 may allow the network to track the UE on a cell-group level so that the paging message may be broadcast over the cells of the cell group that the UE currently resides within instead of the entire mobile communication network. The mobility management mechanisms for RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 track the UE on a cell-group level. They may do so using different granularities of grouping. For example, there may be three levels of cell-grouping granularity: individual cells; cells within a RAN area identified by a RAN area identifier (RAI); and cells within a group of RAN areas, referred to as a tracking area and identified by a tracking area identifier (TAI).

[0102] Tracking areas may be used to track the UE at the CN level. The CN (e.g., the CN 102 or the 5G-CN 152) may provide the UE with a list of TAIs associated with a UE registration area. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell associated with a TAI not included in the list of TAIs associated with the UE registration area, the UE may perform a registration update with the CN to allow the CN to update the UE’s location and provide the UE with a new the UE registration area

[0103] RAN areas may be used to track the UE at the RAN level. For a UE in RRC inactive 606 state, the UE may be assigned a RAN notification area. A RAN notification area may comprise one or more cell identities, a list of RAIs, or a list of TAIs. In an example, a base station may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. In an example, a cell may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell not included in the RAN notification area assigned to the UE, the UE may perform a notification area update with the RAN to update the UE's RAN notification area.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0104] A base station storing an RRC context for a UE or a last serving base station of the UE may be referred to as an anchor base station. An anchor base station may maintain an RRC context for the UE at least during a period of time that the UE stays in a RAN notification area of the anchor base station and / or during a period of time that the UE stays in RRC inactive 606.

[0105] A gNB, such as gNBs 160 in FIG. 1 B, may be split into two parts: a central unit (gNB-CU), and one or more distributed units (gNB-DU). A gNB-CU may be coupled to one or more gNB-DUs using an F1 interface. The gNB-CU may comprise the RRC, the PDCP, and the SDAP. A gNB-DU may comprise the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY.

[0106] In NR, the physical signals and physical channels (discussed with respect to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B) may be mapped onto orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. OFDM is a multicarrier communication scheme that transmits data over F orthogonal subcarriers (or tones). Before transmission, the data may be mapped to a series of complex symbols (e.g., M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) or M-phase shift keying (M-PSK) symbols), referred to as source symbols, and divided into F parallel symbol streams. The F parallel symbol streams may be treated as though they are in the frequency domain and used as inputs to an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block that transforms them into the time domain. The IFFT block may take in F source symbols at a time, one from each of the F parallel symbol streams, and use each source symbol to modulate the amplitude and phase of one of F sinusoidal basis functions that correspond to the F orthogonal subcarriers. The output of the IFFT block may be F time-domain samples that represent the summation of the F orthogonal subcarriers. The F time-domain samples may form a single OFDM symbol. After some processing (e.g., addition of a cyclic prefix) and up-conversion, an OFDM symbol provided by the IFFT block may be transmitted over the air interface on a carrier frequency. The F parallel symbol streams may be mixed using an FFT block before being processed by the IFFT block. This operation produces Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-precoded OFDM symbols and may be used by UEs in the uplink to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Inverse processing may be performed on the OFDM symbol at a receiver using an FFT block to recover the data mapped to the source symbols.

[0107] FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into which OFDM symbols are grouped. An NR frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN). The SFN may repeat with a period of 1024 frames. As illustrated, one NR frame may be 10 milliseconds (ms) in duration and may include 10 subframes that are 1 ms in duration. A subframe may be divided into slots that include, for example, 14 OFDM symbols per slot.

[0108] The duration of a slot may depend on the numerology used for the OFDM symbols of the slot. In NR, a flexible numerology is supported to accommodate different cell deployments (e.g., cells with carrier frequencies below 1 GHz up to cells with carrier frequencies in the mm-wave range). A numerology may be defined in terms of subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix duration. For a numerology in NR, subcarrier spacingsDocket No.: 24-1165PCT may be scaled up by powers of two from a baseline subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and cyclic prefix durations may be scaled down by powers of two from a baseline cyclic prefix duration of 4.7 ps. For example, NR defines numerologies with the following subcarrier spacing / cyclic prefix duration combinations: 15 kHz / 4.7 ps; 30 kHz / 2.3 ps; 60 kHz / 1 .2 ps; 120 kHz / 0.59 ps; and 240 kHz / 0.29 ps.

[0109] A slot may have a fixed number of OFDM symbols (e.g., 14 OFDM symbols). A numerology with a higher subcarrier spacing has a shorter slot duration and, correspondingly, more slots per subframe. FIG. 7 illustrates this numerology-dependent slot duration and slots-per-subframe transmission structure (the numerology with a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz is not shown in FIG. 7 for ease of illustration). A subframe in NR may be used as a numerology-independent time reference, while a slot may be used as the unit upon which uplink and downlink transmissions are scheduled. To support low latency, scheduling in NR may be decoupled from the slot duration and start at any OFDM symbol and last for as many symbols as needed for a transmission. These partial slot transmissions may be referred to as mini-slot or subslot transmissions.

[0110] FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time and frequency domain for an NR carrier. The slot includes resource elements (REs) and resource blocks (RBs). An RE is the smallest physical resource in NR. An RE spans one OFDM symbol in the time domain by one subcarrier in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8. An RB spans twelve consecutive REs in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8. An NR carrier may be limited to a width of 275 RBs or 275*12 = 3300 subcarriers. Such a limitation, if used, may limit the NR carrier to 50, 100, 200, and 400 MHz for subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz, respectively, where the 400 MHz bandwidth may be set based on a 400 MHz per carrier bandwidth limit.

[0111] FIG. 8 illustrates a single numerology being used across the entire bandwidth of the NR carrier. In other example configurations, multiple numerologies may be supported on the same carrier.

[0112] NR may support wide carrier bandwidths (e.g., up to 400 MHz for a subcarrier spacing of 120 kHz). Not all UEs may be able to receive the full carrier bandwidth (e.g., due to hardware limitations). Also, receiving the full carrier bandwidth may be prohibitive in terms of UE power consumption. In an example, to reduce power consumption and / or for other purposes, a UE may adapt the size of the UE's receive bandwidth based on the amount of traffic the UE is scheduled to receive. This is referred to as bandwidth adaptation.

[0113] NR defines bandwidth parts (BWPs) to support UEs not capable of receiving the full carrier bandwidth and to support bandwidth adaptation. In an example, a BWP may be defined by a subset of contiguous RBs on a carrier. A UE may be configured (e.g., via RRC layer) with one or more downlink BWPs and one or more uplink BWPs per serving cell (e.g., up to four downlink BWPs and up to four uplink BWPs per serving cell). At a given time, one or more of the configured BWPs for a serving cell may be active. These one or more BWPs may be referred to as active BWPs of the serving cell. When a serving cell is configured with a secondary uplink carrier, the serving cell may have one or more first active BWPs in the uplink carrier and one or more second active BWPs in the secondary uplink carrier.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0114] For unpaired spectra, a downlink BWP from a set of configured downlink BWPs may be linked with an uplink BWP from a set of configured uplink BWPs if a downlink BWP index of the downlink BWP and an uplink BWP index of the uplink BWP are the same. For unpaired spectra, a UE may expect that a center frequency for a downlink BWP is the same as a center frequency for an uplink BWP.

[0115] For a downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs on a primary cell (PCell), a base station may configure a UE with one or more control resource sets (CORESETs) for at least one search space. A search space is a set of locations in the time and frequency domains where the UE may find control information. The search space may be a UE-specific search space or a common search space (potentially usable by a plurality of UEs). For example, a base station may configure a UE with a common search space, on a PCell or on a primary secondary cell (PSCell), in an active downlink BWP.

[0116] For an uplink BWP in a set of configured uplink BWPs, a BS may configure a UE with one or more resource sets for one or more PUCCH transmissions. A UE may receive downlink receptions (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH) in a downlink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix duration) for the downlink BWP. The UE may transmit uplink transmissions (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH) in an uplink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix length for the uplink BWP).

[0117] One or more BWP indicator fields may be provided in Downlink Control Information (DCI). A value of a BWP indicator field may indicate which BWP in a set of configured BWPs is an active downlink BWP for one or more downlink receptions. The value of the one or more BWP indicator fields may indicate an active uplink BWP for one or more uplink transmissions.

[0118] A base station may semi-statically configure a UE with a default downlink BWP within a set of configured downlink BWPs associated with a PCell. If the base station does not provide the default downlink BWP to the UE, the default downlink BWP may be an initial active downlink BWP. The UE may determine which BWP is the initial active downlink BWP based on a CORESET configuration obtained using the PBCH.

[0119] A base station may configure a UE with a BWP inactivity timer value for a PCell. The UE may start or restart a BWP inactivity timer at any appropriate time. For example, the UE may start or restart the BWP inactivity timer (a) when the U E detects a DCI indicating an active downlink BWP other than a default downlink BWP for a paired spectra operation; or (b) when a UE detects a DCI indicating an active downlink BWP or active uplink BWP other than a default downlink BWP or uplink BWP for an unpaired spectra operation. If the UE does not detect DCI during an interval of time (e.g., 1 ms or 0.5 ms), the UE may run the BWP inactivity timer toward expiration (for example, increment from zero to the BWP inactivity timer value, or decrement from the BWP inactivity timer value to zero). When the BWP inactivity timer expires, the UE may switch from the active downlink BWP to the default downlink BWP.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0120] In an example, a base station may semi-statical ly configure a UE with one or more BWPs. A UE may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to a second BWP in response to receiving a DCI indicating the second BWP as an active BWP and / or in response to an expiry of the BWP inactivity timer (e.g., if the second BWP is the default BWP).

[0121] Downlink and uplink BWP switching (where BWP switching refers to switching from a currently active BWP to a not currently active BWP) may be performed independently in paired spectra. In unpaired spectra, downlink and uplink BWP switching may be performed simultaneously. Switching between configured BWPs may occur based on RRC signaling, DCI, expiration of a BWP inactivity timer, and / or an initiation of random access.

[0122] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using three configured BWPs for an NR carrier. A UE configured with the three BWPs may switch from one BWP to another BWP at a switching point. In the example illustrated in FIG. 9, the BWPs include: a BWP 902 with a bandwidth of 40 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; a BWP 904 with a bandwidth of 10 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; and a BWP 906 with a bandwidth of 20 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. The BWP 902 may be an initial active BWP, and the BWP 904 may be a default BWP. The UE may switch between BWPs at switching points In the example of FIG. 9, the UE may switch from the BWP 902 to the BWP 904 at a switching point 908. The switching at the switching point 908 may occur for any suitable reason, for example, in response to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer (indicating switching to the default BWP) and / or in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 910 from active BWP 904 to BWP 906 in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 906 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 912 from active BWP 906 to BWP 904 in response to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer and / or in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 914 from active BWP 904 to BWP 902 in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 902 as the active BWP.

[0123] If a UE is configured for a secondary cell with a default downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs and a timer value, UE procedures for switching BWPs on a secondary cell may be the same / similar as those on a primary cell. For example, the UE may use the timer value and the default downlink BWP for the secondary cell in the same / similar manner as the UE would use these values for a primary cell

[0124] To provide for greater data rates, two or more carriers can be aggregated and simultaneously transmitted to / from the same UE using carrier aggregation (CA). The aggregated carriers in CA may be referred to as component carriers (CCs). When CA is used, there are a number of serving cells for the UE, one for a CC. The CCs may have three configurations in the frequency domain.

[0125] FIG. 10A illustrates the three CA configurations with two CCs. In the intraband, contiguous configuration 1002, the two CCs are aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) and areDocket No.: 24-1165PCT located directly adjacent to each other within the frequency band. In the intraband, non-contiguous configuration 1004, the two CCs are aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) and are separated in the frequency band by a gap. In the interband configuration 1006, the two CCs are located in frequency bands (frequency band A and frequency band B).

[0126] In an example, up to 32 CCs may be aggregated. The aggregated CCs may have the same or different bandwidths, subcarrier spacing, and / or duplexing schemes (TDD or FDD). A serving cell for a UE using CA may have a downlink CC. For FDD, one or more uplink CCs may be optionally configured for a serving cell. The ability to aggregate more downlink carriers than uplink carriers may be useful, for example, when the UE has more data traffic in the downlink than in the uplink.

[0127] When CA is used, one of the aggregated cells for a UE may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell). The PCell may be the serving cell that the UE initially connects to at RRC connection establishment, reestablishment, and / or handover. The PCell may provide the UE with NAS mobility information and the security input. UEs may have different PCells. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the downlink primary CC (DL PCC). In the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the uplink primary CC (UL PCC). The other aggregated cells for the UE may be referred to as secondary cells (SCells). In an example, the SCells may be configured after the PCell is configured for the UE. For example, an SCell may be configured through an RRC Connection Reconfiguration procedure. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to an SCell may be referred to as a downlink secondary CC (DL SCC). In the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the SCell may be referred to as the uplink secondary CC (UL SCC).

[0128] Configured SCells for a UE may be activated and deactivated based on, for example, traffic and channel conditions. Deactivation of an SCell may mean that PDCCH and PDSCH reception on the SCell is stopped and PUSCH, SRS, and CQI transmissions on the SCell are stopped. Configured SCells may be activated and deactivated using a MAC CE with respect to FIG. 4B. For example, a MAC CE may use a bitmap (e.g., one bit per SCell) to indicate which SCells (e.g., in a subset of configured SCells) for the UE are activated or deactivated. Configured SCells may be deactivated in response to an expiration of an SCell deactivation timer (e.g., one SCell deactivation timer per SCell).

[0129] Downlink control information, such as scheduling assignments and scheduling grants, for a cell may be transmitted on the cell corresponding to the assignments and grants, which is known as self-scheduling. The DCI for the cell may be transmitted on another cell, which is known as cross-carrier scheduling. Uplink control information (e.g., HARQ acknowledgments and channel state feedback, such as CQI, PMI, and / or Rl) for aggregated cells may be transmitted on the PUCCH of the PCell. For a larger number of aggregated downlink CCs, the PUCCH of the PCell may become overloaded. Cells may be divided into multiple PUCCH groups.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0130] FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may be configured into one or more PUCCH groups. A PUCCH group 1010 and a PUCCH group 1050 may include one or more downlink CCs, respectively. In the example of FIG. 10B, the PUCCH group 1010 includes three downlink CCs: a PCell 1011 , an SCell 1012, and an SCell 1013. The PUCCH group 1050 includes three downlink CCs in the present example: a PCell 1051 , an SCell 1052, and an SCell 1053. One or more uplink CCs may be configured as a PCell 1021 , an SCell 1022, and an SCell 1023. One or more other uplink CCs may be configured as a primary SCell (PSCell) 1061 , an SCell 1062, and an SCell 1063. Uplink control information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1010, shown as UC1 1031 , UC1 1032, and UC1 1033, may be transmitted in the uplink of the PCell 1021 . Uplink control information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1050, shown as UCI 1071 , UCI 1072, and UCI 1073, may be transmitted in the uplink of the PSCell 1061. In an example, if the aggregated cells depicted in FIG. 10B were not divided into the PUCCH group 1010 and the PUCCH group 1050, a single uplink PCell to transmit UCI relating to the downlink CCs, and the PCell may become overloaded. By dividing transmissions of UCI between the PCell 1021 and the PSCell 1061 , overloading may be prevented.

[0131] A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier, may be assigned with a physical cell ID and a cell index. The physical cell ID or the cell index may identify a downlink carrier and / or an uplink carrier of the cell, for example, depending on the context in which the physical cell ID is used. A physical cell ID may be determined using a synchronization signal transmitted on a downlink component carrier. A cell index may be determined using RRC messages. In the disclosure, a physical cell ID may be referred to as a carrier ID, and a cell index may be referred to as a carrier index. For example, when the disclosure refers to a first physical cell ID for a first downlink carrier, the disclosure may mean the first physical cell ID is for a cell comprising the first downlink carrier. The same / similar concept may apply to, for example, a carrier activation. When the disclosure indicates that a first carrier is activated, the specification may mean that a cell comprising the first carrier is activated.

[0132] In CA, a multi-carrier nature of a PHY may be exposed to a MAC. In an example, a HARQ entity may operate on a serving cell. A transport block may be generated per assignment / grant per serving cell. A transport block and potential HARQ retransmissions of the transport block may be mapped to a serving cell.

[0133] In the downlink, a base station may transmit (e.g ., unicast, multicast, and / or broadcast) one or more Reference Signals (RSs) to a UE (e.g., PSS, SSS, CSI-RS, DMRS, and / or PT-RS, as shown in FIG. 5A). In the uplink, the UE may transmit one or more RSs to the base station (e.g., DMRS, PT-RS, and / or SRS, as shown in FIG. 5B). The PSS and the SSS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to synchronize the UE to the base station. The PSS and the SSS may be provided in a synchronization signal (SS) / physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block that includes the PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH. The base station may periodically transmit a burst of SS / PBCH blocks.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0134] FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS / PBCH block's structure and location. A burst of SS / PBCH blocks may include one or more SS / PBCH blocks (e.g., 4 SS / PBCH blocks, as shown in FIG. 11 A). Bursts may be transmitted periodically (e.g., every 2 frames or 20 ms). A burst may be restricted to a half-frame (e.g., a first half-frame having a duration of 5 ms). It will be understood that FIG. 11 A is an example, and that these parameters (number of SS / PBCH blocks per burst, periodicity of bursts, position of burst within the frame) may be configured based on, for example: a carrier frequency of a cell in which the SS / PBCH block is transmitted; a numerology or subcarrier spacing of the cell; a configuration by the network (e.g., using RRC signaling); or any other suitable factor. In an example, the UE may assume a subcarrier spacing for the SS / PBCH block based on the carrier frequency being monitored, unless the radio network configured the UE to assume a different subcarrier spacing

[0135] The SS / PBCH block may span one or more OFDM symbols in the time domain (e.g., 4 OFDM symbols, as shown in the example of FIG. 11 A) and may span one or more subcarriers in the frequency domain (e.g., 240 contiguous subcarriers). The PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH may have a common center frequency. The PSS may be transmitted first and may span, for example, 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The SSS may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., two symbols later) and may span 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The PBCH may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., across the next 3 OFDM symbols) and may span 240 subcarriers.

[0136] The location of the SS / PBCH block in the time and frequency domains may not be known to the UE (e.g , if the UE is searching for the cell). To find and select the cell, the UE may monitor a carrier for the PSS. For example, the UE may monitor a frequency location within the carrier. If the PSS is not found after a certain duration (e.g., 20 ms), the UE may search for the PSS at a different frequency location within the carrier, as indicated by a synchronization raster. If the PSS is found at a location in the time and frequency domains, the UE may determine, based on a known structure of the SS / PBCH block, the locations of the SSS and the PBCH, respectively The SS / PBCH block may be a cell-defining SS block (CD-SSB). In an example, a primary cell may be associated with a CD-SSB. The CD-SSB may be located on a synchronization raster. In an example, a cell selection / search and / or reselection may be based on the CD-SSB.

[0137] The SS / PBCH block may be used by the UE to determine one or more parameters of the cell. For example, the UE may determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) of the cell based on the sequences of the PSS and the SSS, respectively. The UE may determine a location of a frame boundary of the cell based on the location of the SS / PBCH block. For example, the SS / PBCH block may indicate that it has been transmitted in accordance with a transmission pattern, wherein a SS / PBCH block in the transmission pattern is a known distance from the frame boundary.

[0138] The PBCH may use a QPSK modulation and may use forward error correction (FEC). The FEC may use polar coding. One or more symbols spanned by the PBCH may carry one or more DMRSs forDocket No.: 24-1165PCT demodulation of the PBCH. The PBCH may include an indication of a current system frame number (SFN) of the cell and / or a SS / PBCH block timing index. These parameters may facilitate time synchronization of the UE to the base station. The PBCH may include a master information block (MIB) used to provide the UE with one or more parameters. The MIB may be used by the UE to locate remaining minimum system information (RMSI) associated with the cell. The RMSI may include a System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1 ). The SIB1 may contain information needed by the UE to access the cell. The UE may use one or more parameters of the MIB to monitor PDCCH, which may be used to schedule PDSCH. The PDSCH may include the SIB1 . The SIB1 may be decoded using parameters provided in the MIB. The PBCH may indicate an absence of SIB1 . Based on the PBCH indicating the absence of SIB1 , the UE may be pointed to a frequency. The UE may search for an SS / PBCH block at the frequency to which the UE is pointed.

[0139] The UE may assume that one or more SS / PBCH blocks transmitted with a same SS / PBCH block index are quasi co-located (QCLed) (e.g., having the same / similar Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and / or spatial Rx parameters). The UE may not assume QCL for SS / PBCH block transmissions having different SS / PBCH block indices.

[0140] SS / PBCH blocks (e.g., those within a half-frame) may be transmitted in spatial directions (e.g., using different beams that span a coverage area of the cell). In an example, a first SS / PBCH block may be transmitted in a first spatial direction using a first beam, and a second SS / PBCH block may be transmitted in a second spatial direction using a second beam.

[0141] In an example, within a frequency span of a carrier, a base station may transmit a plurality of SS / PBCH blocks. In an example, a first PCI of a first SS / PBCH block of the plurality of SS / PBCH blocks may be different from a second PCI of a second SS / PBCH block of the plurality of SS / PBCH blocks. The PCIs of SS / PBCH blocks transmitted in different frequency locations may be different or the same.

[0142] The CSI-RS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to acquire channel state information (CSI). The base station may configure the UE with one or more CSI-RSs for channel estimation or any other suitable purpose. The base station may configure a UE with one or more of the same / similar CSI-RSs. The UE may measure the one or more CSI-RSs. The UE may estimate a downlink channel state and / or generate a CSI report based on the measuring of the one or more downlink CSI-RSs. The UE may provide the CSI report to the base station. The base station may use feedback provided by the UE (e.g., the estimated downlink channel state) to perform link adaptation.

[0143] The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more CSI-RS resource sets. A CSI-RS resource may be associated with a location in the time and frequency domains and a periodicity. The base station may selectively activate and / or deactivate a CSI-RS resource. The base station may indicate to the UE that a CSI-RS resource in the CSI-RS resource set is activated and / or deactivated.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0144] The base station may configure the UE to report CSI measurements. The base station may configure the UE to provide CSI reports periodically, aperiod ically , or semi-persistently. For periodic CSI reporting, the UE may be configured with a timing and / or periodicity of a plurality of CSI reports. For aperiodic CSI reporting, the base station may request a CSI report. For example, the base station may command the UE to measure a configured CSI-RS resource and provide a CSI report relating to the measurements. For semi-persistent CSI reporting, the base station may configure the UE to transmit periodically, and selectively activate or deactivate the periodic reporting. The base station may configure the UE with a CSI-RS resource set and CSI reports using RRC signaling.

[0145] The CSI-RS configuration may comprise one or more parameters indicating, for example, up to 32 antenna ports. The UE may be configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for a downlink CSI-RS and a control resource set (CORESET) when the downlink CSI-RS and CORESET are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of the physical resource blocks (PRBs) configured for the CORESET. The UE may be configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for downlink CSI-RS and SS / PBCH blocks when the downlink CSI-RS and SS / PBCH blocks are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of PRBs configured for the SS / PBCH blocks.

[0146] Downlink DMRSs may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE for channel estimation. For example, the downlink DMRS may be used for coherent demodulation of one or more downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH). An NR network may support one or more variable and / or configurable DMRS patterns for data demodulation. At least one downlink DMRS configuration may support a front-loaded DMRS pattern. A front-loaded DMRS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). A base station may semi-statically configure the UE with a number (e.g., a maximum number) of front-loaded DMRS symbols for PDSCH. A DMRS configuration may support one or more DMRS ports. For example, for single user-MIMO, a DMRS configuration may support up to eight orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. For multiuser-MIMO, a DMRS configuration may support up to 4 orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. A radio network may support (e.g., at least for CP-OFDM) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and / or a scrambling sequence may be the same or different. The base station may transmit a downlink DMRS and a corresponding PDSCH using the same precoding matrix. The UE may use the one or more downlink DMRSs for coherent demodulation / channel estimation of the PDSCH.

[0147] In an example, a transmitter (e.g., a base station) may use a precoder matrices for a part of a transmission bandwidth. For example, the transmitter may use a first precoder matrix for a first bandwidth and a second precoder matrix for a second bandwidth. The first precoder matrix and the second precoder matrix may be different based on the first bandwidth being different from the second bandwidth. The UE mayDocket No.: 24-1165PCT assume that a same precoding matrix is used across a set of PRBs. The set of PRBs may be denoted as a precoding resource block group (PRG).

[0148] A PDSCH may comprise one or more layers. The UE may assume that at least one symbol with DMRS is present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PDSCH . A higher layer may configure up to 3 DMRSs for the PDSCH.

[0149] Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE for phase-noise compensation. Whether a downlink PT-RS is present or not may depend on an RRC configuration. The presence and / or pattern of the downlink PT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis using a combination of RRC signaling and / or an association with one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., modulation and coding scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of a downlink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. An NR network may support a plurality of PT-RS densities defined in the time and / or frequency domains. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource. Downlink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time / frequency duration for the UE. Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted on symbols to facilitate phase tracking at the receiver.

[0150] The UE may transmit an uplink DMRS to a base station for channel estimation. For example, the base station may use the uplink DMRS for coherent demodulation of one or more uplink physical channels. For example, the UE may transmit an uplink DMRS with a PUSCH and / or a PUCCH. The uplink DM-RS may span a range of frequencies that is similar to a range of frequencies associated with the corresponding physical channel. The base station may configure the UE with one or more uplink DMRS configurations. At least one DMRS configuration may support a front-loaded DMRS pattern. The front-loaded DMRS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). One or more uplink DMRSs may be configured to transmit at one or more symbols of a PUSCH and / or a PUCCH. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with a number (e.g., maximum number) of front-loaded DMRS symbols for the PUSCH and / or the PUCCH, which the UE may use to schedule a single-symbol DMRS and / or a double-symbol DMRS An NR network may support (e.g., for cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM)) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and / or a scrambling sequence for the DMRS may be the same or different.

[0151] A PUSCH may comprise one or more layers, and the UE may transmit at least one symbol with DMRS present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PUSCH. In an example, a higher layer may configure up to three DMRSs for the PUSCH.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0152] Uplink PT-RS (which may be used by a base station for phase tracking and / or phase-noise compensation) may or may not be present depending on an RRC configuration of the UE. The presence and / or pattern of uplink PT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis by a combination of RRC signaling and / or one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., Modulation and Coding Scheme (MGS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of uplink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. A radio network may support a plurality of uplink PT-RS densities defined in time / frequency domain. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource For example, uplink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time / frequency duration for the UE.

[0153] SRS may be transmitted by a UE to a base station for channel state estimation to support uplink channel dependent scheduling and / or link adaptation. SRS transmitted by the UE may allow a base station to estimate an uplink channel state at one or more frequencies. A scheduler at the base station may employ the estimated uplink channel state to assign one or more resource blocks for an uplink PUSCH transmission from the UE. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more SRS resource sets. For an SRS resource set, the base station may configure the UE with one or more SRS resources. An SRS resource set applicability may be configured by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter. For example, when a higher layer parameter indicates beam management, an SRS resource in an SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets (e.g., with the same / similar time domain behavior, periodic, aperiodic, and / or the like) may be transmitted at a time instant (e.g., simultaneously). The UE may transmit one or more SRS resources in SRS resource sets. An NR network may support aperiodic, periodic and / or semi-persistent SRS transmissions. The UE may transmit SRS resources based on one or more trigger types, wherein the one or more trigger types may comprise higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC) and / or one or more DCI formats. In an example, at least one DCI format may be employed for the UE to select at least one of one or more configured SRS resource sets. An SRS trigger type 0 may refer to an SRS triggered based on a higher layer signaling. An SRS trigger type 1 may refer to an SRS triggered based on one or more DCI formats. In an example, when PUSCH and SRS are transmitted in a same slot, the UE may be configured to transmit SRS after a transmission of a PUSCH and a corresponding uplink DMRS.

[0154] The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more SRS configuration parameters indicating at least one of following: a SRS resource configuration identifier; a number of SRS ports; time domain behavior of an SRS resource configuration (e.g., an indication of periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic SRS); slot, mini-slot, and / or subframe level periodicity; offset for a periodic and / or an aperiodicDocket No.: 24-1165PCTSRS resource; a number of OFDM symbols in an SRS resource; a starting OFDM symbol of an SRS resource; an SRS bandwidth; a frequency hopping bandwidth; a cyclic shift; and / or an SRS sequence ID.

[0155] An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. If a first symbol and a second symbol are transmitted on the same antenna port, the receiver may infer the channel (e.g., fading gain, multipath delay, and / or the like) for conveying the second symbol on the antenna port, from the channel for conveying the first symbol on the antenna port. A first antenna port and a second antenna port may be referred to as quasi co-located (QCLed) if one or more large-scale properties of the channel over which a first symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed may be inferred from the channel over which a second symbol on a second antenna port is conveyed. The one or more large-scale properties may comprise at least one of: a delay spread; a Doppler spread; a Doppler shift; an average gain; an average delay; and / or spatial Receiving (Rx) parameters.

[0156] Channels that use beamforming require beam management. Beam management may comprise beam measurement, beam selection, and beam indication. A beam may be associated with one or more reference signals. For example, a beam may be identified by one or more beamformed reference signals. The UE may perform downlink beam measurement based on downlink reference signals (e.g., a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)) and generate a beam measurement report. The UE may perform the downlink beam measurement procedure after an RRC connection is set up with a base station.

[0157] FIG. 11 B illustrates an example of channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) that are mapped in the time and frequency domains. A square shown in FIG. 1 1 B may span a resource block (RB) within a bandwidth of a cell. A base station may transmit one or more RRC messages comprising CSI-RS resource configuration parameters indicating one or more CSI-RSs. One or more of the following parameters may be configured by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC and / or MAC signaling) for a CSI-RS resource configuration: a CSI-RS resource configuration identity, a number of CSI-RS ports, a CSI-RS configuration (e.g., symbol and resource element (RE) locations in a subframe), a CSI-RS subframe configuration (e.g., subframe location, offset, and periodicity in a radio frame), a CSI-RS power parameter, a CSI-RS sequence parameter, a code division multiplexing (CDM) type parameter, a frequency density, a transmission comb, quasi co-location (QCL) parameters (e g., QCL-scramblingidentity, crs-portscount, mbsfn-subframeconfiglist, csi-rs-configZPid, qcl-csi-rs-configNZPid), and / or other radio resource parameters.

[0158] The three beams illustrated in FIG. 1 1 B may be configured for a UE in a UE-specific configuration. Three beams are illustrated in FIG. 1 1 B (beam #1 , beam #2, and beam #3), more or fewer beams may be configured. Beam #1 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1101 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a first symbol. Beam #2 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1 102 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a second symbol. Beam #3 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1103 that may beDocket No.: 24-1165PCT transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a third symbol By using frequency division multiplexing (FDM), a base station may use other subcarriers in a same RB (for example, those that are not used to transmit CSI-RS 1101 ) to transmit another CSI-RS associated with a beam for another UE. By using time domain multiplexing (TDM), beams used for the UE may be configured such that beams for the UE use symbols from beams of other UEs.

[0159] CSI-RSs such as those illustrated in FIG. 11 B (e.g., CSI-RS 1101 , 1102, 1103) may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE for one or more measurements. For example, the UE may measure a reference signal received power (RSRP) of configured CSI-RS resources. The base station may configure the UE with a reporting configuration and the UE may report the RSRP measurements to a network (for example, via one or more base stations) based on the reporting configuration. In an example, the base station may determine, based on the reported measurement results, one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) states comprising a number of reference signals. In an example, the base station may indicate one or more TCI states to the UE (e.g., via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, and / or a DCI). The UE may receive a downlink transmission with a receive (Rx) beam determined based on the one or more TCI states. In an example, the UE may or may not have a capability of beam correspondence. If the UE has the capability of beam correspondence, the UE may determine a spatial domain filter of a transmit (Tx) beam based on a spatial domain filter of the corresponding Rx beam. If the UE does not have the capability of beam correspondence, the UE may perform an uplink beam selection procedure to determine the spatial domain filter of the Tx beam. The UE may perform the uplink beam selection procedure based on one or more sounding reference signal (SRS) resources configured to the UE by the base station. The base station may select and indicate uplink beams for the UE based on measurements of the one or more SRS resources transmitted by the UE.

[0160] In a beam management procedure, a UE may assess (e.g., measure) a channel quality of one or more beam pair links, a beam pair link comprising a transmitting beam transmitted by a base station and a receiving beam received by the UE. Based on the assessment, the UE may transmit a beam measurement report indicating one or more beam pair quality parameters comprising, e.g., one or more beam identifications (e.g., a beam index, a reference signal index, or the like), RSRP, a precoding matrix indicator (PM I), a channel quality indicator (CQI), and / or a rank indicator (Rl).

[0161] FIG. 12A illustrates examples of three downlink beam management procedures: P1 , P2, and P3. Procedure P1 may enable a UE measurement on transmit (Tx) beams of a transmission reception point (TRP) (or multiple TRPs), e.g., to support a selection of one or more base station Tx beams and / or UE Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of P1). Beamforming at a TRP may comprise a Tx beam sweep for a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of P1 and P2, as ovals rotated in a counterclockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at a UE may comprise an Rx beamDocket No.: 24-1165PCT sweep for a set of beams (shown, in the bottom rows of P1 and P3, as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure P2 may be used to enable a UE measurement on Tx beams of a TRP (shown, in the top row of P2, as ovals rotated in a counterclockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). The UE and / or the base station may perform procedure P2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1 , or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1 . This may be referred to as beam refinement. The UE may perform procedure P3 for Rx beam determination by using the same Tx beam at the base station and sweeping an Rx beam at the UE.

[0162] FIG. 12B illustrates examples of three uplink beam management procedures: U1 , U2, and U3. Procedure U1 may be used to enable a base station to perform a measurement on Tx beams of a UE, e.g ., to support a selection of one or more UE Tx beams and / or base station Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of U1). Beamforming at the UE may include, e.g., a Tx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown in the bottom rows of U1 and U3 as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at the base station may include, e.g., an Rx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of U1 and U2, as ovals rotated in a counterclockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure U2 may be used to enable the base station to adjust its Rx beam when the UE uses a fixed Tx beam. The UE and / or the base station may perform procedure U2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1 , or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may be referred to as beam refinement The UE may perform procedure U3 to adjust its Tx beam when the base station uses a fixed Rx beam.

[0163] A UE may initiate a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure based on detecting a beam failure. The UE may transmit a BFR request (e.g., a preamble, a UCI, an SR, a MAC CE, and / or the like) based on the initiating of the BFR procedure. The UE may detect the beam failure based on a determination that a quality of beam pair link(s) of an associated control channel is unsatisfactory (e.g., having an error rate higher than an error rate threshold, a received signal power lower than a received signal power threshold, an expiration of a timer, and / or the like).

[0164] The UE may measure a quality of a beam pair link using one or more reference signals (RSs) comprising one or more SS / PBCH blocks, one or more CSI-RS resources, and / or one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRSs) A quality of the beam pair link may be based on one or more of a block error rate (BLER), an RSRP value, a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) value, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) value, and / or a CSI value measured on RS resources. The base station may indicate that an RS resource is quasi co-located (QCLed) with one or more DM-RSs of a channel (e.g., a control channel, a shared data channel, and / or the like). The RS resource and the one or more DMRSs of the channel may be QCLed when the channel characteristics (e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delayDocket No.: 24-1165PCT spread, spatial Rx parameter, fading, and / or the like) from a transmission via the RS resource to the UE are similar or the same as the channel characteristics from a transmission via the channel to the UE.

[0165] A network (e.g ., a gNB and / or an ng-eNB of a network) and / or the UE may initiate a random access procedure. A UE in an RRCJDLE state and / or an RRCJNACTIVE state may initiate the random access procedure to request a connection setup to a network. The UE may initiate the random access procedure from an RRC_CONNECTED state. The UE may initiate the random access procedure to request uplink resources (e.g., for uplink transmission of an SR when there is no PUCCH resource available) and / or acquire uplink timing (e.g., when uplink synchronization status is non-synchronized). The UE may initiate the random access procedure to request one or more system information blocks (SIBs) (e.g., other system information such as SIB2, SIB3, and / or the like). The UE may initiate the random access procedure for a beam failure recovery request. A network may initiate a random access procedure for a handover and / or for establishing time alignment for an SCell addition.

[0166] FIG. 13A illustrates a four-step contention-based random access procedure. Prior to initiation of the procedure, a base station may transmit a configuration message 1310 to the UE. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A comprises transmission of four messages: a Msg 1 1311 , a Msg 2 1312, a Msg 3 1313, and a Msg 4 1314. The Msg 1 1311 may include and / or be referred to as a preamble (or a random access preamble). The Msg 2 1312 may include and / or be referred to as a random access response (RAR).

[0167] The configuration message 1310 may be transmitted, for example, using one or more RRC messages The one or more RRC messages may indicate one or more random access channel (RACH) parameters to the UE. The one or more RACH parameters may comprise at least one of following: general parameters for one or more random access procedures (e.g., RACH-configGeneral),’ cell-specific parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigCommon); and / or dedicated parameters (e.g., RACH-configDedicated). The base station may broadcast or multicast the one or more RRC messages to one or more UEs. The one or more RRC messages may be UE-specific (e.g., dedicated RRC messages transmitted to a UE in an RRC_CONNECTED state and / or in an RRCJNACTIVE state). The UE may determine, based on the one or more RACH parameters, a time-frequency resource and / or an uplink transmit power for transmission of the Msg 1 1311 and / or the Msg 3 1313. Based on the one or more RACH parameters, the UE may determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for receiving the Msg 2 1312 and the Msg 4 1314.

[0168] The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310 may indicate one or more Physical RACH (PRACH) occasions available for transmission of the Msg 1 131 1. The one or more PRACH occasions may be predefined. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more available sets of one or more PRACH occasions (e.g., prach-Configlndex). The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or more PRACH occasions and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or moreDocket No.: 24-1165PCT preambles and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more reference signals may be SS / PBCH blocks and / or CSI-RSs. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate a number of SS / PBCH blocks mapped to a PRACH occasion and / or a number of preambles mapped to a SS / PBCH blocks.

[0169] The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310 may be used to determine an uplink transmit power of Msg 1 1311 and / or Msg 3 1313. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate a reference power for a preamble transmission (e.g., a received target power and / or an initial power of the preamble transmission). There may be one or more power offsets indicated by the one or more RACH parameters. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a power ramping step; a power offset between SSB and CSI-RS; a power offset between transmissions of the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313; and / or a power offset value between preamble groups. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more thresholds based on which the UE may determine at least one reference signal (e.g., an SSB and / or CSI-RS) and / or an uplink carrier (e.g., a normal uplink (NUL) carrier and / or a supplemental uplink (SUL) carrier).

[0170] The Msg 1 1311 may include one or more preamble transmissions (e.g., a preamble transmission and one or more preamble retransmissions). An RRC message may be used to configure one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and / or group B). A preamble group may comprise one or more preambles. The UE may determine the preamble group based on a pathloss measurement and / or a size of the Msg 3 1313. The UE may measure an RSRP of one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and / or CSI-RSs) and determine at least one reference signal having an RSRP above an RSRP threshold (e.g., rsrp-ThresholdSSB and / or rsrp-ThresholdCSI-RS). The UE may select at least one preamble associated with the one or more reference signals and / or a selected preamble group, for example, if the association between the one or more preambles and the at least one reference signal is configured by an RRC message.

[0171] The UE may determine the preamble based on the one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310. For example, the UE may determine the preamble based on a pathloss measurement, an RSRP measurement, and / or a size of the Msg 3 1313. As another example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a preamble format; a maximum number of preamble transmissions; and / or one or more thresholds for determining one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and group B). A base station may use the one or more RACH parameters to configure the UE with an association between one or more preambles and one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and / or CSI-RSs). If the association is configured, the UE may determine the preamble to include in Msg 1 1311 based on the association. The Msg 1 131 1 may be transmitted to the base station via one or more PRACH occasions. The UE may use one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and / or CSI-RSs) for selection of the preamble and for determining of the PRACH occasion. One or more RACH parameters (e.g , ra-ssb-OccasionMsklndex and / or ra-OccasionLisf) may indicate an association between the PRACH occasions and the one or more reference signals.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0172] The UE may perform a preamble retransmission if no response is received following a preamble transmission. The UE may increase an uplink transmit power for the preamble retransmission. The UE may select an initial preamble transmit power based on a pathloss measurement and / or a target received preamble power configured by the network. The UE may determine to retransmit a preamble and may ramp up the uplink transmit power. The UE may receive one or more RACH parameters (e.g., PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) indicating a ramping step for the preamble retransmission. The ramping step may be an amount of incremental increase in uplink transmit power for a retransmission. The UE may ramp up the uplink transmit power if the UE determines a reference signal (e.g., SSB and / or CSI- RS) that is the same as a previous preamble transmission. The UE may count a number of preamble transmissions and / or retransmissions (e.g , PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER). The UE may determine that a random access procedure completed unsuccessfully, for example, if the number of preamble transmissions exceeds a threshold configured by the one or more RACH parameters (e.g., preambleTransMax) .

[0173] The Msg 2 1312 received by the UE may include an RAR. In some scenarios, the Msg 2 1312 may include multiple RARs corresponding to multiple UEs. The Msg 2 1312 may be received after or in response to the transmitting of the Msg 1 1311 . The Msg 2 1312 may be scheduled on the DL-SCH and indicated on a PDCCH using a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The Msg 2 1312 may indicate that the Msg 1 131 1 was received by the base station. The Msg 2 1312 may include a time-alignment command that may be used by the UE to adjust the UE’s transmission timing, a scheduling grant for transmission of the Msg 3 1313, and / or a Temporary Cell RNTI (TC-RNTI). After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g., ra- ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the Msg 2 1312. The UE may determine when to start the time window based on a PRACH occasion that the UE uses to transmit the preamble. For example, the UE may start the time window one or more symbols after a last symbol of the preamble (e.g., at a first PDCCH occasion from an end of a preamble transmission). The one or more symbols may be determined based on a numerology. The PDCCH may be in a common search space (e.g., a Typel-PDCCH common search space) configured by an RRC message. The UE may identify the RAR based on a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI). RNTIs may be used depending on one or more events initiating the random access procedure The UE may use random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The RA-RNTI may be associated with PRACH occasions in which the UE transmits a preamble. For example, the UE may determine the RA-RNTI based on: an OFDM symbol index; a slot index; a frequency domain index; and / or a UL carrier indicator of the PRACH occasions. An example of RA-RNTI may be as follows:

[0174] RA-RNTI= 1 + s_id + 14 x t_id + 14 x 80 x fjd + 14 x 80 x 8 x ul_carrier_id , where s_id may be an index of a first OFDM symbol of the PRACH occasion (e.g., 0 < sjd < 14), tjd may be an index of a first slot of the PRACH occasion in a system frame (e.g., 0 s t_id < 80), f_id may be an index of the PRACH occasionDocket No.: 24-1165PCT in the frequency domain (e.g., 0 < fjd < 8), and ul_carrier_id may be a UL carrier used for a preamble transmission (e.g., 0 for an NUL carrier, and 1 for an SUL carrier).

[0175] The UE may transmit the Msg 3 1313 in response to a successful reception of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., using resources identified in the Msg 2 1312). The Msg 3 1313 may be used for contention resolution in, for example, the con ten on -based random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A. In some scenarios, a plurality of UEs may transmit a same preamble to a base station and the base station may provide an RAR that corresponds to a UE. Collisions may occur if the plurality of UEs interpret the RAR as corresponding to themselves. Contention resolution (e.g., using the Msg 3 1313 and the Msg 4 1314) may be used to increase the likelihood that the UE does not incorrectly use an identity of another the UE. To perform contention resolution, the UE may include a device identifier in the Msg 3 1313 (e.g , a C-RNTI if assigned, a TC-RNTI included in the Msg 2 1312, and / or any other suitable identifier).

[0176] The Msg 4 1314 may be received after or in response to the transmitting of the Msg 3 1313. If a C-RNTI was included in the Msg 3 1313, the base station will address the UE on the PDCCH using the C-RNTI. If the UE's unique C-RNTI is detected on the PDCCH, the random access procedure is determined to be successfully completed. If a TC-RNTI is included in the Msg 3 1313 (e.g., if the UE is in an RRCJDLE state or not otherwise connected to the base station), Msg 4 1314 will be received using a DL-SCH associated with the TC-RNTI. If a MAC PDU is successfully decoded and a MAC PDU comprises the UE contention resolution identity MAC CE that matches or otherwise corresponds with the CCCH SDU sent (e.g., transmitted) in Msg 3 1313, the UE may determine that the contention resolution is successful and / or the UE may determine that the random access procedure is successfully completed.

[0177] The UE may be configured with a supplementary uplink (SUL) carrier and a normal uplink (NUL) carrier. An initial access (e.g., random access procedure) may be supported in an uplink carrier. For example, a base station may configure the UE with two separate RACH configurations: one for an SUL carrier and the other for an NUL carrier. For random access in a cell configured with an SUL carrier, the network may indicate which carrier to use (NUL or SUL). The UE may determine the SUL carrier, for example, if a measured quality of one or more reference signals is lower than a broadcast threshold. Uplink transmissions of the random access procedure (e.g., the Msg 1 1311 and / or the Msg 3 1313) may remain on the selected carrier. The UE may switch an uplink carrier during the random access procedure (e.g., between the Msg 1 131 1 and the Msg 3 1313) in one or more cases. For example, the UE may determine and / or switch an uplink carrier for the Msg 1 131 1 and / or the Msg 3 1313 based on a channel clear assessment (e.g., a listen-before-talk).

[0178] FIG. 13B illustrates a two-step con tent! on -free random access procedure. Similar to the four-step contention-based random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A, a base station may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit a configuration message 1320 to the UE. The configuration message 1320 may be analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13BDocket No.: 24-1165PCT comprises transmission of two messages: a Msg 1 1321 and a Msg 2 1322. The Msg 1 1321 and the Msg 2 1322 may be analogous in some respects to the Msg 1 1311 and a Msg 2 1312 illustrated in FIG. 13A, respectively. As will be understood from FIGS. 13A and 13B, the contention-free random access procedure may not include messages analogous to the Msg 3 1313 and / or the Msg 4 1314.

[0179] The contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B may be initiated for a beam failure recovery, other SI request, SCell addition, and / or handover. For example, a base station may indicate or assign to the UE the preamble to be used for the Msg 1 1321 . The UE may receive, from the base station via PDCCH and / or RRC, an indication of a preamble (e.g., ra-Preamblelndex).

[0180] After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the RAR. In the event of a beam failure recovery request, the base station may configure the UE with a separate time window and / or a separate PDCCH in a search space indicated by an RRC message (e.g., recoverySearchSpaceld). The UE may monitor for a PDCCH transmission addressed to a Cell RNTI (C-RNTI) on the search space. In the contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B, the UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes after or in response to transmission of Msg 1 1321 and reception of a corresponding Msg 2 1322. The UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes, for example, if a PDCCH transmission is addressed to a C-RNTI. The UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes, for example, if the UE receives an RAR comprising a preamble identifier corresponding to a preamble transmitted by the UE and / or the RAR comprises a MAC sub-PDU with the preamble identifier The UE may determine the response as an indication of an acknowledgement for an SI request.

[0181] FIG. 13C illustrates another two-step random access procedure. Similar to the random access procedures illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B, a base station may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit a configuration message 1330 to the UE. The configuration message 1330 may be analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310 and / or the configuration message 1320. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13C comprises transmission of two messages: a Msg A 1331 and a Msg B 1332.

[0182] Msg A 1331 may be transmitted in an uplink transmission by the UE. Msg A 1331 may comprise one or more transmissions of a preamble 1341 and / or one or more transmissions of a transport block 1342. The transport block 1342 may comprise contents that are similar and / or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A. The transport block 1342 may comprise UCI (e.g., an SR, a HARQ ACK / NACK, and / or the like). The UE may receive the Msg B 1332 after or in response to transmitting the Msg A 1331. The Msg B 1332 may comprise contents that are similar and / or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., an RAR) illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B and / or the Msg 4 1314 illustrated in FIG. 13A.

[0183] The UE may initiate the two-step random access procedure in FIG. 13C for licensed spectrum and / or unlicensed spectrum. The UE may determine, based on one or more factors, whether to initiate the two-stepDocket No.: 24-1165PCT random access procedure. The one or more factors may be: a radio access technology in use (e.g., LTE, NR, and / or the like); whether the UE has valid TA or not; a cell size; the UE's RRC state; a type of spectrum (e.g., licensed vs. unlicensed); and / or any other suitable factors.

[0184] The UE may determine, based on two-step RACH parameters included in the configuration message 1330, a radio resource and / or an uplink transmit power for the preamble 1341 and / or the transport block 1342 included in the Msg A 1331. The RACH parameters may indicate a modulation and coding schemes (MCS), a time-frequency resource, and / or a power control for the preamble 1341 and / or the transport block 1342. A time-frequency resource for transmission of the preamble 1341 (e.g., a PRACH) and a timefrequency resource for transmission of the transport block 1342 (e.g., a PUSCH) may be multiplexed using EDM, TDM, and / or CDM. The RACH parameters may enable the UE to determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for monitoring for and / or receiving Msg B 1332.

[0185] The transport block 1342 may comprise data (e.g., delay-sensitive data), an identifier of the UE, security information, and / or device information (e.g., an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (I MS I)). The base station may transmit the Msg B 1332 as a response to the Msg A 1331 . The Msg B 1332 may comprise at least one of following: a preamble identifier; a timing advance command; a power control command; an uplink grant (e.g., a radio resource assignment and / or an MCS); a UE identifier for contention resolution; and / or an RNTI (e.g., a C-RNTI or a TC-RNTI). The UE may determine that the two-step random access procedure is successfully completed if: a preamble identifier in the Msg B 1332 is matched to a preamble transmitted by the UE; and / or the identifier of the UE in Msg B 1332 is matched to the identifier of the UE in the Msg A 1331 (e.g., the transport block 1342).

[0186] A UE and a base station may exchange control signaling. The control signaling may be referred to as L1 / L2 control signaling and may originate from the PHY layer (e.g., layer 1) and / or the MAC layer (e.g., layer 2). The control signaling may comprise downlink control signaling transmitted from the base station to the UE and / or uplink control signaling transmitted from the UE to the base station.

[0187] The downlink control signaling may comprise: a downlink scheduling assignment; an uplink scheduling grant indicating uplink radio resources and / or a transport format; a slot format information; a preemption indication; a power control command; and / or any other suitable signaling. The UE may receive the downlink control signaling in a payload transmitted by the base station on a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). The payload transmitted on the PDCCH may be referred to as downlink control information (DCI). In some scenarios, the PDCCH may be a group common PDCCH (GC-PDCCH) that is common to a group of UEs.

[0188] A base station may attach one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC) parity bits to a DCI in order to facilitate detection of transmission errors. When the DCI is intended for a UE (or a group of the UEs), the base station may scramble the CRC parity bits with an identifier of the UE (or an identifier of the group of theDocket No.: 24-1165PCTUEs). Scrambling the CRC parity bits with the identifier may comprise Modulo-2 addition (or an exclusive OR operation) of the identifier value and the CRC parity bits. The identifier may comprise a 16-bit value of a radio network temporary identifier (RNTI).

[0189] DCIs may be used for different purposes. A purpose may be indicated by the type of RNTI used to scramble the CRC parity bits. For example, a DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a paging RNTI (P- RNTI) may indicate paging information and / or a system information change notification. The P-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFE” in hexadecimal. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a system information RNTI (SI-RNTI) may indicate a broadcast transmission of the system information. The SI-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFE’’ in hexadecimal. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI) may indicate a random access response (RAR). A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a cell RNTI (C-RNTI) may indicate a dynamically scheduled unicast transmission and / or a triggering of PDCCH-ordered random access. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a temporary cell RNTI (TC- RNTI) may indicate a contention resolution (e.g., a Msg 3 analogous to the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A). Other RNTIs configured to the UE by a base station may comprise a Configured Scheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUCCH RNTI (TPC-PUCCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control- PUSCH RNTI (TPC-PUSCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-SRS RNTI (TPC-SRS-RNTI), an Interruption RNTI (INT-RNTI), a Slot Format Indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), a Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI (SP-CSI-RNTI), a Modulation and Coding Scheme Cell RNTI (MCS-C-RNTI), and / or the like.

[0190] Depending on the purpose and / or content of a DCI, the base station may transmit the DCIs with one or more DCI formats. For example, DCI format 0_0 may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell. DCI format 0_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 0_1 may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 0_0). DCI format 1_0 may be used for scheduling of PDSCH in a cell. DCI format 1_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 1_1 may be used for scheduling of PDSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 1_0). DCI format 2_0 may be used for providing a slot format indication to a group of UEs. DCI format 2_1 may be used for notifying a group of UEs of a physical resource block and / or OFDM symbol where the UE may assume no transmission is intended to the UE. DCI format 2_2 may be used for transmission of a transmit power control (TPC) command for PUCCH or PUSCH. DCI format 2_3 may be used for transmission of a group of TPC commands for SRS transmissions by one or more UEs. DCI format(s) for new functions may be defined in future releases. DCI formats may have different DCI sizes, or may share the same DCI size.

[0191] After scrambling a DCI with a RNTI, the base station may process the DCI with channel coding (e.g., polar coding), rate matching, scrambling and / or QPSK modulation. A base station may map the coded and modulated DCI on resource elements used and / or configured for a PDCCH. Based on a payload size of theDocket No.: 24-1165PCTDCI and / or a coverage of the base station, the base station may transmit the DCI via a PDCCH occupying a number of contiguous control channel elements (CCEs). The number of the contiguous CCEs (referred to as aggregation level) may be 1 , 2, 4, 8, 16, and / or any other suitable number. A CCE may comprise a number (e.g., 6) of resource-element groups (REGs). A REG may comprise a resource block in an OFDM symbol. The mapping of the coded and modulated DCI on the resource elements may be based on mapping of CCEs and REGs (e.g., CCE-to-REG mapping).

[0192] FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for a bandwidth part. The base station may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH on one or more control resource sets (CORESETs). A CORESET may comprise a time-frequency resource in which the UE tries to decode a DCI using one or more search spaces. The base station may configure a CORESET in the time-frequency domain. In the example of FIG. 14A, a first CORESET 1401 and a second CORESET 1402 occur at the first symbol in a slot. The first CORESET 1401 overlaps with the second CORESET 1402 in the frequency domain. A third CORESET 1403 occurs at a third symbol in the slot. A fourth CORESET 1404 occurs at the seventh symbol in the slot. CORESETs may have a different number of resource blocks in frequency domain.

[0193] FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCI transmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing. The CCE-to-REG mapping may be an interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purpose of providing frequency diversity) or a non-interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purposes of facilitating interference coordination and / or frequency-selective transmission of control channels). The base station may perform different or same CCE-to-REG mapping on different CORESETs. A CORESET may be associated with a CCE-to-REG mapping by RRC configuration. A CORESET may be configured with an antenna port quasi co-location (QCL) parameter. The antenna port QCL parameter may indicate QCL information of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PDCCH reception in the CORESET.

[0194] The base station may transmit, to the UE, RRC messages comprising configuration parameters of one or more CORESETs and one or more search space sets. The configuration parameters may indicate an association between a search space set and a CORESET. A search space set may comprise a set of PDCCH candidates formed by CCEs at a given aggregation level. The configuration parameters may indicate: a number of PDCCH candidates to be monitored per aggregation level; a PDCCH monitoring periodicity and a PDCCH monitoring pattern; one or more DCI formats to be monitored by the UE; and / or whether a search space set is a common search space set or a UE-specific search space set. A set of CCEs in the common search space set may be predefined and known to the UE. A set of CCEs in the UE-specific search space set may be configured based on the UE’s identity (e.g., C-RNTI).

[0195] As shown in FIG. 14B, the UE may determine a time-frequency resource for a CORESET based on RRC messages. The UE may determine a CCE-to-REG mapping (e.g., interleaved or non-interleaved, and / or mapping parameters) for the CORESET based on configuration parameters of the CORESET. The UE mayDocket No.: 24-1165PCT determine a number (e.g., at most 10) of search space sets configured on the CORESET based on the RRC messages. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates according to configuration parameters of a search space set. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates in one or more CORESETs for detecting one or more DCIs. Monitoring may comprise decoding one or more PDCCH candidates of the set of the PDCCH candidates according to the monitored DCI formats. Monitoring may comprise decoding a DCI content of one or more PDCCH candidates with possible (or configured) PDCCH locations, possible (or configured) PDCCH formats (e.g., number of CCEs, number of PDCCH candidates in common search spaces, and / or number of PDCCH candidates in the UE-specific search spaces) and possible (or configured) DCI formats. The decoding may be referred to as blind decoding. The UE may determine a DCI as valid for the UE, in response to CRC checking (e.g., scrambled bits for CRC parity bits of the DCI matching a RNTI value). The UE may process information contained in the DCI (e.g., a scheduling assignment, an uplink grant, power control, a slot format indication, a downlink preemption, and / or the like).

[0196] The UE may transmit uplink control signaling (e.g., uplink control information (UCI)) to a base station. The uplink control signaling may comprise hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgements for received DL-SCH transport blocks. The UE may transmit the HARQ acknowledgements after receiving a DL- SCH transport block. Uplink control signaling may comprise channel state information (CSI) indicating channel quality of a physical downlink channel. The UE may transmit the CSI to the base station. The base station, based on the received CSI, may determine transmission format parameters (e.g., comprising multiantenna and beamforming schemes) for a downlink transmission. Uplink control signaling may comprise scheduling requests (SR). The UE may transmit an SR indicating that uplink data is available for transmission to the base station. The UE may transmit a UCI (e.g., HARQ acknowledgements (HARQ-ACK), CSI report, SR, and the like) via a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The UE may transmit the uplink control signaling via a PUCCH using one of several PUCCH formats.

[0197] There may be five PUCCH formats and the UE may determine a PUCCH format based on a size of the UCI (e.g., a number of uplink symbols of UCI transmission and a number of UCI bits). PUCCH format 0 may have a length of one or two OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may transmit UCI in a PUCCH resource using PUCCH format 0 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK information bits with positive or negative SR (HARQ-ACK / SR bits) is one or two. PUCCH format 1 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 1 if the transmission is four or more symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK / SR bits is one or two. PUCCH format 2 may occupy one or two OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 2 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the number of UCI bits is two or more. PUCCH format 3 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDMDocket No.: 24-1165PCT symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 3 if the transmission is four or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and PUCCH resource does not include an orthogonal cover code. PUCCH format 4 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 4 if the transmission is four or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and the PUCCH resource includes an orthogonal cover code.

[0198] The base station may transmit configuration parameters to the UE for a plurality of PUCCH resource sets using, for example, an RRC message. The plurality of PUCCH resource sets (e.g., up to four sets) may be configured on an uplink BWP of a cell. A PUCCH resource set may be configured with a PUCCH resource set index, a plurality of PUCCH resources with a PUCCH resource being identified by a PUCCH resource identifier (e.g., pucch-Resourceid), and / or a number (e g., a maximum number) of UCI information bits the UE may transmit using one of the plurality of PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. When configured with a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may select one of the plurality of PUCCH resource sets based on a total bit length of the UCI information bits (e.g., HARQ-ACK, SR, and / or CSI). If the total bit length of UCI information bits is two or fewer, the UE may select a first PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “0". If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than two and less than or equal to a first configured value, the UE may select a second PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “1”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the first configured value and less than or equal to a second configured value, the UE may select a third PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “2”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the second configured value and less than or equal to a third value (e.g., 1406), the UE may select a fourth PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “3”.

[0199] After determining a PUCCH resource set from a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may determine a PUCCH resource from the PUCCH resource set for UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI, and / or SR) transmission. The UE may determine the PUCCH resource based on a PUCCH resource indicator in a DCI (e.g., with a DCI format 1_0 or DCI for 1_1 ) received on a PDCCH. A three-bit PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI may indicate one of eight PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. Based on the PUCCH resource indicator, the UE may transmit the UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI and / or SR) using a PUCCH resource indicated by the PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI.

[0200] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device 1502 in communication with a base station 1504 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The wireless device 1502 and base station 1504 may be part of a mobile communication network, such as the mobile communication network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobile communication network 150 illustrated in FIG. 1 B, or any other communication network. Only one wireless device 1502 and one base station 1504 are illustrated in FIG. 15, but it will beDocket No.: 24-1165PCT understood that a mobile communication network may include more than one UE and / or more than one base station, with the same or similar configuration as those shown in FIG. 15.

[0201] The base station 1504 may connect the wireless device 1502 to a core network (not shown) through radio communications over the air interface (or radio interface) 1506. The communication direction from the base station 1504 to the wireless device 1502 over the air interface 1506 is known as the downlink, and the communication direction from the wireless device 1502 to the base station 1504 over the air interface is known as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions using FDD, TDD, and / or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

[0202] In the downlink, data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 from the base station 1504 may be provided to the processing system 1508 of the base station 1504. The data may be provided to the processing system 1508 by, for example, a core network. In the uplink, data to be sent to the base station 1504 from the wireless device 1502 may be provided to the processing system 1518 of the wireless device 1502. The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may implement layer 3 and layer 2 OSI functionality to process the data for transmission. Layer 2 may include an SDAP layer, a PDCP layer, an RLC layer, and a MAC layer, for example, with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. Layer 3 may include an RRC layer as with respect to FIG. 2B.

[0203] After being processed by processing system 1508, the data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 may be provided to a transmission processing system 1510 of base station 1504. Similarly, after being processed by the processing system 1518, the data to be sent to base station 1504 may be provided to a transmission processing system 1520 of the wireless device 1502. The transmission processing system 1510 and the transmission processing system 1520 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For transmit processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, forward error correction coding of transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping of transport channels to physical channels, modulation of physical channel, multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) or multi-antenna processing, and / or the like.

[0204] At the base station 1504, a reception processing system 1512 may receive the uplink transmission from the wireless device 1502. At the wireless device 1502, a reception processing system 1522 may receive the downlink transmission from base station 1504. The reception processing system 1512 and the reception processing system 1522 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For receive processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, error detection, forward error correction decoding, deinterleaving, demapping of transport channels to physical channels, demodulation of physical channels, MIMO or multi-antenna processing, and / or the like.

[0205] As shown in FIG. 15, a wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 may include multiple antennas. The multiple antennas may be used to perform one or more MIMO or multi-antenna techniques,Docket No.: 24-1165PCT such as spatial multiplexing (e.g., single-user MIMO or multi-user MIMO), transmit / receive diversity, and / or beamforming. In other examples, the wireless device 1502 and / or the base station 1504 may have a single antenna.

[0206] The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may be associated with a memory 1514 and a memory 1524, respectively. Memory 1514 and memory 1524 (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) may store computer program instructions or code that may be executed by the processing system 1508 and / or the processing system 1518 to carry out one or more of the functionalities discussed in the present application. Although not shown in FIG. 15, the transmission processing system 1510, the transmission processing system 1520, the reception processing system 1512, and / or the reception processing system 1522 may be coupled to a memory (e g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) storing computer program instructions or code that may be executed to carry out one or more of their respective functionalities.

[0207] The processing system 1508 and / or the processing system 1518 may comprise one or more controllers and / or one or more processors. The one or more controllers and / or one or more processors may comprise, for example, a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and / or other programmable logic device, discrete gate and / or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, an on-board unit, or any combination thereof. The processing system 1508 and / or the processing system 1518 may perform at least one of signal coding / processing, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that may enable the wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 to operate in a wireless environment.

[0208] The processing system 1508 and / or the processing system 1518 may be connected to one or more peripherals 1516 and one or more peripherals 1526, respectively. The one or more peripherals 1516 and the one or more peripherals 1526 may include software and / or hardware that provide features and / or functionalities, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a display, a touchpad, a power source, a satellite transceiver, a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, an electronic control unit (e.g., for a motor vehicle), and / or one or more sensors (e.g., an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, a radar sensor, a lidar sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a camera, and / or the like). The processing system 1508 and / or the processing system 1518 may receive user input data from and / or provide user output data to the one or more peripherals 1516 and / or the one or more peripherals 1526. The processing system 1518 in the wireless device 1502 may receive power from a power source and / or may be configured to distribute the power to the other components in the wireless device 1502. The power source may comprise one or more sources of power, for example, a battery, a solar cell, a fuel cell, or any combination thereof. The processing systemDocket No.: 24-1165PCT1508 and / or the processing system 1518 may be connected to a GPS chipset 1517 and a GPS chipset 1527, respectively. The GPS chipset 1517 and the GPS chipset 1527 may be configured to provide geographic location information of the wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504, respectively.

[0209] FIG. 16A illustrates an example structure for uplink transmission. A baseband signal representing a physical uplink shared channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise at least one of: scrambling; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols; precoding of the complex-valued symbols; mapping of precoded complex-valued symbols to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain Single Carrier- Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) or CP-OFDM signal for an antenna port; and / or the like In an example, when transform precoding is enabled, a SC-FDMA signal for uplink transmission may be generated. In an example, when transform precoding is not enabled, a CP-OFDM signal for uplink transmission may be generated by FIG. 16A. These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments.

[0210] FIG. 16B illustrates an example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued SC-FDMA or CP-OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port and / or a complex-valued Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) baseband signal. Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

[0211] FIG. 16C illustrates an example structure for downlink transmissions. A baseband signal representing a physical downlink channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise: scrambling of coded bits in a codeword to be transmitted on a physical channel; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on a layer for transmission on the antenna ports; mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for an antenna port to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for an antenna port; and / or the like. These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments.

[0212] FIG. 16D illustrates another example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port. Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

[0213] A wireless device may receive from a base station one or more messages (e.g., RRC messages) comprising configuration parameters of a plurality of cells (e.g., primary cell, secondary cell). The wireless device may communicate with at least one base station (e.g , two or more base stations in dual connectivity) via the plurality of cells. The one or more messages (e.g., as a part of the configuration parameters) mayDocket No.: 24-1165PCT comprise parameters of physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers for configuring the wireless device. For example, the configuration parameters may comprise parameters for configuring physical and MAC layer channels, bearers, etc. For example, the configuration parameters may comprise parameters indicating values of timers for physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers, and / or communication channels.

[0214] A timer may begin running once it is started and continue running until it is stopped or until it expires. A timer may be started if it is not running or restarted if it is running. A timer may be associated with a value (e.g., the timer may be started or restarted from a value or may be started from zero and expire once it reaches the value). The duration of a timer may not be updated until the timer is stopped or expires (e.g., due to BWP switching). A timer may be used to measure a time period / window for a process. When the specification refers to an implementation and procedure related to one or more timers, it will be understood that there are multiple ways to implement the one or more timers. For example, it will be understood that one or more of the multiple ways to implement a timer may be used to measure a time period / window for the procedure. For example, a random access response window timer may be used for measuring a window of time for receiving a random access response. In an example, instead of starting and expiry (or expiration) of a random access response window timer, the time difference between two time stamps may be used. When a timer is restarted, a process for measurement of time window may be restarted. Other example implementations may be provided to restart a measurement of a time window.

[0215] In the present disclosure, a channel and / or radio resource (e.g., time and frequency resource) configured, located, determined in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as a shared channel and / or shared resource. An unlicensed or a licensed spectrum may be defined at least over a frequency domain. For example, the unlicensed or licensed spectrum may be defined at least over a respective frequency range that may be referred to as a frequency band. The term “spectrum” may be interchangeable with “band” or “frequency band.” The term “unlicensed spectrum (or band)” may be interchangeable with the term “shared spectrum (or band).” A cell and / or a carrier in the shared spectrum (or the unlicensed spectrum) may be referred to as an unlicensed cell and / or an unlicensed carrier, respectively.

[0216] Listen-before-talk (LBT) may be implemented for transmission in an unlicensed / shared cell and / or carrier. The unlicensed / shared cell may be referred to as a cell whose component carrier is configured in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g , in an unlicensed frequency band). The unlicensed / shared carrier may be referred to as a carrier configured in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., in an unlicensed frequency band). The unlicensed / shared cell / carrier may be operated as non-standalone with an anchor cell / carrier in a licensed spectrum / band or as standalone without an anchor cell / carrier in a licensed spectrum / band. LBT may comprise a clear channel assessment (CCA). For example, in an LBT procedure, a wireless device may apply, perform, and / or use the CCA before using the unlicensed / shared cell, carrier, or channel configured in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., in an unlicensed frequency band). The CCA may comprise an energyDocket No.: 24-1165PCT detection that determines the presence of other signals on a channel (e.g., channel is occupied) or absence of other signals on a channel (e.g., channel is clear).

[0217] A regulation of a country may impact the LBT procedure. For example, European and Japanese regulations may mandate the usage of LBT in the unlicensed / shared bands, such as the 5GHz unlicensed / shared band. Apart from regulatory constraints, carrier sensing via LBT may be one way for fairly sharing the unlicensed / shared spectrum among different devices and / or networks attempting to utilize the unlicensed / shared spectrum. In some cases, a wireless device may determine a location of a guard band based on a configuration of the wireless device, one or more message received from a base station, one or more messages received from another wireless device, a regulation of a country, or a geographic location of the wireless device, or any combination thereof.

[0218] Discontinuous transmission on an unlicensed / shared spectrum (e.g., frequency band) with a limited maximum transmission duration may be enabled. Some of these functions may be supported by one or more signals transmitted from the beginning of a discontinuous downlink transmission in the unlicensed / shared band. Channel reservation may be enabled by the transmission of signals, by a network entity (e.g., base station and / or wireless device), after or in response to gaining channel access based on a successful LBT procedure. Other device(s) (e.g., base station and / or wireless device) may receive the signals (e.g., transmitted for the channel reservation) with an energy level above a certain threshold that indicate the channel to be occupied. Functions that may be supported by one or more signals for operation in unlicensed / shared band with discontinuous downlink transmission may comprise one or more of the following: detection of the downlink transmission in unlicensed / shared band (including cell identification) by wireless devices; time and frequency synchronization of wireless devices.

[0219] Downlink transmission and frame structure design for operation in an unlicensed / shared band may employ subframe, (mini-)slot, and / or symbol boundary alignment according to timing relationships across serving cells aggregated by carrier aggregation. This may not imply that base station transmissions start at the subframe, (mini-)slot, and / or symbol boundary. Unlicensed / shared cell operation (e.g., LAA and / or NR- U) may support transmitting PDSCH, for example, when not all OFDM symbols are available for transmission in a subframe according to LBT. Delivery of control information (e.g., control information used) for the PDSCH may also be supported.

[0220] An LBT procedure may be employed for fair and friendly coexistence between radio access technologies (RATs) (e.g., LTE, NR, 6G, 7G, WiFi, or the like) with a same service operator or with different service operators, operating in unlicensed / shared spectrum. The LBT procedure may be referred to as a channel access procedure. For example, a node attempting to transmit on a carrier in unlicensed / shared spectrum may perform a CCA as a part of an LBT procedure to determine if the channel is free / idle for use. The LBT procedure may involve energy detection to determine if the channel is being used / occupied. ForDocket No.: 24-1165PCT example, regulatory constraints in some regions, e.g., in Europe, specify an energy detection threshold such that if a device receives energy greater than the threshold, the device assumes that the channel is being used / occupied and not free / idle. While devices may follow such regulatory constraints, a device may optionally use a lower threshold for energy detection than that specified by regulatory constraints. A radio access technology (e.g., WiFi, LTE and / or NR) may employ a mechanism to adaptively change the energy detection threshold. For example, NR-U may employ a mechanism to adaptively lower the energy detection threshold from an upper bound. An adaptation mechanism may not preclude static or semi-static setting of the threshold.

[0221] Various example LBT mechanisms may be implemented and / or used during a shared channel access procedure. In an example, for some signals, in some implementation scenarios, in some situations, and / or in some frequencies, Category 1 (CAT 1) LBT may be performed by a transmitting entity to access a shared channel. CAT1 LBT includes the transmitting entity not performing an LBT procedure to access the shared channel. For example, a channel in an unlicensed / shared band may be held by a first device (e.g., a base station for DL transmission or a wireless device for SL communication or UL transmission). A second device (e.g., a wireless device) may take over the channel for a transmission without performing an LBT procedure. In an example, Category 2 (CAT2) LBT may be performed by the transmitting entity to access the shared channel. CAT2 LBTmay include an LBT procedure without random back-off and / or a one-shot LBT procedure. The duration of time used to determine that the channel is idle may be deterministic (e.g., fixed by a regulation). A base station or a wireless device may transmit a grant (e g., uplink grant and / or sidelink grant) indicating a type of LBT (e.g., CAT2 LBT) to a second wireless device. CAT1 LBT and CAT2 LBT may be employed for Channel occupancy time (COT) sharing. For example, CAT1 LBT and / or CAT2 LBT in the grant (or uplink information or sidelink control information) may indicate to a receiving device (e.g., a base station, and / or a wireless device) to trigger COT sharing.

[0222] In an example, Category 3 (CAT3) LBT may be used by the transmitting entity to access the shared channel. CAT3 LBT may include the transmitting entity performing an, LBT procedure with a random backoff and with a contention window of fixed size. According to CAT3 LBT, The transmitting entity draws a random number W within a contention window. The size of the contention window may be specified by a minimum and a maximum value of TV. The size of the contention window may be fixed. The random number / V may be employed in the LBT procedure to determine the duration of time that the channel is sensed to be idle before the transmitting entity transmits on the channel. In an example, Category 4 (CAT4) LBT may be used by the transmitting entity to access the shared channel. CAT4 LBT may include the transmitting entity performing an LBT procedure with a random back-off a with a contention window of variable size. According to CAT4 LBT, the transmitting entity may draw a random number N within a contention window. The size of contention window may be specified by a minimum and a maximum value of A / . The transmitting entity mayDocket No.: 24-1165PCT vary the size of the contention window when drawing the random number N. The random number N may be used in the LBT procedure to determine the duration of time that the channel is sensed to be idle before the transmitting entity transmits on the channel.

[0223] In an example, a base station and / or a wireless device may perform multiple types of channel access procedures for unlicensed / shared spectrum. The multiple types of channel access procedures may comprise at least one of: a Type 1 channel access procedure (also may be referred to as an LBT based Type 1 channel access procedure and / or CAT4 LBT) and Type 2 channel access procedures (also may be referred to as LBT based Type 2 channel access procedures). The base station and / or the wireless device may perform the Type 1 channel access procedure (e.g CAT4 LBT) for starting uplink or downlink data transmission at a beginning of a COT. The Type 1 channel access procedure may comprise a random number of channel sensing slots / intervals / durations. The base station and / or the wireless device may perform the Type 2 channel access procedures for COT sharing and / or transmission of a discovery burst. Based on a duration of a gap in a COT, the Type 2 channel access procedures may comprise a type 2A, a type 2B, and / or a type 2C channel access procedure. In an example, the type 2A channel access procedure (e.g., may also be referred to as CAT2 LBT) may be used when a COT gap is 25 pis or more and / or for transmission of a discovery burst. The type 2A channel access procedure may comprise a single channel sensing interval of 25 pis. In an example, the type 2B channel access procedure may be used when a COT gap is equal to 16 pis. The type 2B channel access procedure may comprise a single channel sensing interval of 16 pis. In an example, the type 2C channel access procedure (e.g., may also be referred to as CAT1 LBT) may be used when a COT gap is 16 pis or less. The type 2C channel access procedure may be without any channel sensing.

[0224] In an example, a plurality of RATs may share a channel (e.g., a radio resource, LBT subband, an RB set) in an unlicensed / shared spectrum / band / carrier / cell. For example, the plurality of RATs may comprise a first RAT (e.g., WiFi) and a second RAT (e.g., NR-U). The first RAT may comprise an access point / base station and a first wireless device / station. The second RAT #2 may comprise a second wireless device and a third wireless device. In the unlicensed spectrum, a wireless device (e.g., a wireless device of the first RAT or of the second RAT) may perform a LBT procedure (e.g., referred to as a channel access procedure) on the channel before transmission via the channel The wireless device may be allowed to perform the transmission based on the wireless device sensing the channel is idle.

[0225] In an example, the third wireless device may perform a first channel access procedure (e.g., first LBT procedure) on the channel. The third wireless device may perform one or more transmissions to the second wireless device based on the third wireless device sensing, according to the first channel access procedure, that the channel is idle. During the transmission from the third wireless device, the channel may be occupied by the third wireless device. The first wireless device may attempt to obtain the channel byDocket No.: 24-1165PCT performing a second channel access procedure (e.g., second LBT procedure). The first wireless device may drop / cancel / suspend / postpone its transmission based on the first wireless device sensing that the channel is busy. The first wireless device may attempt to obtain the channel by performing a third channel access procedure (e.g., third LBT procedure). The first wireless device may perform transmission from the first wireless device to the access point / base station based on the first wireless device sensing, according to the third channel access procedure, that the channel is idle. With this unlicensed operation (or similar unlicensed operations), wireless devices in the plurality of RATs may share the channel in the unlicensed / shared spectrum / band / carrier / cell to perform transmissions from the wireless devices.

[0226] In an example, a failure of an LBT procedure (LBT failure) for one or more resources may indicate a failure to access a channel via the one or more resources The wireless device may generate an LBT failure indication LBT when the wireless device determines an LBT failure. For example, a lower layer, such as an RF layer or a PHY layer, of the wireless device may generate the LBT failure indication and send the LBT failure indication to an upper layer (e.g., MAC layer or RRC layer) of the wireless device. The wireless device (e.g., the upper layer) may count a number / quantity of LBT failure indications generated for a particular resource block (RB) set to determine whether the RB set is congested, whether to switch to another RB set, and / or whether to determine a radio link failure on a connection (maintained via a carrier comprising the RB set).

[0227] In an example, an LBT failure for one or more resources may indicate that the one or more resources are not idle (e.g., occupied) during one or more sensing slot durations before a transmission via the one or more resources (e.g., immediately before the transmission via the one or more resources). In an example, a success of an LBT procedure (LBT success) for one or more resources may indicate a success to access a channel via the one or more resources. In an example, an LBT success for one or more resources may indicate that the one or more resources are idle during one or more sensing slot durations before a transmission via the one or more resources (e g., immediately before the transmission via the one or more resources).

[0228] A wireless device may receive a message (e.g., RRC message and / or SIB) comprising configuration parameter(s) of a consistent LBT failure detection and recovery procedure. The configuration parameter(s) (e.g , the presence of the configuration parameter(s) in the message) may indicate, to the wireless device, the consistent LBT failure detection and recovery procedure for a channel access to a shared spectrum (and / or frequency band) using an LBT procedure. The wireless device may detect, declare, and / or determine a consistent LBT failure per RB set. The wireless device may determine the consistent LBT failure per RB set by counting LBT failure indications, for one or more (e.g., all) UL transmissions, from the lower layers to the MAC entity of the wireless device.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0229] For example, the configuration parameter(s) of a consistent LBT failure detection and recovery procedure may be in a container (e.g., Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) in the message. For example, the configuration parameter(s) may comprise at least one of: a first field value of a first field indicating an LBT failure instance counter threshold (e.g., Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount) for the consistent LBT failure detection procedure; or a second field value of a second field indicating an s LBT failure detection timer (e.g., Ibt- FailureDetectionTimer) for the consistent LBT failure detection procedure.

[0230] An example format of the container (e.g., Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) may be LBT-FailureRecoveryConfig ::= SEQUENCE {Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount ENUMERATED {n4, n8, n16, n32, n64, n 128},Ibt-FailureDetectionTimer ENUMERATED {ms10, ms20, ms40, ms80, ms160, ms320}

[0231] For example, the first field value for the LBT failure instance counter threshold (e.g., Ibt- FailurelnstanceMaxCounf) may be one of n4, n8, n16, n32, n64, or n 128 in this example. For example, the first field value determines after how many LBT failure indications received from the physical layer the wireless device triggers LBT failure recovery. For example, the value n4 corresponds to 4 LBT failure indications, the value n8 corresponds to 8 LBT failure indications, and so on in the present example format. For example, if the first field value is n4, the MAC entity of the wireless device triggers LBT failure recovery after 4 LBT failure indications received from the physical layer.

[0232] For example, the second field value for the LBT failure detection timer (e.g., Ibt- FailureRecoveryConfig) indicates a timer value of a timer for consistent LBT failure detection. For example, the value ms10 corresponds to 10 ms, the value ms20 corresponds to 20 ms, and so on in the present example format. The value(s) and / or format(s) of the container, the first field value, the first field, the second field value, and / or the second field are ones of examples. For example, the first field value may be nX, where X is positive integer number. For example, the second field value may be a time period expressed in terms of system frame(s), subframe(s), slot(s), symbol(s), and / or any combination thereof. The naming convention of container, first field, and / or second filed may vary depending on a particular system implementation. The value range of the first field value and / or the value range of the second field value may vary depending on a particular system implementation.

[0233] A wireless device may use a UE variable for the consistent LBT failure detection procedure. For example, the UE variable may be a counter counting a number (or quantity) of LBT failure indications, e.g., LBT failure indications consecutively received within a timer period (e.g., Ibt-FailureDetectionTimer). The counter may be referred to as LBT_COUNTER. The wireless device may maintain, increment, and / or keep an LBT_COUNTER per RB set. The counter for LBT failure indication may be initially set (e.g., initialized) to an initial value (e.g , 0).Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0234] The container (e.g., Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) in the message (e.g., RRC message and / or SIB) may be a part of configuration(s) of a respective uplink (UL) BWP of an uplink carrier. For example, the container in the message may be under a configuration of the respective UL BWP in the message. For example, for an UL BWP (e.g., configured with Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) activated and / or being activated, the wireless device may start or restart the Ibt-FailureDetectionTimer for an RB set in the UL BWP and / or may increment LBT_COUNTER for the RB set by 1 , e.g., if lower layer(s) sends to the MAC entity of the wireless device an LBT failure indication (e.g., determined and / or detected) for the RB set in the UL BWP.

[0235] For example, for an UL BWP (e.g., configured with Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) activated and / or being activated, the wireless device may trigger a consistent LBT failure for an RB set in the UL BWP, e.g., if lower layer(s) sends to the MAC entity of the wireless device an LBT failure indication (e.g., determined and / or detected) for the RB set in the UL BWP and / or if LBT_COUNTER >= Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount.

[0236] For example, for an UL BWP (e.g., configured with Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) activated and / or being activated, the wireless device may determine a consistent LBT failure based radio link failure (RLF) (e.g., RLF determined, declared, detected, triggered, and / or initiated based on a consistent LBT failure) and / or indicate the consistent LBT failure based RLF detection to an RRC layer of the wireless device, e.g., if lower layer(s) sends to the MAC entity of the wireless device an LBT failure indication (e.g., determined and / or detected) for the RB set in the UL BWP, if LBT_COUNTER >= Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount, and / or if the consistent LBT failure has been triggered in all RB sets in the UL BWP. A wireless device may set, (re-)initialize, and / or reset LBT_COUNTER to the initial value (e.g., zero): e.g., if all triggered consistent LBT failures (e.g., in the RB set(s) the UL BWP of the UL carrier) are cancelled in the RB set(s) of the UL BWP of the UL carrier; if the Ibt-FailureDetectionTimer expires for the RB set(s), for the UL BWP, and / or for the UL carrier; and / or if Ibt-FailureDetectionTimer or Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount is reconfigured by upper layers (e.g., if the wireless device receive a message (e.g., RRC message and / or SIB) reconfiguring Ibt- FailureDetectionTimer or Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount.

[0237] The configuration parameter(s) of the consistent LBT failure detection and recovery procedure may comprise a third field value of a third field. The third field may comprise an LBT recovery timer (e.g., LBT- RecoveryTimer). A value of the LBT recovery timer (e.g., LBT-RecoveryTimer) may be predefined (e.g., in a system specification and / or as a pre-configuration parameter). The third field value (or equivalently the predefined / preconfigured value of the LBT recovery timer) may have a same or similar format as the Ibt- FailureDetectionTimer. For example, the format of the third field may be the value msX corresponding to X ms. For example, the value ms 10 corresponds to 10 ms, the value ms20 corresponds to 20 ms, and so on in the present example format. For example, the third field value may be a time period expressed in terms of system frame(s), subframe(s), slot(s), symbol(s), and / or any combination thereof. The naming convention ofDocket No.: 24-1165PCT the third field may vary depending on a particular system implementation. The value range of the third field value may vary depending on a particular system implementation.

[0238] The MAC entity of the wireless device may use, run, start, restart, keep, and / or maintain an LBT- RecoveryTimer per RB set of an UL BWP of an UL carrier. For example, the wireless device may use, run, start, restart, keep, and / or maintain the LBT-RecoveryTimer for recovery of the triggered consistent LBT failure.

[0239] In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may start or restart the LBT-RecoveryTimer, e.g., if consistent LBT failure has been triggered, and not cancelled, in the RB set(s) and / or if the LBT- RecoveryTimer for the triggered consistent LBT failure is not running.

[0240] In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may perform a Multiplexing and Assembly procedure to generate an LBT failure MAC CE(s), e.g., if consistent LBT failure has been triggered, and not cancelled, in the RB set(s) and / or if UL-SCH resources are available for a new transmission and the UL-SCH resources (e.g., are able to or large enough to) accommodate the LBT failure MAC CE plus its subheader as a result of logical channel prioritization.

[0241] In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may trigger a Scheduling Request for LBT failure MAC CE, e.g., if consistent LBT failure has been triggered, and not cancelled, in the RB set(s), if UL- SCH resources are not available for a new transmission, and / or if the UL-SCH resources do not (e.g., are not able to or are not large enough to) accommodate the LBT failure MAC CE plus its subheader as a result of logical channel prioritization.

[0242] In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may cancel the triggered consistent LBT failure(s) in RB set(s) for which consistent LBT failure was indicated in the transmitted LBT failure MAC CE, e.g., if a MAC PDU is transmitted and this MAC PDU includes the LBT failure MAC CE. In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may cancel the triggered consistent LBT failure(s) in RB set(s) for which consistent LBT failure was detected, e.g., if the LBT-Recovery Timer for the triggered consistent LBT failure(s) expired. In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may cancel one or more (e.g., all) triggered consistent LBT failure(s) in the UL BWP, e.g., if Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig is reconfigured by upper layers for the UL BWP.

[0243] In an example, the LBT failure MAC CE may indicate in which RB set of an UL BWP of a UL carrier the wireless device triggered consistent LBT failure and the triggered consistent LBT failure has not been cancelled. The LBT failure MAC CE may comprise one or more octets. Each of RB set(s) of the UL BWP of the UL carrier may be mapped to or associated with or corresponding to its respective octet of the one or more octets. Each of RB set(s) of the UL BWP of the UL carrier may be mapped to or associated with or corresponding to its respective bit of the one or more octets. Each of RB set(s) of the UL BWP of the UL carrier may be mapped to or associated with or corresponding to its respective octet (e.g., first octet) of theDocket No.: 24-1165PCT one or more octets and / or may be mapped to or associated with or corresponding to its respective bit in its respective octet (e.g., first octet) of the one or more octets. The LBT failure MAC CE may be identified by a MAC subheader with a logical channel identifier (LCID) assigned to (e.g., predefined for) the LBT failure MAC CE. For example, the wireless device may multiplex, assembly, and / or construct (e.g., send or transmit to the base station or to another wireless device) a MAC PDU (e.g., mapped onto a transport block) comprising LBT failure MAC CE and its respective MAC subheader comprising a logical channel identifier (LCID) assigned to (e.g., predefined for) the LBT failure MAC CE.

[0244] As described above with reference to FIGs. 13A, 13B, and 13C, in existing NR, a base station may indicate one or more RACH parameters to a wireless device (e.g., UE) for use by the wireless device during a random access procedure for a cell. The random access procedure may be a four-step contention-based random access procedure as illustrated in FIG. 13A, a two-step contention-based random access procedure as illustrated in FIG. 13B, or a two-step random access procedure as illustrated in FIG. 13C, for example. Specifically, the RACH parameters provide information about time / frequency resources via which the wireless device may transmit a random access preamble (e.g., Msg 1 131 1 , Msg 1 1321 , Preamble 1341 ) of the random access procedure for the cell.

[0245] In an implementation, the RACH parameters may indicate time / frequency resources for the random access preamble as a set of RACH slots within a given frame. The set of RACH slots may be repeated every N-th frame, where N can range from N=1 (that is, the set of RACH slots are available in every frame) to N=16 (the set of RACH slots are available in every 16th frame). The number of RACH slots within a frame can range from one to eight depending on the RACH configuration of the cell. Furthermore, each RACH slot may contain multiple frequency-domain PRACH occasions. The PRACH occasions may jointly cover K.M consecutive RBs, where M is the size in RBs of a frequency-domain PRACH occasion and K is the number of PRACH occasions within the RACH slot. It is noted that PRACH occasions may also be referred to as PRACH resources. The two terms are hereinafter used interchangeably.

[0246] As described above with reference to FIGs. 13A, 13B, and 13C, the base station may indicate the one or more RACH parameters (providing the PRACH occasions) in a configuration message (e.g., configuration message 1310, configuration message 1320, or configuration message 1330). The configuration message may be transmitted, for example, using one or more RRC messages. In an implementation, the configuration message includes an information element (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric) that indicates the one or more RACH parameters. The information element (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric) may include a first PRACH configuration index (e.g. prach-Configurationlndex) that indicates the PRACH occasions. The first PRACH configuration index may have a value ranging from 0 to 255, which allows the base station to indicate the PRACH occasions as a set from up to 256 available sets of PRACH occasions. Hereinafter, for the sake of presentation, the PRACH occasions that may be configured according toDocket No.: 24-1165PCT existing / legacy NR behavior are referred to as "primary PRACH occasions” or “legacy PRACH occasions.” The primary PRACH occasions may be configured for (and used by) UEs implementing existing / legacy NR behavior (hereinafter “legacy UEs”) as well as UEs implementing non-existing / proposed / non-legacy NR behavior as described hereinbelow (hereinafter “non-legacy UEs”).

[0247] As described above, the base station may set a periodicity for the primary PRACH occasions by determining a frame repetition rate (e.g., N=1 , ... , 8) for the set of RACH slots providing the primary PRACH occasions. The base station may select different periodicities for the primary PRACH occasions for different cells. Additionally, the base station may adapt the periodicity for the primary PRACH occasions in the timedomain for a given cell.

[0248] Network energy saving (NES) for NR is a 3GPP working item that aims to increase network energy efficiency. As part of NES, a comprehensive set of network energy saving techniques in the time, frequency, spatial, and power domains are being investigated. Time domain techniques seek to create more idle opportunities in time for the base station so that it can enter a sleep mode more often to save energy. Specifically, one time domain technique includes reducing PRACH receptions by the base station by increasing the periodicity of PRACH occasions. In other words, the technique allows the base station to reduce its power consumption by configuring a larger periodicity for the primary PRACH occasions within a cell.

[0249] According to existing NR behavior, the periodicity for the primary PRACH occasions may be adapted in the time-domain by sending to the UE a system information (SI) message that increases / decreases the periodicity for the primary PRACH occasions. However, as the UE requires some time to enable an updated configuration (e.g., due to processing and decoding time to validate RRC messages), only a semi-static configuration of PRACH occasions may be supported by this approach, which may negatively impact UE experience, e.g., by increasing the access delay for random access, uplink synchronization, and beam failure recovery. For example, it can be anticipated that a sparsely distributed set of PRACH occasions, initially designed for energy conservation purposes, may struggle to accommodate simultaneous access demands of UEs when network load increases.

[0250] Recognizing the limitations of the existing SI update procedure for PRACH occasions, one of the agreements for the 3GPP Release 19 is support of dynamic PRACH adaptation in the time-domain. Specifically, what is desired is an approach that enables the base station to adapt PRACH occasions for a cell dynamically, e.g., based on actual network conditions in the cell (e.g., number of UEs, traffic load, downlink / uplink channel conditions, how deployment handles coverage performance, multi-beam usage, UE mobility, etc.). Such an approach would allow the base station to dynamically balance between energy saving (achieved by reducing PRACH receptions) and low access delay (achieved by increasing PRACH occasions) as a function of actual network conditions.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0251] FIG. 17 illustrates a proposed approach for dynamic PRACH adaptation in the time-domain. According to this proposed approach, in addition to configuring the primary PRACH occasions (or legacy PRACH occasions) for a given cell (where the primary PRACH occasions may be used by both legacy UEs and non-legacy UEs in the cell), the base station may configure additional PRACH occasions that may be used only by non-legacy UEs. The non-legacy UEs capable of using the additional PRACH occasions may be referred to as "NES-capable UEs” given that their support of the additional PRACH occasions allows the base station to achieve network energy saving. Hereinafter, , the additional PRACH occasions configured by the base station according to this approach are referred to as “secondary PRACH occasions” or “non-legacy PRACH occasions.”

[0252] In one method of operation, the base station may configure the primary PRACH occasions sparsely (e.g ., with a larger periodicity) and may activate or deactivate the configured secondary PRACH occasions dynamically. This is illustrated in FIG. 17, which shows a PRACH configuration 1702 and a PRACH configuration 1704. PRACH configuration 1702 corresponds to a conventional / legacy PRACH configuration, while PRACH configuration 1704 may be a PRACH configuration according to this method of operation. As shown, PRACH configuration 1702 includes only primary PRACH occasions, which are configured with a short periodicity (e.g., RACH slots occuring in every frame). The primary PRACH occasions are assumed to be activated / available upon configuration (and, generally, cannot be deactivated by the base station). Using this configuration, the base station monitors for PRACH receptions at a high frequency and may not benefit from idle opportunities to enter a sleep mode. Second PRACH configuration 1704 includes primary PRACH occasions configured sparsely (e.g., e.g., RACH slots occuring every 4thframe) and secondary PRACH occasions configured more densely than the primary PRACH occasions. In an implementation, the secondary PRACH occasions may be configured densely to allow for a wide range of activation configurations for the secondary PRACH occasions. Depending on network conditions, one or more of the secondary PRACH occasions may be activated or deactivated dynamically. For example, when network load decreases, the base station may deactivate some or all of the secondary PRACH occasions (or may stop monitoring some of the secondary PRACH occasions) and leverage the resulting idle opportunities to enter a sleep mode. In contrast, when network load increases, the base station may activate more of the secondary PRACH occasions to serve the load of non-legacy UEs (or may start monitoring more of the secondary PRACH occasions).

[0253] As described above, the base station may indicate PRACH configuration 1702 using a first PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach-Configurationlndex), which may be indicated via SIB1 or an RRC message to a UE. The first PRACH configuration index indicates a row / entry, in a table, that provides first PRACH information relating to PRACH configuration 1702. The first PRACH information may include a first period, a first slot position, a first symbol position, a first preamble format, a first subframe number, a first startingDocket No.: 24-1165PCT symbol, a first number of RACH slots within a subframe, a first number of PRACH occasions within a RACH slot, and / or a first PRACH duration, for example.

[0254] To support both connected mode UEs and idle / inactive mode UEs, the base station may also indicate PRACH configuration 1704 via SIB1 or an RRC message to a UE (e.g ., non-legacy UE or NES-capable UE) or may broadcast PRACH configuration 1704 as part of system information. In one implementation, the base station may indicate PRACH configuration 1704 using a first PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach- Configurationlndex) and a second PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach-Configurationlndex2 or prach- ConfigurationlndexNES). The first PRACH configuration index may indicate first PRACH information relating to the primary PRACH occasions of PRACH configuration 1704. The first PRACH information may be as described above for PRACH configuration 1702. The second PRACH configuration index may indicate second PRACH information relating to the secondary PRACH occasions of PRACH configuration 1704. The second PRACH information may include a second period, a second slot position, a second symbol position, a second preamble format, a second subframe number, a second starting symbol, a second number of RACH slots within a subframe, a second number of PRACH occasions within a RACH slot, and / or a second PRACH duration, for example Values of parameters of the second PRACH information may be identical to or different than values of parameters of the first PRACH information. Optionally, the base station may also indicate a first timing offset (e.g., a symbol-level, slot-level, subframe-level, or frame-level timing offset) for PRACH configuration 1704. A UE (e.g., non-legacy UE or NES-capable UE) may use the first timing offset together with the second PRACH information to locate the secondary PRACH occasions.

[0255] In another implementation, rather than indicating a second PRACH configuration index for PRACH configuration 1704, the base station may only indicate a scalar that may be used by a UE (e.g., non-legacy UE or NES-capable UE) to scale / adjust the values of parameters of the first PRACH information relating to the primary PRACH occasions (e.g., the first period) to obtain the values of corresponding parameters (e.g., the second period) of the second PRACH information relating to the secondary PRACH occasions. In a further implementation, the base station may, additionally or alternatively, indicate an additional timing offset (e.g., a symbol-level, slot-level, subframe-level, or frame-level timing offset) that may be used by a UE (e.g., non-legacy UE or NES-capable UE) to adjust the values of parameters (e.g., first slot position, first symbol position, first subframe number, first starting symbol) of the first PRACH information relating to the primary PRACH occasions to obtain the values of corresponding parameters (e.g., second slot position, second symbol position, second subframe number, second starting symbol) of the second PRACH information relating to the secondary PRACH occasions.

[0256] For flexible adaptation of PRACH resources, in one approach, the base station may configure (e.g., via SIB1 or RRC) a list of PRACH configurations for the secondary PRACH occasions. For example, the base station may indicate a list of PRACH configuration indexes for the secondary PRACH occasions, withDocket No.: 24-1165PCT each PRACH configuration index indicating a respective PRACH configuration (with respective PRACH information) for the secondary PRACH occasions. The base station may enable / indicate / activate a PRACH configuration from the list of PRACH configurations by DCI. Within the enabled / indicated / activated PRACH configuration, the base station may activate / deactivate individual PRACH occasions of the PRACH configuration dynamically as described above. Based on network conditions, the base station may disable / deactivate the enabled PRACH configuration and enable a different PRACH configuration from the list of PRACH configurations.

[0257] FIG. 18 shows an example 1800 of dynamic activation / deactivation of secondary PRACH occasions within a cell according to the proposed approach illustrated in FIG. 17. As shown in FIG. 18, PRACH configuration for the cell includes a first PRACH configuration for the primary PRACH occasions and a second PRACH configuration for the secondary PRACH occasions. As mentioned above, legacy UEs within the cell may use only the primary PRACH occasions, whereas non-legacy UEs (e.g., NES-capable UEs) within the cell may use both the primary PRACH occasions and, if activated / available, the secondary PRACH occasions.

[0258] In example 1800, the primary PRACH occasions are configured sparsely (e.g., with a large periodicity). The secondary PRACH occasions are configured with the same periodicity as the primary PRACH occasions but with a larger density (e.g., within a given PRACH occasion period / cycle, there are twice as many secondary PRACH occasions than primary PRACH occasions). At the beginning of example 1800 (e.g., in a first PRACH occasion / cycle of example 1800), the configured secondary PRACH occasions are deactivated by the base station and / or are not available for use. As such, both legacy UEs and nonlegacy UEs contend for the configured primary PRACH occasions for random access.

[0259] In an example, the base station may determine that the configured primary PRACH occasions are not sufficient to handle the random access load of the cell (e.g., the base station may determine an increased random access latency within the cell). As such, the base station may determine to activate some or all of the configured (inactive / unavailable / deactivated) secondary PRACH occasions. In example 1800, the base station may activate some or all of the configured secondary PRACH occasions by transmitting a DC1 1802 (e.g., DCI format 2_7, DCI format 2_9, paging DC1 1 -0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating activation of some or all of the configured secondary PRACH occasions. On activation of some or all of the configured secondary PRACH occasions, non-legacy UEs may begin to use the secondary PRACH occasions for random access. This reduces random access latency within the cell.

[0260] Subsequently, the base station may determine that the random access load of the cell has dropped below a threshold and / or that there is need to conserve energy at the base station. As such, the base station may determine to deactivate some or all of the configured (active) secondary PRACH occasions. In example 1800, the base station may deactivate some or all of the configured activated / available secondary PRACHDocket No.: 24-1165PCT occasions by transmitting a DCI 1804 (e.g., DCI format 2_7, DCI format 2_9, paging DCI 1 -0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating deactivation of some or all of the configured secondary PRACH occasions. On deactivation of some or all of the configured secondary PRACH occasions, non-legacy UEs may return to using the primary PRACH occasions for random access. The base station may stop monitoring the deactivated secondary PRACH occasions and may enter a sleep mode during the idle opportunities corresponding to the deactivated secondary PRACH occasions.

[0261] As described above, according to existing NR, a UE may be configured by RRC with a consistent LBT failure detection and recovery procedure. In particular, RRC configures the UE via an LBT failure recovery configuration (Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) with an LBT failure instance maximum count (Ibt- FailurelnstanceMaxCount) and an LBT failure detection timer (Jbt-FaiiureDetectionTimer). A MAC entity of the UE detects consistent LBT failure per uplink BWP by counting LBT failure indications, for all uplink transmissions, received from the lower layers (e.g., PHY layer) of the UE. For this purpose, the UE maintains / uses an LBT counter (LBT_COUNTER) per serving cell for counting LBT failure indications. The LBT counter is initially set to 0. For each activated serving cell configured with an LBT failure recovery configuration (Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig), the MAC entity of the UE is configured to, if an LBT failure indication is received from the lower layers, start or restart the LBT failure detection timer (Ibt- FailureDetectionTimer},' and increment the LBT counter LBT_COUNTER) by 1 . If the LBT counterLBT_COUNTER) is greater than or equal to the LBT failure instance maximum count (Ibt- FailurelnstanceMaxCount), the MAC entity triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP in the serving cell.

[0262] If the serving cell is a special cell (SpCell), on triggering consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, the MAC entity stops any ongoing random-access procedure in the serving cell; switches the active uplink BWP to an UL BWP, on the same carrier in the serving cell, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered; and initiates a random-access procedure (on the uplink BWP (or the new active uplink BWP)). If consistent LBT failure has been triggered in all uplink BWPs configured with PRACH occasions on the same carrier in the serving cell (which is an SpCell), the MAC entity indicates consistent LBT failure to upper layers (e.g., RLC layer, RRC layer) of the UE. This procedure is illustrated in FIG. 19, which shows an example 1900 in which a UE is configured with uplink BWPs 1902, 1904, 1906, and 1908 on a same carrier for the serving cell (an SpCell). PRACH occasions are configured per uplink BWP for the cell. For example, as shown in FIG. 19, primary PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWPs 1902, 1904, and 1908 and no PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWP 1906.

[0263] Example 1900 begins with uplink BWP 1902 as the active uplink BWP. At a time instant ti , the MAC entity of the UE triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e , uplink BWP 1902. As described above, consistent LBT failure may be triggered when the LBT counter is greater than or equal to the LBTDocket No.: 24-1165PCT failure instance maximum count On triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 1902, the MAC entity of the UE stops any ongoing random-access procedure in the serving cell and switches the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the same carrier, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. In example 1900, the MAC entity of the UE switches the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 1904, which is configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. The MAC entity then initiates a random-access procedure on the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 1904.

[0264] Subsequently, at a time instant t2, the MAC entity of the UE triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 1904. On triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 1904, the MAC entity of the UE stops any ongoing random-access procedure in the serving cell and switches the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the same carrier, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. As no PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWP 1906 and as consistent LBT failure has been triggered for uplink BWP 1902, the MAC entity of the UE switches the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 1908, which is configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. The MAC entity then initiates a random-access procedure on the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 1908.

[0265] Subsequently, at a time instant ts, the MAC entity of the UE triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 1908. With consistent LBT failure now triggered in all uplink BWPs configured with PRACH occasions (i.e., uplink BWPs 1902, 1904, and 1908), the MAC entity of the UE indicates consistent LBT failure to the upper layers (e.g ., RLC layer, RRC layer) of the UE.

[0266] Problems however may arise with the above-described existing consistent LBT failure recovery procedure when an uplink BWP is configured with secondary PRACH occasions (i.e., non-legacy PRACH occasions) but is not configured with primary PRACH occasions (i.e., legacy PRACH occasions). Such a configuration may be used for example in a cell serving only non-legacy UEs (or NES-capable UEs) or in a secondary cell (SCell). A first problem is illustrated in FIG. 20, which shows an example 2000 in which a UE is configured with uplink BWPs 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 on a first carrier (e.g., NUL, SUL) for the serving cell (an SpCell). Primary PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWPs 2002 and 2004, no PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWP 2006, and secondary PRACH occasions only are configured for uplink BWP 2008.

[0267] Example 2000 begins with uplink BWP 2002 as the active uplink BWP. At a time instant ti , the MAC entity of the UE triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2002. As described above, consistent LBT failure may be triggered when the LBT counter is greater than or equal to the LBT failure instance maximum count On triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2002, the MAC entity of the UE stops any ongoing random-access procedure in the serving cell and switches the active uplink BWPDocket No.: 24-1165PCT to an uplink BWP, on the first carrier, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. In example 2000, the MAC entity of the UE switches the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2004, which is configured with primary PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. The MAC entity then initiates a random-access procedure on the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2004.

[0268] Subsequently, at a time instant t2, the MAC entity of the UE triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2004. On triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2004, the MAC entity of the UE stops any ongoing random-access procedure in the serving cell and switches the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the first carrier, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. As no PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWP 2006 and as consistent LBT failure has been triggered for uplink BWP 2002, the MAC entity of the UE switches the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2008, which is configured with secondary PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. The MAC entity then initiates a random-access procedure on the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2008. In example 2000, however, uplink BWP 2008 is configured with secondary PRACH occasions only, and at time instant t2 (or shortly thereafter) the secondary PRACH occasions are not activated (or are not available for use). For example, the secondary PRACH occasions may correspond to secondary PRACH occasions that were deactivated by the base station to reduce PRACH receptions by the base station for network energy saving purposes. As such, the MAC entity may fail to initiate the random-access procedure on uplink BWP 2008 for the consistent LBT failure recovery procedure. With no other uplink BWPs to switch to under the LBT failure recovery procedure (consistent LBT failure triggered for all other uplink BWPs configured with PRACH occasions), the UE may re-attempt initiation of the random-access procedure on uplink BWP 2008. This, however, may not be successful as long as the secondary PRACH occasions configured for uplink BWP 2008 are not activated and may result in the UE uselessly consuming energy / processing resources without the MAC entity of the UE being able to complete the consistent LBT failure recovery procedure (or indicate consistent LBT failure to the upper layers).

[0269] FIG. 21 illustrates a second problem which may arise in the existing LBT failure recovery procedure when an uplink BWP is configured with only secondary PRACH occasions. As shown in FIG. 21 , example 2100 includes a UE configured with uplink BWPs 2102, 2104, 2106, and 2108 on a first carrier for the serving cell (an SpCell). Primary PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWPs 2102 and 2104, no PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWP 2106, and secondary PRACH occasions only are configured for uplink BWP 2108.

[0270] Example 2100 begins with uplink BWP 2102 as the active uplink BWP. At a time instant ti , the MAC entity of the UE triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e , uplink BWP 2102. As described above, consistent LBT failure may be triggered when the LBT counter is greater than or equal to the LBTDocket No.: 24-1165PCT failure instance maximum count On triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2102, the MAC entity of the UE stops any ongoing random-access procedure in the serving cell and switches the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the first carrier, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. In example 2100, the MAC entity of the UE switches the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2104, which is configured with primary PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. The MAC entity then initiates a random-access procedure on the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2104.

[0271] Subsequently, at a time instant t2, the MAC entity of the UE triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2104. On triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2104, the MAC entity of the UE stops any ongoing random-access procedure in the serving cell and switches the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the first carrier, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. As no PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWP 2106 and as consistent LBT failure has been triggered for uplink BWP 2102, the MAC entity of the UE can only switch the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2108, which is configured with secondary PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. In example 2100, however, uplink BWP 2008 is configured with secondary PRACH occasions only, and at time instant t2 (or shortly thereafter) the secondary PRACH occasions are not activated (or are not available for use). In an implementation (e.g., to avoid the first problem described above), the MAC entity of the UE may be configured to not switch the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP configured with only secondary PRACH occasions when those secondary PRACH occasions are not activated / available. As such, in example 2100, after triggering the consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2104, the MAC entity of the UE may not switch the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2108 and, as such, may have no uplink BWP to which the active uplink BWP can be switched in accordance with the existing LBT failure recovery procedure. At the same time, as consistent LBT failure has not yet been triggered for all uplink BWPs configured with PRACH occasions on the first carrier for the cell, the MAC entity of the UE may not indicate consistent LBT failure to upper layers of the UE and thus may not finish the existing LBT failure recovery procedure. In an implementation, the UE may be configured to wait for activation of the secondary PRACH occasions configured for uplink BWP 2008 to switch the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2008. This, however, may delay completion by the MAC entity of the UE of the consistent LBT failure recovery procedure (or indication by the MAC entity of the UE of consistent LBT failure to the upper layers).

[0272] Embodiments of the present disclosure, as further described below, address the above-described problem of existing technologies. In an aspect, a wireless device receives one or more messages comprising one or more configuration parameters of a cell, where the one or more configuration parameters indicate: one or more secondary PRACH occasions for a first uplink BWP of the cell; and no primary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP. The wireless device triggers a first consistent LBT failure for an active uplink BWPDocket No.: 24-1165PCT of the cell. In an embodiment, based on the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP being acti vated / available, the wireless device may switch the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP. With the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP activated, the wireless device may successfully initiate a random-access procedure on the first uplink BWP for the LBT failure recovery procedure. In another embodiment, based on the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP being not acti vated / available, the wireless device may not switch the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP. In another aspect, the wireless device may be configured to indicate a consistent LBT failure to upper layers (e.g., RLC layer, RRC layer) of the wireless device based on triggering a consistent LBT failure for: each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured with one or more primary PRACH occasions; and each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured only with one or more secondary PRACH occasions and which secondary PRACH occasions are acti vated / avai lable . As such, the wireless device may indicate consistent LBT failure to the upper layers of the wireless device (and complete the LBT failure recovery procedure) without considering an uplink BWP through which a random-access procedure may not be initiated. This allows the wireless device to conserve its energy / processing resources for performing the LBT consistent failure recovery procedure as well as to complete the LBT consistent failure recovery procedure faster.

[0273] FIG. 22 shows an example 2200 that illustrates an aspect according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Example 2200 is provided for the purpose of illustration only and is not limiting of embodiments of the present disclosure As shown in FIG. 22, example 2200 includes a wireless device configured with uplink BWPs 2202, 2204, 2206, and 2208 on a first carrier for a serving cell. The wireless device may comprise a UE. The UE may comprise a reduced-capability (RedCap) UE, a non-legacy UE, or an NES- capable UE, for example. The first carrier may comprise a normal uplink (NUL) carrier or a supplementary uplink (SUL) carrier. The serving cell may be an SCell or an SpCell. In example 2200, primary PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWPs 2202 and 2204 and secondary PRACH occasions only are configured for uplink BWPs 2206 and 2208.

[0274] In an embodiment, the wireless device may receive one or more messages (e.g., SIB1 , RRC) comprising one or more configuration messages. In an embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters indicate the primary PRACH occasions configured for uplink BWPs 2202 and 2204 and the secondary PRACH occasions configured for uplink BWPs 2206 and 2208.

[0275] In an embodiment, for uplink BWP 2202 (or uplink BWP 2204), the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric) indicate / comprise a first PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach- Configurationlndex} indicating first PRACH information for the primary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2202 (or uplink BWP 2204). The first PRACH information may include a first period (e.g., PRACH period, PRACH configuration period), a first slot position, a first symbol position, a first preamble format, a firstDocket No.: 24-1165PCT subframe number, a first starting symbol, a first number of RACH slots within a subframe, a first number of PRACH occasions within a RACH slot, and / or a first PRACH duration, for example. In another embodiment, for uplink BWP 2202 (or uplink BWP 2204), the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH- ConfigGeneric) comprise a parameter (e.g., RACH-config-enable, RACH-config-presence) indicating that the primary PRACH occasions are configured for uplink BWP 2202 (or uplink BWP 2204).

[0276] In an embodiment, for uplink BWP 2206 (or uplink BWP 2208), the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric, RACH-ConfigGenericNES) indicate / comprise a second PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach-Configurationlndex2, prach-ConfigurationlndexNES) indicating second PRACH information for the secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2206 (or uplink BWP 2208). In an embodiment, the second PRACH configuration index indicates a row / entry, in a table, that provides the second PRACH information. The second PRACH information may include a second period (e.g., PRACH period, PRACH configuration period), a second slot position, a second symbol position, a second preamble format, a second subframe number, a second starting symbol, a second number of RACH slots within a subframe, a second number of PRACH occasions within a RACH slot, and / or a second PRACH duration, for example.

[0277] In an embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters indicate no primary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2206 (or uplink BWP 2208) based on the one or more configuration parameters not indicating / comprising a first PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach-Configurationlndex) that configures primary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2206 (or uplink BWP 2208). In another embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters indicate no primary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2206 (or uplink BWP 2208) based on the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric) comprising a parameter (e.g., RACH-config-enable, RACH-config-presence) indicating that the primary PRACH occasions / resources are not configured for uplink BWP 2206 (or uplink BWP 2208).

[0278] In an embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters comprise an LBT failure recovery configuration (e.g., Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) for / of the cell. In an embodiment, the LBT failure recovery configuration comprises / indicates an LBT failure instance maximum count (Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount) and an LBT failure detection timer (Ibt-FailureDetectionTimer). The wireless device may use the LBT failure recovery configuration to detect consistent LBT failure per uplink BWP

[0279] In example 2200, after receiving the one or more messages comprising the one or more configuration parameters that configure the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2206, the wireless device may receive a first control message (e.g., RRC message, MAC-CE, DCI format 2_7, DCI format 2_9, DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating activation / availability of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2206. In an embodiment, the one or more messages (comprising the one or more configuration parameters) comprise the first control message. In contrast, afterDocket No.: 24-1165PCT receiving the one or more messages comprising the one or more configuration parameters that configure the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2208, the wireless device may not receive a control message (e.g., RRC message, MAC-CE, DCI format 2_7, DCI format 2_9, DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating activation / availability of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2208. As such, the secondary PRACH occasions may not be activated / available in example 2200. Alternatively, after receiving the one or more messages comprising the one or more configuration parameters that configure the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2208, the wireless device may receive a first control message (e.g., RRC message, MAC-CE, DCI format 2_7, DCI format 2_9, DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating activation / availability of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2208, followed by a second control message e.g., RRC message, MAC-CE, DCI format 2_7 , DCI format 2_9, DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating deactivation / unavailability of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2208. As such, the secondary PRACH occasions may not be activated / available in example 2200.

[0280] Returning to FIG. 22, example 2200 begins with uplink BWP 2202 as the active uplink BWP. At a time instant ti , the wireless device (via the MAC entity of the wireless device) triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2202. Asdescribed above, consistent LBT failure may be triggered when the LBT counter is greater than or equal to the LBT failure instance maximum count. In an embodiment, the cell is the SpCell. As such, on triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2202, the wireless device may be configured to stop any ongoing random-access procedure in the cell and to switch the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the first carrier, configured with PRACH occasions and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. In an embodiment, the uplink BWP to which the wireless may switch the active uplink BWP may be (in addition to being an uplink BWP for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered) an uplink BWP configured with primary PRACH occasions (and, optionally, with secondary PRACH occasions) or an uplink BWP configured with only secondary PRACH occasions with the secondary PRACH occasions activated / available at the time of switching of the active uplink BWP. Accordingly, in example 2200, with the secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2208 being not activated / available, the wireless device may switch the active uplink BWP from uplink BWP 2202 to either uplink BWP 2204 or uplink BWP 2206 (which secondary PRACH occasions are activated / available). In example 2200, the wireless device switches the active uplink BWP from uplink BWP 2202 to uplink BWP 2204. The wireless device then initiates a random-access procedure on the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2204.

[0281] Subsequently, at a time instant t2, the wireless device (via the MAC entity of the wireless device) triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2204. In an embodiment, the cell is the SpCell. As such, as explained above, on triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2204, the wireless device may be configured to stop any ongoing random-access procedure in the cell and to switchDocket No.: 24-1165PCT the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the first carrier: configured with primary PRACH occasions or with only secondary PRACH occasions on condition that the second PRACH occasions are activated / available; and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. In example 2200, with consistent LBT failure having been already triggered for uplink BWP 2202 and with the secondary PRACH occasions for uplink BWP 2208 being not activated / available, the wireless device may not switch the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2202 or uplink BWP 2208. However, with the secondary PRACH occasions configured for uplink BWP 2206 being activated / available, the wireless device may switch the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2206. The wireless device may then initiate a random-access procedure via (the secondary PRACH occasions of) uplink BWP 2206 to complete the LBT failure recovery procedure. With the secondary PRACH occasions of uplink BWP 2206 being activated / available, the wireless device may successfully initiate the random-access procedure on uplink BWP 2206. In an embodiment, initiating the random-access procedure via uplink BWP 2206 comprises transmitting, for the random-access procedure and via uplink BWP 2206, a random-access preamble to the base station.

[0282] Subsequently, at a time instant ts, the wireless device (via the MAC entity of the wireless device) triggers consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP, i.e., uplink BWP 2206. In an embodiment, the serving cell is the SpCell. As such, as explained above, on triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2206, the wireless device may be configured to stop any ongoing random-access procedure in the cell and to switch the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on the first carrier: configured with primary PRACH occasions or with only secondary PRACH occasions on condition that the second PRACH occasions are activated / available; and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered. In example 2200, with consistent LBT failure already triggered for uplink BWPs 2202 and 2204, the wireless device may not switch the active uplink BWP to uplink BWPs 2202 and 2204. Additionally, with the secondary PRACH occasions of uplink BWP 2208 being not activated / available, the wireless device does not switch the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2008. By not switching the active uplink BWP to uplink BWP 2008, the wireless device avoids running into the first problem described above, including being unable to initiate the random-access procedure for the consistent LBT failure recovery procedure and to complete the consistent LBT failure recovery procedure.

[0283] In an embodiment, illustrated in example 2300 of FIG 23, the wireless device may be configured to indicate consistent LBT failure to the upper layers (e.g., RLC layer, RRC layer) of the wireless device based on triggering a consistent LBT failure in: each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured with one or more primary PRACH occasions (and, optionally, one or more secondary PRACH occasions); and each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured only with one or more secondary PRACH occasions and which secondary PRACH occasions are activated / available. Accordingly, in example 2300, based on triggering consistent LBT failure for uplink BWP 2206 at time instant ts (the only uplink BWP configured only with secondary PRACH occasionsDocket No.: 24-1165PCT that are activated at time instant ts) (and with consistent LBT failure already triggered for uplink BWPs 2202 and 2204 configured with PRACH occasions), the wireless device indicates consistent LBT failure to the upper layers of the device. In other words, despite consistent LBT failure not having been triggered for all uplink BWPs configured with PRACH occasions on the first carrier for the cell, the wireless device may indicate consistent LBT failure to the upper layers of the wireless device and may finish the LBT failure recovery procedure. This allows the wireless device to avoid the second problem described above, including being delayed completing the consistent LBT failure recovery procedure (or indicating consistent LBT failure to the upper layers).

[0284] In an embodiment, based on receiving the indication of consistent LBT failure, the upper layers of the wireless device detect a radio link failure. The upper layers may set a cause of the radio link failure (e g., rlf-Cause) to / as an LBT failure (e.g., IbtFaiiure). The wireless device may then transmit an RLF report to the base station indicating the cause of the RLF is consistent LBT failure.

[0285] FIG. 24 illustrates an example process 2400 according to an embodiment. Example process 2400 may be performed by a wireless device. The wireless device may comprise a UE. The UE may be The LIE may comprise a reduced-capability (RedCap) UE, a non-legacy UE, or an NES-capable UE, for example. As shown in FIG. 24, example process 2400 may include steps 2402, 2404, and 2406.

[0286] Step 2402 includes receiving, by the wireless device, one or more messages comprising one or more configuration parameters of a cell. In an embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters indicate one or more secondary PRACH occasions for a first uplink BWP of the cell; and no primary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP. In an embodiment, the cell may be a serving cell. The serving cell may be an SpCell or an SCell.

[0287] In an embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters indicate no primary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP based on: the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric) not comprising a first PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach-Configurationlndex) that configures primary PRACH occasions; or the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric) comprising a parameter (e.g., RACH-config-enable, RACH-config-presence) indicating that the primary PRACH occasions / resources are not configured for the first uplink BWP.

[0288] In an embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters comprise an LBT failure recovery configuration (e.g., Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig) for / of the cell. The LBT failure recovery configuration may be used, by the wireless device, for detection of consistent LBT failure on the active uplink BWP of the cell.

[0289] Step 2404 includes triggering a first consistent LBT failure for an active uplink BWP in / of the cell. In an embodiment, where the cell is the SpCell, process 2400 may further comprise stopping an ongoing random-access procedure based on the triggering of the first consistent LBT failureDocket No.: 24-1165PCT

[0290] Step 2406 includes switching the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP. In an embodiment, the switching of the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP is based on the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP being activated / available.

[0291] In an embodiment, process 2400 may further comprise receiving a first control message (e.g., RRC message, MAC-CE, DCI format 2_7, DCI format 2_9, DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating activation / availability of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP. In an embodiment, the one or more messages comprise the first control message.

[0292] In an embodiment, process 2400 may further comprise, e.g., after switching the active uplink BWP to the first uplink BWP, initiating, via the first uplink BWP, a random-access procedure. In an embodiment, the initiating, via the first uplink BWP, of the random-access procedure comprises transmitting, for the random-access procedure and via the first uplink BWP, a random-access preamble.

[0293] In an embodiment, process 2400 may further comprise based on receiving an LBT failure indication from a physical layer of the wireless device: starting or restarting an LBT failure detection timer (e.g., Ibt- FailureDetectionTimer) indicated by the one or more configuration parameters; and incrementing an LBT counter (e g., LBT_COUNTER) by one. In an embodiment, the triggering of the first consistent LBT failure in step 2404 is based on the LBT counter being equal to or greater than a maximum count of LBT failure instances (e.g., Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCounf). In an embodiment, the maximum count of LBT failure instances is indicated by the one or more configuration parameters.

[0294] In an embodiment, process 2400 may further comprise, e.g., after step 2406, receiving a second control message (e.g., RRC message, MAC-CE, DCI format 2_7, DCI format 2_9, DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI) indicating deactivation / unavailability of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP; triggering a second consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP in / of the cell; and not switching the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP for the second consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP. In an embodiment, not switching of the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP is based on the one or more secondary PRACH occasions being deactivated / unavailable.

[0295] In an embodiment, process 2400 may further comprise indicating consistent LBT failure to an upper layer (e.g., RLC layer, RRC layer) of the wireless device based on triggering a consistent LBT failure in: each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured with one or more primary PRACH occasions; and each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured only with one or more secondary PRACH occasions that are active / activated / available.

[0296] In an embodiment, an uplink BWP of the cell is configured with one or more primary PRACH occasions based on: the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigGenenc) comprising a first PRACH configuration index (e.g., prach-Configurationlndex) for the uplink BWP; or the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigGeneric) comprising a parameter (e.g., RACH-config-enable,Docket No.: 24-1165PCTRACH-config-presence) indicating that the primary PRACH occasions / resources are configured for the uplink BWP.

[0297] In an embodiment, process 2400 may further comprise detecting, by the upper layer of the wireless device, a radio link failure based on receiving an indication of the consistent LBT failure. In an embodiment, process 2400 may further comprise setting a cause of the radio link failure (e.g., rlf-Cause) to / as an LBT failure (e.g., IbtFailure).

[0298] In an embodiment, a MAC entity of a wireless device may be configured, by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig in RRC, with a consistent LBT failure recovery procedure. A consistent LBT failure may be detected, by the wireless device, per UL BWP by counting LBT failure indications, for all UL transmissions, from a lower layer of the wireless device (e.g., physical layer) to the MAC entity.

[0299] The RRC may configure / indicate, for the consistent LBT failure detection, a higher layer parameter Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount in the higher layer parameter Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig. The RRC may configure / indicate, for the consistent LBT failure detection, a higher layer parameter Ibt- FailureDetectionTimerm the higher layer parameter Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig.

[0300] A variable named LBT_COUNTER (per serving cell) which is a counter for LBT failure indication that is initially set to 0 may be used, by the wireless device, for the consistent LBT failure detection.

[0301] For an activated serving cell configured with Ibt-FailureRecoveryConfig, the MAC entity may:1> if LBT failure indication has been received from the lower layer:2> start or restart Ibt-FailureDetectionTimer,2> increment LBT_COUNTER by 1 ;2> if LBT_COUNTER > Ibt-FailurelnstanceMaxCount'.3> trigger consistent LBT failure for an active uplink BWP of an uplink carrier (e.g., SUL, NUL) in the serving cell;3> if the serving cell is an SpCell:4> if consistent LBT failure has been triggered in all uplink BWPs configured with PRACH occasions on the same uplink carrier in the serving cell, except uplink BWP(s), if any, configured only with additional PRACH occasions / resources (or prach-Configurationlndex2 or RACH-ConfigGenericNES is configured only) that are not available / active / activated:5> indicate consistent LBT failure to an upper layer (e.g., RRC) of the wireless device.4> else:5> stop any ongoing random access procedure in the serving cell;5> switch the active uplink BWP to an uplink BWP, on same uplink carrier in the serving cell, configured with PRACH occasion [indicated / determined / configured by / with prach-Configurationlndex or RACH-Docket No.: 24-1165PCTConfigGeneric)], or configured only with additional PRACH occasions / resources (or prach- Configurationlndex2, prach-ConfigurationlndexNES or RACH-ConfigGenericNES is configured only) that are available / active / activated and for which consistent LBT failure has not been triggered;5> initiate a random access Procedure on the uplink BWP.

Claims

Docket No.: 24-1165PCTCLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more messages comprising one or more configuration parameters of a cell, wherein the one or more configuration parameters indicate: one or more secondary physical random-access channel (PRACH) occasions for a first uplink bandwidth part (BWP) of the cell; and no primary PRACH occasion for the first uplink BWP; receiving a control message indicating activation of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP; based on triggering a consistent listen-before-talk (LBT) failure for an active uplink BWP of the cell, switching the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP with the one or more secondary PRACH occasions being activated; and initiating, via the first uplink BWP, a random-access procedure.

2. A method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more messages comprising one or more configuration parameters of a cell, wherein the one or more configuration parameters indicate: one or more secondary physical random-access channel (PRACH) occasions for a first uplink bandwidth part (BWP) of the cell; and no primary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP; triggering a first consistent listen-before-talk (LBT) failure for an active uplink BWP of the cell; and switching the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the switching of the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP is based on the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP being activate.

4. The method of any of claims 2-3, further comprising receiving a first control message indicating activation of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the one or more messages comprise the first control message.

6. The method of any of claims 2-5, further comprising initiating, via the first uplink BWP, a random-access procedure.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the initiating, via the first uplink BWP, of the random-access procedure comprises transmitting, for the random-access procedure and via the first uplink BWP, a random-access preamble.

8. The method of any of claims 2-7, further comprising:Docket No.: 24-1165PCT receiving a second control message indicating deactivation of the one or more secondary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP; triggering a second consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP of the cell; and not switching the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP for the second consistent LBT failure for the active uplink BWP.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the not switching of the active uplink BWP of the cell to the first uplink BWP is based on the one or more secondary PRACH occasions being deactivated.

10. The method of any of claims 2-9, wherein the one or more configuration parameters indicate no primary PRACH occasions for the first uplink BWP based on: the one or more configuration parameters not comprising a first PRACH configuration index that configures primary PRACH occasions; or the one or more configuration parameters comprising a parameter indicating that the primary PRACH occasions are not configured for the first uplink BWP.

11. The method of any of claims 2-10, wherein the one or more configuration parameters comprise an LBT failure recovery configuration for the cell.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the LBT failure recovery configuration is used, by the wireless device, for detection of consistent LBT failure on the active uplink BWP.

13. The method of any of claims 2-12, further comprising based on receiving an LBT failure indication from a physical layer of the wireless device: starting or restarting an LBT failure detection timer indicated by the one or more configuration parameters; and incrementing an LBT counter by one.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the triggering of the first consistent LBT failure is based on the LBT counter being equal to or greater than a maximum count of LBT failure instances.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the maximum count of LBT failure instances is indicated by the one or more configuration parameters.

16. The method of any of claims 2-15, wherein the cell is a special cell (SpCell).

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising stopping an ongoing random-access procedure based on the triggering of the first consistent LBT failure.

18. The method of any of claims 2-17, further comprising indicating consistent LBT failure to an upper layer of the wireless device based on triggering a consistent LBT failure in: each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured with one or more primary PRACH occasions; and each uplink BWP, of the cell, configured only with one or more secondary PRACH occasions that are activated.Docket No.: 24-1165PCT19. The method of claim 18, wherein an uplink BWP of the cell is configured with one or more primary PRACH occasions based on: the one or more configuration parameters comprising a first PRACH configuration index for the uplink BWP; or the one or more configuration comprising a parameter indicating that the primary PRACH occasions are configured for the uplink BWP.

20. The method of any of claims 18-19, further comprising detecting, by the upper layer of the wireless device, a radio link failure based on receiving an indication of the consistent LBT failure.21 . The method of claim 20, further comprising setting a cause of the radio link failure as an LBT failure.

22. The method of any of claims 2-21 , wherein the wireless device comprises a reduced-capability (RedCap) user-equipment (UE).

23. A wireless device comprising: one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to perform a method according to any of claims 1 -22.

24. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform a method according to any of claims 1- 22.

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