Method performed by device, apparatus, and storage medium

Abstract

Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for performing same, the method comprising the steps of: acquiring information about a surrounding environment on the basis of a radar sensor; generating an environment model for beam management on the basis of the acquired information; adjusting a beam on the basis of the environment model; and applying the adjusted beam so as to transmit a signal to a terminal, wherein the environment model includes information about at least one from among objects detected through the radar sensor and a predicted location and movement path of the terminal.

Description

Methods, devices and storage media performed by devices

[0001] This specification relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method and device for performing wireless communication between terminals or base stations in a wireless communication system.

[0002] Various devices and technologies, such as machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, machine-type communication (MTC), and smartphones and tablet PCs (personal computers) that require high data transmission rates, are emerging and becoming widespread. Consequently, the amount of data required to be processed on cellular networks is rapidly increasing. To meet this rapidly increasing data processing demand, technologies such as carrier aggregation and cognitive radio are being developed to efficiently utilize more frequency bands, while multi-antenna technology and multi-BS cooperation technology are being developed to increase the data capacity transmitted within a limited frequency range.

[0003] As more and more communication devices demand greater capacity, the need for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) communications is emerging, surpassing legacy radio access technology (RAT). Furthermore, massive machine type communication (mMTC), which connects multiple devices and objects to provide diverse services anytime, anywhere, is a key issue to be considered in next-generation communications.

[0004] Additionally, discussions are underway on communication systems designed to accommodate reliability- and latency-sensitive services and user equipment (UE). The introduction of next-generation wireless access technologies is being discussed, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), mMTC, and ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC).

[0005] 6G mobile communication systems are being developed based on the foundational technologies of 5G mobile communication. 6G mobile communication systems require approximately tenfold improvement in all key performance indicators (KPIs), including data transmission speed, spectrum efficiency, latency, and available user density, compared to 5G.

[0006] The technical problem to be achieved in the present disclosure is to provide a method for efficiently performing beam management in a wireless communication system and a device therefor.

[0007] The technical problems to be achieved in the present disclosure are not limited to the technical problems mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned can be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the technical field related to the present specification from the detailed description below.

[0008] A method performed by a base station according to one embodiment includes a step of acquiring information about a surrounding environment based on a radar sensor, a step of generating an environment model for beam management based on the acquired information, a step of adjusting a beam based on the environment model, and a step of transmitting a signal to a terminal by applying the adjusted beam.

[0009] The environment model may include information about at least one of objects detected by the radar sensor and the predicted location and movement path of the terminal.

[0010] In one embodiment, the step of adjusting the beam may include the step of adjusting the beam based on an environmental model, without beam reporting performed by the terminal.

[0011] According to one embodiment, the step of adjusting the beam may include the step of setting an initial beam based on an environment model, and the step of transmitting a signal to the terminal may include the step of establishing an RRC (Radio Resource Configuration) connection with the terminal by applying the set initial beam.

[0012] A method according to one embodiment may further include the steps of updating information about a surrounding environment based on a radar sensor, updating an environment model based on the updated information, and readjusting a beam based on the updated environment model.

[0013] The step of readjusting the beam according to one embodiment may include the step of readjusting the beam based on the updated environment model without Channel State Information (CSI) reporting performed by the terminal.

[0014] The step of obtaining information about the surrounding environment according to one embodiment may include the step of detecting the terminal and objects located in an area adjacent to the terminal, and the step of obtaining information about at least one of the position, angle, and movement speed of the terminal and objects.

[0015] The step of adjusting the beam according to one embodiment may include the step of adjusting at least one of the direction, width, and power of the beam.

[0016] The step of generating an environment model according to one embodiment may include a step of predicting future locations of the terminal and the objects based on current speed and direction information of the terminal and the objects, and a step of generating an environment model based on the prediction result.

[0017] The step of predicting future locations of terminals and objects according to one embodiment may include a step of predicting future locations of terminals and objects using machine learning.

[0018] The method according to one embodiment may further include a step of performing communication with the terminal by applying a preset beam or a previously used beam based on whether the quality of the adjusted beam is below a threshold level.

[0019] According to one embodiment, a base station includes at least one transceiver, a processor connected to the at least one transceiver, and at least one memory configured to store instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the base station to perform operations, wherein the operations include acquiring information about a surrounding environment based on a radar sensor, generating an environment model for beam management based on the acquired information, adjusting a beam based on the environment model, and applying the adjusted beam to transmit a signal to a terminal, wherein the environment model may include information about at least one of objects detected through the radar sensor and a predicted position and movement path of the terminal.

[0020] At least one non-transitory computer-readable medium according to one embodiment includes instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform operations, wherein the operations include: acquiring information about a surrounding environment based on a radar sensor; generating an environment model for beam management based on the acquired information; adjusting a beam based on the environment model; and applying the adjusted beam to transmit a signal to a terminal, wherein the environment model may include information about at least one of objects detected through the radar sensor and a predicted position and movement path of the terminal.

[0021] A processing device for controlling a base station according to one embodiment includes at least one processor, and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions that perform operations when executed by the at least one processor, wherein the operations include obtaining information about a surrounding environment based on a radar sensor, generating an environment model for beam management based on the obtained information, adjusting a beam based on the environment model, and applying the adjusted beam to transmit a signal to a terminal, wherein the environment model may include information about at least one of objects detected through the radar sensor and a predicted position and movement path of the terminal.

[0022] The above problem solving methods are only some of the examples of this specification, and various examples reflecting the technical features of this specification can be derived and understood by a person having ordinary knowledge in the relevant technical field based on the detailed description below.

[0023] According to the proposed embodiment, the base station can autonomously determine the beam without measurement and reporting by the terminal, thereby performing beam management more quickly and efficiently.

[0024] According to the proposed embodiment, in a dynamic environment, an Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) service can be supported.

[0025] According to the proposed embodiment, it is possible to provide optimized beam profiles suitable for various device types.

[0026] According to the proposed embodiment, handover delay and packet loss can be minimized based on predictive beam transformation.

[0027] According to the proposed embodiment, the beam can be managed by actively responding to changes in the environment by predicting changes in the surrounding environment based on a radar sensor and adjusting the beam in advance.

[0028] The effects according to the present disclosure are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art related to the present specification from the detailed description below.

[0029] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into the detailed description to aid in understanding implementations of the present disclosure, provide examples of implementations of the present disclosure and, together with the detailed description, illustrate implementations of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which implementations of the present disclosure are applied;

[0031] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating examples of communication devices capable of performing a method according to the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of a wireless device capable of performing implementation(s) of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a frame structure available in a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) based wireless communication system.

[0034] Figure 5 illustrates physical channels used in a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP)-based communication system, which is an example of a wireless communication system, and a signal transmission / reception process using the channels.

[0035] FIG. 6 illustrates a random access process that may be applied to implementation(s) of the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 illustrate an example of a sensing operation according to the present disclosure.

[0037] Fig. 9 is a diagram showing the structure of a system to which a method according to the proposed embodiment is applied.

[0038] Fig. 10 is a diagram showing another structure of a system to which a method according to one embodiment of the proposed method is applied.

[0039] Fig. 11 is a flowchart showing the operation process of a beam management method according to the proposed embodiment.

[0040] Figure 12 is a flowchart showing the operation of an existing beam management method.

[0041] Fig. 13 is a flowchart showing the operation of a beam management method according to a proposed embodiment.

[0042] Fig. 14 is a flowchart showing the operation of a beam management method according to one proposed embodiment.

[0043] Hereinafter, implementations according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description provided below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to describe exemplary implementations of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only possible implementations of the present disclosure. The following detailed description includes specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details.

[0044] In some cases, to avoid ambiguity in the concepts of this specification, known structures and devices may be omitted or illustrated in block diagram form focusing on the core functions of each structure and device. Furthermore, the same components are described using the same drawing reference numerals throughout this specification.

[0045] The techniques, devices, and systems described below can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and multi-carrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented in wireless technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented in wireless technologies such as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (i.e., GERAN). OFDMA can be implemented in wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, and E-UTRA (evolved-UTRA). UTRA is part of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System), and 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a part of E-UMTS that uses E-UTRA.3GPP LTE adopts OFDMA for the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA for the uplink (UL). LTE-A (LTE-advanced) is an evolved form of 3GPP LTE.

[0046] For convenience of explanation, the following description assumes that this specification applies to 3GPP-based communication systems, such as LTE and NR. However, the technical features of this specification are not limited to this. For example, although the detailed description below is based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP LTE / NR system, it can also be applied to any other mobile communication system, except for features specific to 3GPP LTE / NR.

[0047] For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically explained, reference may be made to 3GPP-based standard documents, such as 3GPP TS 36.211, 3GPP TS 36.212, 3GPP TS 36.213, 3GPP TS 36.321, 3GPP TS 36.300 and 3GPP TS 36.331, 3GPP TS 37.213, 3GPP TS 38.211, 3GPP TS 38.212, 3GPP TS 38.213, 3GPP TS 38.214, 3GPP TS 38.300, 3GPP TS 38.304, 3GPP TS 38.331, etc.

[0048] In the examples of this specification described below, the expression "assumes" that a device "assumes" may mean that the entity transmitting the channel transmits the channel in a manner consistent with the "assume." The entity receiving the channel may mean that, under the assumption that the channel was transmitted in a manner consistent with the "assume," the entity receiving the channel receives or decodes the channel in a manner consistent with the "assume."

[0049] In this specification, ' / ' may mean 'and / or'. For example, cell DTX / DRX may mean cell DTX and / or cell DRX.

[0050] In this specification, a terminal (or UE (User Equipment)) may be fixed or mobile, and includes various devices that communicate with a base station (or BS (base station, BS)) to transmit and / or receive user data and / or various control information. A UE may be called (Terminal Equipment), an MS (Mobile Station), an MT (Mobile Terminal), a UT (User Terminal), an SS (Subscriber Station), a wireless device, a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a wireless modem, a handheld device, etc. In addition, in this specification, a BS generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with a UE and / or another BS, and exchanges various data and control information with the UE and other BSs. A BS may be called by other terms such as an ABS (Advanced Base Station), NB (Node-B), eNB (evolved-NodeB), BTS (Base Transceiver System), Access Point, or PS (Processing Server). In particular, the BS in UTRAN is called a Node-B, the BS in E-UTRAN is called an eNB, and the BS in a new radio access technology network is called a gNB. For convenience of explanation, BSs are collectively referred to as BSs below, regardless of the type or version of communication technology.

[0051] In this specification, a node refers to a fixed point that can transmit / receive radio signals by communicating with a UE. Various types of BSs can be used as nodes regardless of their names. For example, BSs, NBs, eNBs, pico-cell eNBs (PeNBs), home eNBs (HeNBs), relays, and repeaters can be nodes. Furthermore, a node may not be a BS. For example, it can be a radio remote head (RRH) or a radio remote unit (RRU). RRHs, RRUs, etc. generally have a lower power level than the BS. Since an RRH or RRU (hereinafter referred to as RRH / RRU) is generally connected to a BS via a dedicated line such as an optical cable, cooperative communication between an RRH / RRU and a BS can be performed more smoothly than cooperative communication between BSs that are generally connected via a wireless line. Each node is equipped with at least one antenna. The antenna may be a physical antenna, an antenna port, a virtual antenna, or an antenna group. A node is also called a point.

[0052] In this specification, a cell refers to a certain geographical area where one or more nodes provide communication services. Therefore, in this specification, communicating with a specific cell may mean communicating with a BS or node that provides communication services to the specific cell. In addition, the downlink / uplink signal of a specific cell refers to a downlink / uplink signal from / to a BS or node that provides communication services to the specific cell. A cell that provides uplink / downlink communication services to a UE is specifically referred to as a serving cell. In addition, the channel state / quality of a specific cell refers to the channel state / quality of a channel or communication link formed between a BS or node that provides communication services to the specific cell and the UE. In a 3GPP-based communication system, a UE can measure a downlink channel state from a specific node using CRS (Cell-specific Reference Signal) resources transmitted by antenna port(s) of the specific node on CRS resources allocated to the specific node and / or CSI-RS (Channel State Information Reference Signal) resources transmitted.

[0053] Meanwhile, 3GPP-based communication systems use the concept of cells to manage radio resources, and cells associated with radio resources are distinguished from cells in geographical areas.

[0054] A "cell" in a geographical area can be understood as the coverage over which a node can provide a service using a carrier, and a "cell" in a radio resource is associated with a bandwidth (BW), which is a frequency range configured by the carrier. Since downlink coverage, which is the range over which a node can transmit a valid signal, and uplink coverage, which is the range over which a node can receive a valid signal from a UE, depend on the carrier carrying the signal, the coverage of a node is also associated with the coverage of the "cell" of the radio resource used by the node. Therefore, the term "cell" can sometimes be used to mean the coverage of a service by a node, sometimes a radio resource, and sometimes the range over which a signal using the radio resource can reach with a valid intensity.

[0055] Meanwhile, the 3GPP communication standard uses the concept of a cell to manage radio resources. A "cell" associated with radio resources is defined as a combination of downlink resources (DL resources) and uplink resources (UL resources), i.e., a combination of a DL component carrier (CC) and an UL CC. A cell can be configured with DL resources alone or a combination of DL resources and UL resources. If carrier aggregation is supported, the linkage between the carrier frequency of the DL resources (or DL ​​CC) and the carrier frequency of the UL resources (or UL CC) can be indicated by system information. For example, the combination of DL resources and UL resources can be indicated by a System Information Block Type 2 (SIB2) linkage. Here, the carrier frequency can be the same as or different from the center frequency of each cell or CC. When carrier aggregation (CA) is established, the UE has only one radio resource control (RRC) connection with the network. One serving cell provides non-access stratum (NAS) mobility information during RRC connection establishment / re-establishment / handover, and one serving cell provides security input during RRC connection re-establishment / handover. Such a cell is called a primary cell (Pcell). A Pcell is a cell operating on the primary frequency where the UE performs initial connection establishment procedures or initiates connection re-establishment procedures.Depending on the UE capability, secondary cells (Scells) can be configured to form a set of serving cells together with Pcells. An Scell ​​can be configured after an RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection establishment has been made, and is a cell that provides additional radio resources in addition to the resources of a special cell (SpCell). The carrier corresponding to a Pcell in downlink is called a downlink primary CC (DL PCC), and the carrier corresponding to a Pcell in uplink is called an UL primary CC (UL PCC). The carrier corresponding to an Scell ​​in downlink is called a DL secondary CC (DL SCC), and the carrier corresponding to the Scell ​​in uplink is called an UL secondary CC (UL SCC).

[0056] In a wireless communication system, a UE receives information from a base station (BS) via the downlink (DL), and the UE transmits information to the base station via the uplink (UL). The information transmitted and / or received by the BS and UE includes data and various control information, and various physical channels exist depending on the type and purpose of the information they transmit and / or receive.

[0057] 3GPP-based communication standards define downlink physical channels corresponding to resource elements that carry information originating from higher layers, and downlink physical signals corresponding to resource elements used by the physical layer but not carrying information originating from higher layers. For example, the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physical broadcast channel (PBCH), and physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) are defined as downlink physical channels, and reference signals and synchronization signals are defined as downlink physical signals. A reference signal (RS), also referred to as a pilot, refers to a signal with a predefined special waveform that is known to the BS and UE. For example, the demodulation reference signal (DMRS), the channel state information RS (CSI-RS), and the positioning reference signal (PRS) are defined as downlink reference signals. 3GPP-based communication standards define uplink physical channels corresponding to resource elements that carry information originating from higher layers, and uplink physical signals corresponding to resource elements that are used by the physical layer but do not carry information originating from higher layers.For example, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), and a physical random access channel (PRACH) are defined as uplink physical channels, and a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for uplink control / data signals and a sounding reference signal (SRS) used for uplink channel measurement are defined.

[0058] In this specification, PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control CHannel) refers to a set of time-frequency resources (e.g., resource elements (REs)) that carry DCI (Downlink Control Information), and PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared CHannel) refers to a set of time-frequency resources that carry downlink data. In addition, PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control CHannel), PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared CHannel), and PRACH (Physical Random Access CHannel) refer to sets of time-frequency resources that carry UCI (Uplink Control Information), uplink data, and random access signals, respectively (respectively). Hereinafter, the expression that a user equipment transmits / receives a PUCCH / PUSCH / PRACH is used with the same meaning as transmitting / receiving uplink control information / uplink data / random access signals on or through the PUCCH / PUSCH / PRACH, respectively. Additionally, the expression that BS transmits / receives PBCH / PDCCH / PDSCH is used with the same meaning as transmitting broadcast information / downlink control information / downlink data on or through PBCH / PDCCH / PDSCH, respectively.

[0059] In this specification, radio resources (e.g., time-frequency resources) scheduled or set by the BS to the UE for transmission or reception of PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH are also referred to as PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH resources.

[0060] Since the communication device receives a synchronization signal (SS), DMRS, CSI-RS, PRS, PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH, PUSCH, and / or PUCCH in the form of radio signals on a cell, it cannot selectively receive through an RF receiver only radio signals including only a specific physical channel or only a specific physical signal, or selectively receive through an RF receiver only radio signals excluding only a specific physical channel or only a physical signal. In actual operation, the communication device first receives radio signals on a cell through an RF receiver, converts the radio signals, which are RF band signals, into baseband signals, and decodes a physical signal and / or a physical channel within the baseband signals using one or more processors. Thus, in some implementations of the present disclosure, not receiving a physical signal and / or a physical channel may not actually mean that the communication device does not receive wireless signals including the physical signal and / or the physical channel at all, but rather that it does not attempt to recover the physical signal and / or the physical channel from the wireless signals, e.g., does not attempt to decode the physical signal and / or the physical channel.

[0061] As more and more communication devices demand greater communication capacity, the need for improved mobile broadband communication compared to existing radio access technology (RAT) is emerging. Furthermore, massive MTC, which connects numerous devices and objects to provide diverse services anytime, anywhere, is also a key issue to be considered in next-generation communications. Furthermore, communication system design that considers reliability and latency-sensitive services / UEs is being discussed. The introduction of next-generation RATs that take advanced mobile broadband communication, massive MTC, and URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication) into account is being discussed. Currently, 3GPP is conducting studies on next-generation mobile communication systems beyond EPC. For convenience, this technology is referred to as new RAT (NR) or 5G RAT, and a system that uses or supports NR is referred to as an NR system.

[0062] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a communication system 1 to which implementations of the present specification are applied. Referring to FIG. 1, the communication system (1) applied to the present specification includes a wireless device, a BS, and a network. Here, the wireless device refers to a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., 5G NR (New RAT), LTE (e.g., E-UTRA)) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may include a robot (100a), a vehicle (100b-1, 100b-2), an XR (eXtended Reality) device (100c), a hand-held device (100d), a home appliance (100e), an IoT (Internet of Things) device (100f), and an AI device / server (400). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). XR devices include AR (Augmented Reality) / VR (Virtual Reality) / MR (Mixed Reality) devices, and may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. Mobile devices may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.), etc. Home appliances may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. IoT devices may include sensors, smart meters, etc. For example, a BS or network may also be implemented as a wireless device, and a specific wireless device may act as a BS / network node to other wireless devices.

[0063] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a BS (200). Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via a network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, etc. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the BS (200) / network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the BS / network. For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) / V2X (Vehicle to Everything) communication). In addition, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0064] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b) can be performed between wireless devices (100a~100f) / BS (200) - BS (200) / wireless devices (100a~100f). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be performed through various wireless access technologies (e.g., 5G NR) for uplink / downlink communication (150a) and sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b), the wireless device and the BS / wireless device can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. To this end, at least some of various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of the present specification.

[0065] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating examples of communication devices capable of performing a method according to the present specification.

[0066] Referring to FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and / or receive wireless signals via various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, NR). Here, {the first wireless device (100), the second wireless device (200)} can correspond to {the wireless device (100x), the BS (200)} and / or {the wireless device (100x), the wireless device (100x)} of FIG. 1.

[0067] A first wireless device (100) includes one or more processors (102) and one or more memories (104), and may further include one or more transceivers (106) and / or one or more antennas (108). The processor (102) controls the memories (104) and / or the transceivers (106), and may be configured to implement functions, procedures, and / or methods described / suggested below. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information / signals, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signals via the transceivers (106). In addition, the processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signals via the transceivers (106), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information / signals in the memory (104). The memory (104) may be connected to the processor (102) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (102). For example, the memory (104) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (102), or may store software code including commands for performing the procedures and / or methods described / proposed below. Here, the processor (102) and the memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR). The transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). The transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (Radio Frequency) unit. In the present specification, a wireless device may also mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0068] The second wireless device (200) includes one or more processors (202), one or more memories (204), and may further include one or more transceivers (206) and / or one or more antennas (208). The processor (202) controls the memories (204) and / or the transceivers (206), and may be configured to implement the functions, procedures, and / or methods described / suggested below. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information / signals, and then transmit a wireless signal including the third information / signals via the transceivers (206). In addition, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information / signals via the transceivers (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the fourth information / signals in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or may store software code including commands for performing the procedures and / or methods described / proposed below. Here, the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR). The transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF unit. In the present specification, a wireless device may also mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0069] The wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (100, 200) of the present specification may include not only LTE, NR, and 6G, but also Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication. At this time, for example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology, and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (XXX, YYY) of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. At this time, for example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology, and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (XXX, YYY) of the present specification can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create PAN (personal area networks) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.

[0070] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and / or one or more service data units (SDUs) according to the functions, procedures, proposals, and / or methods disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and / or methods disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and / or methods disclosed herein and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) may receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and / or methods disclosed herein.

[0071] One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). The functions, procedures, proposals, and / or methods disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. Firmware or software configured to perform the functions, procedures, suggestions and / or methods disclosed in this specification may be included in one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more processors (102, 202). The functions, procedures, suggestions and / or methods disclosed in this specification may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of codes, instructions and / or sets of instructions.

[0072] One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as ROM, RAM, EPROM, flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and / or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and / or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0073] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and / or flowcharts of this specification, to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts of this specification, from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more antennas (108, 208), and one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and / or receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as referred to in the functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein via one or more antennas (108, 208). In the present specification, one or more antennas may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals for processing using one or more processors (102, 202).One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. processed by one or more processors (102, 202) from baseband signals to RF band signals. For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0074] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of a wireless device capable of performing implementation(s) of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (100, 200) corresponds to the wireless device (100, 200) of FIG. 2 and may be composed of various elements, components, units / units, and / or modules. For example, the wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), and additional elements (140). The communication unit may include a communication circuit (112) and a transceiver(s) (114). For example, the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) and / or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 2. For example, the transceiver(s) (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) and / or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 2. The control unit (120) is electrically connected to the communication unit (110), the memory unit (130), and the additional elements (140) and controls the overall operation of the wireless device. For example, the control unit (120) may control the electrical / mechanical operation of the wireless device based on the program / code / command / information stored in the memory unit (130). In addition, the control unit (120) may transmit information stored in the memory unit (130) to an external device (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless / wired interface through the communication unit (110), or store information received from an external device (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless / wired interface in the memory unit (130).

[0075] The additional element (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of the wireless device. For example, the additional element (140) may include at least one of a power unit / battery, an input / output (I / O) unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may be implemented in the form of a robot (Fig. 1, 100a), a vehicle (Fig. 1, 100b-1, 100b-2), an XR device (Fig. 1, 100c), a portable device (Fig. 1, 100d), a home appliance (Fig. 1, 100e), an IoT device (Fig. 1, 100f), a UE for digital broadcasting, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a climate / environmental device, an AI server / device (Fig. 1, 400), a BS (Fig. 1, 200), a network node, etc. Wireless devices may be mobile or stationary depending on the use / service.

[0076] In FIG. 3, various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules within the wireless device (100, 200) may be entirely interconnected via a wired interface, or at least some may be wirelessly connected via a communication unit (110). For example, within the wireless device (100, 200), the control unit (120) and the communication unit (110) may be wired, and the control unit (120) and a first unit (e.g., 130, 140) may be wirelessly connected via the communication unit (110). In addition, each element, component, unit / part, and / or module within the wireless device (100, 200) may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit (120) may be composed of one or more processor sets. For example, the control unit (120) may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing processor, a memory control processor, etc. As another example, the memory unit (130) may be composed of RAM (Random Access Memory), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), ROM (Read Only Memory), flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, transitory memory, non-transitory memory, and / or a combination thereof.

[0077] In this specification, at least one memory (e.g., 104 or 204) can store instructions or programs that, when executed, cause at least one processor operably connected to the at least one memory to perform operations according to some embodiments or implementations of the present specification.

[0078] In this specification, a computer-readable (non-volatile or non-transitory) storage medium can store at least one instruction or computer program, which when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to perform operations according to some embodiments or implementations of the present specification.

[0079] In this specification, a processing device or apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one computer memory connectable to the at least one processor. The at least one computer memory may store instructions or programs, which, when executed, cause at least one processor operably connected to the at least one memory to perform operations according to some embodiments or implementations of the present specification.

[0080] In this specification, a computer program may be stored in at least one computer-readable (non-volatile) storage medium and may include program code that, when executed, performs operations according to some implementations of the present specification or causes at least one processor to perform operations according to some implementations of the present specification. The computer program may be provided in the form of a computer program product. The computer program product may include at least one computer-readable (non-volatile) storage medium.

[0081] A communication device of the present disclosure comprises at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connected to said at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed, cause said at least one processor to perform operations according to the example(s) of the present disclosure described below.

[0082] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a frame structure available in a 3GPP-based wireless communication system.

[0083] The structure of the frame in Fig. 4 is merely an example, and the number of subframes, the number of slots, and the number of symbols in the frame can be varied. In an NR system, OFDM numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing (SCS)) may be set differently between multiple cells aggregated to a single UE. Accordingly, the (absolute time) duration of a time resource (e.g., a subframe, a slot, or a transmission time interval (TTI)) composed of the same number of symbols may be set differently between the aggregated cells. Here, the symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or a cyclic prefix - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) symbol), an SC-FDMA symbol (or a discrete Fourier transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol). In this specification, the terms symbol, OFDM-based symbol, OFDM symbol, CP-OFDM symbol, and DFT-s-OFDM symbols are interchangeable.

[0084] Referring to Figure 4, in the NR system, uplink and downlink transmissions are organized into frames. Each frame is Tf = (△f max *N f / 100)*T c = 10 ms duration, divided into two half-frames of 5 ms each. Here, T is the basic time unit for NR. c = 1 / (△f max *N f ) and △f max = 480*10 3 Hz, and N f =4096. For reference, T is the basic time unit for LTE. s = 1 / (△f ref *N f,ref ) and △f ref = 15*10 3 Hz, and N f,ref =2048. T s Wow T c is a constant κ = T s / T c = 64 relationship. Each half-frame consists of 5 subframes, and the duration of a single subframe is T. sf is 1ms. Subframes are further divided into slots, and the number of slots in a subframe depends on the subcarrier spacing. Each slot consists of 14 or 12 OFDM symbols based on the cyclic prefix. In the normal cyclic prefix (CP), each slot consists of 14 OFDM symbols, and in the case of the extended CP, each slot consists of 12 OFDM symbols. The numerology is exponentially scalable with the subcarrier spacing △f = 2. u *Depends on 15 kHz. The following table shows the subcarrier spacing for regular CP △f = 2. u *Number of OFDM symbols per slot at 15 kHz (N) slot symb ), number of slots per frame (N frame,uslot ) and the number of slots per subframe (N subframe,u slot ) is shown.

[0085]

[0086] The following table shows the subcarrier spacing for extended CP △f = 2 u *Indicates the number of OFDM symbols per slot, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe at 15 kHz.

[0087]

[0088] For a subcarrier spacing setting u, slots are n in increasing order within a subframe. u s ∈ {0, ..., nsubframe,u slot - 1} and n in increasing order within the frame u s,f ∈ {0, ..., n frame,u slot - Numbered as 1}.

[0089] A slot contains multiple (e.g., 14 or 12) symbols in the time domain. For each numeral (e.g., subcarrier spacing) and carrier, a common resource block (CRB) N is indicated by higher-layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) signaling). start,u grid Starting from,N size,u grid,x *N RB sc Dog subcarriers and N subframe,u symb A resource grid of OFDM symbols is defined, where N size,u grid,x is the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the resource grid, and the subscript x is DL for downlink and UL for uplink. NRB sc is the number of subcarriers per RB, and in 3GPP-based wireless communication systems, N RB sc is typically 12. For a given antenna port p, subcarrier spacing configuration u, and transmission direction (DL or UL), there is one resource grid. The carrier bandwidth N for subcarrier spacing configuration u size,u grid is given to the UE by higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC parameters) from the network. Each element in the resource grid for antenna port p and subcarrier spacing configuration u is called a resource element (RE), and one complex symbol can be mapped to each RE. Each RE in the resource grid is uniquely identified by an index k in the frequency domain and an index l indicating the symbol position relative to a reference point in the time domain. In an NR system, an RB is defined by 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. In an NR system, RBs can be classified into common resource blocks (CRBs) and physical resource blocks (PRBs). CRBs are numbered upwards from 0 in the frequency domain for the subcarrier spacing configuration u. The center of subcarrier 0 of CRB 0 for the subcarrier spacing configuration u coincides with 'Point A', which is a common reference point for the resource block grids. PRBs for subcarrier spacing u are defined within the bandwidth part (BWP) and range from 0 to N. size,u BWP,i -1, where i is the number of the bandwidth part. Common resource block n u CRB and bandwidth part i within physical resource block n PRB The relationship between the two is as follows: n u PRB = n uCRB +N start,u BWP,i , here N start,u BWP,i is a common resource block (BRB) whose bandwidth part starts relative to CRB 0. A BWP comprises multiple consecutive RBs in the frequency domain. For example, a BWP may be a given numeral u within a BWP i on a given carrier. i A subset of contiguous CRBs defined for a carrier. A carrier may include up to N (e.g., 5) BWPs. A UE may be configured to have one or more BWPs on a given component carrier. Data communication is performed through the activated BWPs, and only a predetermined number (e.g., 1) of BWPs configured for the UE may be activated on the carrier.

[0090] For each serving cell in a set of DL BWPs or UL BWPs, the network configures at least an initial DL BWP and one (if the serving configuration is configured with uplink) or two (if supplementary uplink is used) initial UL BWPs. The network may also configure additional UL and DL BWPs for the serving cell. For each DL BWP or UL BWP, the UE is provided with the following parameters for the serving cell: i) subcarrier spacing, ii) cyclic prefix, and iii) N start BWP = Offset RB with the assumption of 275 set and length L RB CRBN provided by the RRC parameter locationAndBandwidth, which indicates the resource indicator value (RIV). start BWP =O carrier +RB start and the number of contiguous RBs N size BWP =LRB , and the subcarrier spacing is provided by the RRC parameter offsetToCarrierO carrier ; an index within the set of DL BWPs or UL BWPs; a set of BWP-common parameters and a set of BWP-specific parameters.

[0091] Virtual resource blocks (VRBs) are defined within the bandwidth part and are numbered from 0 to N. size,u BWP,i Numbered from -1, where i is the number of the bandwidth part. VRBs are mapped to physical resource blocks (PRBs) according to interleaved or non-interleaved mapping. In some implementations, for non-interleaved VRB-to-PRB mapping, VRB n may be mapped to PRB n.

[0092] Frequency Range designationCorresponding frequency rangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1410MHz - 7125MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR224250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHz

[0093] Figure 5 illustrates physical channels used in a 3GPP-based communication system, which is an example of a wireless communication system, and a signal transmission / reception process using the channels.

[0094] When a UE is powered on again after being powered off or has been disconnected from a wireless communication system, it first searches for a suitable cell to camp on (search cell) and performs an initial cell search process, such as synchronizing with the cell or the BS of the cell (S11). During the initial cell search process, the UE receives a synchronization signal block (SSB) (also called an SSB / PBCH block) from the BS. The SSB includes a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The UE synchronizes with the BS based on the PSS / SSS and obtains information such as a cell identity (ID). In addition, the UE can obtain broadcast information within the cell based on the PBCH. Meanwhile, the UE can check the downlink channel status by receiving a downlink reference signal (DL RS) during the initial cell search process.

[0095] A UE that has completed initial cell search can camp on the cell. After camping on the cell, the UE monitors the PDCCH on the cell and receives the PDSCH based on the downlink control information (DCI) carried by the PDCCH to obtain more specific system information (S12).

[0096] Thereafter, the UE may perform a random access procedure to complete access to the BS (S13 to S16). For example, in the random access procedure, the UE may transmit a preamble through a physical random access channel (PRACH) (S13) and receive a random access response (RAR) to the preamble through a PDCCH and a corresponding PDSCH (S14). If reception of the RAR for the UE fails, the UE may retry transmitting the preamble. In the case of contention-based random access, a contention resolution procedure (S16) may be performed, including transmission of a PUSCH based on UL resource allocation included in the RAR (S15) and reception of a PDCCH and a corresponding PDSCH.

[0097] The UE, which has performed the procedure described above, can then perform reception of PDCCH / PDSCH (S17) and transmission of PUSCH / PUCCH (S18) as a general uplink / downlink signal transmission process. The control information that the UE transmits to the BS is collectively referred to as uplink control information (UCI). UCI includes HARQ ACK / NACK (Hybrid Automatic Repeat and reQuest Acknowledgement / Negative-ACK) (also referred to as HARQ-ACK), scheduling request (SR), channel state information (CSI), etc. CSI may include a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), and / or a rank indicator. UCI is generally transmitted through PUCCH, but may be transmitted through PUSCH when control information and traffic data must be transmitted simultaneously. Additionally, based on a request / instruction from the network, the UE can transmit UCI aperiodically via PUSCH.

[0098] Figure 6 illustrates a random access process that may be applied to implementation(s) of the present specification.

[0099] In particular, Fig. 6(a) illustrates a four-step random access process, and Fig. 6(b) illustrates a two-step random access process.

[0100] The random access procedure can be used for various purposes, such as initial access, uplink synchronization adjustment, resource allocation, handover, reconfiguration of radio links after radio link failure, and position measurement. The random access procedure is classified into a contention-based procedure and a dedicated (i.e., non-contention-based) procedure. The contention-based random access procedure is commonly used, including initial access, while the dedicated random access procedure is used for handovers, when downlink data arrives at the network, and to reestablish uplink synchronization in the case of position measurement. In the contention-based random access procedure, the UE randomly selects a random access (RA) preamble. Therefore, multiple UEs can transmit the same RA preamble simultaneously, necessitating subsequent contention resolution. In contrast, in the dedicated random access procedure, the UE uses an RA preamble uniquely assigned to the UE by the BS. Therefore, the UE can perform the random access procedure without collisions with other UEs.

[0101] Referring to Fig. 6(a), the contention-based random access process includes the following four steps. Hereinafter, the messages transmitted in steps 1 through 4 may be referred to as Msg1 through Msg4, respectively.

[0102] - Step 1: The UE transmits an RA preamble via PRACH.

[0103] - Step 2: The UE receives a random access response (RAR) from the BS via PDSCH.

[0104] - Step 3: The UE transmits UL data to the BS via PUSCH based on the RAR. Here, the UL data includes layer 2 and / or layer 3 messages.

[0105] - Step 4: The UE receives a contention resolution message from the BS via PDSCH.

[0106] A UE can receive information about random access from a BS through system information. For example, information about RACH occasions associated with SSBs on a cell can be provided through the system information. The UE can select an SSB among the SSBs received on the cell whose reference signal received power (RSRP) measured based on the SSB exceeds a threshold, and transmit an RA preamble through a PRACH associated with the selected SSB. For example, if random access is required, the UE transmits Msg1 (e.g., preamble) to the BS on the PRACH. The BS can distinguish each random access preamble through the time / frequency resource (RA Occasion, RO) on which the random access preamble was transmitted and the random access preamble index (Preamble Index, PI). When the BS receives a random access preamble from the UE, the BS transmits a RAR message to the UE on the PDSCH. To receive a RAR message, the UE monitors an L1 / L2 control channel (PDCCH) CRC-masked with a Random Access-RNTI (RA-RNTI), which contains scheduling information for the RAR message, within a preset time window, i.e., an RAR window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow). The length of the RAR window can be set by higher layer signaling, and the RAR window can start at a specific timing after a PRACH transmission (e.g., a first symbol of an earliest control resource set (CORESET) of a type-1 PDCCH common search space starting at least one symbol after a PRACH time corresponding to the PRACH transmission). When the UE receives scheduling information through a PDCCH masked with an RA-RNTI, the UE can receive the RAR message from a PDSCH indicated by the scheduling information.Afterwards, the UE determines whether the RAR message contains an RAR for itself. Whether an RAR for itself exists can be determined by checking whether a RAPID (Random Access Preamble ID) exists in the preamble transmitted by the UE. The index and RAPID of the preamble transmitted by the UE may be identical. The RAR includes a corresponding random access preamble index, timing offset information for UL synchronization (e.g., timing advance command (TAC), UL scheduling information for Msg3 transmission (e.g., UL grant), and UE temporary identification information (e.g., Temporary-C-RNTI, TC-RNTI). The UE receiving the RAR transmits Msg3 through the PUSCH according to the UL scheduling information and timing offset value in the RAR. Msg3 may include the ID of the UE (or the global ID of the UE). In addition, Msg3 may include information related to an RRC connection request for initial access to the network (e.g., an RRCSetupRequest message). After receiving Msg3, the BS transmits Msg4, which is a contention resolution message, to the UE. If the UE receives the contention resolution message and the contention is successfully resolved, the TC-RNTI is changed to the C-RNTI. Msg4 includes the ID of the UE. And / or RRC connection related information (e.g., RRCSetup message) may be included. If the information transmitted via Msg3 does not match the information received via Msg4, or if Msg4 is not received for a certain period of time, the UE may consider contention resolution to have failed and retransmit Msg3.

[0107] Meanwhile, the dedicated random access process includes the following three steps. Hereinafter, the messages transmitted in steps 0 to 2 may be referred to as Msg0 to Msg2, respectively. The dedicated random access process may be triggered in the UE by the BS using a PDCCH (hereinafter, PDCCH order) for commanding the transmission of an RA preamble.

[0108] - Step 0: BS allocates RA preamble to UE through dedicated signaling.

[0109] - Step 1: The UE transmits an RA preamble via PRACH.

[0110] - Step 2: The UE receives RAR via PDSCH from the BS.

[0111] The operation of steps 1 and 2 of the dedicated random access process may be identical to steps 1 and 2 of the contention-based random access process.

[0112] NR systems may require lower latency than existing systems. Furthermore, a four-step random access process may not be desirable, especially for latency-sensitive services such as URLLC. A low-latency random access process may be required in various scenarios of NR systems. When the implementation(s) of this specification are implemented in conjunction with a random access process, to reduce the latency of the random access process, the implementation(s) of this specification may be implemented in conjunction with the following two-step random access process.

[0113] Referring to Fig. 6(b), the two-step random access process may be composed of two steps: transmission of MsgA from a UE to a BS and transmission of MsgB from the BS to the UE. The MsgA transmission may include transmission of an RA preamble via a PRACH and transmission of an UL payload via a PUSCH. In the MsgA transmission, the PRACH and PUSCH may be transmitted using time division multiplexing (TDM). Alternatively, in the MsgA transmission, the PRACH and PUSCH may be transmitted using frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

[0114] A BS that receives MsgA may transmit MsgB to the UE. MsgB may include an RAR for the UE. After transmitting MsgA, the UE monitors a response from the network within a time window for monitoring the RAR for a two-step random access procedure. The length of the time window may be set by higher layer signaling, and the time window may start at a specific timing after the MsgA transmission (e.g., the first symbol of the earliest CORESET of the Type-1 PDCCH common search space that starts at least one symbol after the last symbol of the PUCCH epoch corresponding to the PRACH transmission of the MsgA transmission).

[0115] An RRC connection request related message (e.g., an RRCSetupRequest message) requesting to establish a connection between the RRC layer of the BS and the RRC layer of the UE may be transmitted in the payload of MsgA. In this case, MsgB may be used to transmit RRC connection related information (e.g., an RRCSetup message). Alternatively, the RRC connection request related message (e.g., an RRCSetupRequest message) may be transmitted via a PUSCH transmitted based on a UL grant in MsgB. In this case, the RRC connection related information (e.g., an RRCSetup message) related to the RRC connection request may be transmitted via a PDSCH associated with the PUSCH transmission after the PUSCH transmission based on MsgB.

[0116] Below, the physical channels that can be used in 3GPP-based wireless communication systems are described in more detail.

[0117] The PDCCH carries DCI. For example, the PDCCH (i.e., DCI) carries the transmission format and resource allocation of the downlink shared channel (DL-SCH), resource allocation information for the uplink shared channel (UL-SCH), paging information for the paging channel (PCH), system information on the DL-SCH, resource allocation information for control messages of a layer (hereinafter, upper layer) located above the physical layer in the protocol stacks of the UE / BS, such as a random access response (RAR) transmitted on the PDSCH, transmission power control commands, activation / release of configured scheduling (CS), etc. The DCI that includes resource allocation information for the DL-SCH is also called PDSCH scheduling DCI, and the DCI that includes resource allocation information for the UL-SCH is also called PUSCH scheduling DCI. The DCI includes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and the CRC is masked / scrambled with various identifiers (e.g., radio network temporary identifier (RNTI)) depending on the owner or intended use of the PDCCH. For example, if the PDCCH is for a specific UE, the CRC is masked with the UE identifier (e.g., cell RNTI (C-RNTI)). If the PDCCH is for paging, the CRC is masked with the paging RNTI (P-RNTI). If the PDCCH is for system information (e.g., system information block (SIB)), the CRC is masked with the system information RNTI (SI-RNTI). If the PDCCH is for a random access response, the CRC is masked with the random access RNTI (RA-RATI).

[0118] When a PDCCH on one serving cell schedules a PDSCH or PUSCH on another serving cell, this is called cross-carrier scheduling. Cross-carrier scheduling using the carrier indicator field (CIF) can allow the PDCCH of a serving cell to schedule resources on another serving cell. On the other hand, when a PDSCH on a serving cell schedules a PDSCH or PUSCH on the serving cell, this is called self-carrier scheduling. When cross-carrier scheduling is used in a cell, the BS can provide the UE with information about the cell that schedules the cell. For example, the BS can provide the UE with information about whether the serving cell is scheduled by a PDCCH on another (scheduling) cell or by the serving cell, and if the serving cell is scheduled by another (scheduling) cell, which cell signals downlink assignments and uplink grants for the serving cell. In this specification, a cell that carries a PDCCH is called a scheduling cell, and a cell in which transmission of a PUSCH or PDSCH is scheduled by DCI included in the PDCCH, i.e., a cell that carries a PUSCH or PDSCH scheduled by the PDCCH, is called a scheduled cell.

[0119] The PDSCH is a physical layer DL channel for DL ​​data transport. PDSCH carries downlink data (e.g., DL-SCH transport blocks) and employs modulation methods such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 64 QAM, and 256 QAM. Transport blocks (TBs) are encoded to generate codewords. A PDSCH can carry up to two codewords. Scrambling and modulation mapping are performed for each codeword, and the modulation symbols generated from each codeword can be mapped to one or more layers. Each layer is mapped to radio resources along with the DMRS, generating an OFDM symbol signal and transmitting it through the corresponding antenna port.

[0120] A UE must have uplink resources available to it for UL-SCH data transmission, and downlink resources available to it for DL-SCH data reception. Uplink and downlink resources are assigned to the UE through resource allocation by the BS. Resource allocation may include time domain resource allocation (TDRA) and frequency domain resource allocation (FDRA). In this specification, uplink resource allocation is also referred to as uplink grant, and downlink resource allocation is also referred to as downlink assignment. An uplink grant is dynamically received by the UE on the PDCCH or within the RAR, or is semi-persistently configured to the UE by RRC signaling from the BS. A downlink assignment is dynamically received by the UE on the PDCCH, or is semi-persistently configured to the UE by RRC signaling from the BS.

[0121] In UL, the BS can dynamically allocate uplink resources to the UE via PDCCH(s) addressed to a cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI). The UE monitors the PDCCH(s) to find possible uplink grant(s) for UL transmission. In addition, the BS can allocate uplink resources to the UE using a configured grant (CG). Two types of configured grants can be used: Type 1 and Type 2. In Type 1, the BS directly provides the configured uplink grant (including the periodicity) via RRC signaling. For Type 2, the BS can set the period of the RRC-configured uplink grant through RRC signaling, and can signal and activate or deactivate the configured uplink grant through a PDCCH addressed to CS-RNTI (PDCCH addressed to CS-RNTI). For example, for Type 2, a PDCCH addressed to CS-RNTI indicates that the corresponding uplink grant can be implicitly reused according to the period set by RRC signaling until it is deactivated.

[0122] In DL, the BS can dynamically allocate downlink resources to the UE via PDCCH(s) addressed with the C-RNTI. The UE monitors the PDCCH(s) to discover possible downlink assignments. Additionally, the BS can allocate downlink resources to the UE using semi-static scheduling (SPS). The BS can set the period of the configured downlink assignments via RRC signaling, and signal and activate or deactivate the configured downlink assignments via the PDCCH addressed with the CS-RNTI. For example, a PDCCH addressed with the CS-RNTI implicitly indicates that the corresponding downlink assignment can be reused according to the period set by the RRC signaling until it is deactivated.

[0123] A control resource set (CORESET), which is a set of time-frequency resources for which a UE can monitor PDCCH, may be defined and / or configured. A CORESET consists of a set of physical resource blocks (PRBs) with a duration of one to three OFDM symbols. The PRBs constituting the CORESET and the CORESET duration may be provided to the UE via higher layer (e.g., RRC) signaling. Within the configured CORESET(s), a set of PDCCH candidates is monitored according to the corresponding search space sets. In this specification, monitoring implies decoding (aka blind decoding) each PDCCH candidate according to the monitored DCI formats.

[0124] The set of PDCCH candidates monitored by the UE is defined in terms of PDCCH search space sets. The search space set may be a common search space (CSS) set or a UE-specific search space (USS) set. Each CORESET configuration is associated with one or more search space sets, and each search space set is associated with one CORESET configuration.

[0125] A set of PDCCH candidates may be monitored in one or more CORESETs on an active DL BWP on each activated serving cell for which PDCCH monitoring is configured, where monitoring implies receiving each PDCCH candidate and decoding it according to the monitored DCI formats.

[0126] Based on the CORESET / search space set configuration, the UE can monitor PDCCH candidates in one or more SS sets within a slot. The occasions (e.g., time / frequency resources) during which PDCCH candidates are monitored are defined as PDCCH (monitoring) occasions. One or more PDCCH (monitoring) occasions can be configured within a slot.

[0127] Below, we will explain ISAC (Integrated Sensing and Communication) in detail.

[0128] Wireless sensing is a technology that uses radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (range), etc. of an object, thereby obtaining information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within the environment. Because radio frequency sensing does not require a networked device to connect to the object, it can provide a service for object positioning without a device. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can enable a wide range of new capabilities, such as various object detection, object recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), and high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to a variety of industries (e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.), enabling applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing can utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of wireless sensing services, i.e., sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing offers an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from a communications network to a wireless communication and sensing network.

[0129] FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 illustrate an example of a sensing operation according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0130] The embodiments of FIGS. 7 and 8 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 7 illustrates an example of sensing using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located in the same location (e.g., monostatic sensing), and FIG. 8 illustrates an example of sensing using separate sensing receivers and sensing transmitters (e.g., bistatic sensing).

[0131] For example, in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, referring to FIG. 7, the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be configured to be included in a single base station (i.e., the same base station) or a single terminal (i.e., the same terminal). Alternatively, referring to FIG. 8, the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be configured to be included in different base stations, different terminals, or each terminal and base station.

[0132] In this regard, the following six types of sensing modes can be defined based on whether the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are included in the base station or the terminal, respectively.

[0133] - Mode 1: A mode in which the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are contained in a single base station (e.g., base station-based sensing mode in monostatic mode).

[0134] - Second mode: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in a first base station and the sensing receiver is included in a second base station different from the first base station (e.g., base station-based sensing mode in bistatic mode).

[0135] - Mode 3: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in the base station and the sensing receiver is included in the terminal (e.g., base station-terminal sensing mode).

[0136] - Mode 4: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in the terminal and the sensing receiver is included in the base station (e.g., terminal-base station sensing mode).

[0137] - Mode 5: A mode in which the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are contained in a single terminal (e.g., terminal-based sensing mode in monostatic mode).

[0138] - 6th mode: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in a first terminal and the sensing receiver is included in a second terminal different from the first terminal (e.g., terminal-based sensing mode in bistatic mode).

[0139] In a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, one or more of the six types of sensing modes described above may be utilized independently / in combination.

[0140] In relation to the sensing operation in FIGS. 7 and 8, the sensing transmitter may transmit a sensing signal for sensing one or more objects (and / or an environment around the objects). For example, the sensing signal may correspond to a radio (frequency) signal defined to be transmittable by a base station / terminal in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification. The sensing receiver may receive a signal scattered / reflected by one or more objects (and / or an environment around the objects) from a sensing signal transmitted from the sensing transmitter. In the sensing receiver, sensing data may be derived from the scattered / reflected signals, and sensing results may be generated / obtained through processing of the sensing data. Here, the sensing results may include characteristic information (e.g., location, distance, speed, angle, etc.) about one or more objects (and / or the environment around the objects). The sensing results generated / obtained in this way may be utilized for wireless sensing services (e.g., detection, tracking, etc. of objects and / or environments) provided in the wireless communication system based on the 6G network of the present specification, or may be provided / disclosed to a trusted third party.

[0141] Additionally, the sensing operations in FIGS. 7 and 8 are described as representative examples of operations in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network, but can be extended and applied to cases where terminals / base stations / signals based on networks of previous generations (e.g., 4G, 5G, etc.) are utilized.

[0142] Additionally, various channel modeling methods may be applied in connection with the wireless sensing described herein. Channel modeling related to sensing may refer to configuring a path for transmitting and receiving sensing signals and / or scattered / reflected signals, taking into account the object being sensed and / or the environment in which the object resides. Channel modeling may be related to the performance / requirements of sensing in wireless communication systems, and thus may be an important factor in validating the sensing function.

[0143] Channels related to sensing can be divided into channels between objects (e.g., targets of interest) and sensing transmitters / receivers, and channels between the environment to which the object belongs and sensing transmitters / receivers. In this regard, channel modeling related to sensing can be divided based on sensing mode (e.g., the six types of modes described above), presence of objects / environments, and / or sensing scenarios. For example, channel modeling for targets in base station / terminal-based monostatic sensing mode, channel modeling for targets in base station / terminal-based bistatic sensing mode, channel modeling for environments in base station / terminal-based monostatic sensing mode, and channel modeling for environments in base station / terminal-based bistatic sensing mode can be optimized and configured differently. For example, when various sensing scenarios are classified, channel modeling for detection, location, and tracking scenarios can be divided into channel modeling for motion recognition, and channel modeling for imaging / environment reconstruction scenarios. Additionally, channel modeling related to sensing may be based on statistical channel modeling techniques and / or deterministic channel modeling techniques. For example, modeling for sensing in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present disclosure may be based on stochastic geometric channel modeling techniques and / or hybrid with ray tracing channel modeling techniques. Here, the stochastic geometric channel model may be based on various statistical characteristics of the channel state. Furthermore, the hybrid channel model may be based on both ray tracing techniques and stochastic techniques.In a hybrid approach, channels for objects requiring high accuracy and consistency (e.g., targets of interest) can be modeled using ray tracing techniques, while channels for the environment can be modeled using probabilistic techniques.

[0144] Below, beam management related to the proposed embodiment is described.

[0145] One of the key challenges of beam management in 5G NR (New Radio) is optimizing beamforming and beam tracking in dynamic and complex environments. Some specific challenges related to beam management in 5G NR include:

[0146] 1. Beam alignment and tracking

[0147] In urban environments with tall buildings, moving vehicles, and pedestrians, maintaining precise beam alignment between base stations and terminals becomes challenging. Therefore, beams must be continuously adjusted to track user movements and maintain connectivity between base stations and terminals. Furthermore, the millimeter wave frequencies used in 5G NR generate highly directional beams with narrow beamwidths. Consequently, even small movements or obstacles can misalign the beams, resulting in signal loss, making beam tracking even more challenging.

[0148] 2. Handover and mobility management

[0149] To prevent service interruptions while users are moving, seamless handovers between different beams or cells are essential. In particular, in environments with high user mobility or dense networks, rapid beamforming and handover procedures are essential to maintain connectivity between base stations and terminals. Furthermore, delays resulting from beam management operations, including beam scanning, beam selection, and handover, must be minimized to prevent them from negatively impacting real-time applications (e.g., video streaming and online gaming).

[0150] 3. Interference management

[0151] In densely populated urban environments or areas with high user density, co-channel interference between adjacent cells or beams can degrade signal quality and network performance. Therefore, efficient interference management methods are needed to mitigate interference and maximize spectral efficiency. Furthermore, external factors, such as adjacent networks or non-5G devices operating in the same frequency band, can also impact beam management performance in 5G NR.

[0152] 4. Network planning and optimization

[0153] Designing and optimizing 5G NR networks with beamforming capabilities requires sophisticated planning tools and algorithms. To achieve optimal network performance, factors such as antenna configuration, beamforming patterns, and interference levels must be carefully considered. Furthermore, deploying 5G NR networks with beamforming capabilities requires more base stations and complex antenna systems, potentially resulting in higher infrastructure costs. Therefore, ensuring the scalability and economic viability of 5G NR networks requires a cost-effective deployment strategy.

[0154] 5. Regulatory and Spectrum Challenges

[0155] In particular, securing spectrum suitable for 5G NR network deployment in the millimeter wave frequency band can be challenging due to spectrum shortages and regulatory restrictions. Therefore, collaboration with regulatory bodies and spectrum allocation policies is crucial for successful 5G NR network deployment. Regulatory compliance related to transmit power levels, beamforming techniques, and antenna configurations can pose additional challenges for 5G NR network deployment. Therefore, careful planning and coordination are required to maximize network performance while ensuring regulatory compliance.

[0156] Meanwhile, wireless communication networks, particularly those using millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, rely on highly directional beams to maintain strong signal quality. Therefore, effective beam management is crucial for providing a stable communication environment, especially in environments with high mobility or complex structures.

[0157] However, beam management methods in existing 5G systems primarily rely on terminal feedback, such as Channel State Information (CSI) reports or Reference Signal Received Power (RSPR). Consequently, complex handshake procedures between base stations and terminals are required, limiting their ability to quickly respond to rapid environmental changes and user mobility. In particular, complex environments (e.g., high mobility, multipath indoor factories, use of highly directional millimeter waves, and use of THz channels) can lead to inherent delays and potential reliability issues. To address these limitations, beam management methods that integrate real-time radar sensor detection and predictive beam control technology are emerging as key elements for ultra-low latency and high-reliability communications in next-generation communication systems (e.g., 6G systems).

[0158] Below, we propose a beam management method that improves upon the limitations of existing beam management methods. Specifically, the proposed embodiment relates to a method for improving beam management in a wireless communication network using radar sensing technology. The proposed embodiment integrates a radar sensor and a communication transceiver to acquire real-time environmental information and mobility data, and dynamically adjusts a communication beam based on the acquired data. The radar sensor detects the movement of users, objects, and obstacles within the communication environment. The data acquired through the radar sensor dynamically adjusts the beam used for communication, optimizing the direction and power of the beam, thereby maintaining a robust and efficient communication connection.

[0159] Fig. 9 is a diagram showing the structure of a system to which a method according to one embodiment is applied.

[0160] Referring to FIG. 9, a system to which a beam management method according to one embodiment is applied may include a radar sensor module (910), a data processing unit (920), a beam management controller (930), and a communication transceiver (940).

[0161] The radar sensor module (910) may be integrated with or positioned near the communication transceiver (940) and continuously scan the surrounding environment to detect movements of users, objects, and obstacles. The data processing device (920) may process data acquired through the radar sensor module to generate a real-time map of the surrounding environment. At this time, the data processing device (920) may perform at least one of identification of fixed or moving objects, distance estimation, and user trajectory prediction. The beam management controller (930) may adjust the direction and strength of the beam used for communication based on the data processed by the data processing device (920). In addition, the beam management controller (930) may use an algorithm to optimize beamforming based on current and expected environmental conditions. The communication transceiver (940) can perform operations of transmitting and receiving communication signals, and can adjust beamforming-related parameters based on instructions from the beam management controller (930).

[0162] Fig. 10 is a diagram showing another structure of a system to which a method according to one embodiment of the proposed method is applied.

[0163] Referring to FIG. 10, a system (1000) to which a method according to one embodiment is applied may include a radar sensor module (1010), a device function classifier (1020), a mobility estimator (1030), a beam profile selector (1040), a beamforming controller (1050), and a communication transceiver (1060).

[0164] The radar sensor module (1010) can collect real-time vectors including location, speed, direction, and acceleration information of the user terminal and surrounding objects (e.g., vehicles, walls, or people), and can update the data at regular intervals (e.g., several milliseconds). The radar sensor module (1010) of FIG. 10 can correspond to the radar sensor module (910) of FIG. 9.

[0165] The device function classifier (1020) can classify devices based on metadata such as International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), Media Access Control (MAC) address, radar signature, and traffic pattern. A radar signature refers to a signal pattern that appears when a device reflects radar. The device function classifier (1020) can classify a device as one of a pedestrian smartphone, an Extended Reality (XR) headset, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and an autonomous vehicle based on the metadata, but the classification criteria are not limited to the examples described above. In some embodiments, the device function classifier (1020) can further enhance the classification function based on machine learning (e.g., a decision tree or a random forest).

[0166] The mobility estimator (1030) can predict the movement of the device based on a Kalman filter, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), or a constant velocity model. Accordingly, the predicted future position (e.g., the position 100 ms later) can be used to pre-adjust the beam. Depending on the embodiment, the device function classifier (1020) and the mobility estimator (1030) may correspond to or be included in the data processing device (920) of FIG. 9.

[0167] The beam profile selector (1040) can select optimal beam parameters based on the classified device type and the mobility of the device. For example, the beam profile selector (1040) can select optimal beam parameters by considering at least one of the width, direction, power level, and shape of the beam. Specifically, the beam profile selector (1040) can select an optimal beam width from a range of narrow beams to wide beams, can select an optimal beam direction by considering the current position and predicted movement of the device, and can select an optimal beam shape from among an elliptical or fan-shaped beam, but is not limited to the above-described examples.

[0168] The beamforming controller (1050) can apply the selected beam parameters to the analog / digital beamforming unit of the base station. At this time, the phase converter and digital weights can be dynamically updated.

[0169] Fig. 11 is a flowchart showing the operation process of a beam management method according to the proposed embodiment.

[0170] Referring to FIG. 11, a method according to the proposed embodiment can perform environmental scanning based on a radar sensor module (S1100). The radar sensor module is continuously activated and can scan the surrounding area in all directions to collect data regarding surrounding objects, obstacles, and the movements of the user. The radar sensor module can collect raw data including distance measurements, angles, and velocities of detected objects, and the collected raw data can include reflections of stationary and moving objects.

[0171] The method according to the proposed embodiment can perform a preprocessing operation on the collected raw data (S1110). Specifically, the method according to the proposed embodiment can ensure the accuracy of the surrounding environment data by removing irrelevant signals or background noise from the raw data based on a noise filtering algorithm. In addition, the method according to the proposed embodiment can identify a specific object in the surrounding environment based on a signal processing technique. In this case, the identified specific object can perform an operation to distinguish between a fixed object (e.g., a building or a wall) and a moving object (e.g., a person or a vehicle).

[0172] Additionally, the method according to the proposed embodiment can analyze preprocessed data (S1110). At this time, the analysis of the preprocessed data may include processes such as real-time environment modeling, object trajectory prediction, and obstacle identification. Real-time environment modeling may refer to a process of generating a real-time environment model based on the preprocessed data. The real-time environment model may include information regarding the position, size, and movement of an object detected by a radar sensor. In the case of a moving object, the method according to the proposed embodiment can predict the future position of the object based on the object's current speed and direction. At this time, a machine learning algorithm can be used to increase the accuracy of the prediction. Furthermore, the method according to the proposed embodiment can identify potential obstacles that may interfere with the communication beam. For example, potential obstacles may include large, stationary objects or fast-moving objects that may cause a short-term communication interruption.

[0173] The method according to the proposed embodiment can control beam management based on the generated environment model (S1120). For example, the beam management controller of FIG. 5 can execute a beamforming algorithm based on the generated environment model. The beamforming algorithm can be used to determine the optimal direction, angle, and power of the communication beam. In addition, the beam management controller can adjust beam parameters in real time so that the communication beam can avoid obstacles and be directed toward a desired receiver. At this time, adjusting the beam parameters can include adjusting the beam width as needed to focus or widen the beam. In addition, the beam management controller can minimize interference by adjusting the beam parameters while taking into account potential interference that may arise from other communication sources.

[0174] The method according to the proposed embodiment can transmit and receive communication signals by applying adjusted beam parameters (S1130). For example, the communication transceivers (940, 1060) of FIGS. 9 and 10 can receive adjusted beam parameters from a beam management controller and transmit and receive signals based on the adjusted beam parameters. The communication transceivers (940, 1060) can secure optimal signal quality and stability by transmitting and receiving communication signals based on beams to which adjusted beam parameters are applied.

[0175] The method according to the proposed embodiment can continuously update the surrounding environment data by continuously scanning the surrounding environment through a radar sensor module (S1140). In addition, the method according to the proposed embodiment can continuously process new data from the radar sensor and update the environment model. The beam management controller can readjust the beam in real time based on the updated environment model. Accordingly, the method according to the proposed embodiment can use a communication beam optimized for the current environment by adapting to changes in the surrounding environment (e.g., new obstacles, moving objects, changes in the user's position, etc.).

[0176] Additionally, the method according to the proposed embodiment may include a protocol for handling rapid environmental changes or anomalies (e.g., the sudden appearance of a large object). Accordingly, the method according to the proposed embodiment can maintain communication quality by quickly readjusting the beam even when rapid environmental changes or anomalies occur. Furthermore, the method according to the proposed embodiment may provide a fallback mechanism in the event of temporary sensor failure or data ambiguity. For example, the method according to the proposed embodiment may revert to a predefined beam pattern or use an alternative data source (e.g., historical data) to maintain communication until normal operation is resumed.

[0177] Below, the beam management method according to the proposed embodiment is compared and explained with the existing beam management method.

[0178] Figure 12 is a flowchart showing the operation of an existing beam management method.

[0179] Referring to FIG. 12, a base station according to an embodiment may transmit (or broadcast) a SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) based on a plurality of beams so that a UE can detect a candidate beam. At this time, the SSB may also be referred to as an SS / PBCH block (Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel) block according to an embodiment. A terminal according to an embodiment may receive a plurality of SSBs transmitted from a base station and measure signal quality for the received plurality of SSBs. In addition, the terminal may transmit a beam report to the base station based on the measurement result. At this time, the beam report may include at least one of RSRP, SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), and best beam index for each SSB, but is not limited thereto. The base station may select an optimal beam parameter based on the beam report transmitted from the terminal, and establish an RRC connection with the terminal by applying the selected beam parameter.

[0180] According to one embodiment, a terminal may receive a Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS) from a base station, measure a channel state based on the received CSI-RS, and transmit CSI to the base station based on the measurement result. The base station may further adjust a beam based on the received CSI. For example, the base station may further adjust beam parameters, such as the direction and power of the beam, based on the received CSI. If the quality of the beam falls below a preset level due to movement of the terminal or the appearance of an obstacle, a beam failure may occur. If a beam failure occurs, the terminal may perform a beam failure recovery procedure based on a Random Access Channel (RACH) or a backup beam. For example, the terminal may transmit a RACH preamble for beam recovery to the base station based on a new candidate beam, and the base station, upon receiving the RACH preamble, may identify the terminal, adjust the beam, and transmit a signal based on the new beam to the terminal. The aforementioned method requires repeated measurement and reporting by the terminal, which can result in delays and, if a beam failure recovery procedure is performed, handover delays. Furthermore, considering the mobility of the device, a process is required to periodically (or aperiodically) measure and readjust the beam. Furthermore, the aforementioned method has the limitation of responding passively or reactively to environmental changes because beam adjustment is performed based on terminal feedback rather than proactively responding to environmental changes.

[0181] Fig. 13 is a flowchart showing the operation of a beam management method according to a proposed embodiment.

[0182] According to one embodiment, a base station may include a radar sensor for detecting a surrounding environment in real time. The radar sensor included in the base station may scan the environment in real time, detect objects, and collect real-time data about the detected objects. The radar sensor may continuously scan the surrounding environment in 360 degrees or in a specified direction. At this time, the radar sensor may detect the location of a user terminal, surrounding obstacles (e.g., buildings, vehicles, people), reflectors, and potential interference factors, and may obtain raw data including at least one of the distance, speed, and direction of movement of the detection target. In this way, environmental scanning based on the radar sensor is a non-communication-based real-world detection procedure that did not exist in the existing 5G NR environment.

[0183] According to one embodiment, a base station may construct an environment model based on data collected by a radar sensor. For example, the base station may construct an environment model based on the results of classifying objects detected by the radar sensor and predicting the movement path of a terminal. The environment model refers to a mathematical model of information about the surrounding environment based on data collected through the radar sensor so as to identify the locations of obstacles and terminals and select an optimal beam for communicating with the terminal. More specifically, the base station may precisely identify the location of a terminal based on raw data collected by the radar sensor, predict the movement path of the terminal based on the speed and angle of the terminal, and infer the future location of the terminal based on time (predictive modeling). At this time, the process of predicting the movement path of the terminal and inferring the future location of the terminal based on time may be performed using, but is not limited to, an AI (Artificial Intelligence) model based on a Kalman filter or a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) / Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The environmental model can represent information about predicted movement paths (or movement patterns) and future locations based on probability distributions.

[0184] In addition, the base station can pre-adjust the beam (e.g., beam direction and power) based on the constructed environment model, and establish an RRC connection with the terminal by applying the adjusted beam. According to one embodiment, the constructed environment model can be transmitted to the beamforming controller of the base station, and the beamforming controller can determine the initial beam based on the environment model. In this case, determining the beam may include determining parameters constituting a beam profile. The parameters constituting the beam profile may include, but are not limited to, a beam direction, a beam width, a transmission power, a beam lifetime, a beam shape, and a beam mode. The beam direction may be determined in a direction matching the predicted position of the terminal, and the beam width may be determined to be wide for robustness and narrow for precision. In addition, the transmission power may be adjusted based on the distance and path loss between the base station and the terminal, and the beam lifetime may be determined based on the result of predicting the moving speed and direction of the terminal. The beam shape may be determined as one of circular, elliptical, or fan-shaped, depending on the scenario, but is not limited thereto. The beam mode may be determined as one of static, tracking, or predictive. For example, the beamforming controller may determine at least one of the optimal beam direction, beam width, and beam power among the aforementioned parameters based on the constructed environmental model. Accordingly, the base station can accurately adjust the beam even if the terminal does not measure the beam and transmit the measurement result to the base station. The base station can establish an RRC connection with the terminal by applying the determined initial beam. The base station can align the initial beam to the predicted position of the terminal based on the radar sensor, and the terminal can stably receive a signal based on the accurately adjusted initial beam without separate beam measurement.Accordingly, compared to the existing method, the initial beam alignment time can be significantly shortened and the RRC connection can be established quickly without SSB sweeping.

[0185] In addition, the base station can perform sensing in real time based on the radar sensor, update / re-adjust the beam based on the sensing result, and transmit data to the terminal by applying the updated / re-adjusted beam. For example, the radar sensor can track changes in the position, direction, and speed of the terminal in real time, and can also continuously detect the appearance and movement of new obstacles. Continuous radar sensing may be a key element for uninterrupted connection. In addition, when the terminal moves or an obstacle appears, a process of changing the beam direction (steering), adjusting the beam width, or adjusting the beam power may be required. According to the proposed embodiment, since the radar sensor can continuously sense the surrounding environment, predict the position and direction of the terminal, and update the beam in advance by detecting obstacles, the base station can autonomously optimize beam management without feedback from the terminal.

[0186] Furthermore, according to the proposed embodiment, the base station can transmit data to the terminal by applying an optimized beam. According to the proposed embodiment, because changes in the surrounding environment are predicted based on radar sensors and the beam optimized for the changed environment is updated in advance, a high SINR (Signal-to-Interference & Noise Ratio) and a low packet loss rate can be guaranteed, thereby ensuring stable communication quality even in high-speed movement and complex urban environments.

[0187] According to the proposed embodiment, it is possible to proactively respond to environmental changes by predicting environmental changes and adjusting the beam in advance. In addition, according to the proposed embodiment, since the terminal does not need to perform measurement or reporting for beam management, the continuous measurement-feedback loop between the terminal and the base station is eliminated, which has the advantage of reducing signaling overhead and delay time. Furthermore, according to the proposed embodiment, even when updating / re-adjusting the beam, the base station can autonomously perform it based on the radar sensing results and the constructed environmental model. Furthermore, according to the proposed embodiment, robustness can be improved in dynamic and complex scenarios such as urban areas, V2X communications, and UAVs. Stable connections can be maintained even without RACH procedures or CSI reporting procedures for beam management.

[0188] Table 4 briefly outlines the step-by-step procedures according to the existing beam management method.

[0189] Step Procedure Description 1 SSB Transmission The base station broadcasts SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) so that the UE can detect candidate beams 2 Beam Measurement by the UE The UE measures RSRP and quality for different SSBs 3 Beam Reporting The UE transmits a beam report to the base station 4 Beam Selection The base station selects the optimal beam based on the beam report and signals the UE through RRC 5 Beam Steering Based on the CSI-RS, the beam is further tuned 6 Beam Breakdown Recovery If the beam quality degrades, the UE initiates beam recovery based on RACH or backup beam 7 Mobility Handling Continuous beam switching, re-measurement, and handover procedures are required

[0190] Table 5 briefly illustrates the step-by-step procedure of the beam management method according to the proposed embodiment.

[0191] Steps and Procedures Description1Environmental ScanningRadar sensors collect real-time data on objects, user movements, and obstacles2Data ProcessingBuilds an environment model through object classification and trajectory prediction3Predictive Beam SteeringPreemptively adjusts the beam based on predicted environmental changes4Beam Fine TuningDynamically adjusts (widens or focuses) the narrow beam width based on radar feedback5Interference ManagementReal-time interference detection and avoidance using spatial mapping6Seamless Mobility HandlingProactively switches beams based on predicted terminal movements, eliminating handover delays7Fallback ProtocolIf a radar sensor fails, the system reverts to a beam based on past data or to the default beam pattern

[0192] Comparing the existing beam management method and the beam management method according to the proposed embodiment step by step, in the initial beam search step, the existing method allows the base station to transmit SSB in all directions so that the terminal can search for a beam that can be received, whereas in the method according to the proposed embodiment, the radar sensor detects the surrounding environment and the location of the user terminal in real time and transmits SSB in an appropriate direction, so that the initial beam search time of the terminal can be shortened.

[0193] With respect to the beam measurement and reporting step, the existing method has the terminal measure the quality (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)) of multiple beams and report the measurement results to the base station, whereas the method according to the proposed embodiment has the radar sensor estimate the position, speed, and direction of the terminal, so that the base station can directly determine the optimal beam without beam reporting from the terminal.

[0194] In the step of selecting the optimal beam, the existing method selects the optimal beam based on the beam report performed by the terminal, and transmits the beam setting to the terminal via an RRC message, whereas the method according to the proposed embodiment selects the optimal beam in advance based on the environment model in which the base station is built, and can automatically apply the selected optimal beam without a separate request to the terminal.

[0195] With respect to the precision beam steering step based on CSI-RS, the existing method involves a base station transmitting CSI-RS to a terminal, the terminal measuring a channel state based on the CSI-RS, and transmitting CSI to the base station based on the measurement result, whereas the method according to the proposed embodiment allows the base station to analyze the surrounding environment based on data collected through a radar sensor and autonomously adjust the beam without CSI reporting performed by the terminal.

[0196] In addition, with respect to the beam maintenance and tracking steps, existing methods may cause delay and load because they require a process of continuously re-measuring and reporting the beam as the terminal moves, whereas the method according to the proposed embodiment can minimize delay because the radar tracks the movement of the terminal in real time and the base station performs beam switching in advance (predictive beam switching).

[0197] In addition, with regard to handover and beam switching, the existing method performs a beam failure recovery procedure based on RACH when a terminal detects a degradation in beam quality, and searches for a new beam based on the result of performing the beam failure recovery procedure, whereas in the method according to the proposed embodiment, the RACH procedure for beam recovery is unnecessary because the radar sensor predicts the trajectory of an obstacle and the terminal, and the base station automatically readjusts the beam, and thus signaling overhead can be reduced.

[0198] In addition, in terms of interference avoidance, while existing methods avoid interference after the fact, such as communication-based TPC (Transmit Power Control), the method according to the proposed embodiment has the advantage of being able to avoid interference in advance by identifying interference objects or reflectors in advance through radar, and having the base station dynamically adjust the angle and / or intensity of the beam based on the radar sensing results.

[0199] In addition, in terms of responding to exceptional situations, the existing method has the terminal manually perform a beam failure recovery procedure when a beam fails, whereas the method according to the proposed embodiment can maintain communication by applying a fallback pattern based on past history when detection by the radar sensor fails.

[0200] As described above, the method according to the proposed embodiment can recognize the surrounding environment through active detection based on a radar sensor rather than passive measurement based on a terminal, and since the signaling overhead due to repeated feedback between the base station and the terminal is reduced, the beam adjustment speed can also be reduced to within several milliseconds. In addition, unlike the existing method that has difficulty in guaranteeing the stability of handover in an environment where the terminal moves at high speed, the method according to the proposed embodiment can guarantee the stability of handover even in an environment where the terminal moves at high speed by predicting environmental changes and adjusting the beam in advance. In addition, unlike the existing method that increases the complexity of the system because beam reporting and CSI reporting are linked, the method according to the proposed embodiment can reduce the complexity of the system because the radar sensor is processed by an integrated algorithm.

[0201] Fig. 14 is a flowchart showing the operation of a beam management method according to one proposed embodiment.

[0202] Referring to FIG. 14, a base station can obtain information about the surrounding environment based on a radar sensor (S1000). The radar sensor can scan the surrounding environment in real time to detect a terminal and one or more objects, and collect real-time information about the detected one or more objects and terminals. At this time, the objects can include both fixed objects such as buildings and moving objects such as people and vehicles. The real-time information about the objects and terminals can include information about at least one of the distance (e.g., the distance between the base station and the object / terminal), speed, and movement direction for each object and terminal. Depending on the embodiment, the radar sensor may be included in the base station in a form integrated with a transceiver, or may be included in the base station in a form separate from the transceiver.

[0203] The base station can generate an environment model for beam management based on information acquired through a radar sensor (S1010). The base station can predict at least one of the future locations and movement paths of the terminals and objects based on the current speed and direction information of the terminals and objects. At this time, the process of predicting the future locations can be performed based on machine learning according to an embodiment, thereby obtaining more accurately predicted information. For example, predicting the future locations of the terminals and objects can be performed using an AI model based on a Kalman filter, RNN, or LSTM, but is not limited thereto. The environment model can represent information about the predicted movement path and future location based on a probability distribution.

[0204] The base station can adjust the beam based on the generated environmental model (S1020). Adjusting the beam may mean adjusting parameters that constitute the beam profile. For example, the parameters that constitute the beam profile may include, but are not limited to, the direction, width, transmission power, and shape of the beam. By adjusting the beam based on the environmental model, the base station can autonomously adjust the beam without beam measurement and beam reporting by the terminal, thereby reducing the signaling overhead for beam adjustment.

[0205] In addition, the base station can transmit a signal to the terminal by adjusting the adjusted beam (S1030). If the base station sets an initial beam for communicating with the terminal based on the environment model, the base station can establish an RRC (Radio Resource Configuration) connection with the terminal by applying the set initial beam. For example, the base station can transmit an RRCSetup message to the terminal by applying the set initial beam in response to an RRCSetupRequest message transmitted from the terminal, and the terminal can establish an RRC connection by transmitting an RRCSetupComplete message in response to the RRCSetup message transmitted from the base station.

[0206] Even after the RRC connection is established, the radar sensor can monitor the surrounding environment in real time and update real-time data about the surrounding environment. The base station can update the environment model based on the data updated through the radar sensor and readjust the beam based on the updated environment model. Reading the beam may mean reading or updating the beam parameters. Accordingly, the base station can proactively perform beam management in response to changes in the surrounding environment by pre-adjusting the beam in response to changes in the surrounding environment. The beam readjustment process described above can be performed without channel state measurement and CSI reporting based on CSI-RS performed by the terminal. Accordingly, since the terminal's measurement and reporting process for beam adjustment is omitted, the base station can more quickly adjust the optimized beam in real time.

[0207] In addition, when the beam quality falls below a threshold level during communication with a terminal, the base station can perform communication with the terminal by applying a preset beam or a previously used beam. For example, when the radar sensor temporarily malfunctions and the beam quality falls below a threshold level, the base station can operate based on the fallback mechanism described above. Since the base station can maintain the communication state with the terminal by applying a predefined beam or a previously used beam, a beam failure recovery procedure based on RACH is not required to restore the beam. Accordingly, according to the proposed embodiment, the communication state with the terminal can be maintained more smoothly even if a beam failure event occurs.

[0208] From the terminal's perspective, the aforementioned method eliminates the need for the terminal to perform beam reporting for beam configuration because the base station generates an environmental model based on information about the surrounding environment collected via radar sensors without a handshaking process with the terminal. The beam is then adjusted based on this environmental model. Consequently, the terminal's signaling overhead is reduced, and because the terminal no longer needs to report to the base station for beam configuration, beam configuration can be performed more quickly to adapt to environmental changes.

[0209] According to one embodiment, a terminal can receive a signal from the base station to which a beam adjusted by the base station is applied. In this case, the applied beam is set based on an environmental model generated based on information about the surrounding environment, and the information about the surrounding environment can be acquired in real time through a radar sensor. Therefore, since the base station sets the beam without a beam measurement report performed by the terminal, the optimal beam can be applied more quickly. Furthermore, during the beam update process, the base station can fine-tune the beam based on information about the surrounding environment updated in real time through the radar sensor, without feedback from the terminal. Furthermore, even when the beam quality falls below a critical level, the base station can maintain communication with the terminal by applying a fallback mechanism to apply a preset beam or a previously used beam. Accordingly, the terminal and the base station do not need to perform a RACH procedure for beam failure recovery, and thus, beam quality can be restored more quickly even if a beam failure event occurs.

[0210] According to the proposed embodiment, by accurately sensing the surrounding environment in real time through a radar sensor, a communication beam can be aligned more precisely. Consequently, the beam can be more accurately directed toward the intended receiver, minimizing signal loss and interference. Furthermore, because the radar sensor continuously monitors the surrounding environment, beam parameters can be adjusted in real time, enabling faster optimal beam adjustment even as the environment changes.

[0211] Furthermore, the proposed embodiment enables improved mobility management. Radar sensors can effectively track the movements of users and other objects within a communication area. Accordingly, the proposed method predicts the user's trajectory and adjusts the beam in advance, thereby maintaining a robust connection even as the user moves. Furthermore, by securing real-time data on the user's movements, delays associated with beam switching and handovers can be reduced, ensuring a smooth connection.

[0212] Furthermore, according to the proposed embodiment, the radar sensor can detect obstacles that may block or reflect communication signals, such as buildings, vehicles, and people. Therefore, the method according to the proposed embodiment can adjust the beam path to avoid detected obstacles and maintain signal strength and quality. Furthermore, the method according to the proposed embodiment can more accurately map the surrounding environment using the radar sensor, identify potential sources of interference, and adjust the beam to minimize the impact of potential sources of interference.

[0213] Furthermore, the proposed embodiment utilizes beamforming technology more effectively based on accurate environmental data, thereby focusing spectrum usage where it's needed and reducing spectrum waste. This allows for more efficient use of available spectrum. Furthermore, the proposed method enables more robust and stable communication connections through efficient beam management, thereby supporting higher data rates and increased network capacity.

[0214] Furthermore, the proposed embodiment can help overcome challenges associated with multipath propagation and frequent obstacles in dense urban and complex indoor environments using radar sensing. Furthermore, the proposed method can maintain communication stability even in dynamic environments by quickly adapting to environmental changes, such as the sudden appearance of new obstacles or the rapid movement of a user, through radar sensing.

[0215] Furthermore, the proposed embodiment predicts changes in the surrounding environment and pre-adjusts the beam based on the predicted results, thereby reducing call dropouts and improving service quality for users. This can lead to a more enhanced user experience, particularly in situations where mobility is high or the surrounding environment is complex. Furthermore, the proposed method can maintain high signal quality and low latency even in application environments requiring high bandwidth and low latency, such as video streaming and online gaming, thereby providing a consistently enhanced user experience.

[0216] The proposed embodiments can be used in Extended Reality (XR) communications, V2X for autonomous vehicles, UAV / drone communications, smart factories / IIoT, wearable brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), and SaaS (Sensing-as-a-Service) / digital twins. For example, when used in XR communications, the radar can track head and upper body movements, and the beam can be synchronized with the predicted gaze direction to improve field-of-view alignment and minimize latency, providing an immersive experience.

[0217] When used in V2X communication for autonomous vehicles, radar sensors mounted on vehicles and RSUs (Road Side Units) can jointly track moving objects, predict environmental changes based on the radar sensors, and predictively perform handovers considering the predicted environmental changes, thereby providing a communication environment with low delay and no interruption even in high-speed moving situations.

[0218] Additionally, when used in UAV / drone communications, it can be suitable for THz band UAV links because altitude, direction, and speed can be tracked in real time, and beam sweeping can be performed predictively to maintain aerial coverage while minimizing beam loss.

[0219] When used in smart factory / IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things) environments, radar sensors detect Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and metal obstacles, enabling beamforming and nulling that takes reflections into account. This eliminates interference and enables stable, real-time communication in dense industrial environments.

[0220] When used in wearable BMIs, radar sensors can detect the micro-positioning of implantable or wearable devices with millimeter-level precision. This allows for ultra-narrowband beam alignment, ensuring ultra-low-power and highly reliable brain-network communication.

[0221] When used in SaaS and digital twin applications, environmental radar data collected via radar sensors can be transmitted to an edge twin engine to generate a dynamic spatial map. To ensure precise spatial coherence, the communication beam can be aligned with the real-time virtual map.

[0222] The embodiments described above are combinations of components and features of the present invention in a predetermined form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless explicitly stated otherwise. Each component or feature may be implemented without being combined with other components or features. Furthermore, it is also possible to form an embodiment of the present invention by combining some components and / or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present invention may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is self-evident that claims that do not have an explicit citation relationship in the patent claims may be combined to form an embodiment or may be incorporated as a new claim through a post-application amendment.

[0223] In this document, embodiments of the present invention have been described primarily focusing on the signal transmission and reception relationship between a terminal and a base station. This transmission and reception relationship is equally / similarly extended to signal transmission and reception between a terminal and a relay or a base station and a relay. Certain operations described as being performed by a base station in this document may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. That is, it is obvious that various operations performed for communication with a terminal in a network composed of multiple network nodes including a base station may be performed by the base station or other network nodes other than the base station. The base station may be replaced by terms such as fixed station, Node B, eNode B (eNB), and access point. In addition, the terminal may be replaced by terms such as UE (User Equipment), MS (Mobile Station), MSS (Mobile Subscriber Station).

[0224] Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented by various means, for example, hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. In the case of hardware implementation, an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented by one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, etc.

[0225] When implemented via firmware or software, an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented in the form of modules, procedures, functions, etc. that perform the functions or operations described above. The software code may be stored in a memory unit and executed by a processor. The memory unit may be located within or outside the processor and may exchange data with the processor via various known means.

[0226] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the above detailed description should not be construed as limiting in any respect, but rather as illustrative. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the scope of equivalents of the present disclosure are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0227] The embodiments of the present invention as described above can be applied to various mobile communication systems.

Claims

In the method performed by the branch office, A step of acquiring information about the surrounding environment based on a radar sensor; A step of creating an environment model for beam management based on the information obtained above; A step of adjusting the beam based on the above environmental model; and A step of transmitting a signal to a terminal by applying the above-mentioned adjusted beam; A method wherein the above environmental model includes information about at least one of objects detected by the radar sensor and the predicted location and movement path of the terminal. In the first paragraph, A method wherein the step of adjusting the beam comprises the step of adjusting the beam based on the environmental model without beam reporting performed by the terminal. In the first paragraph, The step of adjusting the beam includes the step of setting an initial beam based on the environmental model, A method wherein the step of transmitting a signal to the terminal includes a step of establishing an RRC (Radio Resource Configuration) connection with the terminal by applying the set initial beam. In the first paragraph, the method, A step of updating information about the surrounding environment based on the radar sensor; A step of updating the environmental model based on the updated information; and A method further comprising the step of readjusting the beam based on the updated environment model. In the fourth paragraph, A method wherein the step of readjusting the beam comprises a step of readjusting the beam based on the updated environment model without a CSI (Channel State Information) report performed by the terminal. In the first paragraph, the step of obtaining information about the surrounding environment comprises: A step of detecting objects located in the terminal and an area adjacent to the terminal; A method comprising the step of obtaining information about at least one of the position, angle, and movement speed of the terminal and the objects. In the first paragraph, A method wherein the step of adjusting the beam comprises the step of adjusting at least one of the direction, width, and power of the beam. In the first paragraph, the step of generating the environmental model comprises: A step of predicting at least one of the future locations and movement paths of the terminal and the objects based on the current speed and direction information of the terminal and the objects; and A method comprising a step of generating the environmental model based on the above prediction results. In paragraph 8, A method, wherein the step of predicting the future locations of the terminal and the objects includes a step of predicting the future locations of the terminal and the objects using machine learning. In the first paragraph, the method, A method further comprising the step of performing communication with the terminal by applying a preset beam or a previously used beam based on the quality of the adjusted beam being below a threshold level. At the base station, At least one transceiver; a processor connected to at least one transceiver; and At least one memory configured to store instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the base station to perform operations; The above actions are, Based on radar sensors, it acquires information about the surrounding environment, Based on the information obtained above, an environmental model for beam management is created, Based on the above environmental model, adjust the beam, Including transmitting a signal to a terminal by applying the above-mentioned adjusted beam, A base station, wherein the above environmental model includes information about at least one of objects detected by the radar sensor and the predicted location and movement path of the terminal. In at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, Contains instructions that perform operations when executed by at least one processor, The above actions are, Based on radar sensors, it acquires information about the surrounding environment, Based on the information obtained above, an environmental model for beam management is created, Based on the above environmental model, adjust the beam, Including transmitting a signal to a terminal by applying the above-mentioned adjusted beam, At least one non-transitory computer-readable medium recording medium, wherein the environmental model includes information about at least one of objects detected by the radar sensor and the predicted location and movement path of the terminal. In a processing device that controls a base station, at least one processor; and At least one memory connected to said at least one processor and storing instructions that perform operations when executed by said at least one processor, The above actions are, Based on radar sensors, it acquires information about the surrounding environment, Based on the information obtained above, an environmental model for beam management is created, Based on the above environmental model, adjust the beam, Including transmitting a signal to a terminal by applying the above-mentioned adjusted beam, A processing device, wherein the above environmental model includes information about at least one of objects detected by the radar sensor and the predicted location and movement path of the terminal.

Images