Compositions comprising group ii base stock and c18-c48-polyalphaolefin

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising Group II base stock and C30-polyalphaolefin. In some embodiments, a composition includes about 50 wt% or greater of a Group II base stock, based on total weight of the composition. The composition includes about 0.1 wt% or greater of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition.

Description

COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING GROUP II BASE STOCK AND C18-C48- POLYALPHAOLEFIN CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 683,946, filed on August 16, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising Group II base stock and C18-C48-polyalphaolefin. BACKGROUND

[0003] Lubricants are applied between moving surfaces to reduce friction, thereby improving efficiency and reducing wear. Lubricants also often function to dissipate the heat generated by moving surfaces.

[0004] One type of lubricant is petroleum-based lubrication oil used for internal combustion engines. Lubrication oils contain additives that help the lubrication oil to have a certain viscosity at a given temperature. In general, the viscosity of lubricants is inversely dependent upon temperature. When the temperature of a lubricant is increased, the viscosity generally decreases, and when the temperature is decreased, the viscosity generally increases. For internal combustion engines, a lubrication oil should have a lower viscosity at low temperatures to facilitate the engine starting during cold weather and should have a higher viscosity at higher ambient temperatures when lubrication properties typically decline. The time between oil changes of the lubricant and the reduction in the size of lubricant-based systems also lead to an increased need for high- performance lubricants.

[0005] Energy efficiency and in particular the improved Fuel Economy (FE) of lubricants or the reduction in the fuel consumption of engines, vehicle engines in particular, are objectives of ever greater importance and lead to the increasing use of high-performance lubricants. High- performance lubricants should therefore have improved properties, in particular regarding kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, volatility, cold cranking viscosity or cold pour point. Thermal stability and resistance to oxidation are also properties to be improved for high-performance lubricants.

[0006] Current lubricant technology involves either catalytically dewaxed, wax isomerate based Group III base stocks, or polyalphaolefins (PAOs) as the primary base stock to achieve certain parameters set by organizations such as ACEA (Association des Constructeurs d' Automobiles), ATIEL (Association Technique de L'Industrie Europeane des Lubrifiants), API (American Petroleum Institute), ILSAC (International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee), ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials), EOLCS (Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System), SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) for applications involving excellent low temperature properties as well as high temperature stability. An example is SAE Grade 0W multi-grade engine oils and ILSAC GF-4 specifications. There is currently a limited supply of both of these relatively expensive base stocks and development of alternatives is needed to meet growing demand.

[0007] The use of Group III lube base stocks blended with Group II base stocks is currently available commercially to make 0W-XX engine oils (where XX can be 10, 20, 30, 40). However, in such formulations, a large amount of Group III base stock is needed because Group II base stocks are less refined / processed compared to Group III base stocks, but such Group III base stock content adds significantly to the cost of the overall base stock. In addition, enhanced viscosity index, Noack volatility, and low temperature performance, such as cold crank simulator viscosity, are still needed. For example, the properties associated with 0W-20 engine oil viscosity grades include: (1) kinematic viscosity @ 100°C = 9 cSt; (2) kinematic viscosity @ 40°C; (3) viscosity index = 164; (4) cold crank simulator = 58 poise @ -35°C; (5) pour point = -47°C; (6) Noack evaporation loss @ 1 hr(250°C) = 5%; (7) HTHS viscosity @ 150°C (ASTM D4741) = 2.9 cP. Also, to meet some of the stringent OEM specifications such as GM Dexos and VW 508 / 509, the base oil should have excellent oxidative stability which is beyond the current capability of Group II base stocks.

[0008] Conventional low-viscosity polyalpha-olefin (“PAO”) base stocks made from oligomerization of alpha-olefin monomer in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst are available and indeed can be utilized in transmission fluids and other functional fluids. PAOs can be formed from sources other than crude oil such as ethylene from natural gas. However, these fluids at very low viscosity ranges such as 2.5 to 4 cSt, tend to suffer from one or more of the following: inadequate viscosity-volatility balance, insufficient oxidation stability and / or thermal stability.

[0009] In addition, PAOs are paraffinic hydrocarbons with low polarity. This low polarity leads to low solubility and dispersancy for polar additives or sludge generated during service. To compensate for this low polarity, lube formulators usually add one or multiple polar co-base stocks. Ester or alkylated naphthalene is usually present at 1 wt% to 50 wt% levels in many finished lubricant formulations to increase the fluid polarity which improves the solubility of polar additives and sludge. However, the esters, for example, hinder hydrolytic stability of the overall lubricant.

[0010] There is a need for improved lubricants including Group II base stocks, including low performing Group II base stocks (e.g., viscosity index of 105-110), such as re-refined base stocks, and capable of meeting 0W-XX requirements.

[0011] References for citing in an information disclosure statement (37 C.F.R. 1.97(h)): U.S.2017 / 0183594; U.S.7,838,471; U.S.2018 / 0371348; U.S.10,077,409; U.S.11,180,709; U.S.11,525,020. SUMMARY

[0012] The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising Group II base stock and C30-polyalphaolefin.

[0013] In some embodiments, a composition includes about 50 wt% or greater of a Group II base stock, based on total weight of the composition. In other embodiments, a composition includes less than 50 wt% of a Group II base stock, based on total weight of the composition. The composition includes about 0.1 wt% or greater of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition.

[0014] These and other features and attributes of compositions of the present disclosure and their advantageous applications and / or uses will be apparent from the detailed description which follows. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising a group II base stock and a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin. Compositions of the present disclosure can provide improved lubricants including Group II base stocks, including low performing Group II base stocks, and capable of meeting 0W-XX requirements and without a need for added Group III base stock (e.g., 1 wt% or less of Group III base stock). Group III base stocks (and Group III+ base stocks) are limited in supply, whereas Group II base stocks are plentiful and are less refined than Group III base stocks.An ability to utilize Group II base stocks instead of Group III base stocks (or in addition to Group III base stocks) allows a less expensive way to meet 0W-XX requirements.

[0016] However, Group II base stock contains paraffins, iso paraffins, and cyclo paraffins. Also, Group II base stock has a much wider molecular weight distribution. Such properties make Group II base stocks less oxidatively stable. PAOs, on the other hand, are isoparaffins with very narrow molecular weight distribution. The inventors have discovered that a low amount of PAOs of the present disclosure can be used in compositions of the present disclosure even for very low- quality Group II base stocks (such as re-refined Group II base stocks) and while having a very low amount (if any) Group II base stock.

[0017] For example, a C18-C48-PAO of the present disclosure can include a large amount of a C30-polyalphaolefin having (1) two directly connected tertiary carbons, (2) three major isomers, and (3) less variable branch lengths than typical polyalphaolefins. However, a C18-C48- polyalphaolefin of the present disclosure can have about 95 wt% or greater (e.g., 96 wt%-97 wt%) of the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin isomer. C18-C48-polyalphaolefin of the present disclosure can provide lower viscosity and lower volatility than conventional polyalphaolefins, which can provide improved low temperature properties and oxidative stability. In some embodiments, a C18-C48- polyalphaolefin includes a C30-polyalphaolefin, such as 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane. It has been discovered that a C30-polyalphaolefin of the present disclosure can provide enhanced viscosity index, Noack volatility, and low temperature performance, such as cold crank simulator viscosity, to compositions including Group II base stocks (such as low performing Group II base stocks), as compared to compositions having Group II base stocks and other polyalphaolefins (such as other C30-polyalphaolefins). For example, compositions of the present disclosure may obtain a 0W-20 engine oil grade, even while including low performing Group II base stocks and without a need to include Group III base stocks. In addition, compositions of the present disclosure may have advantaged oxidative stability such that OEM specifications such as GM Dexos and VW 508 / 509 can be obtained, even while including low performing Group II base stocks and without a need to include Group III base stocks.

[0018] For example, a PAO can be synthesized using a hybrid process of an alpha olefin (such as 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene) feed with metallocene catalyst to form a PAO dimer. In some embodiments, a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin can be synthesized as described in U.S. Patent No. 11,525,020, incorporated by reference herein. ThePAO dimer can then be treated with a BF3catalyst and another alpha olefin to form a C18-C48- polyalphaolefin. In contrast, a comparative polyalphaolefin (such as a C30-polyalphaolefin, such as 9-ethyl-8-hexyl-10-methyl-7-propyloctadecane) can be formed using exclusively a BF3catalyst. 9-ethyl-8-hexyl-10-methyl-7-propyloctadecane has directly connected tertiary carbons, many isomers, and more random branch length as compared to 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane. It has been discovered that the improved oxidation stability of 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane can be attributed at least in part to there being only two directly connected (i.e., α- to one another) tertiary carbons and few isomers, as compared to comparative C30-polyalphaolefin, such as 9-ethyl-8- hexyl-10-methyl-7-propyloctadecane. In addition, 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane10-methyl-11- octylhenicosane provides improved oxidation stability because oxidation occurs under an oxidation pathway that is easy to chain terminate, which shuts down further oxidation, as compared to comparative C30-polyalphaolefin. In one or more examples, the hybrid PAOs and the conventional PAOs, as described and discussed herein, may be hydrogenated to remove residual olefins. Accordingly, lubricants of the present disclosure having Group II base stock, such as low performing Group II base stock, can have less polyalphaolefin content as compared to conventional lubricants having polyalphaolefin content.

[0019] In addition, PAOs of the present disclosure, such as 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane, have sufficient solubility with Group II base stocks such that polar additives, such as esters, are merely optional.

[0020] Lubricants of the present disclosure can be particularly suitable for engine transmissions for internal combustion engines, including automatic and manual transmissions, gas / electric hybrid engine transmissions, diesel / electric hybrid engine transmissions, electric motors, and even battery packs, for purposes of lubricating and / or cooling the transmissions, electrical motors and / or the battery packs, such as those installed in modern gas or diesel powered, gas / electric powered, diesel / electric powered, and electrically powered automobiles.

[0021] As used herein, “polyalpha-olefin(s)” (“PAO(s)”) includes any oligomer(s) and polymer(s) of one or more alpha-olefin monomer(s). PAOs are oligomeric or polymeric molecules produced from the polymerization reactions of alpha-olefin monomer molecules in the presence of a catalyst system, optionally further hydrogenated to remove residual carbon-carbon double bonds therein. Thus, the PAO can be a dimer, a trimer, a tetramer, or any other oligomer or polymer comprising two or more structure units derived from one or more alpha-olefinmonomer(s). A PAO material made by using a metallocene-based catalyst system is typically called a metallocene-PAO (“mPAO”), and a PAO material made by using traditional non- metallocene-based catalysts (e.g., Lewis acids, supported chromium oxide, and the like) is typically called a conventional PAO (“cPAO”).

[0022] As used herein, a “lubricant” refers to a substance that can be introduced between two or more moving surfaces and lower the level of friction between two adjacent surfaces moving relative to each other. A lubricant “base stock” is a material, typically a fluid at the operating temperature of the lubricant, used to formulate a lubricant by admixing it with other components. Non-limiting examples of base stocks suitable in lubricants include API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V base stocks. Fluids derived from Fischer-Tropsch process or Gas-to- Liquid (“GTL”) processes are examples of synthetic base stocks useful for making modern lubricants. GTL base stocks and processes for making them can be found in, e.g., WO 2005 / 121280 A1 and U.S. Pat. Nos.7,344,631; 6,846,778; 7,241,375; 7,053,254.

[0023] Unless otherwise stated, all kinematic viscosity values in this disclosure are as determined according to ASTM D445. Kinematic viscosity at 100°C is reported herein as KV100, and kinematic viscosity at 40°C is reported herein as KV40. Unit of all KV100 and KV40 values herein is cSt, unless otherwise specified.

[0024] Unless otherwise stated, all viscosity index (“VI”) values in this disclosure are as determined according to ASTM D2270.

[0025] Unless otherwise stated, all Noack volatility (“NV”) values in this disclosure are as determined according to ASTM D6375, Noack volatility by thermogravimetric analysis, unless specified otherwise. Unit of all NV values is wt%, unless otherwise specified.

[0026] Unless otherwise stated, all pour points in this disclosure are as determined pursuant to ASTM D5950. Unit of all pour point values is °C, unless otherwise specified.

[0027] Unless otherwise stated, all rotating pressure vessel oxidation test (“RPVOT”) values in this disclosure are as determined pursuant to ASTM D2272. Unit of all RPVOT values is minute, unless otherwise specified.

[0028] Unless otherwise stated, all cold-crank-simulator viscosity (“CCSV”) values in this disclosure are as determined pursuant to ASTM D5293. Unit of all CCSV values is centipoise (millipascal·second), unless otherwise specified.

[0029] Unless otherwise stated, all high-temperature high-shear viscosity (“HTHSV”) values in this disclosure are as determined pursuant to ASTM D4683. Unit of HTHSV values is centipoise, unless otherwise specified.

[0030] Unless otherwise stated, all Brookfield viscosity (“Brookfield”) values in this disclosure are as determined pursuant to ASTM D2983. Unit of Brookfield values is centipoise, unless otherwise specified.

[0031] Unless otherwise stated, all MRV apparent viscosity (“MRV”) values in this disclosure are as determined pursuant to ASTM D4674. Unit of all MRV values is centipoise, unless otherwise specified.

[0032] Unless otherwise stated, all molecular weight data are in the unit of g·mol−1. Molecular weight of oligomer or polymer materials (including PAOs) and distribution thereof in this disclosure are measured by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) equipped with a multiple-channel band filter based infrared detector ensemble IR5 (GPC-IR) with band region covering from 2700-3000 cm−1(all saturated C—H stretching vibration). Reagent grade 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene (TCB) (from Sigma-Aldrich) comprising 300 ppm antioxidant BHT is used as the mobile phase at a nominal flow rate of 1.0 mL / min and a nominal injection volume 200 μL. The whole system including transfer lines, columns, and detectors is contained in an oven maintained at 145°C. A given amount of sample is weighed and sealed in a standard vial with 10 μL flow marker (heptane) added thereto. After loading the vial in the auto-sampler, the oligomer or polymer is automatically dissolved in the instrument with 8 mL added TCB solvent at 160°C with continuous shaking. The sample solution concentration is from 0.2 to 2.0 mg / ml, with lower concentrations used for higher molecular weight samples. The concentration, c, at each point in the chromatogram is calculated from the baseline-subtracted IR5 broadband signal, I, using the equation: c=αI, where α is the mass constant determined with polyethylene or polypropylene standards. The mass recovery is calculated from the ratio of the integrated area of the concentration chromatography over elution volume and the injection mass which is equal to the pre-determined concentration multiplied by injection loop volume. The molecular weight is determined by combining universal calibration relationship with Mark-Houwink equation in which the M-H parameters a / K=0.695 / 0.00012 for mPAO. Number-average molecular weight (Mn) and weight- average molecular weight (Mw) of an oligomer or polymer are obtained from the above process.The polydispersity index (PDI) of the material is then calculated as follows: PDI=Mw / Mn.

[0033] NMR spectroscopy provides key structural information about the synthesized polymers. Proton NMR (1H-NMR) analysis of the unsaturated PAO material gives a quantitative breakdown of the olefinic structure types (vinyl, 1,2-di-substituted vinylene, tri-substituted vinylene, and vinylidene). In this disclosure, compositions of mixtures of olefins comprising terminal olefins (vinyls and vinylidenes) and internal olefins (1,2-di-substituted vinylenes and tri- substituted vinylenes) can be determined by using1H-NMR. Unless otherwise stated, an NMR instrument of at least 500 MHz is run under the following conditions: a 30° flip angle RF pulse, 120 scans, with a delay of 5 seconds between pulses; sample dissolved in CDCl3(deuterated chloroform); and signal collection temperature at 25°C. The following approach can be taken in determining the concentrations of the various olefins among all of the olefins from an NMR spectrum. First, peaks corresponding to different types of hydrogen atoms in vinyls (T1), vinylidenes (T2), 1,2-di-substituted vinylenes (T3), and tri-substituted vinylenes (T4) are identified. Second, areas of each of the above peaks (A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively) are then integrated. Third, quantities of each type of olefins (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively) in moles are calculated (as A1 / 2, A2 / 2, A3 / 2, and A4, respectively). Fourth, the total quantity of all olefins (Qt) in moles is calculated as the sum total of all four types (Qt=Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4). Finally, the molar concentrations (C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively, in mol %) of each type of olefin, on the basis of the total molar quantity of all of the olefins, is then calculated (in each case, Ci=100*Qi / Qt). C18-C48-Polyalphaolefin

[0034] Lubricants of the present disclosure comprise C18-C48-polyalphaolefins, which can include a C30-polyalphaolefin. C18-C48-polyalphaolefin of the present disclosure can have (1) two directly connected tertiary carbons, (2) fewer isomers with three major isomers, and (3) less variable branch lengths than typical polyalphaolefins. However, a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin of the present disclosure can have about 95 wt% or greater (e.g., 96 wt%-97 wt%) of the C18-C48- polyalphaolefin isomer. C18-C48-polyalphaolefins of the present disclosure can provide lower viscosity and lower volatility than conventional polyalphaolefins, which can provide improved low temperature properties and oxidative stability.

[0035] In some embodiments, the three major isomers are the following:

[0036] It has been discovered that the inventive PAO of this disclosure has been shown to have a synergistic effect in improving the base oil properties when mixed with group II base stocks compared to conventional PAO. Some of these properties include VI, oxidative stability and low temperature properties such as CCS and pour point.

[0037] Accordingly, lubricants of the present disclosure having Group II base stock, such as low performing Group II base stock, can have less polyalphaolefin content as compared to conventional lubricants having polyalphaolefin content.

[0038] In some embodiments, the polyalphaolefin can have a KV100 in the range from v1 to v2 cSt, where v1 and v2 can be, independently, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6. For example, v1=3.0, and v2=4.0. More preferably, v1=3.0, and v2=3.6. More preferably v1=3.4, and v2 =3.6. The low viscosity of the polyalphaolefin provides base stocks having traction loss during the high-speed movement of the components in a transmission, resulting in high energy efficiency and low transmission operating temperature. The low viscosity of the polyalphaolefin provides high-velocity circulation of the functional fluid when pumped in a circuit, achieving the ability of high cooling efficiency if used as a cooling medium for an electric motor and / or a battery pack.

[0039] The polyalphaolefin desirably has a low Noack volatility value of no greater than 15.0 wt%, such as no greater than 14.0 wt%, such as no greater than 13.0 wt%, such as no greater than 12.5 wt%, determined pursuant to ASTM D5800. Compared to conventional PAO base stocks available commercially at the same viscosity, the polyalphaolefin of this disclosure tends to have lower Noack volatility values. The low Noack volatility values of the polyalphaolefin contributes to consistent viscosity and performance of the lubricants of this disclosure over a long service period without the need of servicing and fluid replacement.

[0040] The polyalphaolefins desirably are saturated alkanes substantially free of olefinic double bonds in the molecules thereof.

[0041] The polyalphaolefin may comprise C30-polyalphaolefin oligomers at a total concentration thereof of no less than 90 wt%, preferably no less than 92 wt%, more preferably no less than 94 wt%, still more preferably no less than 95 wt%, still more preferably no less than 96 wt%, still more preferably no less than 97 wt%, still more preferably no less than 98 wt%, based on the total weight of the C30-polyalphaolefin. A narrow molecular weight distribution is achieved by such high percentage of oligomers having close molecular weights.

[0042] In at least one embodiment, the polyalphaolefin may comprise C30-polyalphaolefin oligomers at a total concentration thereof of no less than 90 wt%, preferably no less than 92 wt%, more preferably no less than 94 wt%, still more preferably no less than 95 wt%, still more preferably no less than 96 wt%, still more preferably no less than 97 wt%, still more preferably no less than 98 wt%, based on the total weight of the C30-polyalphaolefin. The C18-C48-polyalphaolefin oligomers may include a polyalphaolefin represented by formula C30H62, which may be a mixture of three or fewer major alkane isomers. In one example, such C18-C48- polyalphaolefin may comprise a compound having formula C30H62(such as 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane (which includes enantiomers and diastereomers thereof)) at a total concentration of at least 95 wt%, 96 wt%, 97 wt%, 98 wt%, or even 99 wt%, based on the total weight of the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin.

[0043] The polyalphaolefin may comprise polyalpha-olefin oligomers having the following formula at a total concentration thereof, based on the total weight of the first base stock, of no less than 90 wt%, preferably no less than 92 wt%, more preferably no less than 94 wt%, still more preferably no less than 96 wt%, still more preferably no less than 97 wt%, still more preferably no less than 98 wt%: R3, wherein each of R1, R2, and R3isbutyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, or n-dodecyl. For example, the different R groups contain carbon numbers differing by no more than 2. In one preferred example, at least one of R1, R2, and R3is n-octyl, at least one of R1, R2, and R3is n-nonyl, and at least one of R1, R2, and R3is n-decyl. In at least one embodiment, R1is n-nonyl, R2is n-octyl, and R3is n-decyl.

[0044] The polyalphaolefin has high oxidation resistance, especially at high operation temperatures inside an engine transmission, particularly a hybrid engine transmission.

[0045] In some embodiments, a polyalphaolefin can be made from a process such as: (1) a first step of producing an oligomer of one or more C6to C14alpha-olefins in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a metallocene catalyst compound, (2) a second step of reacting the oligomer with one or more C6 to C14 alpha-olefin in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to obtain a second oligomer mixture, (3) an optional third step of separating the polyalphaolefin of the second oligomer mixture from other reactants and any byproducts of the second oligomer mixture, and (4) an optional fourth step of hydrogenating the polyalphaolefin to reduce or eliminate carbon-carbon double bond content (if any) of the polyalphaolefin.

[0046] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin includes 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane, such as commercially available SPECTRASYNTMMax 3.5 from ExxonMobil Product Solutions Company of Houston, TX or DURASYNTMfrom Ineos Capital Limited.

[0047] The polyalphaolefin may have a cold-cranking simulator viscosity at −35°C determined pursuant to ASTM D5293 (“CCSV”) no greater than 1,000 centipoise. Desirably, the polyalphaolefin may have a CCSV at −35°C in the range from a1 to a2 centipoise, where a1 and a2 can be, independently, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, or 1,000 centipoise, as long as a1<a2. The exceedingly low CCSV of the polyalphaolefin renders particularly useful in an engine transmission fluid operating from time to time at low temperature in cold climate. Compared to conventional PAO base stocks available commercially, the C30-polyalphaolefin can be particularly advantageous in this regard.

[0048] The polyalphaolefin may have a high-temperature, high-shear viscosity determined pursuant to ASTM D4683 (“HTHSV”) at 150°C of no greater than 1.4 centipoise. For example, the polyalphaolefin may have a HTHSV at 150°C in the range from 1.0 to 1.4 centipoise, preferably from 1.0 to 1.3 centipoise, such as from 1.25 to 1.3 centipoise. A low HTHSV can provide improved fuel economy to the lubricating application since the lower viscosity can result in reduced friction.

[0049] The C30-polyalphaolefin can have a high oxidation stability indicated by rotating pressure vessel oxidation test (RPVOT) break time, determined pursuant to ASTM D-2272, of at least about 60 minutes, such as at least 70 minutes, such as at least 80 minutes, such as at least 100 minutes, such as at least 110 minutes. Compared to conventional low-viscosity PAO base stocks manufactured by alpha-olefin oligomerization in the presence of conventional Lewis acid such as BF3having similar KV100 values, the C30-polyalphaolefin can have significantly higher oxidation stability indicated by a significantly longer RPVOT time.

[0050] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a specific gravity of about 0.815 to about 0.82, such as about 0.816 to about 0.818, such as about 0.817, according to ASTM D4052.

[0051] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 1 cSt to about 7 cSt, such as about 3 cSt to about 4 cSt, such as about 3.4 cSt to about 3.6 cSt, such as about 3.5 cSt, according to ASTM D445.

[0052] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 13 cSt to about 15 cSt, such as about 13.5 cSt to about 14.5 cSt, such as about 14 cSt to about 14.5 cSt, such as about 14.3 cSt, according to ASTM D445.

[0053] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity at - 40°C of about 1600 cSt to about 1700 cSt, such as about 1650 cSt to about 1680 cSt, such as about 1665 cSt to about 1675 cSt, such as about 1670 cSt, according to ASTM D445.

[0054] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a viscosity index of about 120 to about 140, such as about 125 to about 135, such as about 128 to about 130, such as about 129, according to ASTM D2270.

[0055] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a pour point of about – 70°C to about – 90°C, such as about – 75°C to about – 85°C, such as about – 77°C to about – 80°C, such as about – 78°C, according to ASTM D5950 / D97.

[0056] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a Noack volatility of about 20 wt% or less, about 15 wt% or less, about 13 wt% or less, or about 12 wt% or less, such as about 10 wt% to about 12 wt%, such as about 11 wt% to about 11.8 wt%, such as about 11.6 wt%, according to ASTM D5800 / DIN 51581.

[0057] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a Brookfield viscosity (- 40°C) of about 1200 cP to about 1400 cP, such as about 1200 cP to about 1300 cP, such as about 1240 cP to about 1280 cP, such as about 1250 cP to about 1260 cP, according to ASTM D2983.

[0058] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a cold crank simulator value (- 30°C) of about 500 cP to about 550 cP, such as about 510 cP to about 530 cP, such as about 515 cP to about 520 cP, such as about 518 cP, according to ASTM D5293.

[0059] In some embodiments, a C30-polyalphaolefin has a cold crank simulator value (- 35°C) of about 750 cP to about 850 cP, such as about 770 cP to about 810 cP, such as about 785 cP to about 795 cP, such as about 790 cP, according to ASTM D5293. Group II Base stocks

[0060] Lubricants of the present disclosure comprise a Group II base stock. According to the American Petroleum Institute (API) classifications, base stocks are categorized in five groups based on their saturated hydrocarbon content, sulfur level, and viscosity index (Table 1). Lube base stocks are typically produced in large scale from non-renewable petroleum sources. Group I, II, and III base stocks are all derived from crude oil via extensive processing, such as solvent extraction, solvent or catalytic dewaxing, and hydroisomerization. Group III base stocks can also be produced from synthetic hydrocarbon liquids obtained from natural gas, coal or other fossil resources. Group IV base stocks, the polyalphaolefins (PAO), are produced by oligomerization ofalpha olefins, such as 1-decene. Group V base stocks include everything that does not belong to Groups I-IV, such as naphthenics, polyalkylene glycols (PAG), and esters. TABLE 1API classification Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V p II. l to 300 ppm, saturates greater than or equal to 90 wt%, and a viscosity index (VI) in the range of 80 to 120. Typically such base stocks will be petroleum-derived, however, any natural oil characterizable as a Group II base stock may be used, including animal oils and vegetable oils, as well as mineral compositions such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent treated or acid-treated mineral compositions of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic / naphthenic types which may be further refined by vacuum distillation, hydrocracking, hydrotreating and / or hydrofinishing and are dewaxed. Group II base stocks are available from a wide number of commercial sources.

[0062] Group II base stocks useful in the present disclosure may also be characterized as mineral oils that are severely hydrotreated or hydrocracked and have the aforementioned characteristics specified by API for Group II base stocks. These processes expose the mineral oils to very high hydrogen pressures at elevated temperatures in the presence of hydrogenation catalysts. Typical processing conditions include hydrogen pressures of approximately 3000 pounds per square inch (psi) at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 450°C over a hydrogenation- type catalyst. This process removes sulfur and nitrogen from the composition and saturates any alkylene or aromatic structures in the feedstock. The result is a base oil with extremely good oxidation resistance and viscosity index. A secondary benefit of these processes is that low molecular weight constituents of the feed stock, such as waxes, can be isomerized from linear to branched structures thereby providing finished base oils with significantly improved low temperature properties. These hydrotreated base oils may then be further de-waxed either catalytically or by conventional means to reduce their pour point and improve their low temperature fluidity.

[0063] A particular advantage of compositions of the present disclosure is that Group III base stocks are not necessary in a composition according to the present disclosure in order to achievecertain specifications discussed above. Accordingly, in an embodiment, API Group III materials are excluded from a composition according to the present disclosure.

[0064] Another particular advantage of compositions of the present disclosure is low quality Group II base stocks can be used (and in predominant amounts in the composition). A low quality Group II base stock can be one having a viscosity index of 105-110.

[0065] Group II base stocks may also be characterized by performance on the Cold Crank Simulator test (CCS). A fully formulated SAE Grade 0W engine oil needs to have a CCS at −35°C of 6200 or less. Heretofore, a composition can be a fully formulated 0W engine oil using an appreciable amount of Group II base stock (e.g., equal or greater than 50 vol%).

[0066] Group II base stocks can be formed using any suitable process known in the art, such as the processes described in U.S. Patent No.9,487,723, incorporated herein by reference.

[0067] Group II base stocks can be obtained from commercial sources. Example Group II base stocks can include EHC 45™ (with saturate contents of 96%; KV100= 4.4 to 4.7 mm2 / s; Noack volatility, procedure B = 14.5 mass%; pour point = -18°C; viscosity index = 113 to 119); EHC 50™ (CCS @ -20°C = 1,500 mPa.s; KV100= 5.2-5.6 mm2 / s; pour point = -18°C; Noack volatility, procedure B = 13.5 mass%; viscosity index 110 to 119); and EHC 120TM(KV100= 11.7 to 12.5 mm2 / s; KV40= 96 to108 mm2 / s; pour point = -15°C; viscosity index = 102 to 115), all available from ExxonMobil Corporation of Houston, TX.

[0068] In some embodiments, Group II base stocks of the present disclosure have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of greater than or equal to 2 cSt, or greater than or equal to 4 cSt, or greater than or equal to 6 cSt, or greater than or equal to 8 cSt, or greater than or equal to 10 cSt, or greater than or equal to 12 cSt, or greater than or equal to 14 cSt, or greater than or equal to 16 cSt, or greater than or equal to 18 cSt, or greater than or equal to 20 cSt, or greater than or equal to 22 cSt, or greater than or equal to 24 cSt.

[0069] The resulting Group II base stocks can have a viscosity at 100°C and / or a viscosity at 40°C that is greater than the corresponding viscosity for a conventional Group II heavy neutral base stock formed by solvent processing. Additionally, the resulting Group II base stocks can have one or more of the following properties that are indicative of a high-quality base stock: a sulfur content of 0.03 wt% or less; a viscosity index of at least 100; a crystallization temperature of less than −20°C; and a density of less than 0.90 g / cm3at 15.6°C.

[0070] The Group II base stock can be formed by coupling of compounds from a low viscosity conventional Group II base stock feed, or optionally another type low viscosity feed (5 cSt or less at 100°C) having a viscosity index of at least about 50, and a suitable aromatics and sulfur content for forming a final high viscosity product (optionally after additional catalytic processing) with a sulfur content of less than 0.03 wt% and an aromatics content of less than 10 wt%. In this discussion, coupling of compounds includes alkylation, oligomerization, and / or other reactions for combining and / or coupling molecules to increase molecular weight. High molecular weight compositions having a desirable mix of properties can be formed by coupling components from a conventional base stock feed. The resulting compositions can have many of the benefits of a high molecular weight composition while also retaining many of the desirable properties of a conventional low molecular weight Group II base stock. Because the composition is formed from coupling of compounds from a lower viscosity conventional Group II base stock or another type of low viscosity feed, the initial feed can be hydroprocessed to provide a desirable sulfur, nitrogen, and / or aromatics content prior to coupling to form the high viscosity base stock. Although such hydroprocessing will typically reduce the viscosity of a base stock, the coupling of the base stock to form higher molecular weight compounds results in a substantially increased viscosity. As a result, any viscosity loss due to hydroprocessing is reduced, minimized, and / or mitigated.

[0071] Optionally, the Group II base stock can include some Group I base stock and / or Group III base stock, such as at least 1 wt%, or at least 5 wt%, or at least 10 wt%, or at least 20 wt%, or at least 30 wt%, and / or less than 50 wt%, or 40 wt% or less, or 30 wt% or less, or 20 wt% or less, or 10 wt% or less. Each of the above lower bounds for an amount of Group I and / or Group III base stock in the Group II base stock is explicitly contemplated in conjunction with each of the above lower bounds.

[0072] As an alternative to characterizing a Group II base stock based on viscosity index, a Group II base stock can be characterized based on the paraffin content of the Group II base stock. In such embodiments, a Group II base stock can have a paraffin content of at least 90 wt%, or at least 95 wt%.

[0073] Additionally or alternately, the Group II base stock can have a density at 15.6°C of 0.91 g / cm3or less, or 0.90 g / cm3or less, or 0.89 g / cm3or less, or 0.88 g / cm3or less, or 0.87 g / cm3or less, such as down to about 0.84 g / cm3or lower.

[0074] Additionally or alternately, the molecular weight of the Group II base stock can be characterized based on number average molecular weight (corresponding to the typical average weight calculation), and / or based on mass or weight average molecular weight, where the sum of the squares of the molecular weights is divided by the sum of the molecular weights, and / or based on polydispersity, which is the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight.

[0075] The number average molecular weight Mn of a feed can be mathematically expressed as .

[0076] In weight Mi. Theweight average a to molecules. The weight average molecular weight can be mathematically expressed as .

[0077] The aspects, the Group IIbase stock can a or or or or or less, and / or at least about 1.0. Additionally or alternately, the Group II base stock can have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 300 to 1000 g / mol. Additionally or alternately, the Group II base stock can have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 500 to 1200 g / mol.

[0078] In some aspects, a Group II base stock can also be characterized based on sulfur content and / or aromatics content. For example, a Group II base stock can have a sulfur content of 0.03 wt% (300 wppm) or less, or 200 wppm or less, or 100 wppm or less. Additionally or alternately, a Group II base stock can have an aromatics content of 10 wt% or less, or 7 wt% or less, or 5 wt% or less.

[0079] In some embodiments, a Group II base stock is a Group II base stock disclosed in U.S. Patent No.10,301,550, incorporated herein by reference. Re-refined Group II Base stocks

[0080] Group II base stocks of the present disclosure can be “re-refined” base stocks. Re- refining is a process for aggregating “used lubricating oils” (e.g., lubricating oils that are no longersuitable for their original purpose) and refining the use oils through a series of processes to make a base stock. Re-refining processes can be varied and each plant / re-refiner can have a different system for re-refining, but the basics typically include settling to remove water and solids, filtering, distillation to remove lighter material, and then fractionation (usually under vacuum). These processes are then followed by other processes such as hydroprocessing / hydrotreatment depending on the quality of base stock being produced. Solvent extraction, clay filtration, or chemical treatment (with caustic or acid) may also be performed in the middle of some of these steps to further remove contaminants. Contaminants are removed from the oil during processing and recovery of a re-refined base oil is obtained. The contaminants being removed are from the degraded additives and from wear material in prior use of the oil. The quality of the used oil is dependent on where and which oils are being collected, aggregated, and re-refined.

[0081] Properties of re-refined Group II base stocks are different (and often considered inferior) to non-re-refined (virgin) base stocks. For example, as re-refined base stocks are often from engine or industrial oils, the viscosity index can be higher than a comparable conventional base stock and can contain residual metals from additives (e.g., phosphorous, silicon, calcium) that are typically not found in non-re-refined base stocks.

[0082] To achieve high quality re-refined base stocks a significant amount of hydrocracking and hydrotreating might be needed, which is typically considered not economical and therefore re- refiners usually do not pursue high quality re-refined base stocks.

[0083] In some embodiments, a re-refined base stock is obtained as described in U.S. Patent No.5,759,385, incorporated herein by reference.

[0084] A re-refined base stock (and / or composition thereof) of the present disclosure has one or more of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 130 (such as about 80 to about 125, as about 80 to about 120, about 90 to about 110, such as about 100 to about 110), a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater (such as about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, such as about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm), a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater (such as about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, such as about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm), or a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater (such as about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, such as about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm).Compositions (Lubricants)

[0085] In general, a lubricant’s viscosity index provides an indication of how much the lubricant’s viscosity changes with changing temperature. A lubricant possessing a high viscosity index would experience less change in its viscosity with temperature than would a lubricant possessing a low viscosity index. Hence, lubricants for equipment that operates under wide- ranging environmental conditions, such as extreme high and low temperature conditions, should possess high viscosity indexes. Although high viscosity indexes may be achieved by including particular viscosity modifiers in a lubricant’s formulation, the use of such additives is not always beneficial. For example, technological advances in engines, mechanisms, and pumps have led to smaller engines producing more power, mechanisms operating at faster speeds, and smaller pumps generating higher pressures than their predecessors. Such operational improvements as these place increased needs on lubricants to operate effectively at higher temperatures, higher pressures, and under more severe shear conditions (without oxidizing and / or volatilizing). A reduction gear box, for example, may operate with components that are rapidly rotating, potentially causing detrimental shearing of viscosity index improvers in the lubricant. Once a viscosity modifier molecule has been sheared, it might no longer be effective, and thus the lubricant’s viscosity profile and efficacy worsen, eventually to the detriment of the equipment. Thus, it may be desirable to formulate lubricants having high viscosity indexes that are derived at least in part from the indigenous properties of the lubricant without reduced or eliminated use of added viscosity modifiers. Compositions of the present disclosure can have improved oxidative stability, Noack volatility, and / or reduced or eliminated amounts of viscosity modifier(s) and / or other additives (such as Group III base stocks), as compared to conventional Group II base stock compositions (e.g., having 9-ethyl-8-hexyl-10-methyl-7-propyloctadecane).

[0086] Fluid rheology at low temperatures may be considered to concern “fluidity” or “pumpability”—a measure of the ease (or difficulty) to pump a fluid at low temperatures. Low temperature rheological performance is most critical for mechanical devices, such as machines and vehicles, operating in cold environments, and particularly when such mechanical devices are started in motion from rest. When at rest, a mechanical device may not have composition effectively distributed to its moving parts, and therefore contacting surfaces may experience levels of friction and wear upon start-up of the mechanical device that are greater than those experienced during normal operating of the device. Such greater levels of friction and wear may be detrimentalto the mechanical device’s operating efficiency and longevity. The ability of a lubricant to counter this wear may be compromised at low temperatures. Firstly, a lubricant’s viscosity tends to increase with decreasing temperature, and thus it becomes difficult to distribute the lubricant effectively at low temperatures. Secondly, the lubricant may experience the onset of wax crystallization at low temperatures, which may compound the effective distribution problem. Thirdly, these two effects hinder the migration of additive chemicals of a lubricant through the lubricant. Many anti-wear and extreme pressure additives designed to mitigate metal-on-metal wear operate by reacting with metal surfaces. Thus, the additives’ effectiveness depends at least in part on the additives coming into contact with the metal surfaces. The hindrance of migration of additives within a lubricant inhibits the contacting of metal surfaces by the additives, and therefore the additives may be less effective than when operating at higher temperatures.

[0087] To combat the above effects, a lubricant may be formulated so that it can be relatively easily pumped upon cold start-up of the mechanical device so that the lubricant and the additives may become effectively distributed to the moving parts within a short time interval. A typical rheological measure for a lubricant is its viscosity at low temperatures. Generally, the lower the viscosity at a given cold temperature, the more effectively the lubricant will be distributed upon start-up of the mechanical device, and the less detrimental a cold start-up will be to that device. For machines such as motor vehicle engines that rely on electrical energy from a battery to start up, there can be a problem in that the energy needed for start-up at cold temperatures is compounded by the energy needed to pump a highly viscous lubricant, but the battery itself suffers from reduced power output at cold temperatures. Thus, a lubricant having lower viscosities at cold temperatures may at least partially compensate for the battery’s reduced power output at cold temperatures. Compositions of the present disclosure can have improved low temperature properties, as compared to conventional Group II base stock compositions (e.g., having 9-ethyl-8- hexyl-10-methyl-7-propyloctadecane).

[0088] As mentioned throughout, compositions (lubricants) according to the present disclosure include: (a) at least one Group II base stock, and (b) at least one polyalphaolefin.

[0089] In at least one embodiment, component (a) of the composition is present in the amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%, and component (b) is present in the amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%. In some embodiments, component (a) is present in the amount of about 50 wt% or greater and component (b) is present in the amount of about 50 wt% or less. In anotherembodiment, component (a) is present in the amount of about 70 wt% to about 99 wt%, and component (b) is present in the amount of about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%. In still another embodiment, component (a) is present in the amount of greater than or about 70 wt% to about 90 wt% (such as about 70 wt% to about 75 wt%, or about 75 wt% to about 80 wt%, or about 80 wt% to about 85 wt%, or about 85 wt% to about 90 wt%, or about 90 wt% to about 95 wt%), and component (b) is present in the amount of about 10 wt% to less than 30 wt% (such as about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%). In one or more embodiments, component (a) is present in the amount of less than 50 wt% and component (b) is present in the amount of about or greater than 50 wt%. In some embodiments, component (a) is present in the amount of about 40 wt% or less and component (b) is present in the amount of about 60 wt% or greater. In other embodiments, component (a) is present in the amount of about 30 wt% or less and component (b) is present in the amount of about 70 wt% or greater. In some embodiments, component (a) is present in the amount of about 20 wt% or less and component (b) is present in the amount of about 80 wt% or greater. In other embodiments, component (a) is present in the amount of about 10 wt% to about 20 wt% and component (b) is present in the amount of about 80 wt% to about 90 wt%. Additional embodiments envisioned include amounts from any lower limit given to any upper limit given, and thus, by way of further example. Percentages are based on the volume of the entire composition.

[0090] The composition of at least one Group II material and polyalphaolefin may be used by itself as a lubricant, such as a carrier or diluent, or it may be further blended with other base stocks and / or additives, such as one or more additives selected from detergents, anti-wear additives, extreme pressure additives, viscosity index improvers, antioxidants, dispersants, pour point depressants, corrosion inhibitors, seal compatibility agents, antifoam agents, and the like, discussed more fully below. Fully formulated lubricants are useful for lubricating engines, industrial and automotive gearsets, and the like. A composition of the present disclosure is particularly useful for preparing SAE Grade 0W20, 0W30, and 0W40 multi-grade engine oils.

[0091] Compositions of the present disclosure can be made by mixing the components of the composition in any suitable manner.

[0092] The compositions of this disclosure can be used as an engine transmission fluid. Engine transmission fluids are typically placed into the housing of a transmission unit including multiplemoving parts such as cogs. The transmission fluid present between the hard surfaces (e.g., metal surfaces) moving against each other desirably forms a thin film which protects the surfaces from direct contact and abrasion. Lower viscosity of the transmission fluid reduces traction loss and hence is desirable.

[0093] A composition of this disclosure can be used as a gas-electric or diesel-electric hybrid engine transmission fluid. In hybrid-engine powered vehicles and in fully electric vehicles, the transmission fluid typically contacts both the transmission and an electric motor that can run at high temperature when high electric current passes through. The high oxidation stability of the polyalphaolefin lends thermal stability to the composition, even as a minor component of the composition.

[0094] The compositions of this disclosure can be a cooling fluid for an electrical motor or a battery pack. In high-current situations, the electric motor and the battery pack of an electrically- powered vehicle or a hybrid vehicle can reach a high temperature if not properly cooled. The low- viscosity, high oxidation stability polyalphaolefin can provide excellent cooling efficacy for the electric motor and / or battery packs.

[0095] The compositions of this disclosure can have a Viscosity Index of from about 80 to about 130, or about 80 to about 125, or about 80 to about 123, or about 80 to about 120, or about 90 to about 120, or about 100 to about 120, or about 110 to about 120, or about 120 to about 122, or about 120 to about 125. The oxidative stability as measured by the RPVOT test (ASTM D2272 test for the time in minutes to a 25.4 psi pressure drop) of the compositions can range from 820 minutes to 1,000 minutes, or 875 minutes to 1,000 minutes, or 875 minutes to 950 minutes. The Noack volatility can be less than 20 wt%, less than 18 wt%, less than 17 wt%, such as less than 16 wt%, such as less than 15 wt%, such as greater than 10 wt%, such as greater than 12 wt%, such as greater than 14 wt%.

[0096] The compositions of this disclosure can have an aromatics level less than 100 mmol / kg, or less than 80 mmol / kg, or less than 60 mmol / kg, or less than 40 mmol / kg, or less than 20 mmol / kg prior to hydrofinishing. As measured by the STAR 7 test (method described in the U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,678, herein incorporated by reference) the saturates are greater than 90 wt%, or greater than 95 wt%, or greater than 97 wt%, aromatics while the aromatics are less than 3 wt%, or less than 5 wt%, less than 7 wt%.

[0097] In some embodiments, a composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 3 cSt to about 6 cSt, such as about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt, such as about 4 cSt to about 4.5 cSt, or about 4.5 cSt to about 5 cSt, according to ASTM D445.

[0098] In some embodiments, a composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 15 cSt to about 30 cSt, such as about 20 cSt to about 25 cSt, such as about 20 cSt to about 22 cSt, or about 22 cSt to about 24 cSt, according to ASTM D445.

[0099] In some embodiments, a composition has a cold crank simulator value (-35°C) of about 5,000 cP or less, such as about 4,000 cP or less, such as about 3,000 cP or less, such as about 2,000 cP to about 3,000 cP, such as about 2,500 cP to about 3,000 cP, such as about 2,500 cP to about 2,900 cP, such as about 2,650 cP to about 2,750, alternatively about 3,000 cP to about 3,500 cP, alternatively about 3,500 cP to about 4,000 cP, alternatively about 4,000 cP to about 4,500 cP, according to ASTM D5293.

[0100] Examples of automotive engine lubricant formulations and additives can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,438, which is incorporated by reference herein. The fully formulated lubricants can be used in automotive crank case oil (engine oil), industrial oil, grease, or gas turbine engine oil. These are examples of additives used in finished lubricant formulations. Additional Base Oils

[0101] Compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more additional base oils (in addition to the Group II base stock). For example, additional base oils may be selected from natural oils, synthetic oils, and / or mixtures thereof, and can be used unrefined, refined, or re- refined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil). Unrefined oils can include those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification. These can include shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification processes to improve at least one composition property. One skilled in the art is familiar with many purification processes. These processes can include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, and percolation. Re-refined oils include those obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but utilizing a feed stock of finished lubricants which have been previously used and collected.

[0102] Natural oils can include animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil); liquid petroleum oils and hydro-refined, solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic and mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale can also serve as useful base oils.

[0103] Synthetic base oils can include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene- isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1- decenes)); alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and derivative, analogs and homologs thereof.

[0104] Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc., can constitute another class of known synthetic base oils. These are exemplified by polyoxyalkylene polymers prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, and the alkyl and aryl ethers of polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl-polyiso-propylene glycol ether having a molecular weight of 1000 or diphenyl ether of poly-ethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000 to 1500); and mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof, for example, the acetic acid esters, mixed C3–C8fatty acid esters and C13 Oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.

[0105] Another suitable class of synthetic compositions can include the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebasic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkylmalonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol). Non-limiting examples of such esters can include dibutyl adipate, di(2- ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.

[0106] Esters useful as synthetic oils can also include those made from C5to C12monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol esters such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and tripentaerythritol.

[0107] Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy- or polyaryloxysilicone oils and silicate oils can comprise another useful class of synthetic lubricants; such oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl)silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2- ethylhexyl)silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butyl-phenyl) silicate, hexa-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)disiloxane, poly(methyl)siloxanes and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes. Other synthetic compositions can include liquid esters of phosphorous-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid) and polymeric tetrahydrofurans.

[0108] In some embodiments, a base oil can include a Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, or Group V oil or blends of the aforementioned oils. For example, the base oil can include a blend of a Group I oil and one or more of Group II, Group III, Group IV, or Group V oil. In some embodiments, the base oil can be a mixture of a Group I oil and one or more a Group II, Group III, Group IV, such as a mixture of a Group I oil and one or more Group II or Group III oil. Other Additives

[0109] Compositions of the present disclosure can include one or more additional additives (in addition to Group II base stock and polyalphaolefin). Such additives can include, but are not limited to, extreme pressure additives, antioxidants, solubility additives, friction modifiers, antifoam agent, dispersants, detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, anti-wear agents, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, or a combination thereof.

[0110] In some embodiments, the composition can include an amount of additional additive(s) (independently or in total) in an amount of about 20 wt% or less, or about 0.1 wt% or more, based on the total weight of the composition. In at least one embodiment, the amount of such additive(s) in the composition can be about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, such as about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, such as about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, such as about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, such as about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, such as about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, alternatively about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%, such as about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, alternatively about 15 wt% to about 19 wt%.Other Additives—Detergents

[0111] Illustrative detergents useful in compositions include, for example, alkali metal detergents, alkaline earth metal detergents, or mixtures of one or more alkali metal detergents and one or more alkaline earth metal detergents. A typical detergent is an anionic material that contains a long chain hydrophobic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion of the molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid such as a sulfur acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorous acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof. The counterion is typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal.

[0112] Salts that contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of the metal are described as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, as measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80. Salts can be overbased, containing large amounts of a metal base that is achieved by reacting an excess of a metal compound (a metal hydroxide or oxide, for example) with an acidic gas (such as carbon dioxide). Useful detergents can be neutral, mildly overbased, or highly overbased. The detergents can be used in mixtures of neutral, overbased, highly overbased calcium salicylate, sulfonates, phenates and / or magnesium salicylate, sulfonates, phenates. The TBN ranges can vary from low, medium to high TBN products, including as low as 0 to as high as 600. Mixtures of low, medium, high TBN can be used, along with mixtures of calcium and magnesium metal-based detergents, and including sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, and carboxylates. A detergent mixture with a metal ratio of 1, in conjunction of a detergent with a metal ratio of 2, and as high as a detergent with a metal ratio of 5, can be used. Borated detergents can also be used.

[0113] Alkaline earth phenates are another useful class of detergent. These detergents can be made by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide (CaO, Ca(OH)2, BaO, Ba(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2, for example) with an alkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol. Useful alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C1-C30alkyl groups, such as C4-C20or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, or dodecyl phenol. It should be noted that starting alkylphenols may contain more than one alkyl substituent that are each independently straight chain or branched and can be used from 0.5 to 6 weight percent. When a non-sulfurized alkylphenol is used, the sulfurized product may be obtained by any suitable method such as heating a mixture of alkylphenol and sulfurizing agent (including elemental sulfur, sulfur halides such as sulfur dichloride) and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base.

[0114] Metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents may be prepared by reacting a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removing free water from the reaction product. These compounds may be overbased to produce the desired TBN level. Detergents made from salicylic acid are one class of detergents derived from carboxylic acids. Useful salicylates include long chain alkyl salicylates. One useful family of detergents is of the formula where R is an alkyl group is an integer from 1 to 4, and M is analkaline earth metal. Example R groups of at least C11, such as C13or greater. R may be substituted with substituents that do not interfere with the detergent's function. M can be calcium, magnesium, or barium. In some embodiments, M is calcium.

[0115] Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols by the Kolbe reaction (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,791). The metal salts of the hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by double decomposition of a metal salt in a polar solvent such as water or alcohol.

[0116] Alkaline earth metal phosphates may also be used.

[0117] Detergents may be simple detergents or what is known as hybrid or complex detergents. Hybrid detergents can provide the properties of two detergents without the need to blend separate materials. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.6,034,039.

[0118] Example detergents include calcium phenates, calcium sulfonates, calcium salicylates, magnesium phenates, magnesium sulfonates, magnesium salicylates and other related components (including borated detergents), and mixtures thereof. Example mixtures of detergents include magnesium sulfonate and calcium salicylate, magnesium sulfonate and calcium sulfonate, magnesium sulfonate and calcium phenate, calcium phenate and calcium salicylate, calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate, calcium phenate and magnesium salicylate, calcium phenate and magnesium phenate.

[0119] Another family of detergents is oil soluble ashless nonionic detergent. Typical nonionic detergents are polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene alkyl ethers, ornonylphenol ethoxylates. For reference, see “Nonionic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry” Martin J. Schick, CRC Press; 2 edition (Mar. 27, 1987). The nonionic detergents are less common in engine lubricant formulations, but offer a number of advantages such as improved solubility in ester base stocks. The nonionic detergents that are soluble in hydrocarbons generally have a Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of 10 or below.

[0120] To minimize the effect of ash deposit on engine knock and pre-ignition, including low speed pre-ignition, the detergents can be an ashless nonionic detergent with a Hydrophilic- Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of 10 or below. These detergents are commercially available from for example, Croda Inc., under the trade designations “ALARMOL PS11E” and “ALARMOL PS15E”, from for example the Dow Chemical Co. the trade designation “ECOSURF EH-3”, “TERGITOL 15-S-3”, “TERGITOL L-61”, “TERGITOL L-62”, “TERGITOL NP-4”, “TERGITOL NP-6”, “TERGITOL NP-7”, “TERGITOL NP-8”, “TERGITOL NP-9”, “TRITON X-15”, and “TRITON X-35”.

[0121] The detergent concentration in the compositions of this disclosure can range from 0.5 to 6.0 weight percent, such as 0.6 to 5.0 weight percent or from 0.8 weight percent to 4.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Other Additives—Dispersants

[0122] During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts may be produced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thus diminishing their deposition on metal surfaces. Dispersants used in the formulation of the composition may be ashless or ash-forming in nature. In some embodiments, the dispersant is ashless. Ashless dispersants are organic materials that form substantially no ash upon combustion. For example, non-metal-containing or borated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless. In contrast, metal-containing detergents discussed above form ash upon combustion.

[0123] Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.

[0124] A class of dispersants are the alkenylsuccinic derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound. The long chainhydrocarbyl group constituting the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil, is normally a polyisobutylene group.

[0125] Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants. In particular, succinimide, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound may have at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful, although on occasion, having a hydrocarbon substituent between 20- 50 carbon atoms can be useful.

[0126] Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and amines. Molar ratios can vary depending on the polyamine. For example, the molar ratio of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride to TEPA can vary from 1:1 to 5:1.

[0127] Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.

[0128] Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines. For example, suitable alkanol amines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines and polyalkenylpolyamines such as polyethylene polyamines. One example is propoxylated hexamethylenediamine.

[0129] The molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides used in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and 2,500 or more. The above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid. The above products can also be post reacted with boron compounds such as boric acid, borate esters or highly borated dispersants, to form borated dispersants generally having from 0.1 to 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product.

[0130] Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde, and amines. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,551. Process aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture. Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2,500.

[0131] Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in this disclosure can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics.

[0132] Exemplary dispersants include borated and non-borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and / or mixtures of mono- and bis- succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a Mn of from 500 to 5,000, or from 1,000 to 3,000, or 1,000 to 2,000, or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups, often with high terminal vinylic groups. Other dispersants include succinic acid-esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine-coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related components.

[0133] Polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivatives are another class of dispersants. These dispersants are typically prepared by reacting a nitrogen containing monomer and a methacrylic or acrylic acid esters containing 5-25 carbon atoms in the ester group. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos.2,100,993, and 6,323,164. Polymethacrylate and polyacrylate dispersants are normally used as multifunctional viscosity index improvers. The lower molecular weight versions can be used as lubricant dispersants or fuel detergents.

[0134] The use of polymethacrylate or polyacrylate dispersants may be preferred in polar esters of a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid, such as adipate esters, since many other conventional dispersants are less soluble. The dispersants for polyol esters in this disclosure may include polymethacrylate and polyacrylate dispersants.

[0135] Such dispersants may be used in an amount of 0.1 to 20 weight percent, such as 0.5 to 8 weight percent or 0.5 to 4 weight percent. The hydrocarbon numbers of the dispersant atoms can range from C60to C1000, or from C70to C300, or from C70to C200. These dispersants may contain both neutral and basic nitrogen, and mixtures of both. Dispersants can be end-capped by borates and / or cyclic carbonates.

[0136] Still other potential dispersants can include polyalkenyls, such as polyalkenyls with a molecular weight of at least 900 and an average of 1.3 to 1.7 functional groups per polyalkenyl moiety. Yet other suitable polymers can include polymers formed by cationic polymerization of monomers such as isobutene and / or styrene.Other Additives—Anti-wear Agent

[0137] A metal alkylthiophosphate and more particularly a metal dialkyl dithio phosphate in which the metal constituent is zinc, or zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP) is a useful component of the compositions of this disclosure. ZDDP can be derived from primary alcohols, secondary alcohols or mixtures thereof. ZDDP compounds generally are of the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR2)]2where R1and R2are C1-C18alkyl groups, such as C2-C12alkyl groups. These alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched. Alcohols used in the ZDDP can be 2-propanol, butanol, secondary butanol, pentanols, hexanols such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, alkylated phenols, and the like. Mixtures of secondary alcohols or of primary and secondary alcohol may be used. Alkyl aryl groups may be used.

[0138] Exemplary zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially available include secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from, for example, The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations “LZ 677A”, “LZ 1095” and “LZ 1371”, from for example Chevron Oronite under the trade designation “OLOA 262” and from for example Afton Chemical under the trade designation “HITEC 7169”.

[0139] ZDDP is typically used in amounts of from 0.4 weight percent to 1.2 weight percent, such as from 0.5 weight percent to 1.0 weight percent, such as from 0.6 weight percent to 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition, although more or less can often be used advantageously. In some embodiments, the ZDDP is a secondary ZDDP and present in an amount of from 0.6 to 1.0 weight percent of the total weight of the composition.

[0140] More generally, other types of suitable anti-wear additives can include, for example, metal salts of a carboxylic acid. The metal can be a transition metal or a mixture of transition metals, such as one or more metals from Group 10, 11, or 12 of the Periodic Table. The carboxylic acid can be an aliphatic carboxylic acid, a cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic carboxylic acid, or a mixture thereof.

[0141] Low phosphorus engine oil formulations are included in this disclosure. For such formulations, the phosphorus content is typically less than 0.12 weight percent, such as less than 0.10 weight percent or less than 0.085 weight percent. Low phosphorus content of the engine oil may be preferred in combination with the friction modifier.Other Additives—Extreme Pressure Additives

[0142] Extreme pressure additives may be incorporated into compositions of this disclosure. The extreme pressure additives may include organic sulfur compounds, organic phosphorus compounds, organic boron compounds, organic sulfur-phosphorus compounds, organic sulfur- phosphorus-boron compounds, organic chloride compounds, or any combination thereof. Some examples of such organic compounds include esters, triglycerides, paraffins, and olefins. Suitable extreme pressure additives for use in compositions of this disclosure include temperature- dependent extreme pressure additives that are configured to react with metallic surfaces under localized high temperature conditions that may exist in mechanisms in which one component of a mechanism exerts sufficient pressure on another component to cause a boundary condition of lubrication. Suitable extreme pressure additives for use in compositions of this disclosure include non-temperature-dependent extreme pressure additives. In some embodiments, the extreme pressure additive content of compositions of the present disclosure may be from about 0.1 wt% to about 30 wt%, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 25 wt%, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. Other Additives—Viscosity Index Improvers

[0143] Viscosity index improvers (also known as VI improvers, viscosity modifiers, and viscosity improvers) can be included in the compositions of this disclosure to adjust the viscosity (higher or lower) of a composition for a desired purpose of use of the composition. Viscosity index improvers provide lubricants with high and low temperature operability. These additives impart shear stability at elevated temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures.

[0144] Suitable viscosity index improvers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters and viscosity index improver dispersants that function as both a viscosity index improver and a dispersant. Typical molecular weights of these polymers are between about 10,000 to 1,500,000, more typically about 20,000 to 1,200,000, and even more typically between about 50,000 and 1,000,000. The typical molecular weight for polymethacrylate or polyacrylate viscosity index improvers is less than 50,000.

[0145] Examples of viscosity index improvers are linear or star-shaped polymers and copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrenes. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity index improver. Another viscosity index improver is polymethacrylate (copolymers of various chain length alkyl methacrylates, for example), some formulations of which also serve as pour point depressants. Other viscosity index improvers include copolymersof ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (copolymers of various chain length acrylates, for example). Some examples include styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene based polymers of 50,000 to 200,000 molecular weight.

[0146] In an embodiment of this disclosure, the viscosity index improvers may be used in an amount of from 1.0 to about 20 weight percent, such as 5 to about 15 weight percent or 8.0 to about 12 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil. Other Additives—Antioxidants

[0147] Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of compositions during service. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the composition.

[0148] Antioxidants can include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include the hindered phenols substituted with C6+alkyl groups and the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of phenolic materials of this type 2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol. Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic propionic ester derivatives. Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combination with the instant disclosure. Examples of ortho-coupled phenols include: 2,2′-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); 2,2′-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); and 2,2′-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol). Para-coupled bisphenols include for example 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t- butyl phenol).

[0149] One or more catalytic antioxidants may also be included in compositions. The catalytic antioxidants comprise a) one or more oil soluble polymetallic organic compounds; and b) one or more substituted N,N′-diaryl-o-phenylenediamine compounds or c) one or more hindered phenol compounds; or a combination of both b) and c).

[0150] Non-phenolic oxidation inhibitors which may be used include aromatic amine antioxidants and these may be used either as such or in combination with phenolics. Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as aromatic monoamines of the formula R8R9R10N where R8is an aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group, R9is an aromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R10is H, alkyl, aryl or R11S(O)xR12where R11is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R12is a higher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1 or 2. The aliphatic group R8may contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The aliphatic group is an aliphatic group. In some embodiments, both R8and R9are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl. Aromatic groups R8and R9may be joined together with other groups such as S.

[0151] Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups will not contain more than 14 carbon atoms. The general types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Particular examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosure include: p,p′-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.

[0152] Exemplary amine antioxidants in this disclosure include polymeric or oligomeric amines which are the polymerization reaction products of one or more substituted or hydrocarbyl- substituted diphenyl amines, one or more unsubstituted or hydrocarbyl-substituted phenyl naphthyl amines, or both one or more of unsubstituted or hydrocarbyl-substituted diphenylamine with one or more unsubstituted or hydrocarbyl-substituted phenyl naphthylamine.

[0153] Polymeric or oligomeric amines are commercially available from Nyco S.A. under the trade designation of Nycoperf AO337. The polymeric or oligomeric amine antioxidant is present in an amount in the range 0.5 to 10 wt% (active ingredient), such as 2 to 5 wt% (active ingredient) of polymerized aminic antioxidant exclusive of any unpolymerized aryl amine which may be present or any antioxidants, such as sulfurized alkyl phenols or alkali metal salts thereof or alkaline earth metal salts thereof.

[0154] Exemplary antioxidants also include hindered phenols or arylamines. These antioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with one another. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 5 weight percent, such as 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent, 0.01 to 1.0 weight percent, or 0.01 to 0.5 weight percent. Other Additives—Pour Point Depressants (PPDs)

[0155] One or more pour point depressant (also known as lube oil flow improvers) may be added to the compositions of the present disclosure if desired. A pour point depressant may be added to compositions of the present disclosure to lower the minimum temperature at which the composition will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include poly alkyl methacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, acrylate-styrene copolymers, esterified olefin copolymers, alkylated polystyrene, vinyl acetate-fumarate copolymers, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 weight percent, such as about 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent. Other Additives—Seal Compatibility Agents

[0156] Seal compatibility agents help to swell elastomeric seals by causing a chemical reaction in the composition or physical change in the elastomer. Suitable seal compatibility agents for compositions include organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzyl phthalate, for example), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 3 weight percent, such as about 0.01 to 2 weight percent. Other Additives—Antifoam Agents

[0157] Anti-foam agents may advantageously be added to lubricant compositions. These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organic polymers are typical anti-foam agents. For example, polysiloxanes, such as silicon oil or polydimethyl siloxane, provide antifoam properties. Anti-foam agents are commercially available and may be used in amounts along with other additives such as demulsifiers, usually the amount of anti-foam agents is less than 1 wt% and often less than 0.1 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.Other Additives—Inhibitors and Antirust Additives

[0158] Antirust additives (or corrosion inhibitors) are additives that protect lubricated metal surfaces against chemical attack by water or other contaminants. A wide variety of these are commercially available.

[0159] One type of antirust additive is a polar compound that wets the metal surface preferentially, protecting it with a film of oil. Another type of antirust additive absorbs water by incorporating it in a water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface. Yet another type of antirust additive chemically adheres to the metal to produce a non-reactive surface. Examples of suitable additives include zinc dithiophosphates, metal phenolates, basic metal sulfonates, fatty acids and amines. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 weight percent, such as about 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent. Other Additives—Friction Modifiers

[0160] A friction modifier is any material or materials that can alter the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by composition containing such material(s). Friction modifiers, also known as friction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and other such agents that change the ability of base stocks or formulated composition to modify the coefficient of friction of a lubricated surface may be effectively used in combination with the base stocks or lubricant compositions of the present disclosure if desired. Friction modifiers that lower the coefficient of friction are advantageous in combination with the compositions of this disclosure.

[0161] Illustrative friction modifiers may include, for example, organometallic compounds. Illustrative organometallic friction modifiers include, for example, molybdenum amine, molybdenum diamine, tungsten compounds (such as an organotungstenate), a molybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum amine complexes, molybdenum carboxylates, and mixtures thereof.

[0162] Other illustrative friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure include, for example, alkoxylated fatty acid esters, alkanolamides, polyol fatty acid esters, borated glycerol fatty acid esters, fatty alcohol ethers, and mixtures thereof.

[0163] Illustrative alkoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, fatty acid polyglycol ester, and the like. These can include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate, polyoxyethylene isostearate, polyoxypropylene isostearate, polyoxyethylene palmitate, and the like.

[0164] Illustrative alkanolamides include, for example, lauric acid diethylalkanolamide, and palmic acid diethylalkanolamide. These can include oleic acid diethyalkanolamide, stearic acid diethylalkanolamide, oleic acid diethylalkanolamide, polyethoxylated hydrocarbylamides, or polypropoxylated hydrocarbylamides.

[0165] Illustrative polyol fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerol mono-oleate, saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, or glycerol mono-stearate. These can include polyol esters or hydroxyl-containing polyol esters.

[0166] Illustrative borated glycerol fatty acid esters include, for example, borated glycerol mono-oleate, borated saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, borated glycerol mono- stearate, and the like. In addition to glycerol polyols, borated glycerol fatty acid esters can include trimethylolpropane, pentacrythritol, or sorbitan. Esters can be polyol monocarboxylate esters, polyol dicarboxylate esters, or polyoltricarboxylate esters. Esters can be the glycerol mono- oleates, glycerol dioleates, glycerol trioleates, glycerol monostearates, glycerol distearates, and glycerol tristearates and the corresponding glycerol monopalmitates, glycerol dipalmitates, and glycerol tripalmitates, or the respective isostearates, linoleates. Mixtures of esters may also be used. Ethoxylated, propoxylated, butoxylated fatty acid esters of polyols, especially using glycerol as underlying polyol may be used. Illustrative fatty alcohol ethers include, for example, stearyl ether, myristyl ether, and the like. Alcohols, including those that have carbon numbers from C3to C5, can be ethoxylated, propoxylate, or butoxylated to form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers. The underlying alcohol portion can be stearyl, myristyl, C11-C13hydrocarbon, oleyl, or isosteryl.

[0167] Useful concentrations of friction modifiers in compositions may be about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, or about 0.1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, or about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%. Concentrations of molybdenum-containing materials are often described in terms of Mo metal concentration. Advantageous concentrations of Mo may range from 25 ppm to 2000 ppm or more, and sometimes with a range of 50-1500 ppm. Friction modifiers of all types may be used alone or in mixtures with the materials of this disclosure. Often mixtures of two or more friction modifiers, or mixtures of friction modifier(s) with alternate surface-active material(s), are used.

[0168] When compositions contain one or more additives, each additive is blended into the composition in an amount sufficient for it to perform its intended function for an application. Additives typically are present in compositions as a minor component, usually at a total additivecontent of less than 50 wt%, such as less than or about 30 wt%, and such as less than or about 15 wt%, based on the total weight of the compositions. Each additive is usually present in finished lubricant compositions in an amount of at least 0.01 wt%, such as at least 1 wt%, such as at least 5 wt%. Some additives, such as a detergent package may be present in a finished lubricant composition in an amount of at least 10 wt%.

[0169] The foregoing additives are typically available as commercially available materials. These additives may be added independently but are usually combined into additive packages that can be obtained from suppliers of lubricant oil additives. Additive packages with a variety of ingredients, proportions, and characteristics are available; selection of the appropriate package will take into account the requisite use of the desired composition. Uses of Compositions

[0170] Compositions of the present disclosure may be suitable for use as automotive crank case lubricants, automotive gear oils, transmission oils, marine cylinder oils, marine trunk piston engine oils, passenger vehicle engine oils, commercial vehicle engine oils, lubricants for hybrid vehicles, lubricants for plug-in hybrid vehicles, lubricants for battery electric vehicles, automotive greases, and many industrial lubricants such as circulation lubricants, industrial gear lubricants, onshore wind turbine lubricants, offshore wind turbine lubricants, paper machine oils, industrial greases, compressor oils, pump oils, refrigeration lubricants, hydraulic lubricants, and metal working fluids.

[0171] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is used as a base oil, a process fluid, a hydraulic fluid, an industrial fluid, or as an automotive gear oil.

[0172] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is used as an engine oil. Engine oils are intended for use in gasoline engines or diesel engines and generally contain base stock(s) and additives. Commonly, the base stock is the major component in these compositions and therefore contributes significantly to the properties of the engine oil. Generally, the wide variety of today’s engine oils contain blends of a small number of individual lubricant base stocks and individual additives. Additional Aspects

[0173] The present disclosure provides, among others, the following embodiments, each of which may be considered as optionally including any alternate embodiments. Clause 1. A composition comprising:about 50 wt% or greater of a Group II base stock, based on total weight of the composition; and about 0.1 wt% or greater of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition. Clause 2. The composition of Clause 1, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin is 10-methyl- 11-octylhenicosane. Clause 3. The composition of Clauses 1 or 2, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C (KV100) of about 1 to about 7, as determined by ASTM D445. Clause 4. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin has a Noack volatility of about 13 wt% or less, as determined by ASTM D5800. Clause 5. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 4, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises a polyalphaolefin represented by the formula: C30H62. Clause 6. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin is represented by the formula: R3, wherein:each of R1, R2, and R3is independently an n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, or n-dodecyl. Clause 7. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 6, wherein: at least one of R1, R2, and R3is n-octyl, at least one of R1, R2, and R3is n-nonyl, and at least one of R1, R2, and R3is n-decyl. Clause 8. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 7, wherein R1is n-nonyl, R2is n-octyl, and R3is n-decyl. Clause 9. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 8, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin has a cold-cranking simulator viscosity at −35°C, as determined by ASTM D5203, of 1,000 cP or less. Clause 10. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 9, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin has a specific gravity of about 0.816 to about 0.818, as determined by ASTM D4052.Clause 11. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 10, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity at -40°C of about 1650 cSt to about 1680 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445. Clause 12. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 11, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin has a viscosity index of about 128 to about 130, as determined by ASTM D2270. Clause 13. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 12, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin has a pour point of about –77°C to about –80°C, as determined by ASTM D5950 / D97. Clause 14. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 13, wherein the Group II base stock has about 300 ppm or less of sulfur content, about 90 wt% or greater of saturates, and a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 120. Clause 15. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 14, wherein the Group II base stock has a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 105 to about 110. Clause 16. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 15, wherein the composition comprises about 80 wt% to about 90 wt% of the Group II base stock and about 10 wt% to about 20 wt% of the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin. Clause 17. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 16, wherein the composition comprises about 90 wt% to about 95 wt% of the Group II base stock and about 5 wt% to about 10 wt% of the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin. Clause 18. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the composition has a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 115 to about 122. Clause 19. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 18, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445. Clause 20. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 19, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 20 cSt to about 25 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445. Clause 21. The composition of any of Clauses 1 to 20, wherein the composition has a cold crank simulator value (-35°C) of about 4,000 cP to about 5,000 cP, as determined by ASTM D5293. Clause 22. A composition comprising: a base stock; and about 1 wt% to about 30 wt% of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition,wherein the composition has one or more of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 130, a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater, a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater, or a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater. Clause 23. The composition of Clause 22, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises 10- methyl-11-octylhenicosane. Clause 24. The composition of Clauses 22 or 23, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises a polyalphaolefin represented by the formula: C30H62. Clause 25. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 24, wherein the composition comprises about 1 wt% to about 12.5 wt% (such as about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, such as about 2 wt% to about 9 wt%, such as about 3 wt% to about 8 wt%, such as about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, such as about 3 wt% to about 4 wt%, such as about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%, such as about 5 wt% to about 6 wt%, such as about 6 wt% to about 7 wt%, such as about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%, such as about 9 wt% to about 10 wt%) of the C30-polyalphaolefin, based on total weight of the composition. Clause 26. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 25, wherein the composition has each of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 125, a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater, a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater, and a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater. Clause 27. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 26, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 100 to about 110, as determined by ASTM D2270. Clause 28. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 27, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 110 to about 120, as determined by ASTM D2270. Clause 29. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 28, wherein the composition has a silicon content of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm. Clause 30. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 29, wherein the composition has a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm. Clause 31. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 30, wherein the composition has a calcium content of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm.Clause 32. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 31, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 115 to about 122, as determined by ASTM D2270. Clause 33. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 32, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445. Clause 34. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 33, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 20 cSt to about 25 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445. Clause 35. The composition of any of Clauses 22 to 34, wherein the composition has a cold crank simulator value (-35°C) of about 4,000 cP to about 4,500 cP, as determined by ASTM D5293. Clause 36. A composition comprising: less than 50 wt% of a re-refined Group II base stock, based on total weight of the composition; and about 0.1 wt% or greater of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition; wherein the composition has one or more of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 130, a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater, a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater, or a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater. Clause 37. The composition of Clause 36, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane. Clause 38. The composition of Clauses 36 or 37, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises a polyalphaolefin represented by the formula: C30H62. Clause 39. The composition of Clauses 36 to 38, wherein the composition comprises about 10 wt% to about 20 wt% of the base stock and about 80 wt% to about 90 wt% of the polyalphaolefin composition. Clause 40. The composition of Clauses 36 to 39, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 115 to about 122, as determined by ASTM D2270. Clause 41. The composition of Clause 40, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445.Clause 42. The composition of Clause 41, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 20 cSt to about 25 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445. Clause 43. The composition of Clause 42, wherein the composition has a cold crank simulator value (-35°C) of about 4,000 cP to about 4,500 cP, as determined by ASTM D5293. Clause 44. The composition of Clauses 36 to 43, wherein the composition comprises about 40 wt% or less of the base stock. Clause 45. The composition of Clauses 36 to 44, wherein the composition comprises about 30 wt% or less of the base stock. Clause 46. The composition of Clauses 36 to 45, wherein the composition comprises about 10 wt% to about 20 wt% of the base stock.EXAMPLES

[0174] Blending next generation PAO SpectraSyn MaX 3.5 with a low performing Group II base oil showed a superior synergistic improvement in performance vs conventional PAO 4 when used at the same treat rate. The window of efficacy can be, for example, between 1 and 30 weight percent, and surprisingly 12.5 wt% or less. Above 30 weight percent, the synergistic benefit(s) are not realized, unlike when the weight percent is about 30 weight percent or less, in particular 12.5 wt% or less.Molecular Weight: 422.83 Molecular Weight: 422.83 Representative Structure for PAO 4Representative Structure for Spectrasyn Max 3.52024

[0175] Higher Viscosity index is better. Lower ASTM D5293 value is better.

[0176] PAO base oils with more defined branching, such as SpectraSyn MaX 3.5 seen on the right show better performance when upgrading Group II base oils. Table 3 Base Oil POA Type Core Structural Features KV 40 KV 100 VI Spectrasyn Max 3.5 Hybrid Two directly connected 14.23 3.517 129 7 8 7 4

[0177] Of particular interest for the studies were Group II base stocks produced by the refining of used lubricating oil, called Re-refined Base Stocks (RRBS). The used oil collected back come from various applications such as engine oils and industrial gear oils. While the quality of RRBS depends on the processing of the oil, many re-refiners have been able to produce Group I and Group II base stocks. However, most of them are not able to produce Group III base stocks that are most used in Passenger Car Motor Oils (PCMO).

[0178] It has been discovered that the new generation PAO, such as SpectraSyn® MaX, has significantly improved low temperature properties, Noack volatility, and oxidative stability than conventional PAOs.

[0179] PAOs are commonly used in engine oils where they are mixed with mineral oils such as Group II and Group III base stocks. In those formulations, PAOs improve the low temperature properties, Noack volatility and engine oil performance in standard engine tests. Similarly, PAOs can be used in upgrading RRBS in two different ways. 1. PAOs can be used along with Group II and RRBS in engine oil formulations to meet respective performance specifications. 2. The addition of PAO to RRBS within the re-refining process or afterwards allows for enhanced performance of low-quality Group II base stock without a need for the use of a Group III base stock.

[0180] While conventional PAOs help upgrade Group II base oils, the new generation PAO with a more regular structure, lower viscosity, and lower volatility, can provide greater benefits in terms of low temperature properties and oxidative stability. Table 4 Prophetic Group II Base Oils EHC 45 FLINT HILLS 600-HC

[0008] Overa , compos t ons o t e present d sc osure can prov de mproved ubrcants including Group II base stocks, including low performing Group II base stocks, and capable of meeting 0W-XX requirements and without a need for added Group III base stock. The availability of Gr III base stocks is limited while Gr II and PAO are currently abundantly available. Consequently, the Gr II / Gr IV blend could have cost advantage while performing equal to or betterthan Gr III formulations. C30-polyalphaolefin of the present disclosure can provide base oil blends with improved low temperature properties and oxidative stability than conventional polyalphaolefins. It has been discovered that a polyalphaolefin of the present disclosure can provide enhanced viscosity index, Noack volatility, and low temperature performance, such as cold crank simulator viscosity, to compositions including Group II base stocks (such as low performing Group II base stocks), as compared to compositions having Group II base stocks and other polyalphaolefins (such as other C30-polyalphaolefins). For example, compositions of the present disclosure may obtain a 0W-20 engine oil grade, even while including low performing Group II base stocks. In addition, compositions of the present disclosure may have advantaged oxidative stability such that OEM specifications such as GM Dexos and VW 508 / 509 can be obtained, even while including low performing Group II base stocks.

[0182] In addition, polyalphaolefins of the present disclosure can include a C30-polyalphaolefin, such as 10-methyl-11-octylhenicosane, which can have sufficient solubility with Group II base stocks such that polar additives, such as esters, are merely optional.

[0183] The phrases, unless otherwise specified, "consists essentially of" and "consisting essentially of" do not exclude the presence of other steps, elements, or materials, whether or not, specifically mentioned in this specification, so long as such steps, elements, or materials, do not affect the basic and novel characteristics of the present disclosure, additionally, they do not exclude impurities and variances normally associated with the elements and materials used.

[0184] For the sake of brevity, only certain ranges are explicitly disclosed herein. However, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, as well as, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, in the same way, ranges from any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited. Additionally, within a range includes every point or individual value between its end points even though not explicitly recited. Thus, every point or individual value may serve as its own lower or upper limit combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper limit, to recite a range not explicitly recited.

[0185] All numerical values within the detailed description herein are modified by “about” the indicated value, and take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

[0186] All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein, including any priority documents and or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited thereby. Likewise, the term “comprising” is considered synonymous with the term “including” for purposes of United States law. Likewise, whenever a composition, an element or a group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase “comprising,” it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases “consisting essentially of,” “consisting of,” “selected from the group of consisting of,” or “is” preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.

[0187] While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a number of embodiments and examples, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

Claims

CLAIMS We claim:

1. A composition comprising: a base stock; and about 1 wt% to about 30 wt% of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition, wherein the composition has one or more of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 130, a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater, a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater, or a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises 10-methyl-11- octylhenicosane.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises a polyalphaolefin represented by the formula: C30H62.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 1 wt% to about 12.5 wt% of the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin, based on total weight of the composition.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has each of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 125, a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater, a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater, and a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 100 to about 110, as determined by ASTM D2270.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 110 to about 120, as determined by ASTM D2270.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a silicon content of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a calcium content of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 115 to about 122, as determined by ASTM D2270.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 20 cSt to about 25 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445.

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a cold crank simulator value (-35°C) of about 4,000 cP to about 4,500 cP, as determined by ASTM D5293.

15. A composition comprising: about 50 wt% or greater of a re-refined Group II base stock, based on total weight of the composition; and about 0.1 wt% or greater of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition; wherein the composition has one or more of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 130, a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater, a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater, or a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater.

16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises 10-methyl- 11-octylhenicosane.

17. The composition of claim 15, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises a polyalphaolefin represented by the formula: C30H62.

18. The composition of claim 15, wherein the composition comprises about 90 wt% to about 95 wt% of the base stock and about 1 wt% to about 10 wt% of the polyalphaolefin composition.

19. The composition of claim 15, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 115 to about 122, as determined by ASTM D2270.

20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445.

21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 20 cSt to about 25 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445.

22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the composition has a cold crank simulator value (-35°C) of about 4,000 cP to about 4,500 cP, as determined by ASTM D5293.

23. A composition comprising: less than 50 wt% of a re-refined Group II base stock, based on total weight of the composition; and about 0.1 wt% or greater of a C18-C48-polyalphaolefin consisting of two directly connected tertiary carbons, based on total weight of the composition; wherein the composition has one or more of the following properties: a viscosity index of about 80 to about 130, a silicon content of about 1 ppm or greater, a phosphorous content of about 1 ppm or greater, or a calcium content of about 1 ppm or greater.

24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises 10-methyl- 11-octylhenicosane.

25. The composition of claim 23, wherein the C18-C48-polyalphaolefin comprises a polyalphaolefin represented by the formula: C30H62.

26. The composition of claim 23, wherein the composition comprises about 10 wt% to about 20 wt% of the base stock and about 80 wt% to about 90 wt% of the polyalphaolefin composition.

27. The composition of claim 23, wherein the composition has a viscosity index of about 115 to about 122, as determined by ASTM D2270.

28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 4 cSt to about 5 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445.

29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of about 20 cSt to about 25 cSt, as determined by ASTM D445.

30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the composition has a cold crank simulator value (-35°C) of about 4,000 cP to about 4,500 cP, as determined by ASTM D5293.

31. The composition of claim 23, wherein the composition comprises about 40 wt% or less of the base stock.

32. The composition of claim 31, wherein the composition comprises about 30 wt% or less of the base stock.

33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the composition comprises about 10 wt% to about 20 wt% of the base stock.

Images