Electrochemical cell assemblies with enhancing additives

Abstract

The present inventions relate to methods, systems, apparatuses, controllers, software, and composition of matter associated with electrochemical energy storage devices. The present inventions relate to one or more additives for batteries, e.g., silicon-based batteries. The additives are integrated in the electrode counter-electrode, and / or electrolyte. The additives are configured to enhance electrochemical kinetics, reduce overpotential, suppress parasitic reactions, stabilize passivation layers, suppress dendrite formation, improve capacity retention, enable fast charging, increase coulombic efficiency, enhance reversibility over extended cycling, or any combination thereof.

Description

Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL ASSEMBLIES WITH ENHANCING ADDITIVESPRIORITY APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 686,480, filed on August 23, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and structures such as electrode assemblies for use in energy manipulation (e.g., storage and / or release) devices such as batteries, to energy manipulation devices employing such structures, and to methods for manufacturing such structures and energy manipulation devices.

[0003] Batteries are a type of energy manipulation device having electrochemical cells in which carrier ions travel between a cathode structure and an anode structure through an electrolyte within each electrochemical cell (e.g., voltaic cell) abbreviated herein as “cell.” The anode structure and cathode structure in the cell are separated by a gap. The cell may include a separator structure. The separator structure may be incorporated in the battery cell during assembly of the battery and during battery operation. Anode and cathode current collectors of the respective anode and cathode, pool electric current from the respective active electrochemical electrodes and enable transfer (e.g., flow) of the current to the environment outside the battery.

[0004] Rechargeable secondary batteries are a type of energy storage device having cells in which carrier ions, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and / or magnesium ions, travel between a cathode structure and an anode structure through an electrolyte within each cell. In some embodiments, the anode structure and cathode structure are separated by a separator structure during assembly of the battery and during battery operation. Anode and cathode current collectors pool electric current from the respective active electrochemical electrodes and enable transfer of the current to the environment outside the battery.

[0005] There are a number of shortcomings related to such energy manipulation devices and / or the process of making these devices. In an example, there are a number of shortcomings related to secondary batteries and the process of making secondary batteries. Battery performance may be enhanced by additives included in electrolyte mixtures and / or added to electrode active material. The enhancement may relate to one or more attributes including (i) energy density, (ii) electrode kinetics (e.g., charge carrier kinetics), (iii) passivation layer stability, (iv) fast charging speed, (v) low electrical resistance, (vi) suppression of charge carrier reduction (and its deposition and growth), (vii) reduce shorting risk, (viii) reduce overpotential, (ix) suppress parasitic reaction, (x) improve capacity retention, (xi) increases columbic efficiency, or (xii) any combination thereof. The battery may comprise silicon active material and / or lithium-ion charge carriers. In an example, secondary batteries employing Si-Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) based anode technology suffer from significant volume expansion during charging and measured energy density can be negatively impacted. Some of the other issues include fast charging performance, parasitic reactions, sluggish electrochemical kinetics, lithium plating and / or capacity retention. Accordingly, systems and methods are disclosed herein for using multifunctional additives in order to mitigate the issues affecting Si-based anode secondary batteries.

[0006] There is a requirement for electrolyte and / or electrode formulations that address the challenges mentioned herein, e.g., while maintaining compatibility with next-generation battery chemistries. There is a requirement for additive systems that operate synergistically to enhance stability, reduce resistance, suppress unwanted reactions, and / or promote energy efficiency, in batteries comprising silicon active materials and / or lithium-ion charge carriers.TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION

[0007] The present invention relates to electrochemical energy manipulation devices (e.g., batteries) and to additives for improving battery performance through electrolyte and / or electrode modification, e.g., electrodes comprising silicon active material.SUMMARY

[0008] In some aspects, the present disclosure resolves one or more of the aforementioned hardships and / or shortcomings. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides solutions to curtail the aforementioned hardships and / or shortcomings. The solutions include method(s), device(s), apparatus(es), system(s), composition(s) of matter, and / or design(s). In some aspects, the present inventions relate to method(s), device(s), apparatus(es), system(s), composition(s) of matter, and design(s), utilized for a battery comprising cell(s). Methods, apparatuses, devices, program instructions, and structures, are disclosed herein associated with utilization of additives added to an electrolyte and / or an active material, of a battery. The additives can comprise cationic and / or anionic species. The additives can promote diffusion across separator and electrode domains. The additives can regulate charge carrier behavior.

[0009] In some aspects, disclosed herein are additives that diffuse through a separator and / or through active material particulates. The additives may comprise an inorganic material (e.g., salts), an organic material, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The additives comprise a first additive type (e.g., cation). The first additive can act as an electrostatic charge variation agent to suppress deposition and / or growth, of reduced charge carriers on an electrode surface. In an example, e.g., the additives suppress dendrite formation on the anode. The first additive can include multiple charge carrier types (e.g., Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) and / or rare earth elements. The additives can comprise a second additive type (e.g., anion). The second additive type can possess self-redox and / or reversible redox capability. The second additive type can promote charge carrier diffusion into a counterelectrode (e.g., cathode). The second additive type can comprise bulkier halogen compoundsAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)(e.g., chlorine, bromine, iodine), as compared to fluoride. The first and second additives may be the same (e.g., of the same type) or different (e.g., of a different type).

[0010] In another aspect, a secondary battery comprises a battery enclosure, and an electrode assembly and an electrolyte within the battery enclosure, wherein the electrode assembly comprises a plurality of unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells comprising an anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure, and wherein the electrolyte comprises a plurality of multifunctional additives.

[0011] In another aspect, a secondary battery comprises a battery enclosure, and an electrode assembly and an electrolyte within the battery enclosure, wherein the electrode assembly comprises a plurality of unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells comprising an anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure, and wherein the electrode assembly comprises a plurality of multifunctional additives.

[0012] In another aspect, a device for energy manipulation, the device comprises: a cell assembly comprising an electrode separated from a counter-electrode by a gap, the electrode comprising an electrode active material, the counter-electrode comprising a counter-electrode active material; an electrolyte mixture; and one or more additives disposed in the electrolyte mixture, in at least one active material of the cell assembly, or any combination thereof, the at least one active material comprising the electrode active material, the counter-electrode active material, or a combination thereof, the one or more additives being configured to alter performance of the device by one or more attributes of the device, the one or more attributers comprising (i) increasing energy density, (ii) enhancing charge carrier kinetics, (iii) increasing passivation layer stability, (iv) increasing fast charging speed, (v) lowering electrical resistance, (vi) suppressing charge carrier reduction, (vii) reducing internal shorting risk, (viii) reduce overpotential, (ix) suppressing parasitic reaction, (x) improving charge capacity retention, (xi) increasing columbic efficiency, or (xii) any combination of (i)-(xi). In some embodiments, the electrolyte mixture is in a liquid state. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises silicon. In some embodiments, the cell assembly is disposed in an enclosure that is liquid tight. In some embodiments, the enclosure is gas tight. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are disposed in the electrolyte mixture at least in part by being dissolved in the electrolyte mixture. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are disposed in the at least one active material by being (a) deposited on a surface of particulate matter of the at least one active material, (b) mixed with the particulate matter of the at least one active material, (c) deposited on a surface of a layer of the at least one active material, or (d) any combination of (a), (b), (c), and (d). In some embodiments, the at least one active material is disposed in the electrode active material in (e.g., substantially) the same manner as it is disposed in the counterelectrode active material. In some embodiments, the at least one active material is disposedAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) in the electrode active material in a different manner as it is disposed in the counterelectrode active material. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise halogens larger than fluoride. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise iodine. In some embodiments, one or more additives comprise the halogens as anions. In some embodiments, one or more additives comprise the halogens in salt form. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise organic compounds. In some embodiments, the organic compounds comprise one or more atoms having lone electron pairs available for polar and / or hydrogen bonding. In some embodiments, the atoms comprise oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or halogen. In some embodiments, the one or more atoms are part of a heterocyclic structure. In some embodiments, the heterocyclic structure is aromatic. In some embodiments, the heterocyclic structure is non-aromatic. In some embodiments, the one or more atoms are side group to a cyclic structure. In some embodiments, the side group comprises an alcohol, an amine, a carboxylic acid, a hetero cyanine, a cyanide, or the halogen. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing energy density of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising enhancing charge carrier kinetics of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing passivation layer stability of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter the performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing fast charging speed of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising lowering electrical resistance of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising suppressing charge carrier reduction of the device. In some embodiments, charge carrier reduction results in a deposition of a reduced form of the charge carriers onto a constraint system surrounding the cell assembly, the one or more additives suppressing the deposition. In some embodiments, the cell assembly is disposed in a constraint system as part of the device. In some embodiments, the deposition is at least in part on the constraint system. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises perforations in a middle portion of the constraint system, the deposition being on the middle portion and / or around the perforations. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to curb volumetric expansion of the cell assembly within a threshold expansion window, the volumetric expansion occurring during electrical charge or electrical discharge of, the cell assembly. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured toAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising reducing internal shorting risk of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter the performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising reducing overpotential of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising suppressing parasitic reaction of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising improving charge capacity retention of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing columbic efficiency of the device. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are added to (a) the electrode active material of the electrode and / or (b) the counter-electrode active material of the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the one or more additives added to the electrode are different by at least one additive from the one or more additives added to the counter electrode. In some embodiments, the one or more additives added to the electrode have at least one additive common with the one or more additives added to the counter electrode. In some embodiments, the one or more additives added to the electrode are (e.g., substantially) the same as the one or more additives added to the counter electrode. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise nitrogen containing side groups, e.g., amines and / or amides. In some embodiments, the one or more additives having nitrogen containing side groups comprise 1,5-naphthalenediamine (NDA), Tris[4-(diethylamino) phenyl] amine (TDPA), N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), N,N-dimethylformamide, 4, N, N-trimethylaniline (TMA), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise aromatic and / or polycyclic compounds. In some embodiments, the polycyclic compounds comprise at least one aromatic cyclic group. In some embodiments, the aromatic and / or polycyclic compound comprise Naphthacene (NC). In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise heterocyclic compounds. In some embodiments, the heterocyclic compound comprises at least one element having a lone pair of electrodes, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, and / or sulfur. In some embodiments, the heterocyclic compounds comprise 1 ,4-dioxane, Cobalt Bis(terpyridine) (Co(Tep)2), (2,2,6,6-teramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), 4-Methoxy-2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperdinyloxyl (4-methoxy-TEMPO), 5,10-dimethylphenazine (DMPZ), Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), 1-phenylpyrrolidine (PPD), 10-methyl-10H-phenothiazine (MPTA), Poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperinidyloxy-4-yl methacrylate (PTMA), Ethyl Viologen (EtV), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise Sulfur compounds. In some embodiments, the sulfur containing compounds may or may not be aromatic. In some embodiments, the sulfur containing compound may or may not be conjugated. In some embodiments, the sulfur containing compounds comprise 5,10-Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) dimethylphenazine (DMPZ), Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise alcohols. In some embodiments, the alcohol comprises Butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT). In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise cyclic ketones. In some embodiments, the cyclic ketones may or may not be conjugated. The cyclic ketones may or may not be aromatic. In some embodiments, the cyclic ketones comprise 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ), 1,4-Benzoquinone (BQ), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise organometallic coordination compounds. In some embodiments, the organometallic coordination compounds comprise Ferrocene (FC), Cabalt porphyrin (Co(ll)-Po), Cobalt(ll) 5, 10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H, 23H-porphine (Co(ll)TPP), Cobaltocene (CoCp2), N,N,- bis(salicylidene ethylenediaminocobalt (Co-salen), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise cyanines. In some embodiments, the cyanines comprise iron Phthalocyanine (FePc), cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC), potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise Silicotungstic acid, Nickel hydroxide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise light alkali and alkali earth iodine salts. In some embodiments, the light alkali and alkali earth iodine salts comprise, Lithium Iodide, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Iodide, Cesium Iodide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise heavy alkali and alkali earth iodine salts. In some embodiments, the heavy alkali and alkali earth iodine salts comprise Ruthenium (III) Iodide, lndium(lll)lodide, Molybdenum(lll)lodide, Strontium Iodide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise light alkali and alkali earth bromine salts. In some embodiments, the light alkali and alkali earth bromine salts comprise, Lithium Bromide, Potassium Bromide, Sodium Bromide, Cesium Bromide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise heavy alkali and alkali earth bromine salts. In some embodiments, the heavy alkali and alkali earth bromine salts comprise Ruthenium(lll)Bromide, lndium(lll)Bromide, Molybdenum(lll)Bromide, Strontium Bromide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device is a battery. In some embodiments, the battery is a rechargeable battery.

[0013] In another aspect, a method comprises: (a) providing any of the above devices; and (b) manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and / or using the device for the energy manipulation.

[0014] In another aspect, an apparatus for using any of the above devices, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured to (a) operatively couple with at least one component and with the device; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing,Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) transporting, and / or using, the device. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and / or with a communication platform. In some embodiments, one or more of the at least one component is of the device.

[0015] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and / or using, any of the above devices, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively couple with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II). In some embodiments, one or more of the at least one component is of the device.

[0016] In another aspect, a method of fabricating an energy manipulation device, the method comprises: providing a cell assembly; providing one or more additives; and disposing the one or more additives in the cell assembly to generate the energy manipulation device, the cell assembly comprising (a) an electrode separated from a counter-electrode by a gap, the electrode comprising an electrode active material, the counter-electrode comprising a counter-electrode active material and (b) an electrolyte mixture, the one or more additives being disposed in the electrolyte mixture, in at least one active material of the cell assembly, or in any combination thereof, the at least one active material comprising the electrode active material, the counter-electrode active material, or a combination thereof, the one or more additives being configured to alter performance of the device by one or more attributes of the device, the one or more attributers comprising (i) increasing energy density, (ii) enhancing charge carrier kinetics, (iii) increasing passivation layer stability, (iv) increasing fast charging speed, (v) lowering electrical resistance, (vi) suppressing charge carrier reduction, (vii) reducing internal shorting risk, (viii) reduce overpotential, (ix) suppressing parasitic reaction, (x) improving charge capacity retention, (xi) increasing columbic efficiency, or (xii) any combination of (i)-(xi) . In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises silicon. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the one or more additives to the electrolyte mixture. In some embodiments, adding the one or more additives to the electrolyte mixture is prior to the electrolyte mixture being added to the cell assembly. In some embodiments, adding the one or more additives to the electrolyte mixture is after the electrolyte mixture being added to the cell assembly. In some embodiments, adding the one or more additives to the electrolyte mixture is during addition of the electrolyte mixture being added to the cell assembly. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the one or more additives to (a) the electrode active material of the electrode and / or (b) the counter-electrode active material of the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the method further comprises depositing theAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) electrode active material is deposited on an electrode current collector sheet as an electrode slurry, the electrode slurry comprising electrode particles of the electrode active material and an electrode slurry solvent. In some embodiments, the electrode slurry comprises an electrode binder configured to bind the electrode particles to each other and to the current collector sheet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the one or more additives to the electrode slurry solvent before being mixed with the electrode particles. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the one or more additives directly to the electrode slurry. In some embodiments, the method further comprises depositing the one or more additives onto the surface of the electrode particles before mixing the electrode particles with the electrode slurry solvent. In some embodiments, the method further comprises calendering the electrode slurry over the electrode current collector using a press to generate an electrode active material cake coupled with the current collector, followed by cutting one or more electrodes from the electrode current collector for assembly into the cell assembly, the method further comprising depositing the one or more additives onto a surface of the electrode active material cake. In some embodiments, depositing the one or more additives onto the electrode active material cake is before the cake is cut into electrodes. In some embodiments, depositing the one or more additives onto the electrode active material cake is after the cake is cut into electrodes. In some embodiments, calendering the electrode slurry is pressure controlled. In some embodiments, calendering the electrode slurry is thickness controlled to control a thickness of the electrode active material cake relative to the electrode current collector. In some embodiments, the method further comprises depositing the counter-electrode active material is deposited on a counterelectrode current collector sheet as a counter-electrode slurry, the counter-electrode slurry comprising counter-electrode particles of the counter-electrode active material and a counter-electrode slurry solvent. In some embodiments, the counter-electrode slurry comprises a counter-electrode binder configured to bind the counter-electrode particles to each other and to the current collector sheet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the one or more additives to the counter-electrode slurry solvent before being mixed with the counter-electrode particles. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the one or more additives directly to the counter-electrode slurry. In some embodiments, the method further comprises depositing the one or more additives onto the surface of the counter-electrode particles before mixing the counter-electrode particles with the counter-electrode slurry solvent. In some embodiments, the method further comprises calendering the counter-electrode slurry over the counter-electrode current collector using a press to generate an counter-electrode active material cake coupled with the current collector, followed by cutting one or more counter-electrodes from the counter-electrode current collector for assembly into the cell assembly, the method further comprisingAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) depositing the one or more additives onto a surface of the counter-electrode active material cake. In some embodiments, depositing the one or more additives onto the counterelectrode active material cake is before the cake is cut into counter-electrodes. In some embodiments, depositing the one or more additives onto the counter-electrode active material cake is after the cake is cut into counter-electrodes. In some embodiments, calendering the counter-electrode slurry is pressure controlled. In some embodiments, calendering the counter-electrode slurry is thickness controlled to control a thickness of the counter-electrode active material cake relative to the counter-electrode current collector. In some embodiments, the calendering is at a pressure of at least about 2 tons, 3 tons, or 5 tons.

[0017] In another aspect, a device fabricated by any of the above methods.

[0018] In another aspect, an apparatus for using any of the above methods, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured to (a) operatively couple with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, the method. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and / or with a communication platform. In some embodiments, one or more of the at least one component is of the device.

[0019] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, any of the above methods, (II) the method comprising directing at least one component to execute the method, the one or more processors being configured to operatively couple with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II). In some embodiments, one or more of the at least one component is of the device.

[0020] In another aspect, a system for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, and / or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media / medium), disclosed herein.

[0021] In another aspect, a system for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, operation of a device, and / or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media / medium), disclosed herein.

[0022] In another aspect, device(s) (e.g., apparatus) for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, and / or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media / medium).

[0023] In other aspects, systems, apparatuses (e.g., controller(s)), and / or non-transitory computer-readable program instructions (e.g., software) that implement any of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the program instructions are inscribed on at least one medium (e.g., on a medium or on media).Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)

[0024] In other aspects, methods, systems, apparatuses (e.g., controller(s)), and / or non- transitory computer-readable program instructions (e.g., software) that implement any of the devices disclosed herein and / or any operation of these devices. In some embodiments, the program instructions are inscribed on at least one medium (e.g., on a medium or on media).

[0025] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller that is configured (e.g., programmed) to direct a mechanism used in a methodology disclosed herein to implement (e.g., effectuate) any of the method and / or operations disclosed herein, wherein the controller(s) is operatively coupled with the mechanism. In some embodiments, the controller(s) implements any of the methods and / or operations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises, or be operatively coupled with, a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, the hierarchical control system comprises at least three, four, or five, control levels. In some embodiments, at least two operations are performed, or directed, by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations are each performed, or directed, by a different controller.

[0026] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller configured (e.g., programmed) to implement (e.g., effectuate), or direct implementation of the method, process, and / or operation disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements any of the methods, processes, and / or operations disclosed herein.

[0027] In another aspect, non-transitory computer readable program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to execute, or direct execution of, the method, process, and / or operation disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements any of the methods, processes, and / or operations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the one or more processors is part of a mechanism, outside of the mechanism, or in a location remote from the mechanism disclosed herein (e.g., in the cloud).

[0028] In another aspect, a system comprises an apparatus and at least one controller configured (e.g., programmed) to direct operation of the apparatus, wherein the at least one controller is operatively coupled with the apparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes any apparatus or device disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements, or direct implementation of, any of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller directs any apparatus (or component thereof) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) of the apparatus are directed by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) of the apparatus are directed by different controllers. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) are carried out by the same processor and / or by the same sub-computer software product. In some embodiments, atAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) least two of operations (e.g., instructions) are carried out by different processors and / or by different sub-computer software products.

[0029] In another aspect, a computer software product, comprising a (e.g., non-transitory) computer-readable medium / media in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer, cause the computer to direct a mechanism used to implement (e.g., effectuate) any of the method disclosed herein, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium is operatively coupled with the mechanism. In some embodiments, the mechanism comprises an apparatus or an apparatus component.

[0030] In another aspect, a computer system comprising one or more computer processors and non-transitory computer-readable medium / media coupled thereto. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable medium / media comprises machineexecutable code that, upon execution by the one or more computer processors, implements any of the methods and / or operations (e.g., as disclosed herein), and / or effectuates directions of the controller(s) (e.g., as disclosed herein).

[0031] In another aspect, a method comprises executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the mechanism(s) (e.g., device(s)) disclosed herein.

[0032] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller is configured to (i) operatively couple with the device, and (ii) direct executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the device(s) disclosed herein.

[0033] In another aspect, at least one controller is associated with the methods, devices, and software disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises at least one connector configured to connect to a power source. In some embodiments, the at least one controller being configured to operatively couple with a power source at least in part by (I) having a power socket and / or (II) being configured for wireless power transfer using inductive charging. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises a nonvolatile memory, e.g., a solid-state device (SSD) such as a FLASH memory. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is included in, or comprises, a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, the hierarchical control system comprises at least three hierarchical control levels. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is included in a control system disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to control at least one other component of a mechanism (e.g., system, device, or apparatus) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the device disclosed herein is a component of a system, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to (i) operatively couple to another component of the system and (ii) direct operation of the other component. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to direct operation of the other component at least in part for participation of the other component in a method disclosed herein.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)

[0034] In another aspect, non-transitory computer readable program instructions for a method disclosed herein, the non-transitory computer readable program instructions, when read by one or more processors operatively coupled with the device, cause the one or more processors to direct executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the device(s) disclosed herein.

[0035] In some embodiments, the program instructions are of a computer product.

[0036] The various embodiments in any of the above aspects are combinable (e.g., within an aspect), as appropriate. Individual features (e.g., embodiments) disclosed herein are combinable in any manner requested and / or desired, as applicable.

[0037] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0038] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0039] It should be appreciated that any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, which is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. Each of the figures disclosed herein is shown in accordance with some implementations of the subject matter of the disclosure. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principlesAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) of the present disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings or figures (also “Fig.” and “Figs.” herein), of which:

[0041] Fig. 1 depicts a schematic example of various cells;

[0042] Fig. 2 depicts schematic examples of folding options for energy manipulation device (e.g., battery) components, and a current collector;

[0043] Fig. 3 depicts schematic examples of devices (e.g., batteries) and cells;

[0044] Fig. 4 depicts schematic examples of cell architectures;

[0045] Fig. 5 depicts schematic exploded views of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0046] Fig. 6 depicts illustrative examples of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0047] Fig. 7 shows images and exploded view of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0048] Fig. 8 shows images of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0049] Fig. 9 schematically shows various stages of a cell;

[0050] Fig. 10 shows pre-charging of cells;

[0051] Fig. 11 schematically shows processes during cell cycling;

[0052] Fig.12 shows the schematic illustration of various possible mechanisms relating to additives in an electrochemical cell;

[0053] Fig. 13 shows representative performance attributes of additives;

[0054] Fig. 14 shows representative additives;

[0055] Fig. 15 shows a method flowchart of fabricating a cell assembly;

[0056] Fig. 16 depicts a schematic example of a control system; and

[0057] Fig. 17 depicts a schematic example of a processing system.

[0058] The figures and components therein may not be drawn to scale. Various components of the figures described herein may not be drawn to scale.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] While various embodiments of the inventions have been shown, and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein might be employed. The various embodiments, aspects, examples, variations, alternates, and instances, disclosed herein are combinable, as appropriate.

[0060] Reference throughout the specification to “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment,” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with any embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment,” or “in anAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) embodiment” in places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0061] Terms such as “a,” “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments in the present disclosure, but their usage does not delimit to the specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The term “includes” means includes but not limited to, the term “including” means including but not limited to, and the term “based on” means based at least in part on.

[0062] An immediately consecutive second feature to a first feature is devoid of another feature disposed therebetween, the features being of the same type. The feature can be a real-life feature, a calculated feature, or any other virtual feature.

[0063] When ranges are mentioned, the ranges are meant to be inclusive, unless otherwise specified. For example, a range between value 1 and value 2 is meant to be inclusive and include value 1 and value 2. The inclusive range will span any value from about value 1 to about value 2. The term “adjacent” or “adjacent to,” as used herein, includes “next to,” “adjoining,” “in contact with,” and “in proximity to.” When ranges are mentioned (e.g., between, at least, at most, and the like) the endpoint(s) of the range is / are also claimed. For example, when the range is from X to Y, the values of X and Y are also claimed. For example, when the range is at most Z, the value of Z is also claimed. For example, when the range is at least W, the value of W is also claimed.

[0064] The conjunction “and / or” as used herein in “X and / or Y” - including in the specification and claims - is meant to include the options (i) X, (ii) Y, and (iii) X and Y, as applicable. The phrase “including X, and / or Y” is meant to have the same meaning as the phrase “comprising X or Y” under currently prevailing US law.

[0065] The term “operatively coupled,” “operatively configured,” or “operatively connected” refers to a first mechanism that is coupled (or connected) to a second mechanism to allow the intended operation of the second and / or first mechanism. The coupling may comprise physical or non-physical coupling. The non-physical coupling may comprise signal-induced coupling (e.g., wireless coupling).

[0066] The phrase “is / are structured” or “is / are configured,” when modifying an article, refers to a structure of the article that can bring about the referred result.

[0067] The symbol “*” designates the mathematical operation of multiplication, e.g., “times.”

[0068] Fundamental length scale (abbreviated herein as “FLS”) comprises any suitable scale (e.g., dimension) of an object. For example, an FLS of an object may comprise a length, a width, a height, a diameter, a spherical equivalent diameter, a diameter of a bounding circle, a diameter equivalent of a bounding sphere.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)

[0069] Performing a reversible first operation is understood herein to mean performing the first operation and being capable of performing the opposite operation to that first operation (e.g., which is a second operation). For example, when a controller directs reversibly opening a shutter, that shutter can also close, and the controller can optionally direct a closure of that shutter. For example, when an attractor reversibly binds to a charge carrier, that attractor can also release that charge carrier after its binding.

[0070] While the disclosure refers to a cathode as an electrode, the electrode may be an anode, as applicable.

[0071] While various portions herein may refer for simplicity to a battery as an energy storage device, that disclosure is extended to any another energy storage device, as applicable.

[0072] As noted above, implementations of the present disclosure can relate to (e.g., secondary) batteries, the structures that make up the (e.g., secondary) batteries, and the methods and processes for manufacturing the structures and batteries. As used herein, the term “anode” used in the context of a (e.g., secondary) battery may refer to the negative electrode in a (e.g., secondary) battery. “Anode material” or “anodically active” as used herein may refer to a material or materials suitable for use as the negative electrode of a (e.g., secondary) battery. The term “cathode” as used herein in the context of a (e.g., secondary) battery may refer to the positive electrode in a (e.g., secondary) battery. “Cathode material” or “cathodically active” as used herein may refer to a material or materials suitable for use as the positive electrode of a (e.g., secondary) battery.

[0073] In some implementations described herein, the term “electrode” may be used to refer to either the anode or the cathode, and the term “counter-electrode” may refer to the other or opposite. For the sake of explanation, implementations may be described in terms of “electrode” and “counter-electrode.” It should be appreciated that in these implementations, the term electrode may be replaced by the term anode while the term counter-electrode may be replaced by the term cathode, as applicable. Alternatively, in these implementations, the term electrode may be replaced by the term cathode while the term counter-electrode may be replaced by the term anode, as applicable.

[0074] The prescribed use of the device (e.g., battery) comprises during charge-discharge cycling, during transportation, during storage, during maintenance, during upgrade, or any combination thereof. The prescribed use of the cell assembly comprises during formation of the cell assembly, during buffering of the cell assembly, during the prescribed use of the device comprising the cell assembly (e.g., the battery), or any combination thereof.

[0075] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device may comprise at least one battery. The battery may comprise one or more cells. The battery may be a rechargeable battery, e.g., a secondary battery. The charge carriers of the battery may comprise alkaliAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) earth, alkali cations, any plurality of types of any thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, the battery comprises charge carriers such as lithium charge carriers.

[0076] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device may comprise at least one battery. The battery may comprise one or more cells. The battery may be a rechargeable battery, e.g., a secondary battery. The charge carriers of the battery may comprise alkali earth, alkali cations, any plurality of types of any thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, the battery comprises charge carriers such as lithium charge carriers. In some embodiments, charge carriers may comprise carrier ions. In some embodiments, carrier ions are provided to positive electrodes and / or negative electrodes by carrier ion supply layers. Carrier ion supply layers may comprise one or more sources of lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions, aluminum ions, and / or similar such ions. The battery may or may not be a polymer type battery such as a lithium polymer type battery.

[0077] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device includes at least one unit cell. The energy manipulation device may comprise a population of unit cells (e.g., also referred to herein as a “set of cells”). The device may comprise an electrode connector operatively coupled with the electrode and a counter-electrode connector operatively coupled with the counter-electrode, with operatively coupled comprising electrically connected. The electrode connector may be also referred to herein as “an electrode terminal,” and the counterelectrode connector may be also referred to herein as “a counter-electrode terminal.” The device may comprise an electrode busbar, a counter-electrode busbar, an electrode terminal operatively coupled with the electrode busbar, and a counter-electrode terminal operatively coupled with the counter-electrode busbar. The electrode and counter electrode of the unit cell are separated by each other by a gap, e.g., to electrically separate the electrode from the counter-electrode. The gap may include a separator configured to (a) electrically isolate the electrode from the counter electrode and (b) allow traversal of charge carriers through the separator. In some embodiments, each unit cell of the set of cells, includes an electrode structure and a counter-electrode structure separated from each other by a gap. One or more (e.g., each) cells of the set of cells, each include a separator disposed in the gap. In some embodiments, the battery includes adjacent electrode sub-units. Each of the electrode sub-units has a dimension in the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively. The X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are each mutually perpendicular, akin to a Cartesian coordinate system. As used herein, the dimensions of each electrode sub-unit in the Z-axis may be referred to as a "height", dimensions in the X-axis may be referred to as a "length" and dimensions in the Y- axis may be referred to as a "width." The electrode sub-units may be combined into one or more unit cells. A cell can include (a) at least one anodically active material mass (e.g., layer) and / or (b) at least one cathodically active material mass (e.g., layer). In some embodiments, the anodically active material is separated from the cathode by the gap. InAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) some embodiments, the cathodically active material is separated from the anode by the gap. In some embodiments, the cathodically active material is separated from the anodically active material by the gap. The set of cells may comprise at least 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 500 cells. The set of cells may comprise any number of cells between any of the aforementioned number of cells, e.g., from 2 to 500 cells, or from 50 to 500 cells. An active material mass may operatively couple to a current collector. The active material mass may comprise one or more layers. The active material may form a gradient.

[0078] In some embodiments, the device includes an electrode busbar and a counterelectrode busbar. The electrode busbar can be operatively coupled with (e.g., electrically connected with) the electrode, e.g., via electrode tab. The counter-electrode busbar is operatively coupled with (e.g., electrically connected with) the counter-electrode, e.g., via counter-electrode tab. The electrode busbar can be operatively coupled with the electrodes of the set of cells, e.g., via electrode tabs. The counter-electrode busbar is operatively coupled with the counter-electrodes of the set of cells, e.g., via counter-electrode tabs. An electrode tab can be an extension of the electrode that is devoid of the electrode active material. A counter-electrode tab can be an extension of the counter-electrode that is devoid of the counter-electrode active material.

[0079] In some embodiments, the device includes a first busbar and a second busbar that are in electrical contact with the anode(s) and the cathode(s), respectively, e.g., via electrode tabs. The electrode tabs on the first side of the stack of cells can be electrically coupled with the first busbar, which may be referred to as an anode busbar. The electrode tabs on the second side of the stack of cells may be electrically coupled with the second busbar, which may be referred to as a cathode busbar. In some embodiments, the first busbar is electrically coupled with a first electrical terminal of the secondary battery, which is electrically conductive. When the first busbar comprises an anode busbar for the device (e.g., battery), the first electrical terminal comprises a negative terminal. In some embodiments, the second busbar is electrically coupled with a second electrical terminal of the device, which is electrically conductive. When the second busbar comprises a cathode busbar for the device, the second electrical terminal comprises a positive terminal of the device.

[0080] In some embodiments, the cell may be coupled with a (e.g., solid) busbar. In some embodiments, the set of cells may be coupled with the (e.g., solid) busbar. The busbar may comprise a (e.g., solid) material of a class. The material class may include an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The busbar may comprise (e.g., solid) material, e.g., including one or more types of materials. At least two types of materials may belong to the same class of materials. At least two types of materials may belong to different classes of materials. AAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) class of material may be a composite or a non-composite material. A class of material may be a tacky material (e.g., a tacky connector), or a solid material (e.g., that is non-tacky). A class of material may be a material that is fluid, or non-fluid, e.g., during manufacture of the energy manipulation device such as a battery. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise a metal alloy and an elemental metal. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise two types of metal alloys. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise a composite material and a non-composite material. The busbar may comprise any conductive material disclosed herein. In an example, the busbar includes copper (e.g., Cu101) and Inconel (e.g., N178). The material class can be an oxygen free material. The material class may be an electronic grade material.

[0081] In some embodiments, a busbar is attached to the current collector tabs, e.g., the attachment being assisted by the tacky connector. In an example, the busbar contacts the tacky connector that contacts the tab(s). The busbar may have a cross section of a Euclidean shape, e.g., a vertical cross section. The busbar may have a cross section of a geometric planar shape, e.g., a vertical cross section. The shape may include a polygon, an ellipse, a combination thereof and / or a plurality thereof. The polygon may include a rectangle, or a plurality of rectangles. In an example, a vertical cross section of the busbar is a rectangle. In an example, the vertical cross section of the busbar comprises at least two different types of shapes, e.g., rectangles. In an example, the vertical cross section of the busbar comprises at least two types of shapes that are (e.g., substantially) the same, and that are distinct from each other. The two types of shapes may comprise the same type of material or may each be from a different type of material. The two types of shapes may comprise the same class of material or may each be from a different class of material. Two of the shapes may be separated from each other by a gap. Two of the shapes may contact each other. A cross section of the busbar may comprise an indentation, e.g., a depression. The depression may be configured to accommodate (a) folded tab(s) (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The depression may be configured to increase adhesion of the tab to the (e.g., solid) busbar. The increased adhesion may be at least in part by increasing the (e.g., solid) busbar’s adhesion to (i) any tacky connector and / or (ii) any welding. A contacting surface of the busbar is an exposed surface of the busbar face(s) configured to contract the (a) the tab(s), (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The contacting surface may undergo surface treatment before the contact. The surface treatment may be configured to increase adhesion between the (e.g., solid) busbar and (a) the tab(s), (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The surface treatment may comprise roughening of the contacting surface. The surface treatment may comprise etching, scraping, or printing (e.g., 3D printing). The surface treatment may compriseAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) mechanical treatment type, chemical treatment type, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise one or more perforations (e.g., holes). The perforation(s) may be configured to accommodate dimensionality changes occurring in the cell, e.g., during charging and / or discharging. The dimensionality changes of the cell may occur during its (e.g., normal) operation, testing, maintenance, storage, shipping, or any combination thereof.

[0082] In some embodiments, the cell undergoes pre-loading with charge carriers, e.g., before its regular use. The pre-loading may comprise loading the cell with charge carriers, e.g., “pre-lithiation” in the case of lithium cations being the charge carriers. The pre-loading (also referred herein as “buffering”) may be performed during manufacturing and / or before providing the battery for its intended use. The pre-loading may facilitate insertion of additional charge carriers for a charge carrier source such as a lithium source, into the electrode(s) of the battery such as into the anode(s). The electrode may be a vertically short electrode. The pre-loading may replenish (e.g., irreversible) loss of the charge carriers during formation of the battery, e.g., to increase (a) efficiency of the first cycle and / or (b) cell capacity. The pre-loading may result in a reservoir of the charge carriers within the cell, and / or smaller cycled voltage window. The pre-loading may improve current distribution, e.g., during fast charge. The pre-loading may improve the cycle life of the battery. Buffering or pre-loading may result in pressurization of the cell at its first charging cycle, e.g., due to loading of the anode with charge carriers such as lithium. The pressure adjuster described herein can aid in maintaining overpressure in the system without having to put pressure during buffering, e.g., the adjuster can establish a minimal / threshold overpressure in the device during formation without having to buffer the cell. A rough exposed surface of charge carrier plating may remain throughout the life of the battery, and may compromise function of the battery, e.g., due to depletion of charge carriers and / or due to causing a short (e.g., as a consequence of dendrite formation from an electrode to its counter electrode). In some examples, the geometry of a battery may include a side gap located adjacent to a cell, to enable electrolyte to flow into the gap during buffering.

[0083] In some embodiments, a cell comprises an electrode (e.g., reference electrode), a counter electrode, separated from each other by a gap, also referred to herein as “a separation space.” The separation space may comprise a separator, e.g., having a material comprising conduits or pores, e.g., micro conduits, or micropores. The pores and / or conduits may be configured to facilitate charge carriers (e.g., ions) to propagate through the separator. The conduits may be channels. Pores of the separator may form the conduit. The battery cell may comprise, or may be coupled with, an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cell may comprise, or may be coupled with, a dividing space. At least one component may be electrically insulating, e.g., the separator body, the insulator, or at leastAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) one component of the dividing space. The dividing space and the separating space may or may not have the same material content. A divider material may be disposed in the dividing space. The dividing material may or may not be of the same type of material as the separator. The separator may be (e.g., substantially) a plane, or a layer. The separator may be an ionically permeable microporous material suitable for use as a separator in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the separator layer is coated with ceramic particles on one or both sides. In some embodiments, a cell includes an anode current collector in the center, which may comprise or be electrically coupled with, one of the electrode tabs on one of the sides of the secondary battery. In some implementations, the unit cell includes the anodically active material layer, the separator layer, the cathodically active material layer, and a cathode current collector in a stacked formation along a stacking axis. The cathode current collector may comprise a cathode tab devoid of cathode active material. The anode current collector may comprise an anode tab devoid of anode active material. The anode tab may be disposed at the same side of the cathode tab, or at a different side such as an opposing side.

[0084] In some embodiments, the cathode includes cathodically active material. The cathodically active material may include a cathodically active material including transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, lithium-transition metal oxides, lithium-transition metal sulfides, lithium-transition metal nitrides, any plurality thereof, and / or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include transition metal elements of the transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, any plurality thereof, and / or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include metal elements having a d-shell or f-shell. The cathodically active material may comprise metal element including Sc, Y, lanthanoids, actinoids, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, any plurality thereof, and / or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include lithium cobalt oxide (UCOO2), LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, lithium metal phosphate (e.g., lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4), Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li(NixMnyCoz)O2), any combinations thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The cathode active material may comprise LiCoO2in an amount of at least about 95%, 97%, 97.5%, or 98% by weight of the total cathode material weight (wt / wt percentage). The cathode composition may comprise a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), e.g., in an amount of at most about 1%, 2%, or 5% by weight (wt / wt). The cathode composition may comprise a conductive carbon additive, e.g., carbon black. In some implementations, the cathode (e.g., cathodically active material) is selected from transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, lithium-transition metal oxides, lithium-transition metalAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) sulfides, transition-metal phosphates, lithium-transition-metal phosphates, and lithium- transition metal nitrides may be selectively used. The transition metal elements of these transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, and transition metal nitrides can include metal elements having a d-shell or f-shell. Specific examples of such metal element are Sc, Y, lanthanides, actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. Additional cathode active materials include LiCoO2, LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, LiFePO4, Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, and combinations thereof. The cathode active material may comprise, S (e.g., U2S in the lithiated state), LiF, Fe, Cu, Ni, FeF2, FeOdF3.2d, FeFa, C0F3, C0F2, CUF2, NiF2, where 0<d<0.5, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal phosphates, binders, fillers, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The filler may be inert to the chemistry of the device, e.g., chemistry of the cell. The binders may include polyvinylidene difluoride and / or polytetrafluoroethylene. The cathode may comprise LCO, NCM, LFP, LMO, Nickel, Lithium manganese Iron phosphate, lithium manganese iron phosphate, sodium-ion, nickel, manganese rich lithium, lithiated cobalt oxide, lithiated manganese oxide, lithiated nickel- manganese-cobalt oxide, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The cathode (e.g., and the device) may be devoid of cobalt.

[0085] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device may comprise a battery. The device may comprise Li-ion batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, alkaline batteries, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The battery may include a cell comprising Cu, Al, Ni, polyethylene, polypropylene, any derivatives thereof, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0086] In some embodiments, the anode includes anodically active material. The anodically active material may include silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include alloys or intermetallic compounds including Si, C, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Ni, Co, Cd, any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include alloys and / or intermetallic compounds. The anodically active material may include oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, tellurides of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, V, or Cd, any combination thereof, or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include mixtures (e.g., containing Lithium), composites (e.g., containing Lithium), any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include salts (e.g., of Sn), hydroxides (e.g., of Sn), lithium titanate, lithium manganate, lithium aluminate, lithium-containing titanium oxide, lithium transition metal oxide, ZnCo2O4, particles of graphite, particles of carbon, metal form of theAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) charge carriers (e.g., lithium metal), any combinations thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may be coated. The coating may comprise stabilized metal form of the charge carrier material (e.g., lithium metal particles). The particulate material may include lithium carbonate-stabilized lithium metal powder, lithium silicate stabilized lithium metal powder, other source of stabilized lithium metal powder or ink, any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anode active material may comprise a material intercalating the charge carriers. The active material of the anode may include silicon and / or an allotrope of elemental carbon. The allotrope of elemental carbon may be any of the ones disclosed herein, e.g., active carbon, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, amorphous carbon, black carbon and / or a fullerene. The carbon nanotubes may comprise single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). The black carbon may comprise nanoscale particles having a characteristic size of less than about one micrometer and more than about one nanometer. The tubular structures may comprise nested tubes, e.g., at least 2, or 3 nested tubes. The carbon fibers may be weaved, aligned (e.g., in parallel and / or at an angle relative to each other), randomly situated, or any combination thereof, as applicable. The anode may be a nearly (e.g., substantially) 100% silicon - carbon anode. The anode may comprise particulate material. The anode may comprise a carbon scaffold on which silicon is deposited (e.g., layer of silicon). An exposed surface of the silicon may be coated by the, or by at least one other, of the allotropes of elemental carbon. The carbon may comprise black carbon. The carbon may include hard carbon and / or soft carbon. The carbon-silicon structure may comprise successive layers and / or scaffold. The carbon may comprise a particulate material. The particulate material may serve as a base for deposition of the one or mor layers. The particulate material may or may not include crevices. The one or more layers may be deposited onto an exposed surface of the crevices. Anodically active materials may comprise carbon materials such as graphite and soft or hard carbons, or graphene (e.g., single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes), or any of a range of metals, semi-metals, alloys, oxides, nitrides, compounds capable of intercalating lithium, compounds forming an alloy with lithium, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. Specific examples of the metals or semi-metals that may be used as the anode material include graphite, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminum, boron, gallium, silicon, Si-C composites, Si / graphite blends, silicon oxide (SiOx), porous Si, intermetallic Si alloys, indium, zirconium, germanium, bismuth, cadmium, antimony, silver, zinc, arsenic, hafnium, yttrium, lithium, sodium, graphite, carbon, lithium titanate, palladium, mixtures thereof, any plurality thereof, or any other combination thereof. In some implementations, the anodically active material may comprise aluminum, tin, silicon, an oxide thereof, a nitride thereof, a fluoride thereof, other alloy thereof, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the anodically active material may comprise silicon, an alloy thereof, aAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) composite thereof, an oxide thereof, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the battery may be without an active material (e.g., simple cell).

[0087] In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises one or more additives. The additives may be present in the electrode active material in an amount of the additives may be present in an amount of at most about 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 3.0%, or 5.0% by weight (wt / wt). The additives may be present in an amount of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 0.5% to about 2.0% wt / wt, or from about 0.5% to about 5% wt / wt. The additives may be dispersed within the bulk of the electrode active material mass. The additives may be deposited as a surface treatment on the electrode active material, e.g., on the particulate matter of the active material. The selection, concentration, and / or placement, of the additives may depend at least in part on the target electrochemical function. The selection, concentration, and / or placement, of the additives may depend at least in part on the electrode formulation. The selection, concentration, and / or placement, of the additives may depend at least in part on the battery architecture.

[0088] In some embodiments, a binder is present in the electrode composition. The binder may comprise a polymer, a resin, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The resin may comprise a rubber-based material. The binder may promote mechanical cohesion between active material particulates. The binder may support adhesion to a current collector surface. The binder may be tacky. The binder may comprise one or more solventbased chemistries. The solvent can be an organic solvent. The solvent can be a nonaqueous solvent. The solvent can be an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the binder comprises a rubber such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), a polysaccharide derivative such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a polyethylene glycol derivative (PEG), any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The SBR may impart elasticity and / or mechanical flexibility, e.g., to accommodate volumetric expansion of active material such as during cycling. The CMC may provide viscosity modulation, slurry processability, and / or interfacial binding properties. In some embodiments, a combination of two or more binders is utilized to tune rheological behavior. The combination may (e.g., substantially) enhance structural integrity of the dried electrode film. The binder may be uniformly distributed throughout the electrode layer. The binder may be concentrated at the interfacial region between the active material and the current collector.

[0089] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device comprises an electrochemical cell. The cell may comprise an electrode and a counter-electrode separated from each other by a gap. The device may comprise a simple cell, e.g., comprising passive electrodes. The simple cell may comprise anode current collector, a cathode current collector separated from the anode current collector by a gap, an electrolyte, and charge carriers. The cell may comprise partially active electrodes - one current collector contacting an active materialAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) mass. The mass can be a layer. The cell may comprise fully active electrodes - both electrode and counter-electrode current collectors of the cell, each contacting a respective active material mass, e.g., a layer.

[0090] In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a fuel cell. In other examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a primary battery, which may be a non-rechargeable battery. The primary battery may be a battery comprising Li metal, alkaline, zinc-carbon, silver-oxide, and / or any other suitable material. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a secondary battery, which may be rechargeable. The secondary battery may be a battery comprising Li ion, lead acid (lead dioxide with sulfuric acid), nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and / or any other suitable material. The use of a secondary battery or rechargeable battery may enable a reduction in environmental waste, as the materials may be reused for multiple cycles as compared to a primary or non- rechargeable battery. In some examples, the energy manipulation device described herein may comprise an electrochemical cell. As noted above, the cell may include an anode material and a cathode material. In an example, an electrochemical cell comprises passive electrodes, wherein the simple electrochemical cell includes an anode charge carrier, a cathode charge carrier separated from the anode by a gap, an electrolyte and charge carriers. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise one or more active electrodes, wherein one charge carrier is in contact with an active material mass. The active material mass can comprise (e.g., be deposited in a form of) a layer. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise one or more fully active electrodes, wherein the electrode and / or counter electrode charge carriers of a cell each contact a respective active material mass, e.g., a layer. The active material mass is configured to operatively coupled with its respective current collector of the electrode. The current collector may have an electrical conductivity of at least about 103Siemens / cm (S / cm), 104S / cm, 105S / cm, or 106S / cm. The current collector may have an electrical conductivity between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 103S / cm to about 106S / cm, or from about 105S / cm to about 106S / cm.

[0091] In some examples, the cell comprises an active material, a charge carrier, an electrolyte, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The active material (e.g., mass such as layer) may be added to one side or to both sides of a cell or cell stack. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises a current collector (e.g., conductor) comprising elemental metal, metal alloys, an allotrope of elemental carbon, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The allotrope of elemental carbon may comprise graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon wires, fullerenes, hard carbon, soft carbon, active carbon, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, cylindrical carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The nanotubes and / orAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) nanowires, may be nested or non-nested. The cell may comprise charge carriers comprising salts such as lithium salts. The electrolyte material may comprise solid, semi-solid, liquid, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The electrolyte materials may include salts, acids, and / or bases, e.g., dissolved in non-aqueous polar solvent(s). In some embodiments, the electrolyte may comprise a polymer-based electrolyte. The polymer-based electrolyte may include PEO-based polymer electrolyte, polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte, polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte, polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte, and / or similar such electrolytes. In some embodiments, the electrolyte may include an oxidebased electrolyte (e.g., lanthanum titanate (Lio.34Lao.56TiO3), Al-doped lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li6.24La3ZrzAlo.24011.98), Ta-doped lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li6.4La3Zri.4Tao.6012), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (Lit.4Alo.4Tit.6(PO4)3), and / or similar such electrolytes. In some embodiments, the electrolyte may comprise a solid electrolyte (e.g., sulfide-based electrolyte such as lithium tin phosphorus sulfide (LiioSnP2Si2), lithium phosphorus sulfide (13-U3PS4), lithium phosphorus sulfur chloride iodide (Li6PS5C1o.91o.i), and / or similar such electrolytes. The electrolyte may comprise ethylene carbonate, diethylcarbonate, dimethylcarbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, any derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0092] Fig. 1 shows in example 100 a schematic representation of a cell, the cell comprising an electrode 102a - “C” (e.g., a cathode), and an opposing electrode which is a counter electrode 105a - “A” (e.g., an anode). A separator is disposed in separator space (e.g., gap) 103 - “B.” The battery cell is disposed in a battery having housing 109. The housing can be rigid, or flexible. The housing may include a rigid portion and / or a flexible portion. The battery can optionally have an insulator 104. The insulator may comprise one or more materials comprising a ceramic, a polymer, or a resin. The battery may comprise one or more insulator types. In an example, a polymer may fill a cathode gap, and alumina fills a cathode gap, the gap being from the edge of the cell to its immediately adjacent edge of the case (also herein “casing”). In some embodiments, insulator may comprise a non-electrically conductive material. The ceramic may comprise alumina (AI2O3), zirconia (ZnCh), magnesium oxide (MgO), boron nitride (BN), mullite, boehmite, or silicon carbide (SiC, e.g., in pure form). Under normal conditions during use of the battery, the main current is a load current 106 passing from one electrode to its opposing electrode, and through separation space 103. When volume 104 comprises the insulator, the insulator contacts at least at opposing sides 102b and 102c of electrode 102a and at opposing sides 105b and 105c of counter-electrode 105a.

[0093] Fig. 1 shows in example 110 a schematic representation of a cell, the cell comprising an electrode 112 - “C” (e.g., a cathode), and an opposing electrode which is a counter electrode 115 - “A” (e.g., an anode). A separator is disposed in separator space 113 - “B.”Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)The battery cell is disposed in a battery having housing 119. The separation space extends 121 beyond electrode 112, and extends 122 beyond counter electrode 115, the extension being along a long axis of each of the electrode, the long axis depicted in Fig. 1. The extension can extend longer in the lateral direction. The extension can form the tab. The battery has an insulator 114. Under the normal conditions, the load current 116 may be passing through separation space 113.

[0094] In some embodiments, the different extension distances of the components of the cell in the lateral direction, form a corrugated (e.g., misaligned) face of the cell, and thus a set of the cells, e.g., as depicted in Fig. 1 , 120 for a cell. The cell can comprise at least one uneven side, e.g., as is depicted in Fig. 1 , 120. The uneven (e.g., misaligned) side can create a wavy side of a set of cells.

[0095] Fig. 2 shows a schematic example 200 of a current collector in the form of a film or strip. The electrode active material may contact (e.g., be deposited onto) a conductive sheet, e.g., having a thickness of at most about 6 millimeters (mm), 5mm, 2.5mm, 1mm, or 0.5mm. The conductive sheet may be a foil, e.g., having a thickness of at most about 0.4mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.1mm. The current collector may comprise an internal portion, e.g., when assembled in the battery. The internal portion of the current collector contacts the active material of the electrode. The tab may be (e.g., substantially) devoid of the electrode active material. The current collector has a length axis and a width, and a height. The current collector has a face type having a largest surface area, the face type including sections 201, and 202. The current collector has a length 203, a width 204, and a height 205. Section 202 designates the tab of the current collector that can bend upon assembly of the energy storage device such as to couple with a busbar, and section 201 designates the planar section of the current collector that can couple to an electrode active material, e.g., a powder with binder(s) and / or filler(s). In the example shown in 200, the tabs assume the same width 204 along their length. In some embodiments, the tabs contract (e.g., narrow such as taper) along their length, e.g., and along the longest axis 211. Longest axis 211 of the current collector intersects position 214 on a face of the electrode having height 205 and width 204, which face has the smallest surface area in the example of 200. The current collector has a shorter axis 212 normal to axis 211. The contraction of the tabs along axis 211 may be symmetrical about axis 211 , e.g., using a mirror symmetry, the mirror being along axis 211.

[0096] In some embodiments, the current collector may be an anode current collector. In some embodiments, the current collector may be a cathode current collector. The anode current collector may comprise a conductive material such as copper, carbon, nickel, stainless-steel, cobalt, titanium, and tungsten, and alloys thereof, or any other material suitable as an anode current collector layer. The current collector has an electrical conductivity of at least about 103 Siemens / cm, 104 Siemens / cm, or 105 Siemens / cm. TheAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) current collector has an electrical conductivity between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 103 Siemens / cm to about 105 Siemens / cm. The cathode current collector may comprise aluminum, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and tungsten, or alloys thereof, or any other material suitable for use as a cathode current collector layer. In some embodiments, the cathode current collector comprises a metal such as aluminum, carbon, chromium, gold, nickel, NiP, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, an alloy of silicon and nickel, titanium, or a combination thereof. In an example, a cathode current collector comprises gold or an alloy thereof such as gold silicide. By way of further example, in one embodiment, a cathode current collector comprises nickel or an alloy thereof such as nickel silicide.

[0097] Fig. 2 shows in example 250, a schematic vertical cross section of various batteries, showing arrangement and / or folding of battery cells with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. In example 251, battery cells are arranged parallel to each other. Examples 252-255 show various folding of a sheet comprising one or more battery cells, with 252 showing a zigzag fold, 253 showing a top hat fold, 254 showing a sinusoidal type fold, 255 showing a spiral (e.g., rolling) fold, and 256 an oval or oblong spiral (e.g., rolling) fold. The battery may comprise a battery cell folded in a wound (e.g., jelly roll) configuration having an oblong or cylindrical configuration, e.g., as shown in Fig. 7, 750.

[0098] In some embodiments, one or more cells are disposed within a housing to form the device, e.g., battery. The housing may insulate the battery from one or more reactive agents (also referred to herein as “reactive species”) in the ambient environment external to the device. The reactive agent(s) may comprise oxygen, water, alcohol, thiol, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, carboxylic acid, hydrogen sulfide, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The reactive agent(s) may be oxygen based, sulfur based, and / or phosphorous based. The reactive agent(s) may include water and / or oxygen. In an example, the reactive agent(s) comprise water in a liquid and / or vapor form. The water may be in the form of droplets. The housing may be configured to separate and / or insulate the cell(s) from the reactive agent(s) present in the ambient environment external to the device, e.g., to curtail (e.g., hinder, or prevent) reactive agent(s) from reaching the cell such as including reaching the electrode(s) and any fuse of the device.

[0099] The energy manipulation device is of a (e.g., Euclidean) three-dimensional (3D) geometric shape. The device may have an asymmetrical shape, e.g., its housing may be asymmetrical in shape. The Euclidean 3D shape may comprise a cylinder or a prism. The prism may be a Euclidean prism, or an amorphous prism. In some embodiments, the battery is a prismatic battery. In some embodiments, the battery is a cylindrical battery. The battery may have a first FLS such as a height (e.g., Fig. 3, 331) of at least about 1 millimeters (mm), 2mm, 3mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, or 10mm. The first FLS of the battery may be of any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 1mm to about 10mm. TheAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) battery may have a second FLS such as a length (e.g., Fig. 3, 332) of at least about 10 millimeters (mm), 50mm, 100mm, 150mm, or 200mm. The second FLS of the battery may be of any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10mm to about 200mm. The battery may have an aspect ratio of the second FLS to the first FLS of at least about 5: 1 , 8: 1 , 10:1, 15: 1 , 20: 1 , 25: 1 , 35: 1 , or 50: 1. The battery may have an aspect ratio of the second FLS to the first FLS between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 5:1 to about 50:1.

[0100] Fig. 3 shows schematic perspective view examples of energy manipulation devices such as batteries and battery cell architectures therein, relative to a Cartesian coordinate system. Example 300 shows a cylindrical battery housing having a length 302 and height 301, which is a diameter. The battery may comprise cell(s) that form a rolled sheet. In example 300, each of the bottom and top faces of the cylinder has a smaller surface area as compared to the side surface of the cylinder - to the curved surface of the cylinder. Example 330 shows a prismatic battery housing that is a rectangular prism, or a cuboid. The battery has length 332, height 331, and width 333. Battery cells 335 are stacked in the battery along height 331, and along the Z direction. In example 330, face XY has a larger surface area than face XZ, and face XY has a larger surface area than face YZ. Example 350 shows a prismatic battery housing that is a rectangular prism, or a cuboid. The battery has length 352, height 351, and width 353. Battery cells 335 are stacked in the battery along length 352, and along the X direction. In example 350, face XY has a larger surface area than face XZ, and face XY has a larger surface area than face YZ.

[0101] In some embodiments, the device such as battery comprises battery cells. The battery cells may be stacked along an axis. A dividing space may be disposed between every two immediately adjacent cells such that a first cell contacts the first face of the dividing space, and a second cell contacts a second face of the dividing space opposing its first space. The dividing space may comprise an insulator, e.g., any insulator disclosed herein. The insulator may or may not comprise the dynamic insulator. The dividing space may be configured to electrically separate one cell from another. The electrode assembly of cells may follow a pattern; the pattern may comprise a sequence. The sequence may comprise an arrangement of components of the battery cell with respect to each other. The sequence may comprise an anode, a separation space, a cathode, and a dividing space. The sequence may follow a CBAS pattern, or a CBASABCS pattern, with “C” designating a cathode, “B” designating a separation space, “A” designating an anode, “S” designating the dividing space, and “E” designates an end plate, e.g., see Fig. 4. The cells may be stacked in one or more groups. The separation space may comprise two opposing faces. A face of the separation space contacting the anode, and an opposing face contacting the cathode. The cell may comprise components comprising an anode, a cathode, a separation space, and an optional dividingAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) space. The dividing space may comprise the same type of material as the separation space. The dividing space and the separation space may be (e.g., substantially) the same. The components of the cell may be disposed along an axis. The components of the cell may be (e.g., substantially) symmetrically arranged along the axis, e.g., in mirror symmetry, the mirror plane running along the axis, and / or in a rotational symmetry, the rotational axis running along the cell stacking axis (e.g., parallel to axis 490 in Fig. 4). At least two components of the cell may extend in a direction (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the cell stacking axis at a (e.g., substantially) same distance. At least two components of the cell may extend in a direction (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the cell stacking axis (e.g., laterally) at a different distance from that axis. The different distance extension of the components can form a corrugated (e.g., misaligned) face of the cell, and of the set of cells, e.g., as depicted in Fig. 1 , 120. See also sides (e.g., edges) of cell sets in Fig. 4, 400, and 450. In an example, the cathode extends less than the anode, the extension being in a direction perpendicular to the cell stacking axis. In an example, the separation space extends more than the anode and / or more than the cathode, the extension being in a direction perpendicular to the cell stacking axis. The endplate and the rigid constraint portion may be of the same material type or of different material types. For example, the endplate and the rigid constraint portion may comprise stainless steel. For example, the rigid constraint portion may comprise stainless steel (e.g., SS-301 or SS-316), and the endplates may comprise aluminum. The rigid constraint portion may comprise stainless steel, or Inconel. Any portion of the constraint (e.g., the rigid constraint portion) may comprise a coating, e.g., a lacquer. The coating may comprise ClearClad, polyimide, or an electrodeposition coating. The electrodeposition coating may comprise Shimizu type coating. The coating may hinder deposition of charge carrier plating such as lithium plating, e.g., during use of the cell assembly. In some embodiments, the constraint system is devoid of a coating.

[0102] Fig. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional example 400 of a battery comprising cathode 402, anode 405, separation space 403, and dividing space 407. The battery cells are disposed in volume 404 of the battery that can include an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cells are stacked along an axis 490, in a repeating CBAS arrangement. Each anode “A” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 413, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main anode current collector 414 - an anode busbar, ending with anode contact 411 forming a terminal tab. Each cathode “C” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 416, the cathode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main cathode current collector 417 - cathode busbar, ending with cathode contact 412 - terminal cathode tab.

[0103] Fig. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional example 450 of a battery comprising cathode 452, anode 455, separation space 453, and dividing space 457. The battery cells are disposedAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) in volume 454 of the battery that can include an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cells are stacked along an axis 490, in a repeating CBASABCS arrangement. Each anode “A” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 463, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main anode current collector 464, ending with anode contact 461 - terminal anode tab. Each cathode “C” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a cathode current collector such as 466, the cathode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main cathode current collector 467, ending with cathode contact 462 - terminal cathode tab. In Fig. 4, the main cathode current collector is disposed on a different face of the set of cells as the main anode current collector, which is the opposing face.

[0104] In some embodiments, the battery comprises one or more main current collectors, e.g., as disclosed herein. The main current collector may include a busbar and / or a busbar extender. The main current collectors may or may not contact the insulator covering the edges of the cells. In the example shown in Fig. 4, 400, the main current collectors 417 and 414, are separated from the insulator 404 by a gap. In the example shown in 400, the main current collectors 417 and 414 contact the insulator 404.

[0105] In some embodiments, an end plate is disposed at a distal end of a cell set, e.g., at opposing distal ends of the set of cells and along the cell’s stacking axis (e.g., Fig. 4, 490). Fig. 4, 400 shows an example of two opposing end plates disposed at both distal ends of a set of stacked cells, the end plates designed by “E,” the end plate 420 contacting the insulator at its opposing lateral ends. Fig. 4, 450 shows an example of two opposing end plates disposed at both distal ends of a set of stacked cells, the end plates designed by “E,” the end plate is devoid of the insulator at its two opposing lateral ends - normal to stacking axis 490.

[0106] In some embodiments, an energy storage device such as a battery, comprises a plurality of cells. Each of the cells comprises an anode separated by a gap from a cathode. The gap may comprise a separator. The cell may comprise one or more electrolyte types. Each of the electrodes (e.g., anode and cathode) comprises a current collector, e.g., a strip, a foil, or a film, of conductive material on which the active electrode material is disposed of. The conductive material may comprise an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental carbon. In an example, the elemental metal comprises aluminum or copper. In an example, the metal alloy may comprise stainless steel. In an example, the allotrope of elemental carbon may comprise carbon nanotubes, or carbon fibers. The tubular structures (e.g., nanotubes) may comprise nestled tubes, e.g., at least about 2, 3, 4, or more nestled tubes. The carbon fibers may be weaved, randomly dispersed, or any combination thereof. The strip of conductive material may or may not comprise a composite material. At least two cells in the energy storage device (e.g., battery) may be stacked in a direction (e.g., substantially) normal to their face having the largest surface area. The electrode has anAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) electrode face having the largest surface area, and the counter-electrode has a counterelectrode face having the largest surface area. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The volume of the cell may repeatedly and / or reversibly alter between the state of charge and the state of discharge repeatedly. The reversible discharge may not be completely reversible, e.g., there may be an attrition in the properties of one or more components of the cell during a cycle of charge / discharge. The repeated cycling between the state of charge / discharge may comprise at least about 150 cycles, 200 cycles, 250 cycles, 300 cycles, 400 cycles, 500 cycles, 700 cycles, 800 cycles, 1000 cycles, 1200 cycles, or 1500 cycles. The repeated cycling between the state of charge / discharge may comprise any value of cycle between any of the aforementioned cycles, e.g., from about 150 cycles to about 1500 cycles. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at most about 20*, 25*, 50*, 100*, 200*, 300*, or 400* of an initial volume of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at least about 10*, 25*, 50*, 100*, 200*, or 300* of an initial volume of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10* to about 400*, from about 100* to about 400*, or from about 20* to about 200*. The symbol “*” designates the mathematic operation of multiplication.

[0107] The energy storage device may comprise at least one constraint (e.g., a brace, or a harness). The constraint may be configured to (e.g., substantially) maintain constant dimensions and / or volume of the device during the charge / discharge operations. The constraint may be configured to maintain internal pressure in the device, e.g., during the charge / discharge operations. The internal overpressure in the device may be at most about 100PSI, 150PSI, 200PSI, 500PSI, 1000 PSI, 2000 PSI, 3000 PSI, 5000PSI, or 10000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be at most about 50 PSI, 100PSI, 150PSI, 200PSI, 500PSI, 1000 PSI, 2000 PSI, 3000 PSI, or 5000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be between the above referenced pressures, e.g., from about 50PSI to about 10000 PSI, from about 50PSI to about 500PSI, or from about 50PSI to about 2000PSI, or from about 100PSI to about 3000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be greater than the ambient pressure external to the device, e.g., above 14.6 PSI. In some embodiments, the energy storage device has a face type having the largest surface area among its face types. The face a face type having the largest surface area may deform (e.g., bend) during the, or as a consequence of, the overpressure phase. The face type having the largest surface area may (e.g., substantially) reversibly deform during the life of the device. Substantial reversal of the face’s deformation may be within the specification and / or intended use of the device.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)

[0108] In some embodiments, the battery cell set is disposed in an orthogonal stacked configuration.

[0109] In some embodiments, the device comprises a constraint system. The constraint system may be applied over one or both of the X-Y surfaces of the device (e.g., battery). In some embodiments, the constraint system includes a plurality of perforations to facilitate distribution (e.g., by flow of) an electrolyte solution after the cell, or cell set, has been assembled. In some embodiments, the casing comprises stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, beryllium, beryllium copper (hard), copper (O2 free, and / or hard), nickel, other metals or metal alloys, composite, polymer, ceramic, any plurality thereof, any combination thereof, or any other suitable material as applicable.

[0110] Fig. 5 shows in example 500 an exploded view of a pair of constraints 501a and 501b encasing a set (e.g., a population) of stacked battery cells 502, the pair of constraints being part of a constraint system. Example 550 shows an exploded view in which the two constraints 501 a-b are closer to the stacked cell set 502. Fig. 5 is shown with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. Each of the constraints may curb expansion of the battery cells during charge and / or discharge. Curbing the expansion may or may not be anisotropic. In the example shown in Fig. 5, the constraint can deter expansion of the cells anisotropically along the Y axis.

[0111] In some embodiments, the cell comprises an anode separated by a gap from an anode. The cell may comprise a separator disposed in the gap. The cells may be elongated, e.g., an elongated box. The face of the cell opposing the largest surface area face of the electrode (e.g., anode or cathode) may have an aspect ratio of at least about 10:1 , 15:1, 20:1 , 35:1, or 50:1, the aspect ratio being a length (e.g., Fig. 6, 631) of the face to a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of that face. The cell may have an aspect ratio between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10:1 to about 50:1, the aspect ratio being the length of the cell to the height. The cell may have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1, 8:1, 10: 1 , 15:1 , 20:1, 25:1 35:1 , or 50:1 , the aspect ratio being a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of the cell to a width (e.g., Fig. 6, 604, showing a width of three cells). The cell may have an aspect ratio between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 5:1 to about 50:1, the aspect ratio being the height of the cell to the width.

[0112] Fig. 6 shows in example 600 a lateral portion of three cells, each comprising an electrode such as 601, a counter electrode such as 603, and a separator 602 disposed between each immediately adjacent pair of electrode and counter electrode. In example 600, the electrode (e.g., 601) extends less than the counter electrode 603 to the lateral edge 604 of the stacked cells, with the separator extending more towards the edge than the electrode, and then the counter-electrode, e.g., thus forming a corrugated, or wavy, lateral edge 604. Example 630 shows a stack of cells, e.g., in which the cells are horizontally stacked. TheAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) stacking axis of the cells may be parallel to a face of the cell having the largest surface area, e.g., of a prismatic battery such as a rectangular box.

[0113] Example 650 shows a set of stacked cells 651 enclosed by two opposing casings 652a and 652b. Current collectors of the stacked cells are coupled with connectors 653a and 653b. 653a connect to the electrodes of the set of cells, and 653b connects to the counterelectrodes of the set of cells. The cells enclosed by the casings (e.g., housing or case), are further secured by a flexible material 655, e.g., a band. The flexible material may comprise a polymer or a resin. The flexible material may be an electrical insulator. The casing may comprise one or more openings. In the example of Fig. 6, casing 652a includes oblong openings, e.g., that are evenly spaced along the X direction. Fig. 6 is shown with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system.

[0114] Fig. 7 shows in example 700 an exploded view of a pair of constraints 701a and 701b of a constraint system encasing a set (e.g., a population) of stacked battery cells 702. Each of constraints 701 a-b includes oblong openings, e.g., that are evenly spaced along the X direction. Fig. 7 is shown with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. The constraint may form a cage, e.g., having one or more openings such as slits, e.g., oblong silts or holes.

[0115] In some embodiments, the cell is configured with at least one gap portion that can be occupied during expansion of the active material. The gap may be between the electrode and counter electrode, or adjacent to an edge (e.g., side) of the electrode. Some of the cells described herein comprise gaps located adjacent to the electrode(s), e.g., at side(s) of the electrode(s). These gaps may enable electrolyte to flow into the gaps, e.g., during buffering. Accordingly, when the starting material is added to the device (whether in an active or inactive state), the starting material can occupy these gaps.

[0116] Example 730b is a microscope image of section 730a. The image shows a set of cells comprising (a) anodes including (i) anode active material such as 731 and (ii) anode current collector such as anode current collector 732; (b) anodes including (iii) anode active material such as 733 and (iv) cathode current collector such as cathode current collector 734; (c) separators such as separators 735 and 736; and (d) insulating material such as 737. The insulating material 737 is disposed in a side gap at the edge of the electrode. Each cathode is separated from its immediately adjacent anode by a gap, the separator being disposed in the gap. In the example shown in 730, a pair of immediately adjacent separators are separated from each other. The separators extend more toward an edge of the set of cells, as compared to the cathode, which extends more towards the edge than the anode. The insulator is disposed in the volume between the set of cells and the edge of the set of cells. The ends of the separators along the z direction alternate between a first pair of immediately adjacent separator ends pointing towards each other, and a second pair of immediately adjacent separator ends pointing away from each other, the ends being alongAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) the z direction. For example, the ends of separators 735 and 736 point towards each other. Each anode and cathode in the cell interlace each other along the y direction (e.g., are disposed alternatively), which is the stacking direction of the cells. In the example shown in 730b, (a) the active anode material is disposed at both sides of the respective anode current collector and (b) the active cathode material is, disposed at both sides of the respective cathode current collector, the sides being along the z direction. In the example shown in 730b, (a) the active anode material is disposed on both side of the anode current collector such that it (e.g., substantially, schematically and / or generally) forms a mirroring plane for the anode active material, and (b) the active cathode material is disposed on both side of the cathode current collector such that it (e.g., substantially, schematically and / or generally) forms a mirroring plane for the anode active material.

[0117] Example 760b is a microscope image of section 760a. The image shows a set of cells comprising (a) anodes including (i) anode active material such as 761 and (ii) anode current collector such as anode current collector 762; (b) anodes including (iii) anode active material such as 763 and (iv) cathode current collector such as cathode current collector 764; (c) separators such as separator 765. Each cathode is separated from its immediately adjacent anode by a gap, the separator being disposed in the gap. In the example shown in 760, the cathode active material extends to the edge of the cell in the X direction, and bends towards the Y direction to electrically connect its immediately adjacent cathode current collector along the Y direction. The bend portions (e.g., tabs) of the cathode current collectors are joined by a material operatively (e.g., electrically) coupling the tabs, including a tacky connector 767, to form a busbar. In the example shown in Fig. 7, the cathode contacts the separator that contacts the anode, which contacts any additional separator in the set of cells. Endplates may be disposed at both end of the set of cells along the stacking direction, e.g., along the Y direction.

[0118] In some embodiments, the interior of the casing is separated from an exterior of the casing, e.g., to hinder reactive specie(s) in the external environment to traverse to the interior environment such as to cause the harm. Terminals configured to conduct the electrical current flow are configured to allow electrical connectivity of the external environment with the cell(s) disposed in the interior of the housing. The housing comprises a seal to separate the interior environment of the housing from its exterior environment. The terminals extend through the seal from the interior of the housing to the external environment. Each of the terminals can be coupled with the housing (e.g., at the seal area) by coupler. The coupler may comprise a compressible material such as a malleable material. The terminal may be secured to the housing by an adhesive, e.g., at the seal. The terminal may be secured to the seal at least in part by the adhesive and / or by the compressible material. The compressible material may be an adhesive. The compressible material and / orAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) the adhesive, may comprise a polymer, a resin, a combination thereof, or any plurality of types thereof. The adhesive may be (e.g., substantially) confined to the seal. The adhesive may comprise polypropylene or epoxy glue. The fuse may be reinforced by an adhesive, e.g., to any portion of the device such as disclosed herein. The fuse may be located (e.g., and reinforced to) a portion of the device sufficiently distant from susceptible material(s) such that when the fuse activates, the harm will not be made due to activation of the susceptible material(s). The susceptible material may participate in the chemistry of the device, e.g., of the cell. The susceptible material(s) may comprise any of the active materials of the cell, any electrolyte, any separator, any insulator, any divider, any current collector, any busbar, any adhesive, any plurality (e.g., of types or otherwise) thereof, or any combination thereof. The compressible material may be disposed in the seal, in an interior of the housing, in the exterior of the housing, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the terminal is compressed by the compressible material, which is compressed by the seal of the housing.

[0119] In some examples, the battery is disposed in a housing comprising a pouch. The pouch may insulate the battery content (e.g., the cell therein) from one or more reactive agent in the ambient environment external to the pouch. The pouch may enclosure the case of the battery, and the cell(s) housed therein. The pouch may comprise one or more layers. The one or more layers may include a material comprising a polymer, a resin, an elemental metal (e.g., strip, film, foil, and / or powder thereof), or a metal alloy (e.g., strip, film, foil, and / or powder thereof). The one or more layers may include one or more of these materials. The pouch may have an external surface having a color comprising black, silver, or white.

[0120] Fig. 8 shows an example of vertical cross sections of various batteries with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system, viewed from a side having a length and a height (e.g., Fig. 3, height 351 and length 352), and depicted as a cross section. Example 800 shows battery cells such as cell 802 stacked in a direction normal to the z axis, the battery having housing 801. During a charge and discharge cycle, the battery expands and contracts. The expansion creates a force in the battery in a direction perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cells and toward the edges of the battery (e.g., along arrows 803), and in a direction along the stacking axis such as along 804. Constraints 807a and 807b are coupled with the cell stack to curb expansion. The constraints may limit displacement along the direction of arrows 803 and along 804. The constrain may anisotropically constraint the expansion of the cell stack. The constraints 807a-807b are disposed opposing each other and separated by a gap. Endplates 806a and 806b are disposed between the constraint and the cell stack. Each endplate may contact a distal end of the cell stack along the stacking direction. The endplates and the constraints may be arranged in a mirror symmetry about the stacking axis. The contraction and expansion may cause pressure buildup inside the battery. Heat may be generated duringAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) charge and discharge cycles, e.g., in interior of the cell stack such as along 804. The heat may be dissipated from the battery along arrows 803, increasing operational safety by reducing the risk of thermal runaway. Charge carriers generated from a precursor card may diffuse into the cell stack in the direction of arrow 805 (e.g., from locations corresponding to arrows 803). Diffusion of charge carriers may occur through perforations in the constraint system (e.g., perforation 651 of Fig. 6).

[0121] In some embodiments, one or more cells are enclosed in a rigid enclosure. The rigid enclosure may comprise the constraint system and / or endplates. The enclosure may comprise an elemental metal, a metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental carbon, a polymer, a resin, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The housing may be made of a material with greater, lesser, or (e.g., substantially) equal hardness compared to the enclosure. In an example, the housing may comprise a pouch having a lower hardness than a rigid enclosure such as a can. The pouch may be nested inside a harder housing (e.g., a can). A protective layer (also herein “PPL”) may be disposed between the enclosure and the housing, e.g., fig. 6, 635. The protective layer may comprise an elastic material, a polymer, a resin, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The protective layer may form a band around the sides of the enclosure. The sides may include types with relatively smaller surface area. The protective layer may have a thickness, elasticity, and / or durability sufficient to cushion physical interaction between the housing and the enclosure. The protective layer may have a spongelike geometry. The layer may be porous or non-porous. The protective layer may include polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, and / or rubber. The layer may be attached to the enclosure by adhesion or by compression. The protective layer may be a pouch protective layer (PPL).

[0122] In an example, charge carriers and / or an electrolyte mixture are introduced into one or more cells from outside the cell assembly and within the housing. The entering materials may enter from outside the constraint system, outside the endplates, and / or from within the housing (e.g., pouch and / or can). Entry may occur from a seal, a surface of the housing, or a protective cell layer. Entry may occur by diffusion along a concentration gradient. When the starting material enters from a side of the battery having the largest surface area (e.g., top or bottom surface in example 650 of Fig. 6), diffusion may proceed inward toward the stack interior (e.g., towards 804 and opposing the directions of arrows 803 in Fig. 8). Entry may be faster when the stack includes elongated cell components with a high aspect ratio of height (e.g., 351) to width (e.g., 353), disposed along a face-parallel axis. Entry from a constraint-facing direction (e.g., 807a-807b) may provide faster access to the cell assembly’s center, than entry from a direction orthogonal to 803 (e.g., facing the wide surface of the electrodes).

[0123] Example 850 shows battery cell 852 rolled upon itself about an axis normal to the page (e.g., jelly roll configuration). Battery cell 852 is disposed in housing 851. During a charge andAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) discharge cycle, the battery expands and contracts. Expansion generates force in the direction perpendicular to the roll axis and toward the battery edges (e.g., along arrows 853). One or more constraints may be added to control the expansion. The contraction and expansion may produce internal pressure. Heat may accumulate in stack interior 854. The heat may be released from the battery along arrows 853. The stacked cell layout shown in example 800 may provide improved thermal conductivity compared to the rolled configuration of example 850. The stacked cell layout shown in example 800 may provide improved diffusion for the entering materials compared to the rolled configuration of example 850. The stacked cell layout shown in example 800 may provide improved diffusion for the entering materials compared to the rolled configuration of example 850.

[0124] Fig. 9 schematically shows a cause for the expansion and contraction of a cell during charge and discharge states. Example 900 shows an anode discharge states. Anode active material such as 901 is separated from cathode active material such as 902 by a gap in which separator 903 is disposed. The separator has a perforation (e.g., conduit such as a pinhole) through which charge carriers can transverse from one electrode to its counter electrode. Example 930 shows an anode charged state. Anode active material such as 931 is separated from cathode active material such as 932 by a gap in which separator 933 is disposed. As compared to the anode discharged state shown in example 900, the anode active material is inflated, e.g., expanded. The cathode active material is depicted as occupying (e.g., substantially) the same volume between the charged and discharged state.

[0125] Example 960 shows an anode in which charge carriers are provided. The charge carriers such as 961 (e.g., lithium cation) become surrounded by a mobile electrolyte 962 such as a fluid or semi-fluid electrolyte, e.g., solvent or gel. The charge carriers propagate through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) 935. Deposition 963 of a reduced from of the charge carriers 966 may occur on at least one edge type of the set of cells (e.g., anode) - at its interface; followed by diffusion of the charge carriers into the electrode active material portion 964, e.g., comprising an allotrope of elemental carbon such as graphite. The deposition may comprise accumulation of the reduced form of the charge carriers at the interface.

[0126] Fig. 10 shows an example of a charge carrier (e.g., Lithium) source 1001 located immediately adjacent to an edge of a set of cells in battery 1002. Due to the cell’s arrangement having their stacking direction along the Y axis, and their edges pointing towards opposing sides along the X direction, it may be impractical to diffuse the charge carriers along the stacking axis, e.g., due to longer and / or inhomogeneous diffusion. In this cell set configuration, it may be more beneficial to allow the charge carriers to diffuse from one or both opposing side along the X axis. The example in Fig. 10 is depicted with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. The stacked cells may span tenths of millimeters in theAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) stacking direction, e.g., at least about 10, 50, or 100 millimeters. The cells may span a length along the X axis of at least about 1 , 2, 3, 5, 6, or 8 millimeters. The cells may span a length along the X axis of at most about 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, or 10 millimeters. The cells of battery 1002 may be held by a constraint system (e.g., Fig. 6, 650). The constraint system may comprise perforations (e.g., holes) that facilitate penetration of the charge carriers from source 1001 through the constraint, to the cells of battery 1002, e.g., the holes in constraint system 501a and 501 b. The source 1001 may contact one or both opposing sides of the battery. Fig. 10 shows source 1001 contacting one side of battery 1002.

[0127] Fig. 10 illustrates, in example 1000, an electrochemical cell assembly comprising a set of stacked electrodes 1002 disposed between constraint portions, adjacent to which are charge carrier precursor card 1001. The constraint portions are positioned on opposite sides of the electrode stack along the X direction and are connected at their distal ends to maintain structural alignment and mechanical stability. End plates such as endplate 1004, and unit cells such as unit cell 1006, are disposed as part of the cell assembly 1002. A stacking axis parallel to axis 1008 is defined along the Y-axis stacking direction of the cell assembly 1002. The stacked electrodes 1002 are oriented along a Y-axis stacking direction, with active material edges directed toward the X axis. A charge carrier source 1001 is positioned adjacent to the edge of the electrode stack. Diffusion of charge carriers may occur from source 1001 through perforations in constraint portions. The perforations may correspond to holes in the constraint system, e.g., Fig. 5, 501a and 501b. The diffusion may proceed along the X direction to enter the stacked cells 1002. The configuration may reduce inhomogeneous charge distribution and support direct interfacial delivery. The stacked cells 1002 may be held by a constraint system such as that shown in Fig. 6, example 650. The stacked cells may span at least about 10 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm, or 200 mm along the Y direction. The stacked cells may span at most about 200 mm, 300 mm, 400 mm, or 500 mm along the Y direction. The stacked cells may span any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10 mm to about 500 mm along the Y direction. The stacked cells may span at least about 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, or 5 mm along the X direction. The stacked cells may span at most about 5 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, or 10 mm along the X direction. The stacked cells may span any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 1 mm to about 10 mm along the X direction. The set of cells in the cell arrangement may comprise at least 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 500 cells. The set of cells may comprise any number of cells between the aforementioned number of cells, e.g., from 2 to 500 cells, or from 50 to 500 cells. The face of the cell opposing the largest surface area face of the electrode (e.g., anode or cathode) may have an aspect ratio of at least about 10:1 , 15:1 , 20:1 , 35:1 , or 50:1 , the aspect ratio being a length (e.g., Fig. 6, 631) of the face to a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of that face. The cell may have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1 , 8:1 , 10:1 , 15:1 , 25: 1 20: 1 , 35: 1 , or 50: 1 , the aspect ratio being a heightAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)(e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of the cell to a width (e.g., Fig. 6, 604, showing a width of three cells). The end plates such as 1004 are at the distal ends of cell assembly 1002. The endplates are each disposed at terminal ends of the stack of unit cells, and along the stacking axis of the unit cells. The unit cell 1006 comprises an anode, a cathode, and a separator arranged to define an electrochemical structure. The unit cells are arranged in series along the stacking axis to form the cell assembly 1002. The stacking axis parallel to 1008 is a longitudinal distance defining the overall length of the cell assembly 1002 along the Y-axis stacking direction.

[0128] In some embodiments, the battery is a rechargeable battery. The battery may undergo cycles of charge and discharge, with one cycle including one change and one discharge operation. The capacity of the battery to store and / or release electrical charge may diminish over the number of cycles it undergoes, e.g., at least in part due to various chemical reactions occurring in the battery during cycling. The reactions may comprise depletion of essential components such as essential chemical(s) for the function of the battery, e.g., depletion of the charge carriers and / or starting material for the passivation layer of the electrode and / or counter electrode. At least one essential component may be depleted during the first electrolytic cycle of the battery - during buffering, the essential component(s) may comprise starting material for passivation layer of the active material, e.g., SEI layer on an anode active material.

[0129] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device (e.g., battery) contains critical component(s) required for operation of the cell. The component may comprise a chemical. The critical components may initially be in optimized relative amounts in the battery. Some of the component(s) may enhance some performance attribute(s) while diminishing other attribute(s), e.g., making other attributes worse. A goal for cell performance could be to use an optimized amount of (e.g., critical) components to maximize the benefits while minimizing the drawbacks for best performance of the cell and / or device such as battery. Such optimization may differ in the buffering stage to the optimization in the performance stage - including at least two charging cycles.

[0130] For example, during charging of a cell, charge carriers move from the cathode to the anode. When charge carriers (e.g., lithium cations) come into contact with a starting material (e.g., FEC) they undergo a reduction reaction and form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode’s surface. The SEI layer (e.g., significantly) improves the cycling stability of the batteries such as by preventing electrolyte decomposition, e.g., on the anode surface. Although formation of the SEI layer is requested for the stability of the battery, some of the starting materials (e.g., FEC) and the charge carriers become irreversibly bound, and thus removed from the cyclic operation of the battery, e.g., the rechargeable battery. Problems can arise due to the expanding and contracting of the electrode active material such as of the anode. In an example, the SEI layer is formed during charging, when theAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) anode is expanded to a first size. As the battery discharges, the anode contracts to a second smaller size. In some examples, the SEI layer is not sufficiently elastic and as the anode contracts, the SEI layer cracks and / or breaks, thus exposing portions of the anode active material. Such problem may be exacerbated in batteries with electrodes comprising materials (e.g., Si, SiOx, Si-C, etc.) that have large volume differences between their charged and discharged states. The silicon content in the electrode may be at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. The silicon content in the electrode may be between any of the aforementioned percentages, e.g., from 5% to 99%, from 40% to 99%, from about 20% to about 99%, or from about 80% to about 99%. In the next charging cycle, the SEI layer may become mended (e.g., clogged) to fix the cracks in the SEI layer caused in the previous cycle. Mending the SEI layer may require additional starting material amount (e.g., FEC), e.g., and charge carriers. In such scenario, the cycle of charging and discharging the battery may result in continual consumption of the starting materials, e.g., and of charge carriers. Buffering may be used to replenish the consumed charge carriers in such case. However, there are currently inadequate solutions to replenish the starting materials required, e.g., the FEC. When the FEC concentration decreases in the electrolyte (e.g., to allow for more cycles of mending the SEI layer), the higher FEC concentration may decrease the efficiency of the battery and / or cause safety concerns for the battery. Higher concentration of FEC may result in generating gas, e.g., the higher the temperature experienced by the battery. Concentrations of FEC above 40% could form solids that decrease the efficiency of the battery. Higher concentration of FEC may increase the impedance of the battery and / or increase the viscosity of the electrolyte. Increasing the viscosity of the electrolyte can reduce the travel rate of the charge carriers in the battery. The gas generated may comprise hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), short aliphatic (e.g., CxH2x+2 such as ethane), or any combination thereof. The active FEC concentration can be most about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 30% v / v. The active FEC concentration can be between any of the aforementioned percentage values, e.g., from about 1% to about 20%, from about 0.25% to about 30%, from about 0.25% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 15%, or from about 15% to about 30%. In an example, the cell has at most about 15% active FEC available in the electrolyte mixture.

[0131] The passivation layer may result from an electrochemical reduction of electrolyte component(s) (e.g., FEC) at the electrode interface. The passivation layer may allow charge carriers (Li+) transport through the passivation layer while hindering (e.g., blocking) electron flow, e.g., to hinder (e.g., prevent) decomposition of other electrolyte components. The passivation layer may stabilize the active material (e.g., of the anode) at least in part by hindering (e.g., impeding or substantially preventing) direct contact between the electrons and the other electrolyte components, thus reducing degradation of the electrolyte andAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) improving cycle life. The passivation layer may comprise inorganic salts, e.g., LiF, Li2CO3, organic compounds (e.g., lithium alkyl carbonates, Fluoroethylene Carbonate (FEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) polymerization products). Generation of the passivation layer may consume the charge carriers, e.g., irreversibly. Lithium may be converted into Lithium carbonate and lithium fluoride in the reduction reaction to form the passivation layer, which reaction may be irreversible.

[0132] In some embodiments, charge carriers (e.g., Li ions) reside in a cathode when the battery is in a discharged state, and reside in the anode when the battery is in a charged state. For example, when a battery charges, charge carriers (e.g., carrier ions) migrate into one or more electrode active materials. As the charge carriers traverse (e.g., move) in and out of the active material of the electrodes, the active material undergoes a volume change. The movement in an out of the active material may be referred to as ingress and egress of the charge carriers relative to the active material. The amount of expansion may differ depending on the active materials used for the electrode. For example, a graphite electrode may expand by about 6% to 10% when the graphite electrode is charged. In another example, a silicon electrode may expand up to 300% when the silicon electrode is charged. In another example, a silicon-based electrode (e.g., comprising SiOx) may expand up to 210% when the silicon-based electrode is charged. In another example, an electrode comprising silicon may expand up to about 20%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 300%, or 350% when the silicon electrode is charged, the percentage being volume per volume. In some embodiments, graphite electrodes require less starting material (e.g., fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)) than silicon electrodes because the graphite electrodes expand less.

[0133] In some embodiments, an energy storage device such as a battery, comprises a plurality of cells. Each of the cells comprises an anode separated by a gap from a cathode. The gap may comprise a separator. The cell may comprise one or more electrolyte types. Each of the electrodes (e.g., anode and cathode) comprises a current collector, e.g., a strip, a foil, or a film, of conductive material on which the active electrode material is disposed of. The conductive material may comprise an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental carbon. In an example, the elemental metal comprises aluminum or copper. In an example, the metal alloy may comprise stainless steel. In an example, the allotrope of elemental carbon may comprise carbon nanotubes, or carbon fibers. The tubular structures (e.g., nanotubes) may comprise nestled tubes, e.g., at least about 2, 3, 4, or more nestled tubes. The carbon fibers may be weaved, randomly dispersed, or any combination thereof. The strip of conductive material may or may not comprise a composite material. At least two cells in the energy storage device (e.g., battery) may be stacked in a direction (e.g., substantially) normal to their face having the largest surface area. The electrode has an electrode face having the largest surface area, and the counter-electrode has a counter-Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) electrode face having the largest surface area. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The volume of the cell may repeatedly and / or reversibly alter between the state of charge and the state of discharge repeatedly. The reversible discharge may not be completely reversible, e.g., there may be an attrition in the properties of one or more components of the cell during a cycle of charge / discharge. The repeated cycling between the state of charge / discharge may comprise at least about 200 cycles, 500 cycles, 800 cycles, 1000 cycles, 1200 cycles, or 1500 cycles. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at most about 20%, 25%, 50%, 100%, 200%, 300%, or 400% of an initial volume of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at least about 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, 200%, or 300% of an initial volume of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10% to about 400%, from about 100% to about 400%, or from about 20% to about 200%. The charge carriers may interact with the active material (e.g., comprising silicon) such as in an intercalation and / or alloying process (e.g., Li- Si alloying). The Li-Si alloying may form alloys comprising LiisSi4 or Li22Sis. The lithium alloying of silicon may allow silicon to store at least 5*, 10*, or 15* more lithium as compared to graphite, with the operation “*” designating the mathematical operation of “times.”

[0134] In an example, a passivation layer is formed during operation of the device (e.g., during buffering) that consumes charge carriers and soluble passivating material in the cell. Portions of the passivation layer may be (e.g., additionally) formed during regular operation of the device, e.g., during charging and discharging cycles.

[0135] In some embodiments, electrons are formed in an operation of the cell, which electrons can further react with cell component(s). As the charge carriers move in the battery (e.g., in the cell), electrons are also moving. The electrons may travel from the current collector to the active material coupled with the current collector. When the active material contacts the current collector, such movement of electrons may be direct. When the active material does not contact the current collector, the movement may be indirect. The indirect movement may be through another active material (e.g., particle), through a conductor, or through a semiconductor. In an example, an allotrope of elemental carbon facilitates the movement of electrons from the current collector to the active material and / or from an active material mass of an electrode to another active material mass of the electrode. The allotrope of elemental carbon may comprise carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The electrons may react with one or more chemicals in the device such as in the cell, e.g., some of which reactions may be detrimental to the battery’s chemistry such that they diminish (e.g., harm) the device’s requested performance.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)For example, the electrons may destabilize metal oxides during the charge / discharge cycles, e.g., due to slippage of transition metal layers, phase transitions and / or electrochemical strain. Mitigation (e.g., reduction) of the reactivity of the electrons in the battery cell may include causing confinement of the electrons to retard (e.g., reduce, deter and / or substantially prevent) reaction of the electrons with the material(s) in the device, e.g., during the prescribe operation conditions of the battery and / or during the prescribed lifetime of the battery. Generation of a passivation layer that helps confine the electrons in the active material mass and / or impede their reaction with components of the device (e.g., of the cell) external to the passivation layer, may mitigate the harmful reactivity of the electrons.

[0136] In some embodiments, the device has prescribed conditions and / or a prescribed lifetime. Operation of the device (e.g., battery) may be during its prescribed lifetime, during its prescribed use, and / or according to jurisdictional standards relating to the device. The prescribed lifetime may depend on the number of charge and discharge cycles, e.g., as disclosed herein. The number of cycles may be to full charge before the capacity of the device (e.g., battery) drops below 80%. The prescribed lifetime may be of at most about 3 years, 5 years, 6 years, or 7 years, e.g., from the date of its manufacture. The device may have a shelf life of at least about 6 months, or 12months. The standards may include, SAE J2380, MIL-STD-810G (516.6), UL (e.g., UL1642 and / or UL 2054), SAE J2380, GB31241, MSDS, UL (UL1642), CE, CB, UN (e.g., UN38.3), RoHS, REACH, IEC (e.g., IEC 60068-2-6, IEC 60068-2, and / or IEC62133), DOT, IATA, GB, CTIA, PSE, or any combination thereof. The prescribed operating conditions comprise temperatures between a lower temperature (e.g., -20°C) and a higher temperature (e.g., 80°C). The higher temperature may be of at most about 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 85°C, or 90°C. The higher temperature may be of at least about 40°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 70°C, or 80°C. The lower temperature may be of at most about -10°C, -20°C, -30°C, -40°C, or -50°C. The lower temperature may be of at least about -20°C, -10°C, or 0°C. The temperature may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 60°C to about -20°C, or from about 90°C to about -40°C. The device may retain at least about 70%, 80%, or 85% of its capacity the lower temperature as compared to its capacity at ambient temperatures, e.g., at room temperature such as 20°C or 25°C.

[0137] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device is rechargeable. The device (e.g., battery) may be configured to allow fast charging (e.g., allowing the cell(s) to fully charge in five minutes). The device may have a C-rate of at least about 0.2C, 0.5C, 1 C, 2C, 3C, 5C, 7C, 10C, 12C, or 15C, 30C, or 40C. The C-rate may be charging the device to 80% capacity, or to 90% capacity. The device may have a C-rate of any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 0.2C to about 40C, from about 02C to about 5C, from about 3C to about 30C, from about 10C to about 40C or from about 2C to about 7C. The device may be charged to at most about 30sec, 3 min. 6min. 10min, 12min, 15 min,Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)30min, the charging being to 80% or to 90% capacity. The device may allow to choose the mode of discharge and / or of charge. The discharge and / or of charge, may be in a continuous mode, in a pulsed mode, or in a combination of a continuous mode and pulsed mode. In some embodiments, the battery has an N / P ratio greater than one. The N / P ratio may be at least about 1.05, 1.1, or 1.15. The cell configuration, cell set architecture, and / or chemical makeup (e.g., of the electrode active material(s)), may allow for buffering such as pre-lithiation. The cell, cell set, and / or battery disclosed herein, may facilitate maintenance of cyclable charge carriers (e.g., lithium) in the anode, e.g., also at beginning of charge (BOC). The cell, cell set, and / or battery disclosed herein may provide for better conductivity and / or for lower overpotential in anode deposited material (e.g., cake comprising the active material). The cell, cell set, and / or battery disclosed herein may provide for reduced (a) cycling window and / or (b) damage due at least in part to expansion and contraction during the charge and discharged states of the cell. The cell, cell set, and / or battery disclosed herein may provide for high voltage at BOC, e.g., without buffering, e.g., without pre-loading of the charge carrier into the active material of the electrode such as in a pre-lithiation process. The nominal voltage of the device may be at least about 3.6 Volts (V), 3.7V, 3.8V. The working voltage of the device may be at least about 3V, 3.7V, 3.8V, 4.0V, 4.2V, 4.35V, 4.5V, 4.75V, 4.9V, or 5.0V. The working voltage of the device may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 3V to about 5V, from about 3V to about 4V, or from about 4V to about 5V. The weight of the device may be at most about 1 gram(gr), 1.5gr, 1.8gr, 2gr, 3.5gr., 6gr, 46gr, 47gr, 50gr, 69gr, 70gr, 71gr., or 100gr. The weight of the device may be at any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 1.8gr to about 100 gr. The volumetric density of the device may be at least about 800 Watt hour per liter (Wh / liter), 805 Wh / liter, 820 Wh / liter, 900 Wh / liter, 1300 Wh / liter, or 1500 Wh / liter. The gravimetric density of the device may be of any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 800 Wh / liter to about 1500 Wh / liter. The volumetric density of the device may be at least about 300 Watt hours per kilogram (Wh / Kg), 320 Wh / Kg, 350 Wh / Kg, 395 Wh / Kg, 400 Wh / Kg, 500Wh / Kg, 1000 Wh / Kg, 2000 Wh / Kg or 3000 Wh / Kg. The gravimetric density of the device may be of any value between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 300 Wh / Kg to about 3000 Wh / Kg, from about 300 Wh / Kg to about 400 Wh / Kg, or from about 400 to about 3000 Wh / Kg. The electrical charge capacity of the cell may be of at least about 200 milliampere hours (mAmph), 240 mAmph, 280 mAmph, 600 mAmph, 1 Amper hour (Amph), 30 Amph, 50 Amph, or 70 Amph. The electrical charge capacity of the cell may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 200 mAmph to about 800 mAmph, from about 200 mAmph to about 1 Amph, from about 1 Amph to about 30 Amph, or from about 30 Amph to about 80 Amph.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)

[0138] In some embodiments, the anode comprising silicon is thinner than an anode comprising graphite, e.g., has a smaller height - Fig. 2, 205. The anode height may be at most about 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 65%, 75%, or 80%, height (i.e. , thickness) of a graphite anode for a for a given loading of anode active material. The anode height may be at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 65%, or 70%, height (i.e., thickness) of a graphite anode for a for a given loading of anode active material. As compared to a graphite anode for a for a given loading of anode active material, the anode height may be between any of the aforementioned percentages, e.g., from about 10%, to about 70%, or from about 30% to about 70%. In an example, the height difference in graphite anode vs. silicon anode when discharged is 35%. In an example, the height difference in graphite anode vs. silicon anode is anode is 65% of the size of the graphite anode for a given loading, when each of the anodes is fully formed. A thinner anode may allow for better current distribution through the electrode and / or lower likelihood of charge carrier plating (e.g., reduction to its elemental state) such as lithium plating.

[0139] In some embodiments, the cell is pre-loaded with charge carriers, e.g., to form an initial passivation layer. During the initial charge process (e.g., buffering such as pre- lithiation), certain starting materials (e.g., FEC) are consumed to contribute to the formation of a passivation layer, e.g., an SEI layer. The passivation layer may be the result of the electrons and / or charge carriers reacting with the electrolyte in a reduction reaction. In some embodiments, the electrolyte(s) is / are chosen such that the reduction reaction results in the passivation layer having certain properties. For example, the passivation layer may comprise a solid or semisolid (e.g., gel). The passivation layer may be porous, e.g., to allow the charge carriers to migrate into and out of the electrode active material, e.g., silicon and / or graphite. The passivation layer may allow charge carriers (e.g., Li+) to pass through it while hindering (e.g., blocking) electron flow, to reduce (e.g., prevent) decomposition of electrolyte(s). The passivation layer may stabilize the active material, e.g., at least in part by hindering (e.g., preventing) direct contact of the electrode active material with any active components (e.g., of the electrolyte mixture), such that degradation of critical cell component(s) is reduced and / or the cycle life of the battery (e.g., the cell) is improved, in comparison to a situation in which no passivation layer is formed. The passivation layer may comprise a (e.g., inorganic) salt, an organic compound, a polymer, a resin, a composite, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The salt may be the salt of the charge carrier. The organic compound may be made from a carbonate precursor. The organic compounds may comprise, or may be made of a precursor comprising, lithium alkyl carbonates, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), polymerization products thereof, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises a different chemical form of the charge carriers such as lithium.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)The passivation layer may (e.g., readily) form (e.g., deposit) on one or more surfaces of the active material of the cell, e.g., of the electrode and / or of the counter-electrode. The passivation layer may be a decomposition product comprising the charge carriers and / or electrolyte mixture components. Although formation of the passivation layer may be requested for the stability of the battery and / or cell thereof, some of the starting materials (e.g., FEC) and / or the electrons, may be irreversibly bound to the passivation layer, and thus are removed from regular operation of the cell, e.g., during its charge and discharge cycles.

[0140] In some embodiments, the cell comprises an electrolyte mixture. The electrolyte mixture may comprise salt, solvent, additive, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The electrolyte mixture may be non-aqueous. The electrolyte mixture may comprise an organic mixture. The electrolyte may comprise polar molecule. The electrolyte may be sufficiently polar to dissolve the charge carriers such that they are readily available to participate in the charge and / or discharge cycles. The electrolyte may be such that side reaction with any other device components are minimized, e.g., during the prescribed lifetime of the device and / or int eh prescribed conditions of the device. The salt may comprise a halogen salt, a borate salt, an imide salt, a sulfonyl salt, any derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. In the case of Lithium charge carrier, the salt may comprise Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), Lithium tetrafluoro borate (UBF4), Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), any derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. The solvent may comprise a carbonate, a propionate, an ethyl acetate, any derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. The solvent may compromise Ethylene carbonate (EC), Propylene carbonate (PC), Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), Diethyl carbonate (DEC), Propyl Propionate (PP), Ethyl Propionate (EP), Difluoro ethyl acetate (DFEA), or Methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC), any derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. The additive may comprise a carbonate, a nitrile (e.g., mono-, bi-, and / or thri- nitrile), a cyanide, an ethoxy, an ethylene, a sultone, any derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. The additive may comprise fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), Vinylene carbonate (VC), Vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), Succinonitrile (SN), adiponitrile (AN), 1 ,3,6-hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), 1 ,2-Bis(2-cyanoethoxy) ethane (DENE), propane sultone (PS), 1,3-propene sultone (PRS), any derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0141] In some embodiments, the active material comprises a passivation layer. The passivation layer may range in thickness of at least about 30 nanometers (nm), 50nm, 100nm, 150 nm or 200nm. The passivation layer may range in thickness of at most about 50 nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, or 250nm. The passivation layer may range in thickness between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 50 nanometers (nm) to about 150 nm, or from about 30nm to about 250nm. The passivation layer may be configured toAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) allow charge carriers to pass through, and hinder (e.g., prevent) electrons in passing through.

[0142] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises an SEI layer. The SEI layer may comprise the charge carrier such as lithium, e.g., in the form of salt(s) such as lithium fluoride (LiF) and / or Li2CO3. In some embodiments, the SEI layer comprises inorganic salts, and / or organic compounds. The organic compounds may comprise lithium alkyl carbonates, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), polymerization products thereof, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the SEI layer comprises lithium. The SEI layer may (e.g., readily) form (e.g., deposit) on one or more surfaces of the electrode active material. The SEI layer may be a decomposition product comprising lithium (or other carrier ions) and / or electrolyte mixture components. Although formation of the SEI layer is requested for the stability of the battery, some of the starting materials of the passivation layer (e.g., FEC) and / or the electrons, may be irreversibly bound to the SEI, and thus are removed from the regular operation of the cell, e.g., during its charge and discharge cycles.

[0143] In some embodiments, a passivation layer is formed, the passivation layer contacting an external surface of the active material, e.g., cathode and / or anode active material. The concentration of the starting material in the electrolyte (e.g., FEC) in the electrolyte may be between about 15% to about 30% volume of active FEC per volume of electrolyte. The concentration of the starting material may be at most about 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 30% volume of starting material per volume of electrolyte. For example, the concentration of starting material may be at most about 15% volume of starting material per volume of electrolyte. The concentration of starting material may be of any percentage value between any of the aforementioned percentage values, e.g., from about 0.25% to about 30%, from about 0.25% to about 5%, or from about 5% to about 15%, volume of starting material per volume of electrolyte.

[0144] In some embodiments, the cell comprises an anode separated by a gap from an anode. The cell may comprise a separator disposed in the gap. The cells may be elongated, e.g., may assume a shape of an elongated box. The face of the cell opposing the largest surface area face of the electrode (e.g., anode or cathode) may have an aspect ratio of at least about 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 , 35:1, or 50:1 , the aspect ratio being a length (e.g., Fig. 6, 631) of the face to a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of that face. The cell may have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1 , 8:1, 10:1, 15:1, 25:1 20:1, 35:1, or 50:1 , the aspect ratio being a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of the cell to a width.

[0145] In some embodiments, the architecture of the device comprising the stacked electrodes described herein (e.g., Figs. 3, 5-8,10) allow for better (e.g., faster and / or homogenous) distribution of starting materials (e.g., FEC) into the cell, as compared to otherAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) cell arrangements. The other cell arrangements may include a folded (e.g., jelly roll) cell configuration, or cell having a smaller aspect ratio, e.g., and having vertically stacked electrodes. In an example, when the electrodes have a large aspect ratio - are elongated, (e.g., and are stacked such along a horizontal axis such as in Fig. 3, 350), starting materials introduced at the long edges of the electrodes (e.g., top and / or bottom of the device), may quickly reach the middle of the electrode height (e.g., 350), e.g., since the distance to the interior of the cell structure is shorter, e.g., relative to a situation in which the starting material(s) is / are introduced (A) at the side edges of an elongated cylinder (e.g., 300), or (B) at edges of electrodes having a smaller aspect ratio (e.g., and that are stacked along a vertical axis Fig. 3, 330).

[0146] The prescribed use of the device (e.g., battery) comprises during charge-discharge cycling, during transportation, during storage, during maintenance, during upgrade, or any combination thereof. The prescribed use of the cell assembly comprises during formation of the cell assembly, during buffering of the cell assembly, during the prescribed use of the device comprising the cell assembly (e.g., the battery), or any combination thereof. The normal operation conditions of the device may be such that the device (e.g., minimally) abides by jurisdictional standards, and / or industry standards.

[0147] In some embodiments, the battery comprises a buffering mechanism. The buffering may comprise the addition of a reservoir. The reservoir may comprise charge carriers. The reservoir may be coupled with the cell. The buffering may comprise insertion of charge carriers using a syringe. The syringe may deliver a charge carrier solution into an internal region of the battery. The reservoir may comprise a liquid-phase domain in fluid communication with the electrolyte. The reservoir may supply additional charge carriers during formation and / or cycling. The charge carriers may comprise cations such as lithium cations and / or other electrochemically active species such as disclosed herein. The buffering mechanism may reduce depletion of charge carriers. The buffering may promote formation of stable passivation layers on the active material of the anode and / or cathode.

[0148] In some embodiments, the additives are used in silicon-based secondary batteries. The additives may be applicable to batteries comprising an anode active material. The anode active material may include silicon. The silicon may be in pure and / or composite form. The silicon content may be at least about 20%, 40%, 50% or 60%, by weight of the total anode material. The silicon content may be at most about 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 97.5%, 98%, or 99% by weight of the total anode material. The silicon content may be of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 20% to about 99% by weight of the total anode material. A silicon anode may undergo substantial volumetric expansion during chargedischarge cycling. The silicon anode may be susceptible to surface reactivity, structural degradation, and / or electrolyte decomposition. The additives may be incorporated in one orAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) more locations of the battery cell. The additives may be incorporated as a blended component within the electrode material. The additives may be incorporated as an additional layer disposed over the electrode. The additives may be incorporated as a solute species within the electrolyte mixture. The additives can improve electrochemical kinetics, reduce overpotential, suppress parasitic reactions, stabilize the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), stabilize the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), suppress dendrite formation, improve capacity retention, increase coulombic efficiency, and / or enhance reversibility during charge-discharge cycling. The additives may provide ionic conductivity enhancement, interfacial reinforcement, and / or redox mediation. The additive may promote controlled interaction of cell assembly components with each other, e.g., interaction between the electrolyte and electrode materials.

[0149] In some embodiments, the additives are used in batteries comprising an anode active material that contains silicon, e.g., at any percentage disclosed herein. The additive may interact with the silicon-containing material during operation and / or during formation. In some embodiments, the battery comprises a high-silicon-content (e.g., at least 40%, or at least 80% silicon wt / wt) anode. The anode may undergo volumetric expansion. The cycles of volumetric expansion and retraction may result in passivation layer breakage and mending during operation. At least a portion of the additives may address one or more challenges associated with the volumetric expansion. The challenges may include mechanical fracture, chemical instability, and / or charge carrier loss. The use of the additives with silicon-based anodes may reduce capacity fading, suppress parasitic reactions, and / or promote long-term cycling stability.

[0150] In some embodiments, the additives are blended with the electrode materials during the formation of an anode and / or a cathode. The electrode materials may comprise one or more active materials, conductive agents, and / or binders. The additives may be incorporated as dry powders, liquid dispersions, and / or dissolved precursors. The additives may be blended into the electrode slurry prior to casting, coating, spinning, spreading, and / or lamination. The additives may be blended directly with silicon-containing particulates in the anode, for example, to enable localized electrochemical functionality and / or interfacial modulation. The blending may enable uniform spatial distribution of the additives across the electrode thickness. The blending may promote mechanical cohesion, electronic conduction, and / or ionic mobility, e.g., during battery operation. The additives may comprise metal halides, metallic cations, organometallic complexes, polymer-bound radicals, aromatic amine compounds, cyclic amine compounds, redox-active polymers, polyoxometalate clusters, macrocyclic metal chelates, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The additives may be electrochemically active electrical charge-discharge cycles. The additives may contribute to one or more battery performance attributes. For example, the attributes include (i) suppression of metallurgical growth attributed to electrical shorts, (ii) enhancement ofAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) passivation layer stability, (iii) reduction in overpotential, and / or (iv) reduction of short circuits. The metallurgical growth that may be attributed to electrical shorts may cause, or is likely to cause, electrical shorts. The metallurgical growth may comprise crystals, other metallurgical microstructures, or any combination thereof. The metallurgical microstructures may comprise dendrites. The metallurgical microstructures may be generated at least in part by reduction of the charge carriers.

[0151] In some embodiments, the additives are applied on an exposed surface of the electrode active material. The additives can be applied as a layer disposed on an exposed surface of the electrode. A layer of additives may be deposited over the anode and / or the cathode. The layer of additive disposed on the anode, may be different than the layer of additives disposed on the anode. The layer may be deposited after the active material layer has been deposited on a current collector. The layer may be an additional layer on a surface of a particulate material of the active material. The additives deposited on the exposed surface may migrate (e.g., diffuse) to the interior of the active material mass. The active material mass of the electrode may be impregnated with the additives, e.g., rather than deposited as a layer on the exposed surface of the active material mass of the electrode. The additive may be sprayed onto the active material mass of the electrode. The additive may be included in an additive mixture. The additive mixture may comprise a binder, a polymeric matrix, and / or a coating medium. The additives may be dispersed and / or dissolved in the additive-containing mixture (also herein “additive mixture”). The additive mixture may be deposited using one or more methods. The methods may comprise slot-die coating, spray deposition, doctor blading, and / or printing, The printing may comprise two-dimensional printing or three-dimensional printing. The additive mixture may be applied over the anode such as a silicon-based anode. The additive mixture may be applied over the cathode such as an LCO based cathode. The additive mixture may interact directly with the underlying active material, e.g., interior of the particulate materials and / or interior of the active material mass coupled with the current collector of the electrode. The additive mixture may serve to modulate interfacial charge transport, suppress undesirable reactions, and / or stabilize the passivation layer, e.g., during early cycling stages. The additives present in the additive mixture may comprise polyoxometalates, halide salts, redox-active polymers, metal-organic compounds, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The additives may be selected to promote ionic conductivity, mechanical buffering, and / or passivation layer reinforcement.

[0152] In some embodiments, the additives are mixed into the electrolyte of the battery. The electrolyte may be a medium comprising a liquid phase, a gel phase, a solid phase, or any combination thereof. The electrolyte may contain one or more charge carriers. The additives may be introduced as soluble salts, partially soluble organic compounds, suspended complexes, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The additives may beAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) combined with the electrolyte prior to introduction (e.g., injection) into the battery enclosure. The additives may remain stable during storage, pre-formation, and / or cycling. The additives may remain stable during the prescribed lifetime of the cell assembly and / or manufactured device (e.g., battery). The additives may remain stable during the prescribed operation of the cell assembly and / or manufactured device (e.g., battery). Remain stable may include (e.g., substantially) not undergo and / or not initiate chemical reaction, which chemical reaction would cause their degradation, e.g., transformation into another material type. Remain stable may include (e.g., substantially) not undergo and / or not initiate physical transformation that would cause their degradation, e.g., evaporation. The additives may be configured to propagate through the separator, e.g., using diffusion. The additives may propagate to the vicinity of the electrode active material, e.g., surfaces of the active material. Electrolyte-based incorporation of the additives may provide spatial flexibility. The incorporation of the additive to the electrode active material mass may provide temporal flexibility. The incorporation of the additive to the electrode active material mass may comprise the additives coupling (e.g., contacting) the active material mass. The incorporation may enable replenishment of redox mediators and / or interface stabilizers, e.g., during the operational life of the battery. The replenishment may be (e.g., substantially) continuous, or intermittent. The additives may comprise (i) transition metal halides, (ii) organic redox shuttles, (iii) bulky halogenated anions, (iv) macrocyclic metal chelates, (v) polyoxometalates, (vi) metallic cations, (vii) redox-active polymers, (viii) aromatic or cyclic amines, (ix) any plurality of types thereof, or (x) any combination thereof. The additive concentration in the electrolyte may be at least about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% by weight (wt / wt). The additive concentration in the electrolyte may be at most about 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, or 15.0% by weight. The additive concentration in the electrolyte may be of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 0.05% to about 15.0% by weight, or from 0.05% to 5.0% wt / wt. The additive concentration in the active material mass of the electrode may be at least about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% by weight (wt / wt). The additive concentration in the active material mass of the electrode may be at most about 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, or 15.0% by weight. The additive concentration in the active material mass of the electrode may be of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 0.05% to about 15.0% by weight, or from 0.05% to 5.0% wt / wt.

[0153] In some embodiments, the additives comprise ion species. The ion species may exhibit a high mobility within the electrolyte medium, e.g., sufficient for the electrochemical activity of the manufactured device such as disclosed herein, e.g., the C-rate values disclosed herein. As used herein, high mobility refers to the property of an ion to migrate rapidly through the electrolyte under an applied electric fields such as disclosed herein. High mobility may occur due to low mass, small ionic size, favorable solvation dynamics, and / or low activation energy for migration. The highly mobile ions may enhance the overall ionic conductivity of theAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) electrolyte. The highly mobile ions may promote effective transport of charge carriers between opposing electrodes. The improvement in conductivity may promote faster charge and / or discharge rates, e.g., as disclosed herein for C-rate values. The improvement in conductivity may reduce polarization losses, e.g., during cycling and / or buffering. The ion species may include alkali metal cations, alkali earth cations, and / or halogen-based anions. The ion species may have a small hydration radii and / or high diffusion coefficients, in the electrolyte phase. The additives may facilitate (e.g., substantially) uniform ion distribution across the separator. The additives may suppress local concentration gradients. The local concentration gradients may lead to overpotential and / or unwanted side reactions (e.g., parasitic reactions). The use of mobile ions may improve interfacial kinetics at the electrode-electrolyte boundary. The use of mobile ions may increase charge carrier access to silicon-based anode binding sites. The additives may comprise salts of halogens (e.g., non-fluoride), alkali, or alkali earth elements, e.g., salts of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, iodide, bromide, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The enhancement of charge carrier conductivity may promote higher rate capability. The enhancement of charge carrier conductivity may improve battery efficiency across extended cycling. The enhancement of charge carrier conductivity may aid mending a damaged passivation layer, e.g., SEI and / or CEI.

[0154] In some embodiments, the additives promote the stabilization of passivation layers formed on the surfaces of the electrodes. The passivation layer may comprise a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on a silicon-based anode. The passivation layer may comprise a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) formed on a metal oxide cathode. The passivation layer may be formed during the initial cycle(s) through reduction and / or decomposition, of electrolyte components. The initial cycle(s) may comprise buffering operation and / or passivation layer formation operation. The passivation layer may act as selective transport barriers. The passivation layer may allow passage of charge carriers. The passivation layer may impede electron flow and / or unwanted (e.g., parasitic) side reactions. The additives may comprise salts that interact with the electrode surface, e.g., to modify, reinforce, and / or supplement, the passivation layer. The additives may contribute to the formation of a conformal and / or semi-permeable protective film. The film may hinder electrolyte degradation, gas generation, and / or structural decomposition of the active material. Hinder may include measurably prevent, observable prevent, and / or substantially prevent. The additives may propagate (e.g., diffuse) to the interfacial zone. The additives may participate in reduction and / or redox buffering processes. The additives may (e.g., substantially) maintain the chemical integrity of the passivation layer over repeated cycles. The additives may comprise halogen salts (e.g., non-fluoride), redox-active organometallics, cyclic compounds, aromatic anions, inorganic coordination clusters, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The cycling compounds may or may not be aromatic. The additivesAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) may include non-aromatic (e.g., aliphatic) cycling compounds, or aromatic cycling compounds. The additives may promote passivation layer durability under high capacity cycling conditions, e.g., a battery operating at a capacity of at least about 3 milliampere-hours per square centimeter (mAh / cm2), a gravimetric capacity of at least about 300 milliampere-hours per gram (mAh / g), or any combination thereof.

[0155] In some embodiments, the additives comprise ion species that suppress the deposition and / or growth of elemental species on an electrode surface. The elemental species may comprise the metallic form of the charge carriers, e.g., a reduced form. The ionic additives may be cationic or anionic. In an example, the ionic additives are cationic. The elemental species may comprise species different from charge carriers. The elemental species may include charge carriers that are reduced from ionic to neutral form, e.g., during, or as a consequence of, electrochemical cycling. The deposition may occur on (a) the anode surface and / or (b) cathode surface. The deposition may for example, initiate formation of filament-like protrusions, e.g., metallurgical dendrites. The dendrites may progressively grow across the separator domain. The dendrites may create a physical bridge between electrodes, e.g., causing an electrical short. The physical bridge may cause an internal short circuit. The risk of dendritic shorting may increase with high-capacity silicon-based anodes, e.g., due to large volumetric expansion and / or reactive surface exposure such as by puncturing the separator. The dendrite formation may be self-propagating and / or self-enhancing. The dendrite formation may consume active charge carriers irreversibly, reducing coulombic efficiency and / or cycling stability. The additives comprise ion species, e.g., that suppress dendrite formation. As used herein, dendrite formation refers to the nucleation and growth of filament-like metallic structures on an electrode surface during repeated cycling. The dendrite formation may be caused by non-uniform charge carrier deposition. The suppression may occur through mechanical and / or electrostatic effects. The suppression may occur through steric effects. The suppression may occur through transport-related effects. The additives may stabilize ion flux at the electrode surface. The stabilization may reduce (e.g., prevent) localized supersaturation of charge carriers. The stabilization may reduce the likelihood of nucleation events, e.g., nucleation of the dendrites. The additives may reduce and / or hinder, the growth rate of existing dendrites. The suppression of dendrite formation may extend the operational lifetime of the manufacture device, e.g., battery. The suppression may reduce the risk of internal short circuit. The suppression may increase the safety of the manufacture device, e.g., battery.

[0156] In some embodiments, the ionic additives accumulate in proximity to the anode surface. The ionic additives may be cationic or anionic. In an example, the ionic additives are cationic. The cationic additives may act as electrostatic shielding agents, e.g., depending on the direction. The extent of the electrostatic shielding may depend at least in part on the voltage differential value. The cations may locally neutralize charge buildup, repel incomingAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) lithium ions, and / or reduce surface overpotential. The cations may impede conditions, e.g., that promote nucleation and / or directional growth of metallurgical species such as dendrites. The anionic additives may diffuse across the separator. The anionic additives may modulate redox gradients at the counter-electrode. The modulation may contribute to uniform charge carrier transport. The additives may stabilize ion concentration profiles. The additives may reduce (e.g., transient) supersaturation of lithium near the anode. The suppression of metallurgical growth may extend the operational lifetime of the battery. The suppression may increase the safety of the manufacturing device (e.g., battery), e.g., at least in part by reducing the risk of thermal runaway. The suppression may reduce the risk of catastrophic failure. The additives may comprise alkali salts (e.g., Cs+, K+, Na+). The additives may comprise alkaline earth ions (e.g., Sr2+). The additives may comprise bulky redox-active anions (e.g., I", and / or Br). The additives may comprise organic molecules that enable ionic dispersion, surface charge alteration, and / or other interfacial control. The additives may comprise macrocyclic metal chelates, polyoxometalates, redox-active polymers, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The additive may be present in the electrode active material and / or electrolyte. The additive may remain functional under standard cycling, e.g., under the prescribed operating conditions of the cell assembly and / or of the manufactured device (e.g., battery) such as disclosed herein. The standard cycling can refer to the operation of the battery at a nominal C-rate (e.g., from about 0.2 C to about 1 C) under defined ambient temperature conditions. The additive may remain functional under accelerated cycling. The accelerated cycling can include operation at an elevated C-rate (e.g., at least about 1C) and / or at elevated temperature such as above 50°C. The accelerated cycling may expedite evaluation of performance and / or durability, of the manufactured device (e.g., battery). In some embodiments, the ambient environment is the environment external to the manufactured device and / or the environment in which the manufactured device is located in.

[0157] In some embodiments, the additives comprise ion species that generate an electrostatic shielding effect on one or more electrode surfaces. As used herein, electrostatic shielding refers to the reduction of local electric field strength at an electrode-electrolyte interface, e.g., due to the accumulation of oppositely charged species that partially neutralize surface charge. The shielding effect may occur due to the accumulation of charged species at and / or near, the electrode surface. The charged species may have a charge similar to that of the charge carriers, e.g., positive charge. The accumulation may form a local charge-balancing environment. The environment may counteract the native potential of the electrode active material interface. The electrostatic shielding may reduce the intensity of electric field gradients across the electrolyte-electrode boundary. The reduced field strength may suppress local accumulation centers and / or growth centers of elemental (e.g., reduced) species, e.g., that may result in growth of metallurgical microstructures. The suppression may reduce (e.g.,Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) prevent) non-uniform charge carrier reduction. The suppression may reduce (e.g., prevent) elemental metal deposition. The electrostatic shielding may stabilize the active material layer. The stabilization may improve interfacial kinetics. The electrostatic shielding may promote (e.g., substantially and / or detectably) homogeneous spatial distribution of migrating ions. The effect may be beneficial at the surface of the active material layer, e.g., of a silicon-containing anode. The silicon-containing anode may exhibit dynamic changes in surface charge density. The changes may occur due to volumetric expansion. The changes may occur due to passivation layer reformation during buffering, passivation layer formation and / or electrical cycling between charged and discharged state.

[0158] In some embodiments, the ionic additives remain in a mobile solvated form within the electrolyte. The ionic additives may be cationic or anionic. In an example, the ionic additives are cationic. The cationic additives may migrate under applied potential toward the anode interface. The cationic additives may accumulate transiently at the anode surface. The cationic additives may interact with the charge carrier flux. The interaction may moderate ion trajectory and / or velocity, e.g., as the ions propagate towards their target active material. The electrostatic buffering may reduce lithium-ion concentration spikes at the anode. The electrostatic buffering may reduce (e.g., prevent) nucleation events. The nucleation events may lead to dendrite formation. The electrostatic buffering may assist in maintaining a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The buffering may minimize electron tunneling through weak points in the passivation layer. The cationic additives may comprise alkali metal ions (e.g., Cs+, K+, Na+). The cationic additives may comprise alkaline earth metal ions (e.g., Sr2+). The cationic additives may comprise transition metal ions (e.g., Co2+, Ni2+). The cationic additives may exhibit low reduction potentials. The cationic additives may exhibit stable solubility in the electrolyte medium. The cationic additives may co-localize with solvent shell species. The co-localization may contribute to stabilization of the solvation structure at the electrode interface. The electrostatic shielding effect may enhance cycle life. The electrostatic shielding effect may reduce capacity fading. The electrostatic shielding effect may promote (e.g., enable) safe operation of high-capacity silicon-based batteries.

[0159] In some embodiments, the selection of the additives depends at least in part on the redox potential of the additive species relative to the electrode active material. As used herein, redox potential relative to the electrode active material refers to the potential at which the additive undergoes oxidation or reduction, compared to the oxidation or reduction potential of the electrode active material. In some embodiments, a redox potential lower than the oxidation potential of the electrode active material results in oxidation of the additive before oxidation of the electrode active material. In some embodiments, a redox potential higher than the reduction potential of the electrode active material results in reduction of the additive before reduction of the electrode active material. The redox potential of the additive may be lowerAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) than the oxidation potential of the electrode active material. The redox potential of the additive may be higher than the reduction potential of the electrode active material. The alignment of the redox potential may allow the additive to oxidize or reduce at the electrode interface at a potential that occurs earlier and / or preferentially, than oxidation or reduction of the solvent - as appropriate. The additive may oxidize or reduce at the electrode interface at a potential that occurs earlier and / or preferentially, than oxidation or reduction of other electrolyte components - as appropriate. The controlled redox activity of the additive may promote formation of a more stable passivation layer as compared to a situation where the additive is not included. The passivation layer may comprise a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a silicon anode. The passivation layer may comprise a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on a metal oxide cathode. The controlled redox activity of the additive may promote early-cycle interfacial stabilization. The controlled redox activity of the additive may reduce (e.g., prevent) uncontrolled decomposition of the electrolyte, e.g., at the prescribed use of the cell assembly and / or during the prescribed lifetime of the manufactured device, e.g., battery. The controlled redox activity of the additive may reduce (e.g., irreversible) consumption of charge carriers and / or other starting material for the passivation layer. The redox potential window of the additive may be aligned through selection of ionic species, molecular orbitals, solvation interactions, and / or functional group substitutions. As used herein, redox potential window refers to the range of electrode potentials over which an additive remains electrochemically stable with minimal irreversible oxidation or reduction, relative to a defined reference electrode.

[0160] In some embodiments, the additives comprise redox-active salts, coordination complexes, organic molecules, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The coordination complexes may comprise organic molecules. The additives may engage in one-electron redox processes at electrode-relevant potentials. The additives may engage in two-electron redox processes at electrode-relevant potentials. The additives may act as sacrificial redox mediators (also herein “mediating agents”). The mediators may react at the most reactive interfacial sites. The controlled redox behavior may suppress parasitic reaction pathways. The controlled redox behavior may generate stable redox-inert byproducts at the interface. The additives may cycle reversibly between oxidized and reduced forms. The reversible cycling may function as a redox shuttle. As used herein, redox shuttle refers to a redox-active additive that undergoes reversible oxidation and reduction between electrode surfaces, transporting charge with minimal (e.g., substantially without) consumption of the additive such as irreversible consumption (e.g., permanent). The reversible cycling may function as a charge reservoir. The redox shuttle and / or charge reservoir may regulate interfacial charge transfer dynamics. In an example, redox shuttle additives comprise halide salts (e.g., with polarizable anions), transition metal halides, organometallic mediators,Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) electron-deficient aromatics, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The halide salts with polarizable anions may comprise iodide (I"), bromide (Br), Chlorine (Cl-), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The transition metal may comprise Ruthenium, Cobalt, Iron, or any combination thereof. The transition metal halides may comprise ruthenium tribromide (RuBr3), cobalt(ll) iodide (Col2), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The organometallic mediators may comprise ferrocene, cobaltocene, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The electron-deficient aromatics may comprise quinones, viologens, quinolines, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The alignment of additive redox properties relative to the electrode active material may promote (e.g., substantially enhance) interfacial selectivity. The alignment may promote battery efficiency. The alignment may promote battery longevity. In some embodiments, additives function as interface stabilizers. The additives may comprise an aromatic compounds. The additives may comprise cycling compounds comprising at least one ring, e.g., at least 1 , 2, or 3 rings. At least on or the conjugated rings may be aromatic, e.g., at least 1 , 2, or 3 rings may be aromatic. The organic compounds may be polar, e.g., comprising oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorous, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The conjugated compounds may or may not be cyclic. The additives may comprise macrocyclic metal chelates, polyoxometalates, redox-active polymers, aromatic amines, cyclic amines, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The additives may regulate interfacial charge transfer. The additives may stabilize passivation layers. The additives may improve the cycle life of the manufactured device.

[0161] In some embodiments, the additives comprise bulky halogen anions. The bulky halogen anions may influence the electrochemical environment of the cathode interface. The halogen anions may comprise iodine (I-), bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl-), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The halogen anions may be present as part of a salt, e.g., an inorganic salt, or an organic salt. The halogen anions may be present as part of an organometallic structure. The halogen anions may modulate the electrostatic field at the cathode surface. The modulation may assist in the migration of charge carriers. The charge carriers may comprise lithium ions. The charge carriers may propagate through the passivation layer and into the active material of the electrode. The anions may participate in reversible redox cycles, e.g., that are reversible. For example, iodide ions (I") may be oxidized to molecular iodine (l2). The molecular iodine (l2) may be reduced back to iodide ions (I"). The reaction may be represented as 2I“ l2. The reversible redox cycle may function as an electron transfer mechanism with minimal (e.g., substantially without) permanent consumption of the iodide additive. The reversible redox cycles may function as redox shuttles. The redox shuttles may buffer interfacial charge. The halogen anions may suppress parasitic oxidationAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) reactions at high cathode potentials. As used herein, high cathode potential refers to an electrode potential greater than about 4.0 volts versus lithium / lithium ion (Li / Li+) as measured under standard cycling conditions, e.g., at ambient pressure and temperature such as room temperature such as 25°C. The halogen anions may assist in forming a conformal cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). The halogen anions may comprise iodide, bromide, and / or chloride. Fluoride may be omitted, e.g., where its presence hinders redox behavior and / or transport behavior. The halogen-based additives may be introduced through alkali halide salts, metal halide complexes, and / or organohalide derivatives. The halogen-based additives may be soluble (e.g., maybe dissolved) in the electrolyte mixture.

[0162] In some embodiments, the additives comprise aromatic ketones and / or thioketones. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones may carry electron-withdrawing groups. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones, may carry lone-pair electron donors. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones, may impart negative polarity. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones, may impart delocalized TT-electron character. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones, may exhibit reversible redox activity under electrochemical cycling conditions. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones, may propagate through the electrolyte. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones may localize at the cathode interface. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones may contribute to charge redistribution at the interface. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones may reinforce the passivation layer. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones may function as sacrificial redox mediators. The aromatic ketones and / or thioketones may undergo reduction at a higher potential than the cathode active material. The reduction may stabilize the cathode interface. In an example, aromatic ketone additives comprise benzoquinones, naphthoquinones, substituted aromatic diketones, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0163] In some embodiments, the additives comprise multicyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compound may comprise a carbon cyclic backbone, or a heterocyclic backbone. The heterocycle backbone may comprise Nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), any plurality of elements thereof, or any combination thereof. The multicyclic aromatic compounds may have two or more fused rings. The multicyclic aromatic compounds may have conjugated functional groups such as diketones or di-thioketones. The multicyclic aromatic compounds may comprise a conjugated aromatic system. The conjugated aromatic system may stabilize redox transitions in the cell assembly. The conjugated aromatic system may promote charge carrier interaction with the active material. The multicyclic aromatic structures may comprise naphthalene, pyrrolidine, quinoline, quinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone, phenazine, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The multicyclic aromatic compounds may exhibit reversible oxidation, e.g., at voltages aligned with the cathode or anode potentials. The multicyclic aromatic compounds may exhibit reversible reduction at voltages aligned withAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) the cathode or anode potentials. The multicyclic aromatic compounds may act as redox shuttles. The multicyclic aromatic compounds may act as interfacial moderators. The conjugated aromatic system may facilitate electron delocalization. The conjugated aromatic system may alter (e.g., increase) the dielectric constant of the interfacial region. The alteration (e.g., increase) in dielectric constant may enhance ion transport. The alteration (e.g., increase) in dielectric constant may reduce overpotential.

[0164] In some embodiments, the additives an anionic metal-oxygen frameworks comprising polyoxometalates. The polyoxometalates may be capable of storing and / or releasing electrons, for example, through delocalized redox states. The polyoxometalates may be capable of storing and / or releasing electrons may be reversible. In an example, the polyoxometalates comprise silicotungstic acid, phosphotungstic acid, molybdophosphates, vanadates, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The polyoxometalates may function as electron reservoirs, redox mediators, and / or charge redistribution agents, e.g., at the electrode interface such as the cathode interface. The high negative charge density of the polyoxometalates may modulate interfacial potential gradients. As used herein, high negative charge density refers to a charge distribution greater than about one (1) Coulomb per mole of cluster, or greater than about negative one (-1) formal charge per metal center within the polyoxometalate structure.

[0165] In some embodiments, the additives comprise polymeric compounds having polar functional groups. The polar functional groups may comprise anionic functional groups. The polymeric compounds may have redox-active backbones. The redox polymers may participate in electron transfer events at the electrode interface. The redox polymers may stabilize local ionic concentrations, e.g., through counterion coordination. The polymers may comprise pendant groups such as carboxylates, sulfonates, phosphates, any plurality of types thereof, or a combination thereof. The pendant groups may be coupled with aromatic cores such as phenothiazine, phenazine, nitroxide-based repeat units, any plurality of types thereof, or a combination thereof. The redox polymer may comprise a poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) (poly-TEMPO) derivative. The derivative may have mobile anionic counterions. Poly-TEMPO comprises a nitroxyl radical-containing polymer backbone. Poly-TEMPO may exhibit reversible redox activity and / or stable electron transfer properties, e.g., during electrochemical cycling. The polymeric additives may form a surface film. The polymeric additives may diffuse through the electrolyte. The polymeric additives may promote electrochemical stability, e.g., through distributed charge buffering. The use of redox-active anionic polymers may improve coulombic efficiency. The use of redox-active anionic polymers may improve cycle life in silicon-based battery systems, e.g., batteries having a silicon containing anode such as disclosed herein. The modulation may support stable passivation layer (e.g., electrolyte interphase) formation, e.g., under elevated voltageAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) conditions and / or fast charge cycles such as of at least about 1 C or higher. The electrode may be a cathode. The passivation layer may comprise the cathode electrolyte interface (CEI). The polyoxometalates may be soluble in polar solvents, e.g., solvent of the electrolyte mix. The polyoxometalates may be added directly to the electrolyte mix, embedded in the electrode active material, and / or co-casted with electrode coatings.

[0166] In some embodiments, the additives comprise ion species that function as alternative charge carriers. The ionic additives may be cationic or anionic. The additives may comprise ion species that function as auxiliary charge carriers. The auxiliary charge carriers may enhance cycling kinetics. The ion species may include cations, e.g., that are mobile in the electrolyte mix. The ion species may interact with one or more electrode surfaces. The ion species may minimally (e.g., not) participate in irreversible side reactions. The presence of the auxiliary ions may reduce polarization. The presence of the auxiliary ions may (i) improve ionic conductivity, and / or (ii) promote faster charge-discharge transitions. The auxiliary ions may alter the solvation environment of the charge carriers such as of the charge carriers disclosed herein, e.g., lithium ions. The altered solvation environment may modify the charge carrier’s transport mechanism. The altered solvation environment may modify the interfacial reaction pathway. The auxiliary charge carriers may act as spacers between electrode particles. The auxiliary charge carriers may act as buffers between electrode particles. The spacing and / or buffering, may reduce the aggregation of the particles with each other. The spacing and / or buffering, may promote electrolyte access to the active materials of the cell assembly. The use of auxiliary ions may improve rate performance. The use of auxiliary ions may extend the operational current range of the cell assembly, e.g., in silicon-based batteries.

[0167] In some embodiments, the ionic additives are absorbed onto the passivation layer of the electrode active material. The ionic additives may be cationic or anionic. In an example, the ionic additives are cationic. The cationic additives can be absorbed onto the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed on the anode. The absorption may occur on a silicon-based anode, e.g., the silicon-based anode disclosed herein. The absorbed cations may provide electrostatic shielding. The absorbed cations may occupy otherwise nucleation-prone surface sites. The occupation of the surface sites by the additives, may reduce the likelihood of charge carrier aggregation, aggregation of charge carrier reduced species and / or metallic deposition or the reduced form of the charge carriers such as lithium deposition. The deposition may be on the electrode (e.g., anode), or on any other portion of the generated device (e.g., battery). In an example, the deposition is on the constraint system, e.g., the portion of the constraint having the largest surface area. In an example, the occupation of the surface sites with the additives, reduces the likelihood of lithium-ion aggregation and / or metallic lithium deposition. The absorbed cations may deter formation of sharp (e.g., steep) concentration gradients of charge carriers (e.g., in their ionic and / orAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) reduced form), which shape concentration (A) may lead to their ultimate deposition and / or (B) may promote microstructure generation such as crystallization or other metallurgical microstructures. The absorbed ionic additives may hinder (e.g., substantially and measurably prevent) the formation of localized overpotentials that would otherwise develop on the subject surface. The sharp concentration gradients and / or localized overpotentials, may form a favorable conditions (e.g., maybe precursors) to dendrite growth. The absorbed ionic additives may contribute to passivation layer stabilization, e.g., SEI stabilization. The absorbed ionic additives may form secondary ionic domains. The secondary ionic domains may buffer structural changes, e.g., during expansion of the active material such as expansion of silicon based anodic active material. The ionic additives absorption may be useful in suppressing (e.g., preventing) early-stage dendrite initiation. The ionic additives absorption may be useful in maintaining uniform ion flux across the electrode surface, e.g., during buffering, during passivation layer formation, during cycling, and / or during storage.

[0168] In some embodiments, the additives comprise alkali metal cations. The alkali metal cations may be selected from sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), rubidium (Rb+), cesium (Cs+), francium (Fr+), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Lighter alkali cations (e.g., Na+and K+) may exhibit high diffusivity and / or rapid ionic transport, in the electrolyte mix. Heavier alkali cations (e.g., Rb+and Cs+) may provide stronger surface adsorption and / or more effective electrostatic shielding, at the electrode interface. The alkali metal cations may be introduced as halide salts, organometallic complexes, ion-exchangeable counterions, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The alkali cations may have relatively large ionic radii. As used herein, relatively large ionic radii refer to an effective ionic radius greater than about 1.0 angstrom (A) in a typical organic carbonate electrolyte environment. The alkali cations may have high diffusivity in organic electrolytes. As used herein, high diffusivity in organic electrolytes refers to a diffusion coefficient greater than about 1 x io-6cm2 / s as measured in a standard carbonate-based electrolyte at ambient temperature and pressure, e.g., at room temperature of about 25 °C. The alkali cations may accumulate near the anode surface. The accumulation may generate a positive electrostatic field. The positive electrostatic field may suppress charge carrier (e.g., lithium-ion) reduction, microstructure (e.g., dendrite) deposition, and / or microstructure growth. Heavier alkali cations (e.g., Cs+), may exhibit strong surface interaction with electrode active material, e.g., silicon-containing electrodes. The Heavier alkali cations (e.g., Cs+) may promote (e.g., enhance) interfacial charge stability. The enhancement may occur, e.g., through reversible adsorption and desorption cycles, buffering, passivation layer formation, and / or storage. The alkali cations may modulate solvation dynamics. The alkali cations may reduce (e.g., substantially and measurably prevent) lithium over-concentration near defect sites.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)

[0169] In some embodiments, the additives comprise alkaline earth metal cations. The alkaline earth metal cations may comprise beryllium (Be2+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), strontium (Sr2+), barium (Ba2+), radium (Ra2+), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Lighter alkaline earth cations (e.g., Mg2+and Ca2+) may enhance passivation layer (e.g., SEI) crosslinking through stronger ionic bonding. Heavier alkaline earth cations such as strontium (Sr2+) and barium (Ba2+) may improve interfacial charge stability e.g., through electrostatic field modulation. The alkaline earth metal cations may be introduced in the form of soluble salts, chelated complexes, any plurality of types thereof, or a combination thereof. The alkaline earth cations may provide charge shielding and / or interfacial ion exchange capacity. The alkaline earth cations may provide redox buffering, e.g., during electrochemical cycling. Strontium (Sr2+) and / or magnesium (Mg2+) may exhibit compatibility with silicon-based anodes, e.g., due to their ionic size and divalent charge. The ions may crosslink oxygen-containing domains within the passivation layer such as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The crosslinking may reduce passivation layer cracking, e.g., that can occur during volumetric expansion undergone by the active material such as during silicon expansion. The crosslinking may improve uniformity of the passivation layer and / or lower ionic resistance. The compatibility may occur through reinforcement of the passivation layer such as of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The reinforcement by the cations may occur through physical absorption and / or ionic stabilization. The presence of divalent cations may reduce the activity of trace impurities and / or residual solvents. The reduction may reduce (e.g., substantially and / or measurably prevent) the initiation of unwanted redox side reactions.

[0170] In some embodiments, the additives comprise cations of transition metals. The transition metals may comprise cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), ruthenium (Ru), indium (In), molybdenum (Mo), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Lighter transition metal cations such as cobalt (Co2+) and nickel (Ni2+), may act as efficient redox mediators with rapid electron transfer kinetics. Heavier transition metal cations such as tungsten (W) and ruthenium (Ru), may stabilize the electrode interface, e.g., through multi-electron redox buffering. The transition metal cations may be introduced as halide salts, coordination complexes, organometallic compounds, any plurality of types thereof, or a combination thereof. The transition metal cations may function as redox-active agents and / or interfacial moderators. The transition metal cations may function as surface-stabilizing species. The transition metal cations may reversibly adsorb onto the electrode surface. The transition metal cations may diffuse through the electrolyte. The adsorption or diffusion may modulate charge transfer reactions. The transition metal cations may participate in redox shuttle behavior. The transition metal cations may mediate the decomposition of unstable electrolyte byproducts. In an example, cobalt (Co2+) cations catalyze the breakdown of lithiumAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) alkyl carbonate species (ROCO2Li) formed during solvent decomposition. The catalytic action may convert byproducts into (e.g., substantially) stable inorganic phases such as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), e.g., in the prescribed operation conditions of the fabricated device such as batteries. The use of transition metal cations may improve the passiveness of the electrode active material. The use of transition metal cations may reduce impedance growth. The use of transition metal cations may enhance long-term cycling of batteries such as with silicon-based electrodes. The integrity of the passivation layer may be compromised more easily in batteries the greater the volumetric changes its active material undergoes, e.g., the larger the percentage of silicon is in the active material of the anodes.

[0171] In some embodiments, the additives comprise amines with available lone pair electrons. The lone pair electrons may engage in redox interactions at the electrode interface. The lone pair electrons may engage in coordination interactions at the electrode interface. The amines may be cyclic or non-cyclic. The amines may be aromatic or non-aromatic. The amines may comprise mono-substituted or poly-substituted ring systems. In an example, cyclic aromatic amines comprise naphthalene-based amines, quinolines, phenazine derivatives, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, cyclic non-aromatic amines comprise pyrrolidine, azepines, morpholine, piperidine, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, non-cyclic aromatic amines comprise aniline derivatives, toluidine derivatives, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, non-cyclic non-aromatic amines comprise ethylamine, dimethylamine, triethylamine, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, mono-substituted amines comprise methylpyrrolidine, methylpiperidine, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, poly-substituted amines comprise 2,6-dimethylpiperidine, trisubstituted phenazine derivatives, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The amines may diffuse through the electrolyte. The amines may participate in electron donor-acceptor interactions with the electrode surface and / or dissolved species. The amines may modulate local polarity. The amines may support redox buffering. The amines may contribute to interface healing during mechanical expansion of the silicon anode. The nitrogen heterocycles may form reversible hydrogen bonds. The nitrogen heterocycles may coordinate with lithium ions. The nitrogen heterocycles may influence solvation structure. The nitrogen heterocycles may influence transport dynamics. As used herein, interface healing refers to the restoration of mechanical continuity and electrochemical stability at an electrode-electrolyte interface, e.g., after localized damage or disruption during cycling.

[0172] In some embodiments, the additives comprise metal chelates and / or cationic organometallic compounds. The additives may participate in reversible redox reactions. The metal chelates may comprise ferrocene, cobaltocene, cobalt-salen complexes,Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) phthalocyanines, metal-porphyrin derivatives, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The cationic species may exhibit well-defined redox potentials. The cationic species may operate as electron donors, e.g., during interfacial cycling. The cationic species may operate as electron acceptors, e.g., during interfacial cycling. The metal chelates may undergo oxidation at a potential that occurs earlier than oxidation of the solvent or lithium salt. The metal chelates may undergo reduction at a potential that occurs earlier than reduction of the solvent or lithium salt. The oxidation or reduction of the metal chelates at such potentials, may reduce electrolyte degradation. The redox-active center of the chelate may be stabilized by a ligand field. As used herein, the ligand field refers to the interaction between a central metal ion and surrounding ligands, that alters the metal’s redox potential. The ligand field may reduce (e.g., prevent) unwanted decomposition. The use of the cationic additives may enhance robustness of the passivation layer (e.g., solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)). The enhancement may be during electrical charge and recharge cycling, during passivation layer formation, during charge carrier buffering, and / or during storage. The use of the cationic additives may suppress microstructure (e.g., dendrite and / or crystal) formation. The use of the cationic additives may support high coulombic efficiency in the generated device, e.g., silicon-based battery systems. As used herein, the coulombic efficiency refers to the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity of the cell assembly, expressed as a percentage over a cycle. As used herein, high coulombic efficiency refers to a coulombic efficiency of at least about 99.0%, 99.5%, or 99.9% over a defined charge-discharge cycle.

[0173] In some embodiments, the additives comprise material(s) belonging to one or more material groups. Group I may comprise halide salts with non-fluoride halogen anions such as iodide, bromide, chloride, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Group II may comprise metallic cations including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Group III may comprise organic redox shuttle compounds such as quinones, viologens, aromatic ketones, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Group IV may comprise aromatic and / or cyclic molecules comprising elements having lone pairs of electrodes, e.g. The molecules comprising elements having lone pairs of electrodes can comprise heterocyclic compounds, e.g., aromatic, polycyclic, and / or non-aromatic - as applicable. The molecules comprising elements having lone pairs of electrodes can comprise nitrogen-containing polycyclic structures, oxygen-containing polycyclic structures, sulfur-containing polycyclic structures, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Group V may comprise redox-active polymers with anionic functional groups and reversible redox centers, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Group VI may comprise polyoxometalates and / or inorganic redox clusters such as silicotungstates, phosphotungstates, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. Group VII may comprise metal chelates and / or organometallicAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) compounds such as ferrocene, cobalt-salen complexes, phthalocyanines, porphyrins, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The additives may be selected from one or more of groups mentioned herein, based at least in part on ionic mobility, redox potential, interfacial activity, and / or compatibility with silicon-containing electrodes.

[0174] In some embodiments, certain consumables (e.g., FEC) are used by a battery as the battery goes through a charge / discharge cycle as shown by Fig. 11. Fig. 11 shows an electrode active material 1102a-e during different stages of a life of a battery. During a first stage (left side of Fig. 11), the electrode active material 1102a is uncharged and has a first size. The electrode active material 1102a may go through a first charging process 1104 that causes the electrode 1102b to expand. In some embodiments, charge carriers (e.g., Li ions) reside in a cathode when the battery is in a discharged state, and reside in the anode when the battery is in a charged state. For example, when a battery charges, charge carriers (e.g., carrier ions) migrate into one or more electrode active materials (e.g., electrode active material 1102b). As the charge carriers traverse (e.g., move) in and out of the active material of the electrodes, the active material undergoes a volume change. The movement in and out of the active material may be referred to as ingress and egress of the charge carriers relative to the active material. For example, during the charging process 1104 the electrode active material 1102b expands. The amount of expansion may differ depending on the active materials used for the electrode. For example, a graphite electrode may expand by about 6% to 10% when the graphite electrode is charged. In another example, a silicon electrode may expand up to 300% when the silicon electrode is charged. In another example, a silicon oxide electrode may expand up to 210% when the silicon oxide electrode is charged. In another example, an electrode comprising silicon may expand up to about 20%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 300%, or 350% when the silicon electrode is charged, the percentage being volume per volume. In some embodiments, graphite electrodes require less FEC than silicon electrodes because the graphite electrodes expand less. Less expansion causes less disruption (e.g., cracks being formed) of the SEI layer.

[0175] Fig. 11 schematically shows electrode active material particle 1102a undergoes a charging process 1104 in which charge carriers (e.g., Li+) interact with components in the electrolyte mixture (e.g., FEC) to generate passivation layer 1106a (e.g., SEI) and pass through passivation layer 1106a to interact with the active material (e.g., comprising silicon) such as in an intercalation and / or alloying process (e.g., Li-Si alloying). The Li-Si alloying may form alloys comprising LiisSi4 or Li22Sis. The lithium alloying of silicon may allow silicon to store at least 5*, 10*, or 15* more lithium as compared to graphite. Interaction of the charge carriers with the active material causes expansion of the active material to form expanded active material 1102b. In a discharge process 1108, the charge carriers migrate out of the active material to cause the active material to shrink 1102c. As a result of thisAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) process, the passivation layer 1106a forming around expanded active material 1102b, now shrinks and deforms into deformed (e.g., broken) passivation layer 1106b exposing portions of the active material surface such as surface portion 1111a. When sufficient starting material exists, upon charging the active material in a subsequent process 1110, the passivation layer will mend 1106c, and the charge carrier will pass through and interact with the active material to cause its expansion into expanded active material 1102d. When insufficient starting material exists, upon charging the active material in a subsequent process 1112, the charge carrier will pass through and interact with the active material to cause its expansion into expanded active material 1102e, while the passivation layer will stay deformed (e.g., broken) 1106d such that portions of the active material remains exposed (e.g., 1111b) to allow electrons to escape outside of the active material and into the rest of the cell, e.g., electrolyte thereof, which free electrons may cause harmful reaction(s). The harm may include a (e.g., catastrophic) event to the device, to personnel, to the ambient environment external to the device such as to the facility in which the device is disposed. The mechanism described in relation to Fig. 11 is provided without wishing to be bound by theory.

[0176] In some embodiments, multifunctional additives accelerate electrochemical conversion and / or storage reactions. The additives may lower activation energy. The additives may promote electron-hole transfer. The additives may function as intermediate electron carriers and / or reservoirs. The additives may promote (e.g., enable) sustained energy storage, conversion, and / or redox cycling. The additives may minimally alter final reaction products. Halide anions may operate as redox mediators. Cations may provide electrostatic shielding, e.g., that suppresses microstructure (e.g., dendrite) formation and / or stabilizes interphases. The additives may be incorporated at least in part by blending with electrode material, applying as a coating on electrode surfaces, and / or dissolving in the electrolyte. The incorporation operation of additives may be selected, e.g., to improve ionic conductivity and / or cycling stability, across a range of electrode chemistries.

[0177] Fig. 12 illustrates a schematic example of enhanced electrochemical redox kinetics and mechanism in a rechargeable battery with multifunctional additives (MA). The mechanisms described in relation to Fig. 11 are provided without wishing to be bound by theory. Fig. 12 shows an example of a configuration in which multifunctional additives are present in the cell assembly. Electrode active material region 1202 comprises lithium ions (Li+) 1202 distributed in the cell during operation. Halide species 1204 and halide ions 1203 are present in the system. Arrows such as arrow 1201 designate the conversion (e.g., oxidation) of halide ions 1203 to molecular halide 1204. Halide anions 1203, can comprise iodide (I"), bromide (Br), Clorine (Cl-), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In the example shown in Fig. 12, the halide is an iodine. The halide ions 1203 can be reversiblyAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) oxidized 1201 and reduced during electrochemical cycling. Cathode active material 1205 is contacts a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) 1206. While the schematic representation in Fig. 12 depicts a laminated structure for simplicity and didactive purposes, the CEI is generated on the particulate matter in a similar manner to Fig. 11. The CE1 1206 is in direct contact with cathode active material 1205 and interfaces with electrolyte components in the gap between the anode and cathode, the gap being 1212. An ion movement pathway 1207 occurs between CE1 1206 and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) 1211 of the anode, with ion movement pathway 1207 representing ion transport across gap 1212 including the electrolyte mix. An electrostatic field region 1208 emanates to the gap (e.g., to the electrolyte domain in the gap. Electrostatic field region 1208 corresponds to field effects generated by the multifunctional additives (abbreviated herein as “MA”), e.g., ionic additives. The multifunctional additives can comprise any additive disclosed herein. Ionic additives (e.g., cations) 1209 can comprise sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), cesium (Cs+), and lithium (Li+), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The cations 1209 can originate from the multifunctional additives precursors. Anodically active material 1210 is disposed adjacent to a SE1 1211. The SE1 1211 is formed on the surface of anodically active material 1210. While the schematic representation in Fig. 12 depicts a laminated structure for simplicity and didactive purposes, the SEI is generated on the particulate matter in a similar manner to Fig. 11. The SEI 1211 interfaces with a bulk electrolyte medium in gap 1212. The bulk electrolyte medium occupies the interelectrode domain which constitutes gap 1212, the electrolyte medium supporting ion conduction between electrodes. Microstructure (e.g., dendrite) 1213 initiate formation in the anode region, e.g., during cycling, buffering, passivation layer formation, storage, or any combination thereof. The multifunctional additives can interact with the electrolyte medium in gap 1212, SEI 1211 , and / or CEI 1206, e.g., to suppress microstructure deposition, initiation growth and / or stability. In an example, first strategy 1214 comprises introduction of multifunctional additives (MA) directly into the electrolyte. The electrolyte can comprise a liquid and / or semisolid (e.g., gel) medium. In some embodiments, the electrolyte may comprise a solid medium, e.g., dispersed. The MA can dissolve and / or disperse (e.g., substantially) uniformly in the electrolyte phase. The integration of the additive in the electrolyte mix, can enable (e.g., substantially) homogeneous distribution of the additive, throughout the electrochemical cell, e.g., during operation. In an example, second strategy 1216 comprises blending the MA with cathodically active material (CAM), anode active material (AAM), conductive binder (CB), or any combination thereof. The blending can be performed during preparation of the electrode active material slurry, electrode casting, and / or electrode lamination. Strategy 1216 can promote (e.g., enable) localized additive functionality, e.g., within the electrode bulk and / or at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. In an example, third strategy 1218 comprises application of the MA as a layer on electrode surfaces,Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) e.g., exposed surface of the electrode. The MA layer can be deposited on a (e.g., silicon-based) anode and / or a cathode. The MA layer can modulate interfacial charge transport, stabilize passivation layers, and / or reduce side (e.g., parasitic) reactions, e.g., during early cycling stages, during buffering, during passivation layer formation, during charge and discharge cycles, during storage, or any combination thereof. In an example, lithium ions (Li+) from lithium iodide (Lil) additives generate an electrostatic shielding effect at the anode interface; the Li+in the lithium-ion battery electrolyte is coordinated with solvent molecules; the Li+from the additive is coordinated with iodide (I") anions; and the coordination produces a localized electrostatic field that e.g., reduces lithium dendrite formation. In an example, dendrite initiation occurs at nucleation sites referred to as dendrite seeds; and the cations reduce dendrite growth, e.g., by generating a positively charged electrostatic field that inhibits lithium deposition. The cations can comprise sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), cesium (Cs+), lithium (Li+), any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, Li+from the Lil (lithium iodide) additive coordinates with halogen anions (e.g., I"). In an example, Li+from lithium salts coordinates with halogen anions (e.g., I"); and the electrostatic coordination reduces the local electric field intensity and / or creates a shielding effect for lithium dendrites. The lithium salt can include lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) and / or lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)

[0178] In an example, Fig. 12 shows the schematic illustration enhanced electrochemical redox kinetics / mechanism in the rechargeable battery system with multifunctional additives (MA) and strategies to implement the additives in a battery. MA (Example- Metal Halides (Cs+I_)) can accelerate the electrochemical conversion and storage reactions by lowering the activation energy and by the rapid electron-hole transportation processes. Furthermore, MA can conserve electrons or holes, thereby restating the electrochemical energy storage, conversion and redox reactions. In some embodiments, multifunctional additives (especially anions, ex. I2 / I’) are a series of molecules or compounds that can be reversibly oxidized and reduced during electrochemical reactions, and they serve as intermediate electron carriers or reservoirs without changing final products. Additionally, highly mobile Iodide ions (I-) can improve the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, facilitating better charge and discharge rates. Csl interacts with the electrode surface, forming a protective layer that prevents unwanted side reactions and degradation during cycling. Csl help in suppressing the formation of lithium dendrites on the anode, separator and other potential favorable parts in the cell. Especially, the cation (Cs+) could potentially suppress the growth of dendrites by electrostatic shielding effect between lithium and cation. The selection of additives should have redox potential that is lower than oxidation potential or higher than the reduction potential of the electrode materials. Multifunctional additives as an add-on material in each component of theAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) rechargeable cells to improve the overall electrochemical kinetics and improve the efficiency of the cell. MA materials can be used in the preferable cell components such as blending with the electrode materials, additional layer on the top of the electrodes and mixing the additives in the electrolyte. The most preferable way of adding the MA material is into the electrolytes. The multifunctional additives are attractive as an electrochemical redox reaction enhancer and the interface stabilizer which can be easily introduced in the electrolytes. These additives can be introduced in the cell without sophisticated additional processes and extra cost. The MA materials choice for electrode materials or cells can be extended to all cell technologies and electrode materials such as LMO2 (M=Co, Mn, Ni), NCA, LMR, NMA, NMCX (X=811 , 622, 532), LiMn2O4, LiMnPO4 (M=Fe, Mn, Fe-Mn, Co, Ni), silicon anode, lithium metal, graphite, alloy-type and conversion-type reaction electrode materials.

[0179] In some embodiments, multifunctional additives improve battery performance at least in part by (i) enhancing electrochemical kinetics, (ii) reducing overpotential, (iii) suppressing parasitic reactions, (iv) increasing charging speed, (v) improving capacity retention, (vi) suppressing lithium dendrite formation, (vii) stabilizing CEI, (viii) stabilizing SEI, (ix) increasing cell efficiency, (x) increasing coulombic efficiency, (xi) enhancing reversibility, or (xii) any combination thereof. The performance effects mentioned herein, may depend at least in part on the chemical structure, concentration, and / or distribution, of the additives within the battery system. The performance effects mentioned herein, may depend at least in part on the architecture of generated device (e.g., battery), the architecture of the cell assembly, the material properties of the cell assembly, the material properties of the electrolyte mix, the chemistry of the generated device, and the performance properties of the manufacture device such as disclosed herein. The performance properties may comprise working temperature, working voltage, C-rate, volumetric density, charging capacity, N / P ratio, number of electrical charge and discharge cycles, any other performance property / properties such as disclosed herein, or any combination thereof. The one or more performance properties may be increased by at least 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20%, the percentage values being respective to the property. The one or more performance properties may be increased by any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 2.5% to about 20%.

[0180] The additives may enhance electrochemical kinetics, e.g., by facilitating faster charge carrier transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The additives may reduce overpotential, e.g., by modulating local ion concentration gradients and / or interfacial polarization. The additives may suppress parasitic reactions e.g., by forming protective film(s). The protective film may hinder (e.g., substantially and measurably prevent) unwanted side reactions. The protective film may hinder (e.g., substantially and measurably prevent) unwanted microstructure formation, nucleation, growth, and / or stability. In an example, the additives may suppress lithium dendrite formation e.g., by generating electrostatic shielding and / orAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) stabilizing ion flux. The additives may increase charging speed, e.g., at least in part by improving ionic conductivity in the electrolyte and / or across interfacial layers. The additives may improve capacity retention, e.g., by reducing active material loss during the prescribed use of the manufactured device, during the prescribed use of the cell assembly, and / or during the prescribed lifetime of the manufactured device. The prescribed use of the manufactured device may comprise repeated charge and discharge cycling. The additives may stabilize the passivation layer(s) (e.g., CEI and / or SEI). The stabilization may comprise reinforcing the passivation layer(s). The stabilization may comprise increasing the elasticity of the passivation layer(s). The additives may stabilize the passivation layer(s) at least in part by reducing its degradation. The additives may increase cell efficiency e.g., by lowering internal resistive losses. The additives may increase coulombic efficiency e.g., by reducing (e.g., minimizing) irreversible charge carrier consumption. The additives may enhance robustness and reversibility of the active material e.g., at least in part by maintaining stable electrode and / or electrolyte interfaces, such as during the prescribed use of the manufactured device, during the prescribed use of the cell assembly, and / or during the prescribed lifetime of the manufactured device.

[0181] Fig. 13 illustrates in example 1300 representative performance attributes promoted using one or more of the additives, e.g., the multifunctional additives. The performance attributes comprise: (i) enhanced electrochemical kinetics, (ii) reduced overpotential, (iii) suppressed parasitic reactions, (iv) increased charging speed, (v) improved capacity retention, (vi) suppressed lithium dendrite formation, (vii) improved stability of the CEI, (viii) improved stability of the SEI, (ix) increased cell efficiency, (x) increased coulombic efficiency, (xi) enhanced reversibility, or (xii) any combination thereof. The functional effects depend at least in part on the chemical structure, concentration, and / or spatial distribution of the additive. The additive interacts with the electrolyte and / or electrode region, e.g., to enable at least one of the effects mentioned herein, across the charge-discharge cycling range. The effects occur independently and / or together within a cell assembly. In an example, as shown in Fig. 13, there are several benefits of using multifunctional additives. For example, multifunctional additives can reduce the over potential - low over potential can reduce the side reactions that activate at a high potential range. Additionally, cation in the multifunctional additives effectively suppress the dendrite growth / lithium plating in the electrode / cell during cycling due to the shielding effect and anion acts as a redox moderator due to its anion redux shuttle. Also, multifunctional additives help in easy electron transfer from the electrode to the reaction products and provide improved electrochemical kinetics. Additionally, multifunctional additives provide stable CEI and SEI, improved fast charging performance, improved coulombic efficiency, and improved capacity retention.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)

[0182] In some embodiments, the additives comprise halide salts, metallic cations, organic redox shuttles, aromatic amines, cyclic amines, redox-active polymers, polyoxometalate clusters, and / or metal chelates. The additives may be selected based at least in part on redox potential, ionic mobility, interfacial activity, and / or compatibility with silicon-containing electrodes. The additives may be integrated in at least one of the anode material, cathode material, or electrolyte, e.g., to improve electrochemical stability, energy efficiency, and / or cycle life. As a group, the additives may be multifunctional. By itself, each of the additives in the group may or may not be multifunctional.

[0183] Fig. 14 illustrates an example a list of various multifunctional additives for use in silicon- based battery systems such as disclosed herein. The example shown in Fig. 14 comprises a panel of chemically distinct compounds selected based at least in part on redox potential, ionic mobility, molecular structure, interfacial behavior, chemical stability and / or chemical compatibility with the chemistry of the battery. The additives can be divided into subgroups comprising halide salts with non-fluoride anions, alkali, alkaline earth, transition metal cations, organic redox shuttle molecules, aromatic compounds (e.g., amines), cycling compounds (e.g., amines), redox-active polymers, polyoxometalate clusters, metal chelates, and organometallic compounds. Each additive in the group corresponds to at least one sub-group mentioned herein. The additives in Fig. 14 (alone or in combination) contribute to at least one performance attribute described in Fig. 13. In some embodiments, the additives are compatible with use in the electrolyte, the electrode composition, the separator interface, such as during the prescribed use of the manufactured device, during the prescribed use of the cell assembly, and during the prescribed lifetime of the manufactured device, e.g., across a charge-discharge cycle.

[0184] In some embodiments, a method is provided for fabricating an energy manipulation device such as a battery. The method comprising one or more additives. The method may comprise one or more operations mentioned, or any combination thereof. The method may comprise: (i) preparing a multifunctional additive formulation, (ii) assembling the cell assembly with the additive, (iii) validating performance under operational conditions, or (iv) any combination thereof. Assembling the cell assembly with the additive may comprise (a) dispersing the additive into an electrode, (b) depositing the additive onto an electrode (e.g., as layer(s)), or adding the additive(s) to the electrolyte mixture and / or matrix. The electrolyte mix may be (e.g., substantially) passive. The electrolyte mix may not (e.g., substantially) actively participate in the redox reactions taking place in the generated device (e.g., battery). The electrode may be different from a flow battery such as a redox flow battery. Integration of the additive with the cell assembly may comprise mixing the additive(s), co-blending the additive(s), and / or coating of the additive(s). Integration of the additive(s) with the cell assembly may occur within a slurry, laminate, bulk electrolyte, or any combination thereof.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)The electrode mix can be injected into an enclosure (e.g., pouch) in which the cell assembly is disposed. The enclosure may be sealed, e.g., gas sealed, liquid sealed, sealed against particulate matter, and / or sealed to protect its interior from (e.g., physical) debris. The additive formulation may comprise one or more salts, redox shuttles, organometallic complexes, any other additive disclosed herein, or any combination thereof. The additives may be dissolved and / or suspended in a solvent system such as of the electrolyte mix. The assembling operation may comprise stacking, lamination, and / or sealing of components. The components may comprise a silicon-based electrode. The validation operation may comprise chargedischarge testing, coulombic efficiency tracking, gassing, and / or interfacial stability assessment. The validation operation may be performed over a defined cycle range (e.g., 500 cycles or any other cycle range disclosed herein). The cell stack may be placed in a sealed enclosure devoid of a ventilation valve, e.g., monodirectional vent. The cell stack may be placed in a hermetically sealed enclosure. The gas generated during a time, may be at most about 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 10%, 14%, or 15% (v / v) volumetric expansion of the enclosure of the battery, the time including the prescribed lifetime of the generated device (e.g., battery) and / or during its prescribe lifetime. The gas generated during a time, may be between any of the aforementioned expansion percentages, e.g., from about 3% to about 9%, from about 3% to about 15%, or from about 5% to about 14%, (v / v) volumetric expansion of the enclosure of the battery, the time including the prescribed lifetime of the generated device (e.g., battery) and / or during its prescribe lifetime.

[0185] The additives may comprise nitrogen containing side groups, e.g., amines and / or amides. The additives having nitrogen containing side groups may comprise 1 ,5- naphthalenediamine (NDA), Tris[4-(diethylamino) phenyl] amine (TDPA), N, N, N', N'- tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), N, N-dimethylformamide, 4, N, N-trimethylaniline (TMA), or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise aromatic and / or polycyclic compounds. In an example, the polycyclic compounds may comprise at least one aromatic cyclic group. The aromatic and / or polycyclic compound may comprise Naphthacene (NC). The additives may comprise heterocyclic compounds. The heterocyclic compound may comprise at least one element having a lone pair of electrodes, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, and / or sulfur. The heterocyclic compounds may comprise 1 ,4-dioxane, Cobalt Bis(terpyridine) (Co(Tep)2), (2,2,6,6-teramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), 4-Methoxy-2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperdinyloxyl (4-methoxy-TEMPO), 5,10-dimethylphenazine (DMPZ), Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), 1-phenylpyrrolidine (PPD), 10-methyl-10H-phenothiazine (MPTA), Poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperinidyloxy-4-yl methacrylate (PTMA), Ethyl Viologen (EtV), or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise Sulfur compounds. The sulfur containing compounds may or may not be aromatic. The sulfur containing compound may or may not be conjugated. The sulfur containing compounds may comprise 5,10-Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) dimethylphenazine (DMPZ), Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise alcohols. The alcohol may comprise Butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT). The additives may comprise Cyclic Ketones. The cyclic ketones may or may not be conjugated. The cyclic ketones may or may not be aromatic. The cyclic ketones may comprise 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1 ,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ), 1 ,4-Benzoquinone (BQ), or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise organometallic coordination compounds. The organometallic coordination compounds may comprise Ferrocene (FC), Cabalt porphyrin (Co(ll)-Po), Cobalt(ll) 5, 10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21 H, 23H-porphine (Co(ll)TPP), Cobaltocene (CoCp2), N, N,-bis(salicylidene ethylenediaminocobalt (Co-salen), or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise cyanines. The cyanines may comprise iron Phthalocyanine (FePc), cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC), potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise Silicotungstic acid, Nickel hydroxide, or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise light alkali and alkali earth iodine salts. The light alkali and alkali earth iodine salts may comprise, Lithium Iodide, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Iodide, Cesium Iodide, or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise heavy alkali and alkali earth iodine salts. The heavy alkali and alkali earth iodine salts may comprise Ruthenium (III) Iodide, lndium(l I l)lodide, Molybdenum(lll)lodide, Strontium Iodide, or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise light alkali and alkali earth bromine salts. The light alkali and alkali earth bromine salts may comprise, Lithium Bromide, Potassium Bromide, Sodium Bromide, Cesium Bromide, or any combination thereof. The additives may comprise heavy alkali and alkali earth bromine salts. The heavy alkali and alkali earth bromine salts may comprise Ruthenium(lll)Bromide, lndium(lll)Bromide, Molybdenum(lll)Bromide, Strontium Bromide, or any combination thereof. While various additive group categories are described in the plural, a single member of the category may be selected for the additive(s).

[0186] Fig. 15 illustrates an example of a method for fabricating a battery comprising multifunctional additives. The method comprises preparing a multifunctional additive formulation, in block 1502; integrating the additive with the cell assembly comprising mixing the additive(s), co-blending the additive(s), and / or coating of the additive(s), in block 1504; assembling the battery with the additive-integrated components, in block 1506; and validating performance under operational cycling, in block 1508. An optional path 1511 enables iterative material characterization during additive integration. An alternate path 1512 allows validation to proceed directly after additive incorporation with minimal (e.g., substantially without) reassembly. The example flowchart in Fig. 15 illustrates a general manufacturing sequence for adding multifunctional additives, e.g., in a silicon-based electrochemical system.

[0187] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device (e.g., battery) is utilized for providing energy to electrical devices (also referred to herein as “target device”). The targetAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) device(s) may include smartphone, tablet, wearable electronics (watches, glasses, health tracks), power bank (e.g., for mobile devices), micro portable devices (drones, cameras, smart card), mobile Wi-Fi, Bluetooth headset, smart home related device (loTs), electric toothbrushes, precision grooming tools, small-scale gardening equipment, (e.g., service) robots, (e.g., compact) medical such as chest compression, cosmetics, (e.g., compact) exercise, other wellness devices, learning tools, UAVs (drones) such as for short distance, e.g., racing, short distance, and military drones, torpedoes, and missiles. The target device may comprise a vehicle. The vehicle may comprise a ship, a spacecraft, an airplane, a helicopter, a spaceship, a train, a car, or a truck. The target device may comprise industrial equipment, online banking tools (e.g., a bank llkey), Bluetooth enable devices, EVs (e.g., including consumer, bikes, race cars, scooters), body worn vests, warmers, coolers, cameras, Internet of Things (loTs), Wearables, watches, e-cigarette, augmented reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) glasses, sensors, hearing devices, smart glasses, or any combination thereof. The energy manipulation device (e.g., battery) may be utilized for any battery powered electronic product. The robots may be service robots for cargo, e.g., maneuvering. The cargo maneuvering may be within a facility, or between facilities. The robot may comprise a warehouse robot. The EV can comprise a UAV. The EV may comprise a UAV. The energy manipulation device may be utilized for control. The energy manipulation device may be utilized for video streaming, e.g., an MP3 player. The drone may be an underwater drone and / or an aerial drone. The target device may comprise a cellular phone. The target device may be a portable device, a notebook computer, an electric toy, or an electric tool. The vehicle can be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle or a range- extended vehicle. The spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space planes, or a spaceship. The electric toy can comprise a fixed toy, or a mobile toy. The toy may comprise a game machine, or an electric vehicular toy. The vehicular toy may comprise any vehicle type disclosed herein. The power tools may comprise metal cutting tools, grinding tools, assembly tools, or railroad tools. The power tools may comprise electric drills, electric grinders, electric wrenches, electric screwdrivers, electric hammers, impact drills, concrete shakers, or electric planers.

[0188] In some embodiments, the device is manufactured. The device can be fabricated (e.g., fabricated). The environment may or may not be an ambient environment. The environment may comprise one or more environmental characteristics different than those of the ambient environment. The one or more characteristics may comprise a lower concentration of reactive agent, a higher temperature, or a higher pressure. The reactive agent may react with one or more components of the device, e.g., during its use, storage, shipping, maintenance, and / or fabrication. The cells may be fabricated according to any configuration disclosed herein, and using any material disclosed herein, as appropriate. TheAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) tabs may be folded, welded, adhered to a tacky connector, and / or adhered to a solid busbar. The manufacturing process (e.g., of any component disclosed herein) may comprise printing, stenciling, heat application, heat transfer, stamping, stenciling, dicing, any combination thereof, or any plurality thereof, as applicable. The application may comprise deposition. The printing may comprise stencil printing, direct printing, or sublimation printing. One or more operations of the manufacturing may be controlled by a control system, e.g., comprising at least one controller such as any control system disclosed herein.

[0189] In some embodiments, an energy manipulation device is generated, the energy manipulation device incorporating the additive(s). The additive(s) can be added as part of the electrolyte mix. The additives can be added as part of a slurry of the electrode. The additives can be deposited on a surface of the particulate matter of the electrode active material. The additives can be deposited as a layer over the mass of the active material disposed on the current collector, e.g., after calendering an active material slurry on the current collector film, or after cutting the electrodes from a web of the electrodes. The web of the electrodes constitutes a film of a current collector on which a mass of active material has been deposited and calendared. The calendering can be pressure controlled or height (e.g., mass thickness relative to the current collector) controlled. The calendering can be done at least in part by utilizing a pressing roller. The pressure that the roller exerts on the calendered active material mass may be at least about 2 tons (T), 3T, 4T, or 5T. The pressure that the roller exerts on the calendered active material mass may be most about 3T, 4T, 5T, or 6T. The pressure that the roller exerts on the calendered active material mass may be any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 2T to about 6T, or from about 3T to about 5T. The active material slurry, web, and / or generated electrodes, may undergo quality assurance tests comprising rheology (e.g., for viscosity), grindometer (e.g., for agglomeration), microscopy, and / or electrochemical performance (e.g., for capacitance and / or efficiency) testing. The grindometer may be utilized for measuring particle size and / or fineness of the particulate material and / or slurry. The microscopy may comprise optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, or any combination thereof. The electrodes may be stacked to generate the cell stack. The cell stack may be deposited in an enclosure, e.g., a pouch. The enclosure may be liquid, gas, and / or dust tight. The enclosure may comprise a vent, e.g., safety vent. The enclosure may be devoid of a vent. The electrodes may be generated in a process comprising a roll-to-roll process.

[0190] In some embodiments, the system, device, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises a control system. The control system may comprise one or more controllers. The control system may comprise, or be operatively coupled with, one or more devices, apparatuses, and / or systems of the mechanism (e.g., system, device, or apparatus) disclosed herein, including any component of the device(s), apparatuses(s), and / orAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) system(s). The controller(s) may comprise, or be operatively coupled with, a hierarchical control system. The hierarchical control system may comprise at least three, four, or five, control levels. In some embodiments, at least two operations are performed, or directed, by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations are each performed, or directed, by a different controller. A control system may comprise a control system. A control system may comprise a laser control system. The controller may comprise a feedback control scheme. The feedback control scheme may comprise an open feedback loop control scheme. The feedback loop control scheme may comprise a closed feedback loop control scheme. The feedback control scheme may comprise hardware compensation. The feedback control scheme may comprise software compensation. The control system may comprise, or be operatively coupled with, a metrological detection system and configured to receive measurement data from the metrological detection system. The control system may be configured to generate control signals responsive to the measurement data collected by the metrological detection system.

[0191] In some embodiments, the systems, apparatuses, devices, and / or components thereof disclosed herein comprise one or more controllers. The one or more controllers can comprise one or more central processing unit (CPU), input / output (I / O) and / or communications module. The CPU can comprise electronic circuitry that carries out instructions of a computer program by performing arithmetic, logical, control and I / O operations specified by the instructions. The controller can comprise a suitable software (e.g., operating system). The control system may optionally include a feedback control loop and / or feed-forward control loop. The controllers may be shared between one or more systems or apparatuses. Each apparatus or system may have its own controller. Two or more systems and / or their components may share a controller. Two or more apparatuses and / or its components may share a controller. The controller may monitor and / or direct (e.g., physical) alteration of the operating conditions of the apparatuses, software, and / or methods described herein. The controller may be a manual or a non-manual controller. The controller may be an automatic controller. The controller may operate upon request. The controller may be a programmable controller. The controller may be programed. The controller may comprise a processing unit (e.g., CPU or GPU). The controller may receive an input (e.g., from a sensor). The controller may deliver an output. The controller may comprise multiple controllers. The controller may receive multiple inputs. The controller may generate multiple outputs. The controller system may comprise a single input single output controller (SISO) or a multiple input multiple output controller (MIMO). The controller may interpret the input signal received. The controller may acquire data from one or more sensors. Acquiring may comprise receive or extract. The data may comprise measurement, estimation, determination, generation, or any combination thereof. The controller may compriseAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) feedback control. The controller may comprise feed-forward control. The control may comprise on-off control, proportional control, proportional-integral (PI) control, or proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The control may comprise open loop control, or closed loop control. The controller may comprise closed loop control. The controller may comprise open loop control. The controller may comprise a user interface. The user interface may comprise a keyboard, keypad, mouse, touch screen, microphone, speech recognition package, camera, imaging system, or any combination thereof. The outputs may include a display (e.g., screen), speaker, or printer. The control system may use control protocols, e.g., including modbus, Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPCUA), EhterNet / IP, PROFI NET, Profibus, MQTT, EtherCAT, lO-Link, FANUC FOCAS, and / or LSV / 2, as applicable. The control system may utilize control logic, e.g., including programmable logic controllers (PLCs), Supervisory Control and Datra Acquisition (SCADA), Distributed control systems (DCS), integrated automation systems, and / or edge computing and Industrial Internet of Things (lloT), as applicable. The control may include machine to machine control, user to machine control (e.g., user provides input to machine), or machine to user control (e.g., providing input to a user). The control system may utilize controller area network (CAN) and / or CAN open protocols.

[0192] Fig. 16 shows a schematic example of process 1620 controlled using a control system in a feedback loop control scheme, e.g., in a closed loop control scheme. The control system receives set point 1605 to comparator 1606 that generates an error signal, which is fed 1645 into controller 1640. In other control systems, the comparator can be part of the controller. Controller 1640 generates a control signal that is fed into controlling element 1630. The controlling element may comprise a mechanism utilized for its control function to control process 1620. Controlling element 1630 provides an input to process 1620. The mechanism may effectuate a physical and / or a chemical change, which change is the input to process 1620. The physical change may comprise mechanical change, magnetic change, electromagnetic change, piezoelectric change, electrical change, pressure change, or temperature change. The chemical change may comprise a change in a chemical gradient, or in a chemical entity. Process 1620 can be any process disclosed herein, e.g., any method such as a fabrication (e.g., manufacturing) method. Process 1620 generates an output detected by measuring element 1610, e.g., using its sensor(s). The output provided by process 1620 may be a reaction of the process to the input provided by control element 1630. Measuring element 1610 generates a variable amplitude signal that is fed back into comparator 1606 and is again compared with the setpoint. Measuring element 1610 optionally also generates a controlled variable 1681. Control element 1630 optionally also receives a manipulated variable 1682, e.g., from an external source such as a processor and / or a communication system. Sensor(s) can be used by measuring element 1610 for theAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) measurement of parameters of the process, e.g., 1620. The sensor measurement can be a determination of an amplitude of a parameter such as of a material, e.g., as disclosed herein. In an example, the value of the measurement is consistent and repeatable. The sensor(s) can convert the physical parameters (e.g., repeatedly, and reliably) into a usable form by the control system, e.g., into an electrical signal such as in a digital form. The comparator can perform an error detection, e.g., by determining a difference between the amplitude of the measured variable and a requested set reference point (e.g., set point 1605), which difference is the error signal. The error signal can be amplified and / or conditioned such as filtered. The signal amplification and / or conditioning may be performed by an external component to the controller (e.g., 1640), or within the controller. The reference point (e.g., set point) can be stored in the memory of the controller, or of a memory operatively coupled with the controller. The controller can be a (e.g., micro-) processorbased system that can determine the next operation to be taken in a process. The process may be sequential. The controller may evaluate the error signal in a continuous process control system, e.g., to determine what action is to be taken. The controller (e.g., 1640) can condition the signal, or be operatively coupled with a unit conditioning the system. Conditioning the signal may comprise noise filtering. Conditioning the signal may comprise correcting the signal for a non-linearity in the sensor. The controller may include the parameters of the process input control element. The controller may condition the error signal to direct the control element, e.g., 1630. The controller can monitor input signal(s). The input signals may be interrelated. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements in concert. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements simultaneously. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements sequentially. The control element (e.g., 1630) can be a device that controls an incoming material to the process, or any other attribute of the process comprising a physical attribute or a chemical attribute. The physical attribute may comprise mechanical, magnetic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrical, pressure, or temperature attribute. The chemical attribute may comprise a chemical gradient, or in a chemical entity. The control element can be a flow control element. The control element can be a temperature control element. The control element can have toggle (e.g., On / Off) characteristics. The control element can provide linear, or non-linear, control of the control element. The control element can be used to adjust the input to the process, e.g., bringing the output variable to the value of the set point. The measuring element (e.g., 1610) can consist of sensor(s) to measure the physical property of a variable, a transducer to convert the sensor signal into an electrical signal, and / or a transmitter to amplify the electrical signal. The amplification of the signal can be transmitted with minimal (e.g., without measurable) loss. The control element may comprise an actuator which changes the electrical signal from the controller into a signal to operateAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) and / or control a physical device such as a valve. The controller may comprise a memory or be operatively coupled with a memory. The control system may comprise a summing circuit, e.g., to compare the set point to the sensed signal, so that it can generate the error signal. The summing circuit may be part of the comparator. The controller may use the error signal to generate a correctional signal to control the control element. In an example, the controller controls a valve via an actuator and the input variable. The sensors of the measuring element may comprise optical sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, chemical sensors, proximity sensors, viscosity sensors, chemical sensors, or any other sensor disclosed herein. The chemical sensors may sense a material comprising oxygen, water, or any other reactive agent(s) herein. The sensors may be configured to sense one or more attributes of the methods disclosed herein such as the fabrication methods.

[0193] Control may comprise regulate, modulate, adjust, maintain, alter, change, govern, manage, restrain, restrict, direct, guide, oversee, manage, preserve, sustain, restrain, temper, or vary.

[0194] In some embodiments, the device, system, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises a processor. The processor may be a processing unit. The controller may comprise a processing unit. The processing unit may be central. The processing unit may comprise a central processing unit (herein “CPU”). The controllers or control mechanisms (e.g., comprising a computer system) may be programmed to implement methods of the disclosure. The processor may be programmed to implement methods of the disclosure. The controller may control at least one component of the systems and / or apparatuses disclosed herein. Fig. 17 shows a schematic example of a computer system that is programmed or otherwise configured to facilitate execution any of the methods provided herein.The computer system can control (e.g., direct, monitor, and / or regulate) various features of the methods, apparatuses, devices, and / or systems of the present disclosure. The computer system can be part of, or be in communication with, the device, system and / or apparatus disclosed herein. The computer may be coupled with one or more mechanisms disclosed herein, and / or any parts thereof. The computer system can include a processing unit 1706 (also “processor,” “computer” and “computer processor” used herein). The computer system may include memory or memory location 1702 (e.g., random-access memory, readonly memory, flash memory), electronic storage unit 1704 (e.g., hard disk), communication interface 1703 (e.g., network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripheral devices 1705, such as cache, other memory, data storage and / or electronic display adapters. The memory 1702, data storage unit 1704, interface 1703, and peripheral devices 1705 are in communication with the processing unit 1706 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard. The storage unit can comprise a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data. The computer system can be operatively coupled with aAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) computer network (“network”) 1701, e.g., with the aid of the communication interface. The network can be the Internet, an internet and / or extranet, or an intranet and / or extranet that is in communication with the Internet. In some cases, the network is a telecommunication and / or data network. The network can include one or more computer servers, which can enable distributed computing, such as cloud computing. The network, in some cases with the aid of the computer system, can implement a peer-to-peer network, which may enable devices coupled with the computer system to behave as a client or a server. The processing unit 1706 can execute a sequence of machine-readable instructions, which can be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may be stored in a memory location, e.g., memory 1702. The instructions can be directed to the processing unit 1706, which can subsequently program or otherwise configure the processing unit to implement methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by the processing unit 1706 can include fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The processing unit 1706 may interpret and / or execute instructions. The processing unit 1706 may include a microprocessor, a data processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphical processing unit (GPU), a system-on-chip (SOC), a co-processor, a network processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application specific instruction-set processor (ASIPs), a controller, a programmable logic device (PLD), a chipset, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any combination thereof. The processing unit 1706 can be part of a circuit, such as an integrated circuit. One or more other components of the system (e.g., Fig. 17) can be included in the circuit.

[0195] In some embodiments, the storage unit (e.g., 1704) stores files, such as drivers, libraries, and saved programs. The storage unit can store user data (e.g., user preferences and user programs). In some cases, the computer system can include one or more additional data storage units that are external to the computer system, such as located on a remote server that is in communication with the computer system through an intranet or the Internet. The processor may be configured to process control protocols, e.g., communicate with one or more components of the mechanism (e.g., device, apparatus, and / or system) disclosed herein using the control protocols. Control protocols can be one or more of the internet protocol suites, e.g., transmission control protocol (TCP) or transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP). Control protocols can be one or more serial communication protocols. Control protocols can be one or more of controller area networks or another message-based protocol, e.g., for communication with microcontrollers and devices. Control protocols can interface with one or more serial bus interfaces for communication with the mechanism disclosed herein, e.g., with any of its components. The control protocol can be any control protocol disclosed herein.

[0196] In some embodiments, the system, device, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises communicating through a network. The computer system can communicate withAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) one or more remote computer systems through a network. For instance, the computer system can communicate with a remote computer system of a user (e.g., operator). Examples of remote computer systems include personal computers (e.g., portable PC), slate or tablet PC's (e.g., Apple® iPad, Samsung® Galaxy Tab), telephones, Smart phones (e.g., Apple® iPhone, Android-enabled device, Blackberry®), or personal digital assistants. A user (e.g., client) can access the computer system via the network.

[0197] In some embodiments, the computer system utilizes program instructions to execute, or direct execution of, operation(s). The program instructions can be inscribed in a machine executable code. Methods described herein can be implemented by machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored on an electronic storage location of the computer system, such as, for example, on the memory 1702 or electronic (e.g., data) storage unit 1704. The machine executable or machine-readable code can be provided in the form of software. During use, the processor (e.g., 1706) can execute the code. In some cases, the code can be retrieved from the storage unit and stored on the memory for ready access by the processor. In some situations, the electronic storage unit can be precluded, and machineexecutable instructions are stored on memory. The code can be pre-compiled and configured for use with a machine that has a processer adapted to execute the code or can be compiled during runtime. The code can be supplied in a programming language that can be selected to enable the code to execute in a pre-compiled or as-compiled fashion.

[0198] In some embodiments, the computer system utilizes a machine-readable medium / media to execute, or direct execution of, operation(s). The program instructions can be inscribed in a machine executable code. A machine-readable medium / media, such as computer-executable code, may take many forms, including but not limited to, a tangible storage medium / media, a carrier wave medium, or physical transmission medium. Nonvolatile storage media / medium include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the processor related storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, such as may be used to implement the databases. Volatile storage media / medium can include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media can include coaxial cables, wire (e.g., copper wire), and / or fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium / media with patterns of holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH- EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data orAtorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, any other medium from which a computer may read programming code and / or data, or any combination thereof. The memory and / or data storage may comprise a storing device external to and / or removable from device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory stick, and / or a hard disk. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

[0199] In some embodiments, the device, system, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises, or is operatively coupled with, a communication technology, e.g., in addition to the optical fiber disclosed herein. The communication may comprise wired or wireless communication. For example, the systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise Bluetooth, wi-fi, global positioning system (GPS), or radiofrequency (RF) technology. The RF technology may comprise ultrawideband (UWB) technology. Systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise a communication port. The communication port may be a serial port or a parallel port. The communication port may be a Universal Serial Bus port (i.e. , USB). The systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise USB ports. The USB can be micro- or mini-USB. The surface identification mechanism may comprise a plug and / or a socket, e.g., electrical, AC power, DC power. The systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise an electrical adapter (e.g., AC and / or DC power adapter). The systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise a power connector. The power connector can be an electrical power connector. The power connector may comprise a magnetically attached power connector. The power connector can be a dock connector. The connector can be a data and power connector. The connector may comprise pins. The connector may comprise at least about 10, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 40, 42, 45, 50, 55, 80, or 100 pins.While preferred embodiments of the present inventions have been shown, and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the present disclosure be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to the afore-mentioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present disclosure. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations, or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein might be employed in practicing the present disclosure. It is therefore contemplated that the present disclosure shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. ItAttorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO) is intended that the following claims define the scope of the present disclosure and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:1 . A device for energy manipulation, the device comprising: a cell assembly comprising an electrode separated from a counter-electrode by a gap, the electrode comprising electrode active material comprising silicon, the counter-electrode comprising a counterelectrode active material; an electrolyte mixture; and one or more additives disposed in the electrolyte mixture, in at least one active material of the cell assembly, or any combination thereof, the at least one active material comprising the electrode active material, the counterelectrode active material, or a combination thereof, the one or more additives being configured to alter performance of the device by one or more attributes of the device, the one or more attributers comprising (i) increasing energy density, (ii) enhancing charge carrier kinetics, (iii) increasing passivation layer stability, (iv) increasing fast charging speed, (v) lowering electrical resistance, (vi) suppressing charge carrier reduction, (vii) reducing internal shorting risk, (viii) reduce overpotential, (ix) suppressing parasitic reaction, (x) improving charge capacity retention, (xi) increasing columbic efficiency, or (xii) any combination of (i)-(xi).

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte mixture is in a liquid state.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are disposed in the electrolyte mixture at least in part by being dissolved in the electrolyte mixture.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are disposed in the at least one active material by being (a) deposited on a surface of particulate matter of the at least one active material, (b) mixed with the particulate matter of the at least one active material, (c) deposited on a surface of a layer of the at least one active material, or (d) any combination of (a), (b), (c), and (d).

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise halogens larger than fluoride; optionally wherein the one or more additives comprise bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof; optionally wherein the one or more additives comprise iodine.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise organic compounds; optionally wherein the organic compounds comprise one or more atoms having lone electron pairs available for polar and / or hydrogen bonding; optionally wherein the atoms comprise oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or halogen.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing energy density of the device.

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising enhancing charge carrier kinetics of the device.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing passivation layer stability of the device.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing fast charging speed of the device.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising lowering electrical resistance of the device.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising suppressing charge carrier reduction of the device; optionally wherein charge carrier reduction results in a deposition of a reduced form of the charge carriers onto a constraint system surrounding the cell assembly, the one or more additives suppressing the deposition.

13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising reducing internal shorting risk of the device.

14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter the performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising reducing overpotential of the device.

15. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising suppressing parasitic reaction of the device.

16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising improving charge capacity retention of the device.

17. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are configured to alter performance of the device by the one or more attributers comprising increasing columbic efficiency of the device.

18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives are added to (a) the electrode active material of the electrode and / or (b) the counter-electrode active material of the counter-electrode.

19. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives added to the electrode are different by at least one additive from the one or more additives added to the counter electrode.

20. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives added to the electrode have at least one additive common with the one or more additives added to the counter electrode.Atorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)21. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives added to the electrode are the same as the one or more additives added to the counter electrode.

22. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise nitrogen containing side groups.

23. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise aromatic and / or polycyclic compounds.

24. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise heterocyclic compounds.

25. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise Sulfur compounds.

26. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise alcohols.

27. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise cyclic ketones.

28. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise organometallic coordination compounds.

29. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise cyanines.

30. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise Silicotungstic acid, Nickel hydroxide, or any combination thereof.

31. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise light alkali and alkali earth iodine salts.

32. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise heavy alkali and alkali earth iodine salts.

33. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives comprise light alkali and alkali earth bromine salts.

34. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more additives comprise heavy alkali and alkali earth bromine salts.

35. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is a battery; and optionally wherein the battery is a rechargeable battery.

36. A method comprising: (a) providing the device of any of claims 1 to 35; and (b) manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and / or using the device for the energy manipulation.

37. An apparatus for using the device of any of claims 1 to 35, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured to (a) operatively couple with at least one component and with the device; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and / or using, the device; optionally wherein the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and / or with a communication platform; and optionally wherein one or more of the at least one component is of the device.Attorney Docket No. 000456-0109-WO1 (ENX-0155.WO)38. One or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and / or using, the device of any of claims 1 to 35, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively couple with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II); optionally wherein one or more of the at least one component is of the device.

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