Method for producing an optical element

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing an optical element, in particular for use in fluorescence microscopy and / or fluorescence measurement, preferably in molecular diagnostics systems, very particularly preferably as a beam filter and / or beam separator, comprising the method steps of: providing a transparent support element (2), in particular a glass plate, the support element having opposite surfaces (2.1, 2.2), and providing a first holographically active material (3.1) on the first surface (2.1) and providing a second holographically active material (3.2) on the second surface (2.2) and carrying out exposure of at least the support element (2) and the first and / or second holographically active material (3.1, 3.2) with a laser beam (4).

Description

[0001] R. 412721

[0002] - 1 -

[0003] Description

[0004] Method for manufacturing an optical element

[0005] Technical field

[0006] The invention relates to a method for manufacturing an optical element and an optical element, in particular manufactured according to the method according to the invention.

[0007] State of the art

[0008] To record a hologram, it is generally known that an original signal is first separated into two coherent signals using optical elements. One of the signals forms an object wave. The second signal serves as a reference wave and is made to interfere with the object wave on a photosensitive holographic layer. Exposure to light inscribes the resulting interference pattern into the holographic layer, thereby recording the relative phase shift between the reference wave and the object wave. Holograms produced in this way are widely used for purifying electromagnetic radiation in the visible range by combining several beam paths for illumination, as is known, for example, from DE 10 2022 202 634 A1. An alternative application is the splitting of a light beam into spectrally different detection paths, as is known, for example, from DE 102018 206459 A1.In this process, the beam paths are guided through a multitude of holograms and / or holographic optical elements to improve spectral purity.

[0009] A disadvantage of the prior art is that the holograms are produced separately, possibly on different substrates, and only joined together after production, for example by relamination. Since R. 412721

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[0011] Since the manufacturing process for holograms is subject to technical fluctuations, such as variations in wavelength or inaccuracies in the angles of the manufacturing beams, efficiency losses occur because the beam diffraction at a first hologram does not match the beam diffraction at a second hologram when guided across several holograms.

[0012] Disclosure of the invention

[0013] The inventive method for manufacturing an optical element and the optical element overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and achieve an improved efficiency of beam guidance between holograms of an optical element.

[0014] Advantageous embodiments of the method and optical element according to the invention are the subject of the following description and figure description.

[0015] The features described and claimed in the procedure shall also be deemed to be disclosed in the device.

[0016] The process for manufacturing an optical element, in particular for use in fluorescence microscopy and / or fluorescence measurement, preferably in molecular diagnostic systems, most preferably as a radiation filter and / or radiation separator, comprises the following process steps:

[0017] - Provision of a transparent support element, in particular a glass plate, wherein the support element has opposing surfaces,

[0018] - Providing an initial holographically active material at the first surface,

[0019] -Providing a second holographically active material on the second surface,

[0020] - Performing an exposure of at least the support element and the first and / or second holographically active material with a laser beam, R. 412721

[0021] - 3 -

[0022] According to the invention, the exposure comprises splitting the laser beam into three coherent partial beams by a beam splitting means, and guiding the partial beams, wherein the first partial beam and second partial beam are guided by guiding means such that the first partial beam and second partial beam cross and / or interfere at a first position, thereby generating a first holographic element at the first position in the first holographically active material, and the first partial beam and third partial beam are guided by guiding means such that the first partial beam and third partial beam cross and / or interfere at a second position, thereby generating a second holographic element at the second position in the second holographically active material.

[0023] The inventive method thus achieves that the first and second holographically active elements are intrinsically aligned, since the first partial beam is used as an object beam for the generation of both holographic elements. Inaccuracies in wavelengths or angles during exposure are therefore mutually compensated. Furthermore, the inventive method significantly reduces the manufacturing effort of the optical element, since the holographic elements are generated on the same substrate and thus no joining processes, such as relamination, are necessary.

[0024] The support element is formed from a transparent substrate, in particular glass or transparent plastic. The holographically active material can, for example, be a holographic film, whereby the holographically active material can be applied continuously or intermittently to the surfaces of the support element. Additionally or alternatively, the holographically active material can be deactivated in certain areas, i.e., it can lack holographic properties in those areas.

[0025] The first and second holographically active materials can be provided in one process step or in several process steps, whereby it is possible that other process steps, for example exposure, are carried out between the provision of the first and second holographically active materials. R. 412721

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[0027] Advantageously, the laser beam is split into the three coherent partial beams in one process step, i.e., at least temporarily simultaneously; however, it can also be provided that the exposure takes place in successive sub-steps or partial steps, whereby a division into the three partial beams takes place within the overall process.

[0028] According to an advantageous embodiment, the exposure can be carried out in at least two partial steps, wherein in a first partial step the support element and the first holographically active material are exposed with the laser beam, thereby generating the first holographic element, and in a second partial step the support element and the second holographically active material and the first holographically active material and / or the first holographic element are exposed with the laser beam, thereby generating the second holographic element, wherein the first partial beam is restored and wherein the second holographically active material is provided on the second surface after the first partial step and before the second partial step.The restoration of the first partial beam is advantageously achieved either by leaving the guidance of the partial beams unchanged in the first and second steps, or by deflecting the second partial beam at the first holographic element. In this case, the first partial beam is effectively restored by the deflection, as it is imprinted on the first holographic element in the first step. This design allows for more efficient use of the exposure intensity budget.

[0029] According to a further advantageous embodiment, the exposure can be carried out in an exposure chamber containing an immersion fluid, wherein the refractive index of the immersion fluid corresponds at least approximately to the refractive index of the support element and / or the first and / or second holographically active material. This advantageously reduces Fresnel reflections and refraction, thereby eliminating or at least minimizing refractive effects or artifacts at the substrate surface. R. 412721

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[0031] According to a further advantageous embodiment, the exposure can be repeated multiple times, with the wavelength of the laser beam being changed between each repetition and / or a laser with a different wavelength being used each time. Advantageously, possible partial steps are also repeated during each exposure. By changing the wavelength of the laser, holographic elements tuned to different wavelengths and / or multiplex holograms tuned to a multitude of wavelengths can be generated.

[0032] According to a further advantageous embodiment, it can be provided that with each repetition of the exposure, a further first holographic element is generated at an unexposed first position in the first holographically active material, which does not overlap with any first position and / or the first holographic element of a previous exposure. This embodiment allows a plurality of first holographic elements to be generated, each of which is tuned to a different wavelength.

[0033] According to a further advantageous embodiment, it can be provided that with each repetition of the exposure, a further second holographic element is generated at the second position in the second holographically active material. In particular, a multiplex hologram is generated at the second position in the second holographically active material. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a plurality of first holographic elements, each tuned to a different wavelength, are aligned with the second holographic element, which is tuned to all of the different wavelengths, wherein the beam paths can be directed both from the first holographic elements to the second holographic element and vice versa.

[0034] According to a further advantageous embodiment, the holographically active material can be supplemented with additional holographically active layers between exposure repetitions, with the second holographically active material being added to form a multilayer material. This embodiment allows for a large number of exposure repetitions. R. 412721

[0035] - 6 - possible to form a multiplex hologram from the individual second holographic elements, wherein the individual second holographic elements can advantageously modulate the refractive indices in the layers independently of each other.

[0036] According to a further advantageous embodiment, focusing and / or bundling of the second and third partial beams can be provided, and / or defocusing and / or widening of the second and third partial beams by focusing means. This allows the corresponding beam-shaping properties to be imposed on the first and second holographic elements, and, for example, enables the deflection of an approximately point-like beam source.

[0037] According to a further advantageous embodiment, the support element and the first and / or second holographically active layer can be moved, in particular rotated, between exposure repetitions. This allows the creation of an optical element which, particularly through rotation, has easily adjustable and interchangeable beam paths and is therefore suitable for optical applications with beams of different wavelengths.

[0038] The invention further comprises an optical element, in particular for use in fluorescence microscopy and / or fluorescence measurement, preferably in molecular diagnostic systems, most preferably as a radiation filter, in particular produced according to the inventive method according to one of the embodiments described above, comprising a transparent support element, in particular a glass plate, wherein the support element has holographically active materials on opposite surfaces, wherein a first holographic element is arranged at a first position in the first holographically active layer and a second holographic element is arranged at a second position in the second holographically active layer.

[0039] According to the invention, the first holographic element and the second holographic element are intrinsically aligned with each other due to process constraints. R. 412721

[0040] - 7 - To avoid repetition, reference is made to the inventive method for manufacturing an optical element with regard to the advantages and advantageous embodiments. The embodiments disclosed by the method are thus also to be disclosed and claimable for the optical element.

[0041] In this context, "intrinsically aligned" means that, due to the manufacturing process, the first and second holographic elements, for example in their specified wavelength and beam angles, match at least approximately perfectly, since they were produced with the same object beam.

[0042] According to an advantageous embodiment, the system comprises a plurality of first holographic elements, which are configured in particular as wavelength filters and / or beam separators for different wavelengths, and wherein the second holographic element, in particular a multiplex holographic element, is configured as a wavelength filter and / or beam separator for one or more wavelengths. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the plurality of first holographic elements, each tuned to a different wavelength, are aligned with the second holographic element, which is tuned to all of the different wavelengths, wherein the beam paths can be directed both from the first holographic elements to the second holographic element, in particular to combine the beams, and vice versa, in particular to separate the beams.

[0043] According to an advantageous embodiment, a radiation trap may be associated with the first holographic element and / or the second holographic element. The radiation trap may, in particular, be formed by a blackened area or an attached black material with a refractive index similar to that of the layer. The radiation trap advantageously absorbs rays that are not deflected by the holographic elements. Preferably, several radiation traps may also be included, for example, at each holographic element. R. 412721

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[0045] Brief description of the drawings

[0046] Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the exposure of an optical element in a first embodiment

[0047] Fig. 2a, b: Schematic representation of beam paths in an optical element in a first embodiment

[0048] Fig. 3a: Schematic representation of the exposure of an optical element in a second embodiment

[0049] Fig. 3b: Schematic representation of a beam path in an optical element in a second embodiment

[0050] Fig. 4a, b: Schematic representation of the exposure of an optical element in a third embodiment

[0051] Fig. 5 a, b: Schematic representation of beam paths in an optical element

[0052] Fig. 6: Schematic representation of beam paths in an optical element in a fourth embodiment

[0053] Figure 1 shows the exposure of an optical element 1 in a first embodiment. A support element 2 with opposing surfaces 2.1, 2.2 is provided, which is made in particular of glass or transparent plastic. A first holographically active material 3.1 is arranged on the first surface 2.1, and a second holographically active material 3.2 is arranged on the second surface 2.2, wherein the two holographically active materials 3.1, 3.2 are in particular holographic films. The holographically active materials 3.1, 3.2 can advantageously be partially deactivated or arranged only section by section on the first and / or second surface 2.1, 2.2.

[0054] The exposure is carried out with a laser beam 4, which is split into three coherent partial beams 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 by beam splitter 5. The first R. 412721

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[0056] Partial beam 4.1 is guided by guiding means 6 such that it strikes the first position 11.1 and the second position 11.2. The second partial beam 4.2 is guided such that it intersects and / or interferes with the first partial beam 4.1 at the first position 11.1, thereby generating a first holographic element 7.1 in the first holographically active material 3.1 at the first position 11.1. The third partial beam 4.3 is guided such that it intersects and / or interferes with the first partial beam 4.1 at the second position 11.2, thereby generating the second holographic element 7.2 in the second holographically active material 3.2 at the second position 11.2. By generating the first and second holographic elements 7.1, 7.2 with the same partial beam 4.1, the holographic elements 7.1, 7.2 are intrinsically aligned.

[0057] The exposure process advantageously takes place in an exposure chamber 9 in which an immersion fluid 10 is arranged. The immersion fluid 10 has approximately the same refractive index as the support element 2 and / or the first holographically active material 3.1 and / or the second holographically active material 3.2. This advantageously prevents the laser beam 4 from being deflected when it strikes and / or enters the support element 2 and the holographically active materials 3.2, 3.2.

[0058] Not shown in Fig. 1, the exposure process can advantageously be repeated multiple times, with the laser beam 4 being set to a different wavelength each time, or a laser with a different wavelength being used, thereby generating further holographic elements 7.1a, 7.2a which are exposed at different wavelengths. The guidance of the partial beams 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 is advantageously implemented such that the further first holographic element 7.1a is not generated at the first position 11.1, but rather at an unexposed further first position 11.1a. The further second holographic element 7.2a is generated at the second position 11.2, thereby producing, in particular, a multiplex hologram. The multitude of second holographic elements 7.2a can be embedded in a holographically active material 3.2 are generated, or alternatively, between repetitions of the exposure, the second holographic material 3.2 is supplemented by further layers 3.2a, in particular to a multilayer material, wherein the further second holographic elements R. 412721.

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[0060] 7.2a are each generated in a previously unexposed layer of the second holographically active material 3.2a.

[0061] Figures 2a and 2b show an optical element 1 comprising a support element 2 with opposing surfaces 2.1 and 2.2. A first holographically active material 3.1 is arranged on the first surface 2.1, in which a first holographic element 7.1 is formed. A second holographically active material 3.2 is arranged on the second surface 2.2, in which a second holographic element 7.2 is formed.

[0062] In Fig. 2a, a beam 15, for example in the application of the optical element 1 in fluorescence microscopy, is first directed onto the first holographic element 7.1 and then directed from the first holographic element 7.1 to the second holographic element 7.2, thereby advantageously achieving, for example, spectral purification of the beam. A radiation trap 13 is associated with the first holographic element 7.1, which absorbs undistracted radiation.

[0063] In Fig. 2b, a beam 15, as for example in the application of the optical element 1 in fluorescence microscopy, is first directed onto the second holographic element 7.2 and then deflected from there onto the first holographic element 7.1, thereby advantageously achieving, for example, spectral purification. A radiation trap 13 is associated with the second holographic element 7.2, which absorbs undeflected radiation.

[0064] Figures 2a and 2b show that the optical element 1 functions as a radiation filter and / or radiation separator in both directions. Advantageously, it is also possible to assign radiation filters to the first and second holographic elements 7.1 and 7.2. The radiation filter(s) are formed, in particular, by a black material.

[0065] Figure 3a shows another possible embodiment of the exposure of the optical element 1. Here, a support element 2 with opposing surfaces 2.1 and 2.2 is provided, which is made in particular of glass or transparent plastic. A first holographically active material 3.1 is arranged on the first surface 2.1 and on the second surface R. 412721

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[0067] 2.2 A second holographically active material 3.2 is arranged, wherein the two holographically active materials 3.1, 3.2 are in particular holographic films. The holographically active materials 3.1, 3.2 can advantageously be deactivated area by area or only section by area on the first and / or second surface 2.1,

[0068] 2.2 should be applied.

[0069] The exposure is performed with a laser beam 4, which is split into three coherent partial beams 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 by beam splitting means 5. The first partial beam 4.1 is guided by guiding means 6 such that it strikes the first position 11.1 and the second position 11.2. The second partial beam 4.2 is guided such that it intersects and / or interferes with the first partial beam 4.1 at the first position 11.1, whereby the second partial beam 4.2 is guided by a focusing means 8, which defocuses and / or widens the second partial beam 4.2. This produces a correspondingly defocused first holographic element 7.1. The third partial beam 4.3 is guided such that it crosses and / or interferes with the first partial beam 4.1 at the second position 11.2, wherein the third partial beam 4.3 is guided through a further focusing means 8 which focuses and / or bundles the third partial beam 4.3.This creates a correspondingly focused second holographic element 7.2. Advantageously, it is also possible for the third and second partial beams 4.2, 4.3 to both be focused and / or bundled, or both to be defocused and / or expanded, or for the second partial beam 4.2 to be focused and the third partial beam 4.3 to be defocused.

[0070] Figure 3b shows an optical element 1, which was manufactured according to the method of Figure 3b. The optical element comprises a support element 2 with opposing surfaces 2.1 and 2.2. A first holographically active material 3.1 is arranged on the first surface 2.1, in which a first holographic element 7.1 is formed. On the second surface

[0071] 2.2 a second holographically active material 3.2 is arranged in which a second holographic element 7.2 is formed.

[0072] A light source 14 generates a widened and / or defocused beam 15, which strikes the first holographic element 7.1, which, through its widened and / or defocused embossing, reflects the beam 15 in parallel. R. 412721

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[0074] The beam is deflected onto the second holographic element 7.2. The first holographic element 7.1 is associated with a beam trap 13, which absorbs undeflected radiation. The second holographic element 7.2 focuses the beam 15 through its focused and / or bundled embossing, advantageously producing an approximately point-like beam. The beam guidance shown in Fig. 3b can, in principle, also be reversed.

[0075] Figures 4a and 4b show another alternative exposure process in several partial steps S1, S2. Here, a support element 2 with opposing surfaces 2.1, 2.2 is provided, which is preferably made of glass or transparent plastic. A first holographically active material 3.1, advantageously a holographic film, is arranged on the first surface 2.1.

[0076] Figure 4a shows step S1, in which the laser beam 4 is first split into the first partial beam 4.1 and the second partial beam 4.2 by beam splitting means 5. The first partial beam 4.1 is guided by guiding means 6 such that it crosses the first and second positions 11.1, 11.2. The second partial beam 4.2 is guided such that it crosses or interferes with the first partial beam 4.1 at the first position 11.1, thereby generating the first holographic element 7.1. Implementations in which the second partial beam

[0077] 4.2 Focused or defocused becomes possible.

[0078] Figure 4b shows the second step S2, wherein after the generation of the first holographic element 7.1 in S1 the second holographic material

[0079] 3.2 is provided. In substep S2, the laser beam 4 is split into the second and third partial beams 4.2 and 4.3, respectively. The second partial beam 4.2 is directed onto the first holographic element 7.1, which, through its imprinting with the first partial beam 4.1, deflects the second partial beam 4.2 in such a way that the first partial beam 4.1 is, in a broad sense, restored. The third partial beam 4.3 crosses and / or interferes with the restored first partial beam 4.1 at the second position 11.2, thereby generating the second holographic element 7.2.

[0080] Figures 5a and 5b show an optical element 1 comprising a support element 2 with opposing surfaces 2.1, 2.2. (See R. 412721 for further details.)

[0081] - 13 - On the second surface 2.1, a first holographically active material 3.1 is arranged, in which a plurality of first holographic elements 7.1 are formed. On the second surface 2.2, a second holographically active material 3.2 is arranged, in which a second holographic element 7.2, which is advantageously a multiplex hologram, is arranged.

[0082] In Fig. 5a, a light source 14, for example a light-emitting diode or a fluorescent dye, generates a beam 15, which is advantageously guided through a focusing device 8 that defocuses and / or widens or focuses and / or bundles the beam path. The beam 15 strikes the first holographic element 7.1 and is deflected by it to the second holographic element 7.2. The second holographic element 7.2 directs the beam 15, for example, to a detector or a sample to be examined.

[0083] Figure 5b shows the beam path in reverse order, with a light source 14 generating a beam 15 which first strikes the second holographic element 7.2 and is deflected by it to the first holographic element 7.1. The first holographic element 7.1 directs the beam 15, for example, onto a sample to be irradiated or a detector.

[0084] The beam guidance shown in Figures 5a and b advantageously achieves spectral purification and / or beam filtering and / or beam separation. All the first holographic elements 7.1 shown are aligned with the second holographic element 7.2, which is in particular a multiplex hologram, and are intrinsically aligned with it by the manufacturing process according to the invention.

[0085] Figure 6 shows an optical element 1 comprising a plurality of first holographic elements 7.1 and second holographic elements 7.2. A light source 14 generates a beam 15 which strikes a second holographic element 7.2 and is deflected by it to a first holographic element 7.1. The first holographic element 7.1 directs the beam 15, for example, onto a sample to be irradiated or a detector. The beam path can also be reversed. R. 412721

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[0087] In the embodiment shown in Fig. 6, the first and second holographic elements 7.1, 7.2 are arranged such that, by rotating the carrier element 2 relative to the light source 14, another pair of first and second holographic elements 7.1 and 7.2 can be positioned in the beam path of the beam 15. Advantageously, the different pairs of first and second holographic elements 7.1, 7.2 are exposed at different wavelengths and can thus, for example, be switched on and off as needed in an application in fluorescence microscopy, or in other words, rotated in and out of the beam path of the beam 15. Likewise, in accordance with the present invention, the method for producing or generating the pairs of first and second holographic elements 7.1, 7.2 involves rotating the carrier element 2 together with the holographically active materials 3.1, 3.2 - relative to the light source 14 between the individual exposures with three partial rays each.

Claims

R. 412721 - 15 - Claims 1. Method for producing an optical element (1), in particular for use in fluorescence microscopy and / or fluorescence measurement, preferably in molecular diagnostic systems, most preferably as a radiation filter and / or radiation separator, comprising the following process steps: - Provision of a transparent support element (2), in particular a glass plate, wherein the support element (2) has opposing surfaces (2.1, 2.2), - Provision of an initial holographically active material (3.1) at the first surface (2.1), -Provision of a second holographically active material (3.2) at the second surface (2.2), - Execution of an exposure of at least the support element (2) and the first and / or second holographically active material (3.1, 3.2) with a laser beam (4), characterized in that the exposure comprises splitting the laser beam (4) by a beam splitting means (5) into three coherent partial beams (4.1, 4.2, 4.3), and guiding the partial beams (4.1, 4.2, 4.3), wherein the first partial beam (4.1) and second partial beam (4.2) are guided by guiding means (6) such that the first partial beam (4.1) and second partial beam (4.2) intersect and / or interfere at a first position (11.1), thereby generating a first holographic element (7.1) in the first holographically active material (3.1) at the first position (11.1). R. 412721 - 16 - and the first partial beam (4.1) and third partial beam (4.3) are guided by means of guides (6) such that the first partial beam (4.1) and third partial beam (4.3) intersect and / or interfere at a second position (11.2), thereby generating a second holographic element (7.2) in the second holographically active material (3.2) at the second position (11.2).

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the exposure is carried out in at least two partial steps, wherein in a first partial step the support element (2) and the first holographically active material (3.1) are exposed with the laser beam (4), thereby generating the first holographic element (7.1), and in a second partial step the support element (2) and the second holographically active material (3.2) and the first holographically active material and / or the first holographic element are exposed with the laser beam (4), thereby generating the second holographic element (7.2), wherein the first partial beam (4.1) is restored and wherein the second holographically active material (3.2) is provided on the second surface (2.2) after the first partial step and before the second partial step.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the exposure is carried out in an exposure chamber (9) in which an immersion fluid (10) is arranged, wherein the refractive index of the immersion fluid corresponds at least approximately to the refractive index of the support element and / or the first and / or second holographically active material.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the exposure is repeated many times, wherein the wavelength of the laser beam (4) is changed between each repetition of the exposure.

5. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that, R. 412721 - 17 - that with each repetition of the exposure, another first holographic element (7.1a) is produced at an unexposed first position (11.1a) in the first holographically active material (3.1), which does not overlap with any first position (11.1) and / or the first holographic element (7.1) of a previous exposure.

6. Method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that with each repetition of the exposure a further second holographic element (7.2a) is generated at the second position (11 .2) in the second holographically active material (3.2).

7. Method according to claims 4 to 6, characterized by supplementing the second holographically active material (3.2) between the repetitions of the exposures with further holographically active layers (3.2a), wherein the second holographically active material (3.2) is supplemented to form a multilayer material.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by focusing and / or bundling the second (4.2) and third partial beam (4.3) and / or defocusing and / or widening the second (4.2) and third partial beam (4.3) by focusing means (8).

9. Method according to one of claims 4 to 8, characterized by moving, in particular rotating, the carrier element (2) and the first and / or second holographically active layer (3.1 , 3.2) between repetitions of the exposure.

10. Optical element (1), in particular for use in fluorescence microscopy and / or fluorescence measurement, preferably in molecular diagnostic systems, most preferably as a radiation filter, R. 412721 - 18 - in particular produced according to a method according to one of claims 1 to 9, comprising a transparent support element (2), in particular a glass plate, wherein the support element (2) has holographically active materials (3.1, 3.2) on opposite surfaces (2.1, 2.2), wherein a first holographic element (7.1) is arranged at a first position (11.1) in the first holographically active layer (3.1) and a second holographic element (7.2) is arranged at a second position (11.2) in the second holographically active layer (3.2), characterized in that the first holographic element (7.1) and the second holographic element (7.2) are intrinsically aligned with each other due to the process.

11. Optical element (1) according to claim 10, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of first holographic elements (7.1, 7.1a), which are in particular configured as wavelength filters and / or beam separators for different wavelengths, and wherein the second holographic element (7.2), in particular a multiplex holographic element, is configured as a wavelength filter and / or beam separator for one or more wavelengths.

12. Optical element (1) according to one of claims 10 or 11 , characterized in that a radiation trap is associated with the first holographic element (7.1) and / or the second holographic element (7.2).

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