A rowing machine and a kit for a rowing machine

Abstract

A rowing machine (10) comprising: a frame (20) having a first end (21) and a second end (22) defining a frame axis; a seat (25) slidably mounted to the frame (20), the seat (25) being configured to slide along the frame axis; at least one oarlock (30), 5 wherein the or each oarlock (30) is configured to receive an oar (40) such that the oar (40) can rotate in the oarlock (30); and a resistance mechanism (50) configured to provide resistance to the oar (40).

Description

[0001] A ROWING MACHINE AND A KIT FOR A ROWING MACHINE

[0002] FIELD

[0003] The invention relates to a rowing machine and a kit for a rowing machine.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Rowing is a popular sport, in which one or more rowers propel their boat along a river, canal, lake or ocean, using one or more oars. There are two main disciplines of rowing: sweep rowing and scull rowing. In sweep rowing, each rower has one oar. The boat will generally contain an even number of rowers, with an equal number of oars on each side of the boat. In contrast, in scull rowing, each rower has two oars, with one oar positioned on each side of the boat. The oars are generally shorter than sweep oars, and each boat may contain one or multiple rowers.

[0006] In each of these types of rowing, each rower performs a series of rowing strokes with the oar(s), with each rowing stroke being made up of four main phases. Each of these phases of the rowing stroke requires the rower to perform specific actions of body movement.

[0007] In particular, during the “catch” phase, the oar is inserted into the water. The rower sits with their knees bent and their shins vertical. Their back should be slightly forward, and their arms extended, holding the handle of the oar. Then, during the “drive” phase, the rower begins to straighten their legs, leans backwards slightly, and uses their arms to pull the handle of the oar towards their chest. During the “finish” or “release” phase, the rower leans back, with their legs fully extended and the handle of the oar pulled in to their chest. The rower pushes down on the oar handle, in order to remove the oar from the water. Finally, during the “recovery” phase, the rower returns to their original position, by reversing the motion. In other words, during the recovery phase, the arms are extended forwards first, then the rower leans forwards, and finally the knees are bent. The rower will then be ready to once

[0008] JJ07452WO (PCT) again insert the oar into the water. Therefore, rowing is made up of a series of cycles of the catch, drive, finish and recovery phases.

[0009] The drive phase, in particular, makes use of many muscles in the rower’s body, due to the resistance of the water and the requirement for the rower to use their legs, arms and back. Therefore, in addition to being an enjoyable sport and mode of transport, rowing also provides a very effective means of exercise.

[0010] However, many people are unable to regularly access a boat and / or suitable water. For example, many people live in areas where suitable water for rowing can only be accessed by a long travel. This means that those people are limited in how often they are able to row. Many people also do not have regular access to a boat, due to finances or difficulties with storage. These factors may prevent rowers from regularly training on a boat. Weather conditions may also prevent frequent rowing training.

[0011] These factors may prevent rowers from training as often as is desirable. Additionally, these factors may discourage people from taking up the sport of rowing, since they may feel that the sport is inaccessible to them.

[0012] With a view to providing people with more regular access to rowing, prior art rowing exercise machines are often provided in public gyms, homes or schools. Prior art rowing exercise machines are typically provided with a seat that slides backwards and forwards, and a single central handle that the user can hold with both hands. During the drive phase, the user can pull the handle towards their chest, by straightening their legs (thereby sliding the seat backwards), leaning backwards, and then bending their arms. This process can then be reversed, during the recovery phase, to move the handle back towards the user’s feet. In other words, during the recovery phase, the arms are straightened, the rower leans forwards, and the legs are bent. In prior art rowing exercise machines, the handle is typically attached to a flywheel, which provides resistance during the drive phase. These prior art rowing exercise machines therefore allow users to access a rowing-style workout in an indoor environment. This provides a more accessible means of exercise than rowing on water.

[0013] JJ07452WO (PCT) Most existing rowing machines only allow the user to push and pull the handle straight forwards and backwards. Some rowing machines include one or two independent handles that allow for forward, backward, and up-and-down motion. However, when rowing on water, the movement of an oar during each rowing stroke is more complex. This complex oar movement cannot be correctly mimicked using existing rowing machines.

[0014] In contrast to the handle of a rowing exercise machine, oars include a blade (i.e. the portion of the oar that is inserted into the water). The blade is typically relatively flat in shape, and therefore the orientation of the blade relative to the surface of the water affects the power of the rowing stroke.

[0015] Therefore, in addition to the above-described body movements that take place during the phases of each rowing stroke, the rower should also perform specific actions of blade movement during each rowing stroke. During each rowing stroke, the blade should be “squared off”, before the blade is inserted into the water (i.e. during the catch phase). This means that the handle of the oar should be rotated so that the blade is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the water, before the blade is inserted into the water. The blade should remain in this orientation for the drive phase. During the finish or release phase, the oar should then be “feathered”. This means that the handle of the oar should be rotated so that the blade is substantially parallel to the surface of the water, after the blade is removed from the water. During the recovery phase, the blade remains parallel to the surface of the water.

[0016] In this way, the blade is in an aerodynamic position when out of the water, to reduce resistance with the air during the recovery phase. In contrast, when the blade is in the water, the area of the blade pushing against the water is maximised, in order to maximise the propulsion of the boat.

[0017] These steps of feathering and squaring off the blade are important parts of rowing, and therefore it is useful for the rowers to also practice the blade movements.

[0018] JJ07452WO (PCT) Mastering the synchronisation of the body movements described above with the blade movements during each of the rowing phases is crucial for effective and efficient rowing. However, prior art rowing exercise machines typically include a single central handle or an independent handle setup that fails to replicate the natural and realistic movements of a fully independent rowing oar. Therefore, they do not allow the user to simulate the movements of the blade, such as feathering or squaring off. This means that the required blade movements cannot be practised with the body movements, unless the rower is in boat.

[0019] Conventional rowing exercise machines also do not simulate the full range of motion between the components of the oarlock and oar, such as the sleeve and the button, including lateral movements. The specific movements of the blade described above cause the sleeve and button interface to interact with the oarlock, as explained further below. These important parts of rowing cannot be accurately simulated with existing rowing machines, because the handles are not capable of replicating the movements of the blade and the interactions between the oarlock and the components of the oar.

[0020] This means that many athletes and students only fully appreciate the dynamics of oar handling in sculling and sweep rowing when they first row on water, or occasionally in facilities like water tanks with static rowing rigs. Since rowing on water or water tanks is not as accessible as using rowing exercise machines in gyms, rowers are not generally able to access regular training of oar handling.

[0021] Additionally, although the flywheel may provide some resistance during the drive phase, these existing rowing exercise machines are not capable of accurately simulating the hydrodynamics of rowing, i.e. to accurately simulate the resistance of water.

[0022] Some existing rowing machines include a pair of handles, with one on either side of the rowing machine, so that the user holds one handle with each hand, in use. By providing handles on either side of the rowing machine, the experience may be more similar to rowing on water than a standard rowing exercise machine with a central

[0023] JJ07452WO (PCT) handle. The handles may allow for movement in an arc: lifting the handles up and down at the catch, and rotating them for squaring and feathering. However, the movement of these handles is still very limited compared to the movement of an actual oar. For example, when rowing on a boat, the components of the oar, such as the sleeve and the button, interact with the oarlock of the boat. This interaction is not experienced when using these rowing machines with a pair of handles. When rowing on water, resistance is provided by the water pushing against the oar’s blade. This resistance causes the sleeve of the oar to be pushed into the drive face of the oarlock, facilitating propulsion through the pin mechanism. Also, when the oar is rotated in the oarlock from feathered to catch positions, the engagement between the sleeve and the oarlock provides a distinct “clunk”. The unique interactions between the components of the oar and the oarlock are a critical aspect of rowing training, which cannot be accurately simulated, even with rowing machines including a pair of handles.

[0024] Existing rowing machines also do not allow for the rower to simulate the factors that affect their balance and stability while in the water. When in a scull, if both blades are equally buried in the water, the boat will feel stable, and the rower can use subtle movements of their hips and core, in order to keep level. If the two oars are not driven or buried in the water equally, then the boat may become imbalanced. The boat may roll slightly, and the rower may need to move their body and / or the oars, in order to account for this roll and to restore the balance of the boat. Likewise, in sweep rowing, the rowers will need to ensure that their oar movements and bodies are balanced, to ensure that the boat is stable. The rower(s) could continuously be making adjustments to the position of their body (e.g. the core and hips) and to the movement of the oar during the drive phase, in order to ensure that the boat is stable. This experience cannot be accurately simulated using existing rowing machines.

[0025] Therefore, although rowing exercise machines provide an effective workout similar to rowing, these prior art rowing exercise machines do not provide the users with an accurate simulation of rowing on water. Therefore, rowing on water remains a more

[0026] JJ07452WO (PCT) effective means of rowing training, which cannot be accurately simulated on land or indoors.

[0027] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] There is provided a rowing machine comprising: a frame having a first end and a second end defining a frame axis; a seat slidably mounted to the frame, the seat being configured to slide along the frame axis; at least one oarlock, wherein the or each oarlock is configured to receive an oar such that the oar can rotate in the oarlock; and a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar.

[0029] The oarlock may be configured to receive the oar such that the oar passes through the oarlock.

[0030] The rowing machine may further comprise at least one oar configured to be received in a corresponding oarlock.

[0031] The or each oar may comprise a blade.

[0032] The or each oar may comprise a button configured to prevent the oar from sliding out of the oarlock.

[0033] The or each oar may comprise a sleeve.

[0034] The or each oarlock may comprise a gate configured to secure the oar in the oarlock.

[0035] The resistance mechanism may be configured to provide an adjustable level of resistance to the oar.

[0036] The resistance mechanism may comprise a training gate configured to receive a part of the oar.

[0037] JJ07452WO (PCT) The resistance mechanism may be configured to only provide resistance to the oar when the oar is in contact with the training gate.

[0038] The training gate may be positioned such that the distance between the oarlock and the frame is smaller than the distance between the training gate and the frame.

[0039] The training gate may comprise a support bar configured to limit movement of the oar towards the ground, when the rowing machine is in use.

[0040] The support bar may comprise a flexible material.

[0041] The height of the support bar may be adjustable.

[0042] The resistance mechanism may comprise one or more of a flywheel, a hydraulic damper, an induction system, a pneumatic system, an eddy current system, or any suitable combination.

[0043] The rowing machine may further comprise a data collection device configured to measure data including the force applied to the oar during a rowing stroke.

[0044] The rowing machine may further comprise a memory device configured to store the data from the data collection device.

[0045] The rowing machine may further comprise a transmitter configured to transmit the data from the data collection device to an external device.

[0046] There is also provided a kit for a rowing machine, the rowing machine comprising a frame having a first end and a second end defining a frame axis and a seat slidably mounted to the frame, the seat being configured to slide along the frame axis, wherein the kit comprises: an attachment mechanism, configured to attach the kit to the rowing machine; at least one oarlock, wherein the or each oarlock is configured to receive an oar such that the oar can rotate in the oarlock; and a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar.

[0047] JJ07452WO (PCT) The attachment mechanism may comprise one or more brackets configured to attach to the frame of the rowing machine.

[0048] The oarlock may be configured to receive the oar such that the oar passes through the oarlock.

[0049] The kit may further comprise at least one oar configured to be received in a corresponding oarlock.

[0050] The or each oar may comprise a blade.

[0051] The or each oar may comprise a button configured to prevent the oar from sliding out of the oarlock.

[0052] The or each oar may comprise a sleeve.

[0053] The or each oarlock may comprise a gate configured to secure the oar in the oarlock.

[0054] The resistance mechanism may be configured to provide an adjustable level of resistance to the oar.

[0055] The resistance mechanism may comprise a training gate configured to receive a part of the oar.

[0056] The resistance mechanism may be configured to only provide resistance to the oar when the oar is in contact with the training gate.

[0057] The training gate may be positioned such that the distance between the oarlock and the frame is smaller than the distance between the training gate and the frame.

[0058] JJ07452WO (PCT) The training gate may comprise a support bar configured to limit movement of the oar towards the ground, when the rowing machine is in use.

[0059] The support bar may comprise a flexible material.

[0060] The height of the support bar may be adjustable.

[0061] The resistance mechanism may comprise one or more of a flywheel, a hydraulic damper, an induction system, a pneumatic system, an eddy current system, or any suitable combination.

[0062] The kit may further comprise a data collection device configured to measure data including the force applied to the oar during a rowing stroke.

[0063] The kit may further comprise a memory device configured to store the data from the data collection device.

[0064] The kit may further comprise a transmitter configured to transmit the data from the data collection device to an external device.

[0065] The rowing machine may further include a cradle including at least the frame and the seat; and a base defining an axis of rotation, wherein the cradle is rotatable about the axis of rotation.

[0066] There is also provided a rowing machine comprising: a cradle including: a frame having a first end and a second end defining a frame axis; and a seat slidably mounted to the frame, the seat being configured to slide along the frame axis; and a base defining an axis of rotation, wherein the cradle is rotatable about the axis of rotation.

[0067] The rowing machine may further comprise at least one oarlock, wherein the or each oarlock is configured to receive an oar such that the oar can rotate in the oarlock; and a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar.

[0068] JJ07452WO (PCT) The rowing machine may further comprise at least one rotation control system configured to control the rotation of the cradle about the axis of rotation.

[0069] The rotation control system may be configured to bias the cradle in an upright position.

[0070] The rotation control system may include one or more ballast components.

[0071] The rowing machine may further comprise at least one pressure measurement device configured to produce a pressure signal that is proportional to the movement of an oar.

[0072] The rowing machine may further comprise a training gate configured to receive a part of the oar.

[0073] The training gate may comprise the pressure measurement device.

[0074] The pressure measurement device may include a pressure plate.

[0075] The rowing machine may be configured to communicate the pressure signal from the pressure measurement device to the rotation control system.

[0076] The rotation control system may include a braking system.

[0077] The braking system may include one or more brake calipers, wherein the cradle includes the or each brake caliper.

[0078] The cradle may include one or more brake pads, wherein the base includes one or more brake discs, and wherein the or each brake caliper is configured to move the brake pads into contact with the brake discs based on the pressure signal.

[0079] JJ07452WO (PCT) The rowing machine may further include one or more sensors configured to determine the position and / or angular orientation of the oar.

[0080] The pressure measurement device may be configured to selectively produce a pressure signal based on a reading from one or more sensors.

[0081] The rowing machine may further comprise a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar, wherein the resistance mechanism is configured to vary the resistance based on a reading from one or more sensors.

[0082] The rowing machine may further comprise at least one rotation control system configured to control the rotation of the cradle about the axis of rotation, wherein the rotation control system is configured to vary the rotation based on a reading from one or more sensors.

[0083] The base may include a shaft defining the axis of rotation.

[0084] The cradle may include one or more bearings configured to rotate on the shaft.

[0085] The base may include one or more supports, and the shaft may be translatable relative to the or each support, in an axial direction.

[0086] JJ07452WO (PCT) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0087] In order that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, preferable embodiments thereof will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0088] FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a rowing machine;

[0089] FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of an outrigger, oarlock, training gate and oar of the rowing machine of FIGURE 1 ;

[0090] FIGURE 3 is a perspective view of an oarlock, training gate and a portion of the oar of the rowing machine of FIGURES 1 and 2;

[0091] FIGURE 4 is a front view of a portion of the oar and oarlock of FIGURES 1 to 3, in a correct rowing configuration;

[0092] FIGURE 5 is a front view of the portion of the oar and oarlock of FIGURE 4, in an incorrect rowing configuration;

[0093] FIGURE 6 is a perspective view of the portion of the oar and oarlock of FIGURES 4 and 5;

[0094] FIGURE 7 is a side view of the portion of the oar and oarlock of FIGURE 6;

[0095] FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of a kit in use on a rowing machine;

[0096] FIGURE 9 is a perspective view of the kit of FIGURE 8 in use on a different rowing machine;

[0097] FIGURE 10A is a perspective view of a rowing machine, configured for two rowers;

[0098] FIGURE 10B is a perspective view of a rowing machine, configured for four rowers;

[0099] FIGURE 10C is a perspective view of a rowing machine, configured for eight rowers;

[0100] FIGURE 11 is a partial perspective view of a rowing machine that includes a cradle and a base;

[0101] FIGURE 12 is a partial perspective view of the cradle of FIGURE 11 ;

[0102] FIGURE 13 is a perspective view of the base of FIGURE 11 ;

[0103] FIGURE 14 is a perspective view of a training gate of the rowing machine of

[0104] FIGURE 11 ; and

[0105] FIGURE 15 is a partial perspective view of the rowing machine of FIGURE 11 .

[0106] JJ07452WO (PCT) DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0107] Referring to Figure 1 , there is shown a rowing machine 10. The rowing machine 10 comprises a frame 20 having a first end 21 and a second end 22. The frame 20 may define a frame axis between the first end 21 and the second end 22.

[0108] The rowing machine 10 may comprise one or more supports attached to the frame 20, for elevating the frame 20 of the rowing machine 10 from the ground in use. For example, the supports may be legs. As shown in Figure 1 , the rowing machine 10 may comprise four legs 23. It will be appreciated that the rowing machine 10 may comprise any suitable number of supports or legs 23, or the rowing machine 10 could comprise no supports, and the frame 20 could be placed directly on the ground in use.

[0109] The rowing machine 10 may further comprise a footrest 24 positioned at or adjacent the first end 21 of the frame 20. In use, the rower may place their feet on the footrest 24, such that the footrest 24 serves as the primary support for the rower’s feet during use. The footrest 24 may comprise one or more platforms or footplates for supporting a rower’s feet during use. The footrest 24 may comprise one or more straps and / or covers for securing each foot against the footrest 24. The straps and / or covers may securely hold the rower’s feet in place during the rowing stroke. The straps and / or covers may be adjustable, so as to fit feet of a variety of different sizes. The straps and / or covers may be positioned on the platforms or footplates, if present. As shown in Figures 1 , 8 and 9, the footrest 24 may be shaped so as to complement the shape of the rower’s shoes.

[0110] The rowing machine 10 further comprises a seat 25. The seat 25 may be slidably mounted to the frame 20. For example, the seat 25 may be attached to the frame 20 by a mounting arrangement. The mounting arrangement may allow the seat 25 to move towards one or both ends of the frame 20, without being removed from the frame 20. For example, the frame 20 could comprise one or more grooves, and the seat 25 could comprise one or more wheels, which are positioned in the one or more

[0111] JJ07452WO (PCT) grooves in use, to allow the seat 25 to slide along the frame 20 with the one or more wheels in the one or more grooves.

[0112] The seat 25 may be slidable along the frame axis. In other words, the seat 25 may be slidable towards the first end 21 of the frame 20 and / or towards the second end 22 of the frame 20. The seat 25 may be slidable along approximately the full length of the frame axis, or along only a portion of the length of the frame axis.

[0113] In use, the rower may sit on the seat 25, with their feet positioned on the footrest 24, if present. As the rower bends their knees, the seat 25 may be caused to slide towards the first end 21 of the frame 20. As the rower straightens their legs, the seat 25 may be configured to slide towards the second end 22 of the frame 20. In this way, the sliding seat 25 and footrest 24 may provide an ergonomic rowing machine 20 that facilitates a simulation of proper rowing technique. It is envisioned that the rowing machine 10 could be provided without a footrest 24. In use, the rower could instead place their feet on either the ground or on part of the frame 20, and the seat 25 could still slide relative to the rower’s feet.

[0114] The footrest 24 may be adjustable. For example, the rower may be able to adjust the height of the footrest 24 (i.e. the distance between the footrest 24 and the ground in use). In this way, the rower may be able to position their feet in a comfortable position relative to their body. The footrest 24 may therefore allow adjustment to accommodate different leg lengths. This may ensure that rowers with different thigh- to-leg ratios can position their knees and hips correctly when using the rowing machine, thereby maintaining proper alignment throughout the rowing stroke.

[0115] Additionally or alternatively, the footrest 24 may be adjustable so that the rower is able to adjust the distance between the footrest 24 and the seat 25. In other words, the footrest 24 may be slidable along the frame axis towards the first end 21 of the frame 20 and / or towards the second end 22 of the frame 20. In this way, the rower may be able to adjust the effective length of the rowing machine 10 based on the length of their legs. This adjustability may allow the rower to position their feet at an optimal distance from the seat 25, to ensure that their shins are vertical at the catch

[0116] JJ07452WO (PCT) phase of the rowing stroke. Proper alignment of the feet relative to the seat 25 is crucial for effective power transfer and minimising the risk of injury.

[0117] Additionally or alternatively, the rower may be able to adjust the angle of the footrest 24 relative to the ground in use. The angular adjustment of the footrest 24 may allow the rowing machine 10 to accommodate different rowing styles and user preferences. For example, the rower may be able to adjust the rowing machine 10 to ensure proper foot positioning. Adjusting the angle of the footrest 24 allows rowers to maintain a natural ankle position throughout the stroke, which can help to reduce strain on the Achilles tendon and calf muscles.

[0118] The adjustability of the footrest 24 in one or more directions may be advantageous, because it may allow the rower to use optimal positioning to improve their performance and prevent injuries. The adjustability of the footrest 24 may also enhance the versatility of the rowing machine 10 by making it suitable for a wide range of rowers of varying sizes and physical characteristics, from youths to adults and from novices to elite athletes. By enabling each rower to customise the footrest 24 to their unique body proportions, the rowing machine 10 may promote optimal biomechanical efficiency and comfort during use.

[0119] Proper foot positioning is essential for effective rowing technique, as it allows the rower to fully extend their legs during the drive phase and achieve maximum power output. Additionally, correct foot positioning helps to maintain the rower’s body alignment, reducing the likelihood of developing repetitive strain injuries. The inclusion of an adjustable footrest 24, in position and / or angle, on the rowing machine 10 may ensure that the rowing machine 10 can be tailored to the specific needs of individual rowers, thereby improving performance, comfort, and safety.

[0120] The rowing machine 10 may comprise at least one oarlock 30. In use, the oarlock 30 may receive an oar 40. Figures 2 and 3 show the engagement between an oarlock 30 and an oar 40 of the rowing machine 10 of Figure 1 in more detail. The use of at least one oarlock 30 makes exercising using the rowing machine 10 more similar to rowing on water. In particular, in use, the oarlock 30 acts as a fulcrum on

[0121] JJ07452WO (PCT) which an oar 40 can pivot. In existing rowing exercise machines, the rower pulls a handle that only allows forward and backward movement. The use of an oarlock 30, instead of a handle, is advantageous, because it allows the user to replicate the movements of the oar 40 that they would make while rowing on water.

[0122] The oarlock 30 may be configured to allow the oar 40 to be twisted. For example, the oarlock 30 may be sized so as to allow the rower to rotate the handle 41 of the oar 40 within the oarlock 30, thereby causing the end of the oar 40 to be rotated. This may allow the rower to practise feathering and squaring off the blade 42. In this way, the rower can practise the blade 42 movements required for rowing in an indoor setting. The rower can also practise synchronising the blade 42 movements with the body movements required during a rowing stroke. Mastering the synchronisation of the body movements and the blade 42 movements required during each of the rowing phases is crucial for effective and efficient rowing. Therefore, the use of an oarlock 30 allows a rower to effectively train, without needing to be on water.

[0123] The rowing machine 10 may comprise at least one resistance mechanism 50. The resistance mechanism 50 may be configured to provide resistance to an oar 40 when placed in the oarlock 30. The resistance mechanism 50 may be configured to provide resistance in only one direction. For example, the resistance mechanism 50 may be configured to provide resistance when the handle 41 of the oar 40 is moved towards the second end 22 of the frame 20. In this way, resistance may be provided by the resistance mechanism 50 during the drive phase, but not during the recovery phase. Alternatively, the resistance mechanism 50 may provide a smaller resistance during the recovery phase than in the drive phase. Either of these options may be used to more accurately simulate the experience of rowing on water. For example, when rowing on water, the resistance during the recovery phase may only be provided by the air resistance between the oar and the air. During the drive phase, the resistance may be higher, due to the blade of the oar pushing against the water. The rowing machine 10 may simulate this higher resistance during the drive phase, by providing an increased resistance via the resistance mechanism 50, when the rower is in the drive phase, as compared to the recovery phase.

[0124] JJ07452WO (PCT) The use of a resistance mechanism 50 is therefore particularly advantageous, because the resistance mechanism 50 simulates the interaction of an oar 40 with water, when rowing on a boat, thereby making the rowing machine 10 more similar to the experience of rowing on a boat. The resistance may be provided by any suitable type of resistance mechanism 50, as described further below.

[0125] The rowing machine 10 may comprise one oarlock 30, situated on one side of the frame 20. In this way, the rowing machine 10 may be used for training sweep rowing. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 1 , the rowing machine 10 may comprise two oarlocks 30, with one oarlock 30 being positioned on each side of the frame 20. In this way, the rower may train using two oars simultaneously. The rowing machine 10 may therefore be used for training either sweep or scull rowing.

[0126] The or each oarlock 30 may comprise any features found in existing oarlocks used on boats. The oarlock 30 may be configured such that the oar 40 may pass through the oarlock 30. The oarlock 30 may be configured to support the oar 40.

[0127] For example, as shown in Figure 3, the oarlock 30 may comprise a pin 31 that allows the oarlock 30 to pivot about the pin 31 during the rowing stroke. In use, the pin 31 may be perpendicular to the frame axis. The use of a pin 31 may be advantageous, as it may ensure that the rowing stroke experienced is more similar to the use of an oar on a boat. That is, the use of a pin 31 may allow the rower to experience the feeling of the oar 40 movement causing the oarlock to pivot 30, similarly to the movement that would be experienced when rowing on a boat.

[0128] Additionally or alternatively, and as shown in Figure 3, the or each oarlock 30 may comprise a gate 32. The gate 32 may be pivotable, so as to open and close the oarlock 30. For example, the gate 32 may be hingedly connected to the oarlock 30, and may be configured to pivot from a closed position, in which both ends of the gate 32 are in contact with the oarlock 30, to an open position, in which one of the ends of the gate 32 is separated from the oarlock 30, such that the oar 40 can be inserted in the oarlock 30. In this way, the rower may pivot the gate 32 to open the oarlock 30, and then insert the oar 40 into the oarlock 30. The gate 32 may serve to ensure that

[0129] JJ07452WO (PCT) the oar 40 does not accidentally fall out of the oarlock 30 during use. The oarlock 30 may further comprise a locking mechanism 33. The locking mechanism 33 may be used to secure the gate 32 to the remainder of the oarlock 30. For example, the locking mechanism 33 may include an opening, into which the gate 32 can be inserted, to secure the gate 32 to the remainder of the oarlock 30.

[0130] As shown in Figures 1 and 2, each oarlock 30 may be attached to the frame 20 using an outrigger 26. The rowing machine 10 may comprise two outriggers 26, which extend from opposite sides of the frame 20, with one oarlock 30 positioned at an end of each outrigger 26 that is furthest from the frame 20. The outriggers 26 may provide additional support for the oars 40. The outriggers 26 may be configured to accurately emulate the position of the oars 40 relative to a boat. For example, and as shown in Figure 1 , each outrigger 26 may be shaped so as to position each oarlock 30 a suitable distance from the seat 25. Each outrigger 26 may be shaped so as to position each oarlock 30 a suitable height from the ground, in use.

[0131] Therefore, the outriggers may be shaped so as to make the rowing experience more authentic, by simulating the distance of the oarlock 30 from the seat 25.

[0132] The rowing machine 10 may further comprise one or more oars 40. It is envisioned that the number of oars 40 could be equal to the number of oarlocks 30.

[0133] Alternatively, the number of oars 40 could be different to the number of oarlocks 30. For example, for sweep rowing training, it may be advantageous for the rowing machine 10 to comprise two oarlocks 30 and only one oar 40, so that the rower can train with the oar 40 on either side of the frame 20 and seat 25. It is also envisioned that the rowing machine 10 could be provided without any oars 40, and the rower could use their own oars 40 when training on the rowing machine 10.

[0134] The rowing machine 10 may be provided with multiple oars 40, which are interchangeable. For example, the or each oarlock 30 may be configured to interchangeably receive a sweep oar and a scull oar. In this way, the rower can swap the oars 40, based on the desired type of rowing training. This further improves the versatility of the rowing machine 10.

[0135] JJ07452WO (PCT) The or each oar 40 and oarlock 30 may be configured such that the oar passes through the oarlock 30, with the oarlock 30 supporting the oar 40 towards a midpoint of the oar 40. Therefore, the oar 40 and oarlock 30 may be configured such that a portion of the oar 40 extends beyond the oarlock 30. By having a portion of the oar 40 extending beyond the oarlock 30, the rowing machine 10 may more accurately simulate the experience of rowing on water. For example, the rower may be able to experience the sensations of the oar 40 pivoting on the oarlock 30.

[0136] The or each oar 40, if present, may be similar to existing oars used on boats. The or each oar 40, if present, may comprise any features found in existing oars used on boats. For example, the oar 40 may comprise a handle 41 . The handle 41 may be ergonomically shaped.

[0137] Additionally or alternatively, the oar 40 may comprise a rim that is sized so as to prevent the oar 40 from slipping or sliding out of the oarlock 30. This rim may be known as a “button” 43. For example, the button 43 may have a larger outer diameter than the inner diameter of the oarlock 30, to prevent the oar 40 from slipping out of the oarlock 30. In use, the button 43 may be positioned between the handle 41 and the oarlock 30. This may prevent the weight of the blade 42 from pulling the oar 40 out of the oarlock 30.

[0138] Additionally or alternatively, the oar 40 may comprise a sleeve 44. The sleeve 44 may be a tubular component that is configured to fit over the oar 40 at a portion between the handle 41 and the blade 42. The sleeve 44 may comprise a region of greater thickness, which may act as the button 43. The sleeve 44 may be manufactured from a different material to the oar 40. In use, the portion of the oar 40 covered by the sleeve 44 may be placed in the oarlock 30. Therefore, during rowing training, the sleeve 44 may contact the oarlock 30, rather than the surface of the oar 40. The sleeve 44 may reduce wear on the oar 40 caused by abrasion between the oar 40 and the oarlock 30. The sleeve 44 may be replaceable, to increase the lifetime of the oar 40. The sleeve 44 may include two flat faces that are perpendicular to one another. These flat faces of the sleeve 44 may be configured to align with corresponding flat faces within the oarlock 30. These features may be

[0139] JJ07452WO (PCT) advantageous, as they help to maintain the correct orientation during feathering and squaring positions.

[0140] The or each oar 40, if present, may be shorter than typical oars used on boats. Providing the rowing machine 10 with an oarlock 30 may allow the rower to experience the pivoting of the or each oar 40 within the or each oarlock 30. However, it may not be necessary for the oar 30 to have a length equal to the length of existing oars, for the rower to experience the sensation of rowing on water. The use of an oar 40 that is shorter than typical oars may be beneficial, as it may allow the rowing machine 10 to be placed in a more compact space. This may allow more rowing machines 10 to be placed in a gym, home or school.

[0141] The or each oar 40, if present, may comprise a blade 42. The blade 42 may help to make the rowing experience more similar to rowing on water. For example, the blade 42 may provide weight to the end of the oar 40 that is furthest from the rower’s hand in use (i.e. the distal end of the oar 40), which may more accurately simulate the force required to pivot the oar 40. It may also be beneficial for the blade 42 to be present, so that the rower and / or a coach is able to visualise the blade 42 movements. The use of a blade 42 may allow the rower and / or a coach to visualise whether or not the blade 42 is being correctly feathered and squared off. Alternatively, it is envisioned that the or each oar 40, if present, may not be provided with a blade 42. If the oar 40 is not provided with a blade 42, then the distal end of the oar 40 could be provided with alternative weighting to simulate the weight of a blade on a standard oar. For example, the distal end of the or each oar 40 could be manufactured from a material that is denser. Alternatively, the distal end of the or each oar 40 could be provided with external weighting in a shape that is different from the shape of a blade 42. Weighting at the distal end of the or each oar 40 may be beneficial, since it may accurately simulate the force required to pivot the oar 40. Additionally, not providing a blade 42 at the end of the or each oar 40 may be beneficial to reduce the space required for the rowing machine 10. As mentioned above, it may be advantageous for a blade 42 to be provided so that the rower and / or a coach can visualise whether the technique of feathering and squaring off the blade is correct. In the event that the or each oar 40 is not provided with a blade

[0142] JJ07452WO (PCT) 42, then the or each oar 40 could be provided with a marking to indicate the orientation of the oar 40. For example, the distal end of the oar 40 could be provided with a marking that would indicate when the oar 40 is facing upwards, so that the rower and / or a coach can visualise whether the oar has been correctly rotated by 90 degrees when feathering or squaring off.

[0143] The or each oarlock 30 may comprise upward and downward sloping faces, as found in standard oarlocks 30 for boats. During the feathered recovery phase of the rowing stroke, a contact face of the button 43 may push against the midpoint of the faces of the oarlock 30. The oar 40 may pivot up and downward, with the midpoint of the oarlock 30 acting as a pivot and the slopes of the oarlock 30 accommodating the movement of the oar 40. When the oar handle 41 is raised during the catch phase, the contact face of the button 43 may be parallel to and in contact with the upward slope of the oarlock 30.

[0144] During the start of the recovery phase, the blade 42 should be in the feathered position. As the rower moves forwards towards the first end 21 of the frame 20 on the seat 25, and the hands pass over the ankles, squaring off of the blade 42 begins. This is achieved by rotating the oar handle 41 by 90 degrees so that the blade 42 is perpendicular with the ground ready for the catch.

[0145] During the rotation of the blade 42 between feathered and squared positions, the sleeve 44 or the oar 40 (if no sleeve 44 is present) may be designed to rotate freely within the oarlock 30 until it has moved through 90 degrees. In this configuration, a drive face of the sleeve 44 may be parallel to a drive face of the oarlock 30. As the rower begins the drive phase (with the blades squared), the oar handles 41 may be pulled back. The sleeve 44 may be pushed against the oarlock 30 and pin 31 , if present.

[0146] Figures 4 to 7 show close-up views of the oar 40 and oarlock 30. In particular, Figure 4 shows the oarlock 30 mounted on the pin 31 . Figure 4 shows the correct position of the oar 40 in the oarlock 30. As shown, when the oar 40 is in the correct

[0147] JJ07452WO (PCT) position, the sleeve 44 and the button 43, if present, are in lateral contact with the oarlock 30.

[0148] In contrast, Figure 5 shows the oar 40 in an incorrect position in the oarlock 30. As shown in Figure 5, the sleeve 44 and the button 43 are separated from the oarlock 30. When in the correct position, the button 43, if present, should be in lateral contact with the oarlock 30.

[0149] The error shown in Figure 5 is a common error amongst rowers. Including a sleeve 44 and a button 43 in the rowing machine 10 may be beneficial, as it may allow the rower to feel when the button 43 is in lateral contact with the oarlock 30. This may help the rower or a coach to assess whether or not they are using correct rowing technique.

[0150] Figures 6 and 7 show the sleeve 44 within the oarlock 30. As shown, the drive face of the sleeve 44 is in contact with the drive face of the oarlock 30. When a force is applied to the handle 41 of the oar 40 during the drive phase, the pin 31 of the oarlock 30 acts as a pivot point. The sleeve 44 will be pushed onto this pivot point, providing a force that would propel a boat. As shown in Figure 7, the sleeve 44 is free to move within the oarlock 30.

[0151] By including any of the above-described components of an oar 40 and oarlock 30 found on a boat, the rowing machine 10 more closely replicates the feeling of rowing on water. For example, the use of a button 43, sleeve 44 and oarlock 30 can allow the user to experience the sensation of the components abutting one another, as described above, in the manner that would occur when rowing on water. That is, the use of a free-moving oar 40, an oarlock 30, a sleeve 44 and a button 43, allows the rower to experience the interplay between these components, since the oar 40 may be rotatable in the same way as an oar on a boat. In this way, the rower is provided with an improved training session, since the rowing experience will more closely simulate the experience of rowing on water.

[0152] JJ07452WO (PCT) The combination of the oarlock 30 with a resistance mechanism 50 is particularly advantageous. For example, the resistive force on the oar 40 causes the oarlock 30 to interact with the oar 40 (for example with the sleeve 44 of the oar 40) in the same way as if rowing on water. This interaction is an integral part of learning correct oar technique. The rowing machine 10 allows the rower to experience the manner in which the oar 40 reacts during the catch and drive phases, mimicking the water’s resistance pushing against the blade 42 face. This interaction may effectively push the sleeve 44 of the oar 40 into a drive face of the oarlock 30, facilitating propulsion though the pin 31 mechanism. Therefore, the combination of the oarlock 30 with a resistance mechanism 50 is particularly advantageous, because it allows a more similar experience to rowing on water, and enables the rower to practise proper technique outside of the water. The combination of the oarlock 30 with a resistance mechanism 50 provides the rower with the sensations of the interaction between the oar 40 (when under resistance similar to the resistance provided by water) and the oarlock 30. Previously, rowers have only been able to experience these sensations when rowing on a boat in water. Therefore, the rowing machine 10 improves the simulation of rowing on water, by providing an oarlock 30 in combination with a resistance mechanism 50 that simulates the resistance of water to provide the interactions between the oarlock 30 and an oar 40 that would be experienced when rowing on water.

[0153] The rowing machine 10 therefore bridges the gap between existing rowing machines, which do not allow for accurate simulation of oar movements, and rowing on water, which is generally not accessible to all. By combining the features of a boat, such as the oarlock 30 and oar 40, with a resistance mechanism 50, the rowing machine 10 is an effective training and teaching aid, which allows rowers to enhance their oar handling skills and refine their technique.

[0154] The rowing machine 10 may comprise the components of the oar 40 that are beneficial to effectively practise oar handling, such as a handle, shaft, sleeve, button and blade. Alternatively, the rowing machine 10 may enable a rower to effectively practise oar handling, by allowing the user to insert their own oar(s) 40 into the oarlock(s) 30 of the rowing machine 10. The rowing machine 10 facilitates an

[0155] JJ07452WO (PCT) accurate simulation of oar handling on a boat, due to the presence of the oarlock 30 and the resistance mechanism 50. The rowing machine 10 allows a user to install an oar 40 into the oarlock 30, by opening the gate 32 (if present), installing the oar 40 and closing the gate 32 of the oarlock 30 correctly. Once correctly installed, the oarlock 30 may provide the oar 40 with the freedom to move not only backwards, forwards, up and down, but also laterally. In other words, the oarlock 30 may provide the oar 40 with the freedom to move perpendicular to the frame axis, in a direction towards and / or away from the rower’s body. This lateral movement cannot be provided by existing rowing machines, which include one or more handles, and do not allow the movement of an oar 40 in an oarlock 30. The lateral movement of the oar 40 teaches rowers to maintain an outward pressure on the handle 41 of the oar 40, which ensures continuous contact between the button 43 and the oarlock 30. This critical aspect of rowing training can be experienced by rowers using the rowing machine 10, and is not experienced by rowers using existing rowing machines that use one or more handles instead of oars. In this way, the rowing machine 10 provides a more accurate simulation of rowing.

[0156] The use of an oarlock 30 may also allow for rotation of the oar 40 in the oarlock 30, as explained above. The rotation of the oar 40 along the shaft allows for training of feathering and squaring. The oar 40 and the oarlock 30 may be shaped in the same manner as oars and oarlocks of boats. For example, the shape of the sleeve 44 and the oarlock 30 may allow for an alignment with flat faces at 90 degree angles. This may improve the simulation of rowing on water, since the alignment can simulate the correct positioning in both the feathered and squared orientations. The oarlock 30 may be shaped so as to provide the tactile feedback to the rower as they rotate the handle 41 of the oar 40 in the oarlock 30. The rowing machine 10 may therefore provide the distinct “clunk” provided by oars and oarlocks of boats, which signifies the transition from feathered to catch positions. Therefore, the rowing machine 10 may provide a more accurate simulation of rowing on water.

[0157] As mentioned above, the resistance mechanism 50 may comprise any components suitable for providing additional resistance in one direction. For example, the resistance may be provided by a flywheel. Alternatively, the resistance may be

[0158] JJ07452WO (PCT) provided by a hydraulic damper. Alternatively, the resistance may be provided by an induction system. Alternatively, the resistance may be provided by a pneumatic system. Alternatively, the resistance may be provided by an eddy current system. The resistance may be provided by a combination of any of the above-mentioned methods. Alternatively, it will be appreciated that the resistance could be provided by any suitable system known to the skilled person that is able to provide resistance as the oar 40 travels in one direction but not in the other.

[0159] Preferably, the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 may be variable. In this way, rowers may set the level of resistance to a desired level, based on their training regime and / or their physical condition.

[0160] It may be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 for a number of different purposes. For example, adjusting the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 may allow the rowing machine 10 to simulate the resistance provided by water of different conditions. For example, the level of resistance provided by water in a lake may be different to the level of resistance provided by water in a river. The level of resistance provided by water in a lake or river may also vary significantly depending on wind and weather conditions, and direction of travel. Therefore, rowing on different types of water (e.g. calm lakes, rivers with strong currents, or choppy seas) may provide different levels of resistance. A variable resistance mechanism 50 may allow the rower to select a different level of resistance, depending on the water and / or weather conditions that they are trying to simulate. Therefore, the rower may be able to simulate rowing on different types of water and / or to simulate the challenge of rowing against the wind or in adverse conditions. In this way, the rowing machine 10 may be more versatile, and may be used to simulate rowing with a variety of water conditions. The rowing machine 10 may therefore allow the rower to fine-tune resistance levels according to their specific training requirements, thereby providing a more comprehensive training experience.

[0161] It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 based on the desired training intensity. For example, it may be

[0162] JJ07452WO (PCT) desirable for rowers to adjust the level of resistance provided to match their training goals, during different training phases. For instance, during strength-building workouts, rowers might prefer a higher level of resistance, whereas, during endurance or technique-focused sessions, lower resistance might be more desirable.

[0163] It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 based on rower progression. For example, as rowers improve their strength and technique, they may wish to increase the resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 to continue challenging themselves and enhancing their performance. The resistance mechanism 50 may therefore be variable to allow the resistance levels to be finely adjusted or tailored to meet user preferences.

[0164] It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 in order to accommodate different rowers. For example, the strength of the rower affects the amount of force that they can generate during a rowing stroke. Stronger individuals may naturally generate more force, which could make a fixed resistance setting feel too easy for them. Conversely, weaker individuals might struggle with the same fixed level of resistance. The force generated during a rowing stroke may also vary based on rowing experience. It may be beneficial for beginners to start with lower resistance, to focus on form and technique without being overwhelmed, while more advanced rowers may benefit from higher resistance settings. An adjustable resistance mechanism 50 may be advantageous to allow the rowing machine 10 to be tailored to the particular rower’s strength, ensuring that both stronger and weaker rowers can achieve an appropriate level of challenge using the same rowing machine 10. Therefore, an adjustable resistance mechanism 50 may allow the rowing machine 10 to cater to a wider range of people.

[0165] It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 based on the need for rehabilitation and / or recovery. For example, for rowers recovering from injuries, it may be beneficial for the rowers to lower the resistance, as compared to their usual resistance levels. This may be beneficial to allow the injured rower to continue training without risking further injury. Adjustable resistance may also be beneficial in rehabilitation, as it may be beneficial for rowers

[0166] JJ07452WO (PCT) to gradually increase the resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 as they regain strength. Therefore, an adjustable resistance mechanism 50 may allow the rowing machine 10 to be safely used by rowers during rehabilitation and / or recovery.

[0167] It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50, in order to simulate different rowing techniques. For example, an adjustable resistance mechanism 50 may allow the rowing machine 10 to simulate the leverage differences between sweep and sculling oars. That is, the amount of leverage typically differs between sweep rowing and sculling rowing, and the rowing machine 10 may be able to accurately simulate this difference in leverage using the resistance mechanism 50. Typically, sweep oars are longer and have greater leverage that sculling oars. This means that sweep oars can typically generate more force with the same amount of effort, due to the greater leverage. This difference in leverage means that, when the rowing machine 10 is set up for sweep rowing, it may be beneficial to increase the resistance to account for the increased force generated by the longer oar. Conversely, when the rowing machine 10 is set up for sculling rowing, it may be beneficial to decrease the resistance. Therefore, a resistance mechanism 50 that is configured to provide varying levels of resistance may be particularly advantageous when the rowing machine 10 can be used for simulating both sculling and sweep rowing. This is because the resistance mechanism 50 may balance the effort required for both sweep and scull rowing, thereby allow the rower to maintain consistency in the intensity of the workout across different rowing styles.

[0168] It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 during technical rowing drills. For example, some rowing drills may require different resistance settings to focus on specific aspects of the stroke, such as improving the power of the drive or refining the catch phase. It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 to practise at different stroke rates. For example, high resistance might be used for low-rate power strokes, while lower resistance could be used for high-rate sprinting. A resistance mechanism 50 that provides an adjustable level of resistance may therefore be desirable, as the rower may be able to adapt the resistance based on

[0169] JJ07452WO (PCT) their training programme, and / or based on the area of rowing that they are hoping to improve.

[0170] It may also be desirable to vary the level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 to accommodate for the drag factor provided by weight. The weight of the rower impacts the drag that they experience when rowing on water. In particular, heavier rowers typically encounter more drag, and therefore require more force to maintain speed. If the resistance mechanism 50 is configured to provide an adjustable level of resistance, then the rowing machine 10 may simulate the drag factor of weight, by allowing a heavier rower to increase the resistance of the rowing machine 10. This would allow the heavier rower to simulate the level of resistance that they would experience when rowing on water. Adjustable resistance allows the machine to simulate this variation in resistance based on weight, by allowing the rower to vary the resistance based on their weight. This means that heavier rowers may mimic the additional drag that they would experience when rowing on water. Conversely, lighter rowers may reduce the resistance to better reflect the lower drag they would experience when rowing on water. By allowing for an adjustment in the resistance provided based on weight as a drag factor, the rowing machine 10 may provide a more accurate simulation of on-water rowing, by ensuring that the resistance experienced reflects the actual conditions that a rower of a particular weight would encounter.

[0171] The resistance mechanism 50 may be configured to determine or calculate an appropriate level of resistance to provide, based on one or more inputs from the rower. For example, the rower may be able to input their weight, age, gender, experience, strength level, desired training drill, desired water condition, desired weather condition and / or desired rowing style into the rowing machine 10. The resistance mechanism 50 may be configured to determine or calculate an appropriate level of resistance based on one or more of these user inputs. The resistance mechanism 50 may then be configured to provide this appropriate level of resistance to the rower.

[0172] JJ07452WO (PCT) The ability to adjust the level resistance that the resistance mechanism 50 provides to the oar 40 may be significantly advantageous. For example, the ability to adjust the resistance makes the rowing machine 10 more versatile, customisable, and effective for a wide range of training needs and user preferences. This flexibility ensures that the rowing machine 10 can provide a realistic rowing experience while also meeting the diverse needs of different rowers, accounting for factors such as their strength, weight as a drag factor, rowing style (sweep or sculling), and training scenarios.

[0173] The resistance may be provided to the oar 40 in any suitable manner. For example, the resistance mechanism 50 may comprise a training gate 60, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. The training gate 60 may be positioned further from the frame 20 than the oarlock 30. The training gate 60 may be configured to contact the oar 40 during the drive phase. For example, the training gate 60 may be U-shaped, as shown in Figure 3. However, it is envisioned that the training gate 60 could be any suitable shape. For example, the training gate 60 could be semi-circular, or in the shape of a major or minor arc of a circle.

[0174] The training gate 60 may be configured to provide resistance in only one direction, such as in the direction towards the second end 22 of the frame 20. This would result in resistance being provided only during the drive phase. During the recovery phase, the training gate 60 may be configured to not provide any additional resistance to the oar 40. For example, the oar 40 may no longer be in contact with the training gate 60 during the recovery phase. In this way, during the recovery phase, the oar 40 may experience only air resistance, the same as when rowing on water (since the blade is outside the water during the recovery phase). During the drive phase, the training gate 60 may apply additional resistance to the oar 40, to simulate the resistance of water.

[0175] During the drive phase, the rower may pull the handle 41 of the oar 40 towards the second end 22 of the frame, so that the oar 40 is brought into contact with the training gate 60. The drive and force of the oar 40 may be translated into a linear motion via a linear coupler incorporated into the outrigger 26. The linear motion

[0176] JJ07452WO (PCT) (during the drive phase) may be subject to resistance, simulating the resistance of water on an oar blade 42.

[0177] The training gate 60 may also be reversible, so that the training gate 60 is configured to selectively provide resistance in either a first direction or a second direction. For example, the rower may be able to select different settings on the rowing machine 10, to determine in which direction resistance will be provided. For example, the training gate 60 may be changeable between a first setting, in which resistance is provided in the direction towards the second end 22 of the frame 20, and a second setting, in which resistance is provided in the direction towards the first end 21 of the frame 20. By changing the setting of the training gate 60 to the second setting, in which resistance is provided in the direction towards the first end 21 of the frame, users may be able to simulate the manoeuvre of “backing down”. This is a commonly used boat manoeuvre, which is often used when spinning and turning. Therefore, by allowing the rower to change the direction in which resistance is provided, the rowing machine 10 may provide the rower with the option to practise more manoeuvres.

[0178] The training gate 60 may be configured to move as the oarlock 30 rotates. For example, the outrigger 26 may be configured to move the training gate 60 as the oarlock 30 rotates, so that the training gate 60 remains in line with the oarlock 30, so that the rower can easily insert the oar 40 in the training gate 60 during the catch phase.

[0179] Referring to Figure 3, the training gate 60 may also comprise a support bar 61 . The support bar 61 may further improve the simulation of the rowing machine 10, by making the experience of the rowing machine more similar to rowing on water. When rowing on water, the blades 42 of oars 40 are typically designed to float at the correct depth when squared and lowered in the water. The support bar 61 is configured to limit the movement of the oar 40 towards the ground, when in use. Therefore, the support bar 61 simulates the contact of the oar 40 with the surface of the water. The support bar 61 may preferably be configured to cushion the descent of the oar 40 towards the ground. For example, the support bar 61 may be made

[0180] JJ07452WO (PCT) from a flexible material. In this way, the support bar 61 may simulate the manner in which an oar 40 would feel more supported when the blade 42 is in the water, due to the blade 42 floating. Preferably, the position of the support bar 61 relative to the outrigger 26 (and hence relative to the ground) may be adjustable. In this way, the support bar 61 may be configured to simulate the depth of the water. The user may adjust the height of the support bar 61 , in order to simulate water of different depths.

[0181] In this way, the support bar 61 of the training gate 60 may further improve the simulation of the machine to rowing on water. For example, the support bar 61 may simulate the blade 42 contacting the surface of the water, floating at the correct depth, and / or simulate water of different depths.

[0182] The shape and physical dimensions of the training gate 60 may be designed with specific functionality in mind. For example, during the recovery phase of rowing, the face of the training gate 60 may be taller than during the drive phase. This may further enhance the simulation of rowing on water, for the following reasons.

[0183] The training gate 60 may be configured to provide resistance only when the or each oar 40 is positioned correctly. For example, the training gate 60 may be configured to provide resistance only when the oar 40 is positioned at or below the height that simulates the blade 42 being immersed in water. For example, the training gate 60 may be configured such that resistance is only provided when the oar 40 is in contact with the training gate 60 or the support bar 61 . If the oar 40 is positioned too high, then it will not engage with the training gate 60, resulting in no resistance being provided to the rower. This simulation mirrors a common issue in rowing known as “washing out”, where the blade 42 fails to engage with the water effectively, causing it to skim or lift out of the water during the drive phase.

[0184] Conversely, if the blade 42 is initially in the water at the start of the drive phase but the rower’s hands lower, causing the blade 42 to exit the water prematurely, this is also referred to as washing out. The rowing machine 10 may be configured to simulate this scenario, if the training gate 60 is configured to cease providing

[0185] JJ07452WO (PCT) resistance if the oar 40 is positioned such that the blade 42 would not be correctly engaged with the water.

[0186] In this way, the training gate 60 may further enhance the realism of the rowing experience by reinforcing proper rowing technique and encouraging correct blade 42 placement throughout the rowing stroke cycle.

[0187] The rowing machine 10 may comprise one or more data collection devices. For example, the rowing machine 10 may comprise one or more load cells, to measure the forces applied on the oar 40. For example, data collection devices may determine the strength and direction of the various movements in the rowing stroke. The rowing machine 10 may be configured to display data to the user, so that the user can see their speed and / or other data about their training.

[0188] The rowing machine 10 may further comprise a memory device that is able to store data from the or each data collection device. In this way, the rower may be able to access data about their rowing stroke after their training, to analyse their performance.

[0189] The rowing machine 10 may further comprise a transmitter to enable transmission of the data from the one or more data collection devices to an external device. For example, the data could be transmitted to a smartphone, tablet or PC. Preferably, the rowing machine 10 may be configured to provide wireless transmission.

[0190] It may be particularly advantageous for the rowing machine 10 to include one or more data collection devices in combination with a resistance mechanism 50 that is configured to provide an adjustable level of resistance to the oar 40. Adjustable resistance may be useful in performance testing and data collection, as this combination of features may allow rowers to test their abilities under different conditions and track their progress over time. Coaches and rowers may be able to use adjustable resistance levels to create specific training scenarios and to receive feedback that can guide future training adjustments. Therefore, it may be beneficial for the rowing machine 10 to include both a resistance mechanism 50 that is

[0191] JJ07452WO (PCT) configured to provide an adjustable level of resistance to the oar 40, in combination with one or more data collection devices.

[0192] Referring to Figure 8, there is shown a kit 70 in use with an existing rowing machine 80. Figure 9 shows the kit 70 in use with another existing rowing machine 90.

[0193] The rowing machines 80, 90 may include any suitable features. For example, the rowing machines 80, 90 may include any suitable features found in known rowing machines. The rowing machines 80, 90 may each include a frame 20 having a first end and a second end defining a frame axis. The rowing machines 80, 90 may also comprise a seat 25 slidably mounted to the frame, the seat being configured to slide along the frame axis. The rowing machines 80, 90 may also comprise a footrest 24. The frame 20, seat 25 and footrest 24, if present, may include any of the features of the frame 20, seat 25 and footrest 24 described above.

[0194] The kit 70 may comprise an attachment mechanism, configured to attach the kit 70 to the rowing machine 80, 90. For example, the kit 70 may be attachable to the frame of the existing rowing machine. The kit 70 may include any suitable attachment mechanism. For example, the attachment mechanism may be one or more mounting brackets or clamps that are configured to attach to the frame of the existing rowing machine 80, 90. The attachment mechanism may be configured to hold the kit 70 firmly in place during use, ensuring stability and safety. The attachment mechanism may be adjustable to accommodate slight variations in frame design between different models of rowing machine 80, 90. As shown in Figures 8 and 9, the kit 70 may therefore be attachable to different types of rowing machines 80, 90.

[0195] The kit 70 may comprise at least one oarlock 30, wherein the or each oarlock 30 is configured to receive an oar 40 such that the oar 40 can rotate in the oarlock 30. In the example shown in Figures 8 and 9, the kit 70 comprises two oarlocks 30. However, it will be appreciated that the kit may comprise any suitable number of oarlocks 30. The kit 70 may also include one or more oars 40. Alternatively, and as with the rowing machine 10 described above, the kit 70 may be provided without

[0196] JJ07452WO (PCT) oars and the rower may use their own oars 40 when training using the kit 70. The kit 70 may include any of the features of the oarlock 30 and oar 40 described above in relation to the rowing machine 10. The kit 70 may include an outrigger between each attachment mechanism and each oarlock 30, as shown in Figures 8 and 9.

[0197] The kit 70 may comprise a resistance mechanism 50 configured to provide resistance to the oar 40. The kit 70 may also include any of the features of the resistance mechanism 50 described above in relation to the rowing machine 10. For example, the kit 70 may include the above-described training gate 60.

[0198] Since the kit 70 includes at least one oarlock 30 and a resistance mechanism 50, the kit 70 may provide the above-described benefits of an improved simulation of rowing on water. The rower may attach the kit 70 to an existing rowing machine 80, 90, thereby providing the existing rowing machine 80, 90 with the ability to more accurately simulate rowing on water, by providing at least one oarlock 30 and a resistance mechanism 50 configured to provide resistance to an oar 40 inserted in the oarlock 30. The rower may be able to use the components of their existing rowing machine 80, 90, such as the seat, frame, and footrest, while adding the advanced rowing simulation features of the kit 70. The kit 70 may allow for quick and easy installation, enabling users to transform their existing rowing machine 80, 90 to provide a more accurate simulation of rowing on water, without the need for extensive modifications.

[0199] Therefore, the kit 70 may allow the rower to experience the improved realistic rowing dynamics, as described above, including feathering and squaring off the blade, and the interaction of the oar 40 with the oarlock 30 under simulated water resistance. The kit 70 may also allow the rower to experience an accurate simulation of the hydrodynamic resistance of water. The level of resistance provided by the resistance mechanism 50 may be adjustable to replicate various rowing conditions, as explained above in relation to the rowing machine 10.

[0200] The kit 70 may therefore provide the above-described advantages of improved rowing simulation, while being compatible with existing rowing machines 80, 90.

[0201] JJ07452WO (PCT) Providing a kit 70 that is compatible with existing rowing machines 80, 90 may be advantageous. For example, the seat of the existing rowing machine 80, 90 may be slidable along the frame, and the kit 70 may allow for the use of the seat and frame of the existing rowing machine 80, 90. This helps to preserve the familiar feel of the rowing machine 80, 90, while integrating the improved simulation of rowing provided by the kit 70. The footrest of the existing rowing machine 80, 90 may also be used, maintaining the rower’s familiar foot positioning. If the footrest of the existing rowing machine 80, 90 is adjustable, then the rowing machine 80, 90 may continue to provide this functionality when used with the kit 70. The ability to use the existing footrest ensures that the rower can retain their preferred setup, enhancing comfort and ease of use. In this way, the kit 70 may allow the rower to experience the same range of motion as they would experience using their existing rowing machine 80, 90.

[0202] The kit 70 may be configured to be compatible with the majority of rowing machines or ergometers 80, 90. The ability to attach the kit 70 to an existing rowing machine 80, 90 provides a cost-effective and flexible option for users who already own a rowing machine 80, 90. It may allow users to upgrade their existing equipment with advanced training features, without needing to purchase a completely new machine. The kit 70 may therefore provide more accessible access to improved rowing simulation. The kit 70 may therefore make the advanced rowing simulation more accessible to a broader range of users, including home fitness enthusiasts and rowing clubs. By integrating with existing rowing machines 80, 90, the kit may offer a seamless transition between traditional erg workouts and more sophisticated rowing training, enhancing the versatility and value of the equipment.

[0203] Figures 10A to 10C show rowing machines 10 configured to accommodate more than one rower. For example, Figure 10A depicts a version of the rowing machine 10 for two rowers. Figure 10B depicts a version of the rowing machine 10 for four rowers. Figure 10C depicts a version of the rowing machine 10 for eight rowers. To accommodate multiple rowers, the frame 20 may comprise multiple seats 25, each of which is independently slidable on the frame 20. The rowing machine may also comprise multiple oarlocks 30 and oars 40, depending on the number of rowers to be

[0204] JJ07452WO (PCT) accommodated. For example, the rowing machine 10 of Figure 10A includes two oarlocks 30 and two oars 40, to allow two rowers to train in a sweep configuration (i.e. with each rower having one oar 40). The rowing machine 10 of Figure 10B includes four oarlocks 30 and four oars 40, to allow four rowers to train in a sweep configuration (i.e. with each rower having one oar 40). The rowing machine 10 of Figure 10C includes sixteen oarlocks 30 and sixteen oars 40, to allow eight rowers to train in a sculling configuration (i.e. with each rower having two oars 40). It will be appreciated that the rowing machine 10 may be provided with any suitable number of seats 25, oarlocks 30 and oars 40, depending on the number of rowers to use the rowing machine 10 and whether the training is for sweep or scull rowing. The rowing machine 10 may also include a suitable number of footrests 24.

[0205] The rowing machine 10 may also be modular, so as to be convertible between versions for different numbers of rowers. For example, the frame 20 may comprise a plurality of frame sections 27, as shown in Figure 10C, which are attachable to one another so as to form a rowing machine 10 having multiple seats 25, with the rowers aligned one behind the next. This may allow the rowing machine 10 to be adapted based on the number of rowers training.

[0206] If the rowing machine 10 may be used by more than one rower, then the resistance mechanism 50 may be configured to provide a different level of resistance to each rower. In this way, each rower may be able to set the resistance to their preferred level, making the rowing machine 10 versatile and useful for team training.

[0207] The rowing machine 10 may have a fixed orientation relative to the floor. Alternatively, one or more components of the rowing machine may be rotatable about an axis. For example, Figures 11 to 15 show a rowing machine 100 having rotatable components.

[0208] The rowing machine 100 may include an axis of rotation 125. One or more of the components of the rowing machine 100 may be rotatable about the axis of rotation 125. The axis of rotation 125 may be parallel to the frame axis. In this way, the axis 125 about which the components rotate may be parallel with the direction of

[0209] JJ07452WO (PCT) movement of the seat 25. Therefore, the rowing machine 100 may more accurately simulate the experience of rowing a boat on water, because the rotation of the components about the axis of rotation 125, parallel to the frame axis along which the seat 25 moves, may simulate the experience of the boat rolling from side to side.

[0210] The components that are rotatable about the axis of rotation 125 may include any combination of a frame 20, one or more footrests 24, one or more seats 25, one or more oarlocks 30 and / or one or more oars 40. Therefore, the rowing machine 100 may more accurately simulate the experience of rowing on water, because the components that would typically be part of the boat and / or the components that determine the orientation of the rower(s) may be configured to rotate about an axis of rotation 125 in a manner that simulates the rolling of the boat about the axis defined by its length.

[0211] The rowing machine 100 may include a cradle 110 and a base 120. Figure 12 shows the cradle 110, and Figure 13 shows the base 120. Figure 11 shows the cradle 110 and the base 120 together. The base 120 may define the axis of rotation 125. The cradle 110 may be rotatable about the axis of rotation 125. The cradle 110 may therefore include the components that are rotatable about the axis of rotation 125 defined by the base 120.

[0212] The cradle 110 may include a frame 20. The cradle 110 may include one or more footrests 24. The cradle 110 may include one or more seats 25, which may be slidably mounted to the frame 20 in the manner described above. The cradle 110 may include one or more oarlocks 30, which may receive one or more oars 40 in use. The cradle 110 may include one or more oars 40. Alternatively, the rowing machine 100 may include no oars 40, and a rower may bring their own oar(s) 40 to use with the rowing machine 100. The cradle 110 may include one or more of the other components described above, such as the resistance mechanism 50, outrigger(s) 26 and / or training gate(s) 60. The or each outrigger 26 may separate an oarlock 30 from the base 20 by a suitable distance, and may position the oarlock 30 a suitable height from the ground, in order to simulate the distance that the oarlock

[0213] JJ07452WO (PCT) 30 of a boat would be from the rower. The or each outrigger 26 may extend from the frame 20 in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation 125.

[0214] The base 120 may include one or more supports 126. For example, and as shown in Figures 11 and 13, the base 120 may include four legs 126. However, it will be appreciated that the base 120 may include any suitable number of supports or legs 126. The supports or legs 126 may separate the remaining components of the base 120 from the ground. Alternatively, the base 120 may include no supports or legs 126, and may be positioned directly on the ground.

[0215] As shown in Figure 13, the base 120 may also include a shaft 122. The shaft 122 may define the axis of rotation 125. For example, the axis of rotation 125 may run through the centre of the shaft 122, along the length of the shaft 122, as shown in Figure 3.

[0216] In use, the base 120 may be fixed in position. The shaft 122 may be fixed in position relative to the supports or legs 126. The cradle 110 may be configured to rotate about the shaft 122.

[0217] The cradle 110 and / or the base 120 may include one or more attachment members that are configured to rotatably attach the cradle 110 to the base 120. For example, and as shown in Figure 12, the cradle 110 may include one or more apertures or bearings 115 that are configured to rotatably connect the cradle 110 to the base 120. As shown in Figure 12, the cradle 110 may include two bearings 115, configured to receive either end of the shaft 122 of the base 120. However, it will be appreciated that any suitable number of attachment members or type of attachment members could be used. The attachment members, such as the bearings 115, may be configured to allow the cradle 110 to rotate relative to the base 120, about the axis of rotation 125.

[0218] The rowing machine 100 may include at least one rotation control system configured to control the rotation of the cradle 110 about the axis of rotation 125. For example, the rotation control system may include damping. For example, the rowing machine

[0219] JJ07452WO (PCT) 100 may be ballasted to control the rotation of the cradle 110 about the axis of rotation 125. The rotation control system may be configured to bias the cradle 110 in an upright position. For example, the ballasting may bias the cradle 110 in a position with the seat 25 parallel to the ground, and / or with the oarlocks 30 positioned an equal distance from the ground. In this way, imbalances of the rowing machine 100 may be configured to automatically decrease over a period of time, to restore balance in a manner similar to the manner in which a boat would restore its upright position. In this way, the rotation of the cradle 110 about the axis of rotation 125 may more accurately simulate keel feel. For example, if the cradle 110 is rotated about the axis of rotation 125 by about 5 degrees, then the rolling may decrease to an angle of 0 degrees in about 2 to 3 cycles.

[0220] The rowing machine 100 may include one or more ballast components. The or each ballast component may be configured to provide the above-described ballasting. For example, the or each ballast component may be configured to simulate the natural righting behaviour of a rowing boat. The or each ballast component may be selected or tuned to provide a passive righting moment to the cradle 110. For example, the presence of the ballast component(s) may cause the cradle 110 to be biased in a position with the seat 25 parallel to the ground. The weight and distribution of the ballast component(s) may be selected to mirror the restoring moment of a hull on water, when rolled from the horizontal. The or each ballast component may be in any suitable position to provide ballasting to the cradle 110. For example, the or each ballast component may be positioned below the cradle 110, frame 20 and / or shaft 122 (i.e. closer to the ground in use than the cradle 110, frame 20 and / or shaft 122). The or each ballast component may be adjustable and / or removable. This may be desirable, because it may allow the rowing machine to be adapted based on specific desires of the rower. For example, the ballast component(s) could be replaced to provide a simulation of a particular type or size of boat, depending on the rower’s training requirements.

[0221] The rotation control system may include one or more mechanical elements that are configured to bias the cradle 110 towards an upright position. For example, the rotation system may include one or more springs, dampers and / or torsional bars

[0222] JJ07452WO (PCT) configured to bias the cradle 110 towards an upright position. These components may act alone, or in combination with ballast component(s), braking systems and / or sensor-controlled systems. For example, a mechanical spring may provide a restoring torque proportional to the angle of roll, while a damper may reduce the amplitude and duration of oscillations, simulating the dynamic damping characteristics of a rowing hull on water. Additionally or alternatively, the rotation control system may include one or more braking systems, as explained further below. For example, the rotation control system may be configured to selectively apply a braking system to prevent or resist the rotation of the cradle 110 about the axis of rotation 125. Any suitable combination of components of the rotation control system may be used to control the rotation of the cradle 110 about the axis of rotation 125.

[0223] The rowing machine 100 may include one or more pressure measurement devices 65. The or each pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to generate a pressure signal based on the pressure or force applied to an oar 40. For example, the or each pressure measurement device 65 may include any suitable type of sensor or measurement device that is configured to produce a signal in response to a movement, force or pressure. The pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to produce a signal that is proportional to the pressure applied by the movement of the oar 40. For example, as shown in Figure 14, the rowing machine 100 may include one or more pressure plates 65. The or each pressure plate 65 may be spring-loaded. It will be appreciated that any suitable devices for measuring pressure could be included, and the pressure measurement devices 65 do not necessarily need to be in the form of a spring-loaded plate. For example, the or each pressure measurement device 65 include a loop that fits around the oar 40, or a disc that contacts the oar 40.

[0224] For example, the pressure measurement device 65 may be configured such that movement of a pressure plate 65 drives a cylinder to produce the pressure signal. The pressure signal may be produced based on movements of the pressure plate 65 of around 1 to 1.5 mm. The pressure signal may be a hydraulic signal or an electrical signal, for example. For example, the pressure measurement device 65

[0225] JJ07452WO (PCT) may include a hydraulic master cylinder that is configured to produce a pressure signal in response to a movement of the pressure plate 65.

[0226] As illustrated in Figure 14, each training gate 60, if present, may include a pressure measurement device 65. It may be advantageous for the or each pressure measurement device 65 to be included in a training gate 60, because each oar 40 will be passing through a training gate 60, and therefore a pressure measurement device 65 may be positioned in the training gate 60 to ensure that the oar 40 is likely to contact the pressure measurement device 65. As explained above, the training gate 60 may be configured to move as the oarlock 30 rotates, so that the training gate 60 remains in line with the oarlock 30, allowing the rower to easily insert the oar 40 in the training gate 60 during the catch phase. Therefore, the placement of a pressure measurement device 65 in the training gate 60 may provide a convenient place for maintaining the pressure measurement device 65 in line with the oar 40.

[0227] However, it will be appreciated that the pressure measurement device 65 may be positioned separately from the training gate 60, for example, along another point of the outrigger 26 that moves to keep the pressure measurement device 65 aligned with the oar 40. For example, the pressure measurement device 65 may be positioned at any other suitable location along the mechanical load path between the oar 40 and the base 120 or frame 20 of the rowing machine 100. For example, the pressure measurement device 65 may be positioned within the oarlock 30, within the outrigger 26, in the cradle frame 20, within the oar shaft or handle 41 , or within a coupling mechanism that links the oar 40 to the resistance mechanism 50. By allowing for pressure detection at any of these positions, the rowing machine 100 enables more versatile implementation options. For example, a pressure measurement device 65 may be retrofitted to an existing rowing machine at the most suitable location, depending on the properties of the rowing machine. Additionally or alternatively, the rowing machine 100 may enable isolating asymmetries in force application, or improving sensor reliability through mechanical isolation from shock or wear.

[0228] JJ07452WO (PCT) The pressure signal produced by the pressure measurement device 65 may be proportional to instantaneous torque of the training gate 60. Therefore, the pressure measurement device 65 may provide an indication of the force applied to the or each oar 40.

[0229] In this way, the pressure measurement device 65 may provide data about the operation of the rowing machine 100. Therefore, the pressure measurement device 65 may be, or may be connected to, one of the data collection devices described above. In other words, the pressure measurement device 65 may be used to collect data about the torque applied to the training gate 60.

[0230] The pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to only measure the pressure or force when the oar 40 is moved in one direction. For example, the pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to only measure the pressure during the drive phase. As explained above, the training gate 60 may be configured to provide resistance in only one direction, such as in the direction towards the second end 22 of the frame 20. This would result in resistance being provided only during the drive phase. During the recovery phase, the training gate 60 may be configured to not provide any additional resistance to the oar 40. The pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to only measure the pressure while the training gate 60 is providing resistance. For example, in the example shown in Figure 14, the pressure measurement device 65 is a plate that is positioned so as to only contact the oar 40 when the oar 40 is being moved in one direction (i.e. during the drive phase).

[0231] The pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to detect pressure or force only when the oar 40 is in a predefined angular or vertical position. For example, the pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to detect pressure or force only when the oar 40 is in a position that corresponds to the position in which the blade 42 would be fully immersed in water during on-water rowing. For example, the pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to activate (e.g. provide a pressure signal) only when the oar shaft is within a given vertical angle range, or when a corresponding sensor confirms that the blade 42 has reached a simulated

[0232] JJ07452WO (PCT) immersion depth. If the oar 40 is too high, as would occur when the blade is “washed out”, the pressure measurement device 65 may remain inactive, thereby ignoring false inputs and reinforcing proper technique. For example, the pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to communicate with a sensor on or adjacent the support bar 61 , and the pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to only provide a pressure signal if the oar 40 is in contact with the support bar 61 . The contact between the oar 40 and the support bar 61 may provide an indication of the depth of the blade 42 in water, if the rower was in a boat. The selective use of the pressure measurement device 54 based on direction, angle and / or position of the oar 40 may provide a more accurate rowing experience, by improving the accuracy of force feedback and reinforcing blade placement discipline. The rowing machine 100 may include one or more sensors 68 positioned on or near the oarlock 30 and / or the training gate 60. For example, as shown in Figure 14, the rowing machine 100 may include a sensor array including a plurality of sensors 68. The sensor(s) 68 may be configured to detect properties such as the position and / or angle of the oar 40. For example, a sensor 68 may be configured to detect the angular orientation of the oar 40 about its shaft axis. Additionally or alternatively, a sensor 68 may be configured to determine whether the blade 42 is in a squared or feathered orientation, or at an intermediate angle. Additionally or alternatively, the rowing machine 100 may include one or more sensors 68 positioned on or near the oarlock 30 or training gate 60 that are configured to detect the vertical position of the oar shaft or blade 42. For example, as mentioned above, the rowing machine 100 may include one or more sensors 68 that are configured to detect whether or not an oar 40 is in contact with the support bar 61 . The sensors 68, such as any angle and height sensors, may be mechanical (e.g. cam followers, levers, or detents) or electronic (e.g. potentiometers, gyroscopes, inclinometers, or proximity sensors), for example.

[0233] The data gathered from the sensor(s) 68 may be processed by the rotation control system or by a controller such as a braking controller. Therefore, the data gathered from the sensor(s) 68 may be used to determine whether or not, and to what extent, the braking system is applied. Therefore, the data gathered from the sensor(s) 68 can be used to determine the braking behaviour, and hence the rotation, of the

[0234] JJ07452WO (PCT) cradle 110. Additionally or alternatively, the data gathered from the sensor(s) 68 may be used to determine whether or not, and to what extent, resistance is applied to the oar 40 by the resistance mechanism 50.

[0235] For example, if the sensor(s) 68 indicate that the oar 40 is in the feathered position and the blade 42 is at a low vertical position corresponding to 'resting on water', the braking system may apply a low-level stabilising force to simulate the natural damping that occurs when feathered blades 42 rest on water. Conversely, if the blade 42 is feathered but too high, no stabilising force may be applied. Additionally or alternatively, if the blade 42 is too high or not squared, no resistance may be applied by the resistance mechanism 50. In this way, the rowing machine 100 may be configured to simulate the “airing out” effect seen on water when the blade 42 is not correctly placed.

[0236] The rowing machine 100 may be configured such that resistance is only applied by the resistance mechanism 50 when the blade 42 is squared and / or at the correct height Likewise, the rowing machine 100 may be configured such that the rotation of the cradle 110 depends on whether the blade 42 is squared and / or at the correct height. In this way, the rowing machine 100 may mirror real rowing conditions and reinforce correct catch technique. This conditional logic (i.e. the application of braking or resistance based on oar 40 position and / or angle determined by one or more sensors 68) reinforces good form and teaches rowers how blade 42 height and angle affect boat stability.

[0237] The rowing machine 100 may be configured to communicate the pressure signal from the pressure measurement device 65 to the rotation control system. The rotation control system may include at least one rotation control device configured to operate between the cradle 110 and the base 120. The rotation control device may be configured to control the rotation of the cradle 110 relative to the axis of rotation 125, based on the pressure signal communicated from the pressure measurement device 65.

[0238] JJ07452WO (PCT) In this way, the pressure measured by the pressure measurement device 65 may determine the rotation or roll of the cradle 110, by providing a resisting moment. The resisting moment may be provided only during the drive phase because, as explained above, the pressure measurement device 65 may be configured to only provide a pressure signal when the oar 40 moves in one direction. Therefore, a resisting moment may be provided during the drive phase, and may be immediately released in the recovery phase. This is analogous to the way in which the movement of the oars 40 in the water determines the roll of a boat on water.

[0239] The rowing machine 100 may include one pressure measurement device 65 for each oar 40, and the rotation control system may be configured to control the rotation of the cradle 110 in a particular direction, based on the corresponding pressure measurement device 65. If one pressure measurement device is used with each oar 40, and controls the roll of the cradle 110 in one direction, then the use of the oars 40 will generate either equal or differential resisting torques. If both sides generate equal pressure, then no net roll couple will be created, and the cradle 110 will stay level. This allows the rowing machine 100 to simulate a well-set boat. If one side is loaded more heavily, the resulting differential torque will cause the cradle 110 to roll, giving the rower the same balance cues that they experience on water. Therefore, the rower will be able to practice the same corrections to balance the rowing machine 100 that they would when rowing on water. The rowing machine 100 may replicate the planted-blade anchor effect, so the rower can correct roll naturally during the drive phase.

[0240] As mentioned above, the rotation control device may include one or more braking systems. The or each braking system may include a caliper. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the rotation control device includes two calipers. Each caliper is used to control the rotation of the cradle 110 in one direction. For example, one caliper may be used to control the rotation of the cradle 110 towards the rower’s left side, and one caliper may be used to control the rotation of the cradle 110 towards the rower’s right side. The rotation control system may include any suitable number of calipers.

[0241] JJ07452WO (PCT) In the illustrated embodiment, each caliper of the rotation control system is associated with a different pressure measurement device, and therefore a different oar 40. Therefore, each side of the rowing machine 100 may include one oarlock 30 and one training gate 60, wherein the training gate 60 is configured to provide resistance to an oar 40 positioned in the oarlock 30. Each side of the rowing machine 100 may also include one pressure measurement device 65 and one caliper that is in communication with the pressure measurement device 65 and configured to control the rotation of the cradle 110 in one direction. The two sides of the rowing machine 100 may be completely independent from one another. It will be appreciated that the rowing machine 100 could include any suitable number of pressure measurement devices 65. For example, with reference to the rowing machines shown in Figures 10A to 10C, the rowing machine may include any suitable number of oars 40. The rowing machine 100 may include a pressure measurement device 65 to correspond to each oar 40. The rotation control system may include a caliper corresponding to each pressure measurement device. Alternatively, the rotation control system may include two calipers, with the pressure measurement devices 65 corresponding to the oars 40 of the left side of the rowing machine 100 communicating with a first caliper, and the pressure measurement devices 65 corresponding to the oars 40 of the right side of the rowing machine 100 communicating with a second caliper.

[0242] Each caliper may be a brake caliper that controls the operation of one or more brake pads 128. For example, the base 120 may include a brake disc 124, as best shown in Figure 15. The brake disc 124 may be coaxial with the shaft 122 and / or the axis of rotation 125 of the base 120. The cradle 110 may include two pairs of brake pads 128, as shown in Figure 15, with one pair of brake pads 128 being controlled by each brake caliper. It will be appreciated that the cradle 110 may include any suitable number of brake pads. The braking system may include the brake caliper, brake disc 124 and / or brake pads 128.

[0243] In response to a pressure signal received from the pressure measurement device

[0244] 65, each brake caliper may be configured to move its associated brake pads 128 into contact with the brake disc 124. The brake disc 124 may be part of the base 120,

[0245] JJ07452WO (PCT) and the brake pads 128 and calipers may be part of the cradle 110. In this way, when the brake pads 128 contact the brake disc 124, the rotation of the cradle 110 relative to the base 120 may be restricted. Therefore, a resisting force that resists the rotation of the cradle 110 may be generated in response to a pressure measured by the pressure measurement device 65.

[0246] As explained above, the two sides of the rowing machine 100 may operate independently. Therefore, the rowing machine 100 may be provided with a pressure measurement device 65 for each oar 40, and each pressure measurement device 65 may independently impact the rotation of the cradle 110 in only one direction. Therefore, depending on the movement of the oars 40, the braking force applied to the two sides of the brake disc 124 may be either equal or unequal.

[0247] If the oars 40 are used equally, this would simulate a scenario in which the blades 42 were equally buried in the water. The two pressure measurement devices 65 would experience equal torque at the training gate 65 and the two calipers acting on the brake disc 124 would generate equal resisting torques. In this situation, there would be a symmetric resisting couple, and no net roll couple will be created. This will result in the cradle 110 staying level, thereby simulating a stable hull of a boat. The cradle 110 may still be moveable in response to movements of the rower, such as hip or core movements. That is, a balanced use of the oars 40 may stabilise the cradle 110, but still allow a rotation of a few degrees through movement of the rower’s hips and core.

[0248] If the oars 40 are not used equally, then there will be unequal torque at the two training gates 60, resulting in a differential pressure. This will result in different resisting torques acting on the two directions of the cradle 110 roll. This would cause a roll imbalance in the cradle 110, which would need to be corrected by the rower, just as unequal blade loads would require correction in a boat.

[0249] Therefore, the rowing machine 100 may allow a rower to simulate two realistic training states: an equal torque that results in a stable hull, and an unequal torque that results in a roll imbalance that can be corrected by the rower. Therefore, the

[0250] JJ07452WO (PCT) rowing machine 100 may provide a more accurate simulation of rowing on water, by allowing a simulation of the rolling of the boat from side to side. This rolling effect cannot be accurately simulated by existing rowing machines, leading to limitations in the effectiveness of their training when not on water.

[0251] While the braking system described above includes a disc brake, it will be appreciated that any suitable braking mechanism could be used. The braking system may include frictional brakes, such as the disc brakes described above or drum brakes. Alternatively, the braking system may be magnetic. The cradle 110 and / or the base 120 may include magnetic components. The magnetic components may be configured to selectively repel and / or attract one another, based on pressure signals from the pressure measurement device 65, in order to resist or promote rotation of the cradle 110 relative to the axis of rotation 125 of the base 120. Any braking system that is suitable for preventing or limiting rotation of the cradle 110 relative to the axis of rotation 125 of the base 120 may be used.

[0252] The braking system may be electrical, hydraulic, magnetic, pneumatic, or any suitable combination. For example, the braking force may be provided by an electronically actuated caliper, a hydraulic actuator, and / or an electromagnetic system. In hybrid systems, a pressure signal may be used to simultaneously activate an electrical and hydraulic brake. The combination of components used in the braking system may be specifically chosen or adapted based on factors such as design constraints, weight targets, or electronic control strategies.

[0253] The rotation control system may be configured to control the rotation of the cradle 110 about the axis of rotation 125 using the braking system, mechanical damping, ballasting, or any suitable combination.

[0254] As explained above, the base 120 may be fixed in position while the rowing machine 100 is in use. Alternatively, one or more components of the base 120 may be moveable relative to the other components of the base 120.

[0255] JJ07452WO (PCT) For example, a shaft 122 of the base 120 may be moveable relative to the or each support or leg 126. For example, the shaft 122 may be attached to the supports or legs 126 in a manner that permits movement of the shaft 122 along the length of the shaft 122. In other words, the shaft 122 may be attached to the supports or legs 126 in a manner that permits movement of the shaft 122 along a direction of the axis of rotation 125 (an axial direction). The base 120 may include an anti-rotation linear guide, which may be configured to allow only translation of the shaft 122, and to prevent rotation of the shaft 122. In this way, the shaft 122 may be permitted to translate in fore and aft directions relative to the supports or legs 126. In use, the shaft 122 and the cradle 110 may be permitted to axially translate in response to movement of the rower and / or seat 25. The cradle 110 may continue to roll around the shaft 122 while the shaft 122 and the cradle 110 translate together. This fore-aft translation may be advantageous, because it may allow the rowing machine 100 to more accurately simulate hull “run” (i.e. the fore-aft movement of the boat during each rowing stroke). Therefore, the rowing machine 100 may provide a more realistic simulation of rowing on water.

[0256] Allowing the cradle 110 and / or shaft 122 to translate along the axis of rotation 125 may also provide biomechanical benefits. Typically, in conventional fixed rowing machines, only the user’s mass moves. This differs from on-water rowing, where the boat moves in response to the drive. This discrepancy can increase spinal loading, particularly at the catch phase, thereby risking damage to the rower’s body. Allowing the cradle 110 and / or shaft 122 to slide fore-and-aft better replicates the kinetic conditions of rowing on water, distributing force more evenly through the kinetic chain and reducing peak forces on the spine and joints.

[0257] The movement of the shaft 122 relative to the supports 126 may be limited, so as to only allow a certain amount of movement. For example, one or both ends of the shaft 122 may be provided with a stop, which may be configured to allow movement of the shaft 122 only by a certain amount. For example, the base 120 may be configured to allow an axial translation of the shaft 122 by up to about 200 mm in each direction. Alternatively, the base 120 may be configured to allow an axial translation of the shaft 122 by up to about 300 mm in each direction.

[0258] JJ07452WO (PCT) The base 120 may include axial damping. For example, the base 120 may include an axial damping system. The axial damping may dampen, or reduce the speed and distance of, the axial translation of the shaft 122. The axial damping may be configured to allow an axial translation that is similar to the axial translation that would occur in water. The base 120 may be configured to restore the shaft 122 to a central position when no external forces are being applied to the shaft 122. The axial damping system may further assist in cushioning and re-centring the cradle 120 after each stroke, promoting better rhythm and safety during training.

[0259] Alternatively, the shaft 122 may not be translatable, and the cradle 110 may include a component that is configured to allow for translation of the cradle 110 in the same direction as the axis of rotation 125. Alternatively, the shaft 122 may be fixed in position, relative to the supports 126. This may allow for the rowing machine 100 to have a simpler construction.

[0260] While the description of the rotatable components of the rowing machine 100 is described in relation to the rowing machine 100 of Figures 11 to 15, it will be appreciated that any of the components of the rowing machines 10 of Figures 1 to 10B may be included in a rowing machine 100 that includes a cradle that is rotatable about an axis of a base.

[0261] When used in this specification and claims, the terms "comprises" and "comprising" and variations thereof mean that the specified features, steps or integers are included. The terms are not to be interpreted to exclude the presence of other features, steps or components.

[0262] The invention may also broadly consist in the parts, elements, steps, examples and / or features referred to or indicated in the specification individually or collectively in any and all combinations of two or more said parts, elements, steps, examples and / or features. In particular, one or more features in any of the embodiments described herein may be combined with one or more features from any other embodiment(s) described herein.

[0263] JJ07452WO (PCT) Protection may be sought for any features disclosed in any one or more published documents referenced herein in combination with the present disclosure. Although certain example embodiments of the invention have been described, the scope of the appended claims is not intended to be limited solely to these embodiments. The claims are to be construed literally, purposively, and / or to encompass equivalents.

[0264] JJ07452WO (PCT)

Claims

CLAIMS1 . A rowing machine comprising: a frame having a first end and a second end defining a frame axis; a seat slidably mounted to the frame, the seat being configured to slide along the frame axis; at least one oarlock, wherein the or each oarlock is configured to receive an oar such that the oar can rotate in the oarlock; and a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar.

2. A rowing machine according to claim 1 , wherein the oarlock is configured to receive the oar such that the oar passes through the oarlock.

3. A rowing machine according to claim 1 or claim 2, further comprising at least one oar configured to be received in a corresponding oarlock.

4. A rowing machine according to claim 3, wherein the or each oar comprises a blade.

5. A rowing machine according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the or each oar comprises a button configured to prevent the oar from sliding out of the oarlock.

6. A rowing machine according to any of claims 3 to 5, wherein the or each oar comprises a sleeve.

7. A rowing machine according to any preceding claim, wherein the or each oarlock comprises a gate configured to secure the oar in the oarlock.

8. A rowing machine according to any preceding claim, wherein the resistance mechanism is configured to provide an adjustable level of resistance to the oar.JJ07452WO (PCT)9. A rowing machine according to any preceding claim, wherein the resistance mechanism comprises a training gate configured to receive a part of the oar.

10. A rowing machine according to any preceding claim, wherein the resistance mechanism is configured to only provide resistance to the oar when the oar is in contact with the training gate.

11. A rowing machine according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the training gate is positioned such that the distance between the oarlock and the frame is smaller than the distance between the training gate and the frame.

12. A rowing machine according to any of claims 9 to 11 , wherein the training gate comprises a support bar configured to limit movement of the oar towards the ground, when the rowing machine is in use.

13. A rowing machine according to claim 12, wherein the support bar comprises a flexible material.

14. A rowing machine according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the height of the support bar is adjustable.

15. A rowing machine according to any preceding claim, wherein the resistance mechanism comprises one or more of a flywheel, a hydraulic damper, an induction system, a pneumatic system, an eddy current system, or any suitable combination.

16. A rowing machine according to any preceding claim, further comprising a data collection device configured to measure data including the force applied to the oar during a rowing stroke.

17. A rowing machine according to claim 16, further comprising a memory device configured to store the data from the data collection device.JJ07452WO (PCT)18. A rowing machine according to claim 16 or claim 17, further comprising a transmitter configured to transmit the data from the data collection device to an external device.

19. A kit for a rowing machine, the rowing machine comprising a frame having a first end and a second end defining a frame axis and a seat slidably mounted to the frame, the seat being configured to slide along the frame axis, wherein the kit comprises: an attachment mechanism, configured to attach the kit to the rowing machine; at least one oarlock, wherein the or each oarlock is configured to receive an oar such that the oar can rotate in the oarlock; and a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar.

20. A kit according to claim 19, wherein the attachment mechanism comprises one or more brackets configured to attach to the frame of the rowing machine.21 . A kit according to claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the oarlock is configured to receive the oar such that the oar passes through the oarlock.

22. A kit according to any of claims 19 to 21 , further comprising at least one oar configured to be received in a corresponding oarlock.

23. A kit according to claim 22, wherein the or each oar comprises a blade.

24. A kit according to claim 22 or claim 23, wherein the or each oar comprises a button configured to prevent the oar from sliding out of the oarlock25. A kit according to any of claims 22 to 24, wherein the or each oar comprises a sleeve.

26. A rowing machine according to any of claims 1 to 18, further comprising: a cradle including at least the frame and the seat; andJJ07452WO (PCT)a base defining an axis of rotation, wherein the cradle is rotatable about the axis of rotation.

27. A rowing machine comprising: a cradle including: a frame having a first end and a second end defining a frame axis; and a seat slidably mounted to the frame, the seat being configured to slide along the frame axis; and a base defining an axis of rotation, wherein the cradle is rotatable about the axis of rotation.

28. A rowing machine according to claim 27, further comprising: at least one oarlock, wherein the or each oarlock is configured to receive an oar such that the oar can rotate in the oarlock; and a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar.

29. A rowing machine according any of claims 26 to 28, further comprising at least one rotation control system configured to control the rotation of the cradle about the axis of rotation.

30. A rowing machine according to claim 29, wherein the rotation control system is configured to bias the cradle in an upright position.31 . A rowing machine according to claim 30, wherein the rotation control system includes one or more ballast components.

32. A rowing machine according to any of claims 26 to 31 , further comprising at least one pressure measurement device configured to produce a pressure signal that is proportional to the movement of an oar.

33. A rowing machine according to claim 32, when dependent on claim 28, further comprising a training gate configured to receive a part of the oar.JJ07452WO (PCT)34. A rowing machine according to claim 33, wherein training gate comprises the pressure measurement device.

35. A rowing machine according to claim 34, wherein the pressure measurement device includes a pressure plate.

36. A rowing machine according to any one of claims 32 to 35, when dependent on claim 29, wherein the rowing machine is configured to communicate the pressure signal from the pressure measurement device to the rotation control system.

37. A rowing machine according to claim 36, wherein the rotation control system includes a braking system.

38. A rowing machine according to claim 37, wherein the braking system includes one or more brake calipers, wherein the cradle includes the or each brake caliper.

39. A rowing machine according to claim 38, wherein the cradle includes one or more brake pads, wherein the base includes one or more brake discs, and wherein the or each brake caliper is configured to move the brake pads into contact with the brake discs based on the pressure signal.

40. A rowing machine according to any of claims 1 to 18 or 26 to 40, further including one or more sensors configured to determine the position and / or angular orientation of the oar.41 . A rowing machine according to claim 40, when dependent on claim 31 , wherein the pressure measurement device is configured to selectively produce a pressure signal based on a reading from one or more sensors.JJ07452WO (PCT)42. A rowing machine according to claim 40 or claim 41 , further comprising a resistance mechanism configured to provide resistance to the oar, wherein the resistance mechanism is configured to vary the resistance based on a reading from one or more sensors.

43. A rowing machine according to any of claims 40 to 42, further comprising at least one rotation control system configured to control the rotation of the cradle about the axis of rotation, wherein the rotation control system is configured to vary the rotation based on a reading from one or more sensors.

44. A rowing machine according to any of claims 26 to 43, wherein the base includes a shaft defining the axis of rotation.

45. A rowing machine according to claim 44, wherein the cradle includes one or more bearings configured to rotate on the shaft.

46. A rowing machine according to claim 44 or 45, wherein the base includes one or more supports, and wherein the shaft is translatable relative to the or each support, in an axial direction.JJ07452WO (PCT)

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