A wind-responsive solar tracking installation and method for operation such installation

Abstract

We disclose a vertical-axis photovoltaic tracker that cuts wind-induced yaw torque without heavy foundations or locks. Size-bounded carriers rotate about single posts and mount panels on a horizontal hinge with a one-way downward stop, letting each panel feather freely under rear-face wind. A controller holds "rear-to-wind" within a bounded cone, minimizing yaw excitation while feathering sheds load. Multiple carriers are driven by one azimuth motor through a reeved flexible loop with positive, no-slip engagement that is torsionally compliant, sharing gust energy elastically and limiting differential azimuth. Bounding width / area shortens the yaw lever arm. The coordinated package reduces peak moments, damps transients, and supports large aggregate area per motor on single-point anchors while preserving normal sun tracking.

Description

[0001] WIND-RESPONSIVE VERTICAL-AXIS SOLAR TRACKER WITH TORSION-COMPLIANT GROUP DRIVE

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present invention relates generally to solar power systems and solar tracking apparatus. More particularly, it concerns a vertical-axis photovoltaic tracker equipped with a mechanism to reduce wind-induced torque and loads on the system.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] The following discussion of known approaches is provided for context only and is not an admission that any document cited is prior art against any claim of this application.

[0006] Vertical axis PV trackers concentrate structural demand into a single post that must withstand wind while remaining economical. A dominant load driver during storms is yaw torque about the substantially vertical axis (V-V), which scales with carrier width and exposed planform area and couples into six low structural / aeroelastic modes: two mast sways (x / z and y / z), mast yaw (about z), beam vertical bending, beam inplane bending, and beam torsion. Existing approaches treat parts of this problem, but have not delivered a coherent, rotation-friendly package that keeps all six modes benign without heavy foundations or full mechanical locks (cf. examples of reinforcement-centric designs such as EP 3 179 177 Al; mechanical trackers with wind stow like EP 2 194343 Al). yawing "rear to wind" can reduce torque, motors and geartrains are not fast enough to counter sudden gusts combined with rapid wind direction shifts; purely active repositioning cannot remove the instantaneous load spike before it couples into the structure.

[0007] Conventional wind stow practices (e.g., active flattening and / or locking the panels at a fixed angle when wind exceeds a threshold) requires a secondary motor for control around horizontal axis, adding cost and complexity.

[0008] Known hinge-only schemes let panels feather freely under wind, but that free movement often precludes stabilizing braces in the rotating head because braces would by necessity need to be arranged so as to constrain the same degree of freedom the hinge must provide. This tension between aerodynamic compliance and structural stiffening leaves designers choosing one at the expense of the other (compare passive, hinge-based "flapping" approaches in US 2010 / 0077592 Al and WO 2023 / 214396 Al, which are not integrated with vertical-axis tracker heads and coordinated azimuth control).

[0009] As structures scale laterally, yaw moment can rise sharply (e.g., if height is held constant, effective yaw torque trends with the square of width), so solutions that appear workable at small span become uneconomical or unstable at larger span unless the yaw lever arm (width) is explicitly bounded (traditional responses add stiffness / weight rather than limit lever arms; cf.

[0010] EP 3 179 177 Al).

[0011] Prior "one motor, many rows" linkages (e.g., rigid shafts, chain / cable synchronizers with selflocking row drives) target synchronization and cost, not gust sharing. They typically transmit impulses rigidly between structures or isolate by hard locks; they do not utilize inherent, bounded torsional compliance between posts to temper gust induced phase coupling without slip (see, e.g., US 8671 930 B2; and, in horizontal axis contexts, couplings or staged stow patterns that still act rigidly at the row level, such as US 11 251 746 B2 or WO 2023 / 025772 Al).

[0012] Mounting panels on a single hinge placed too close to or leeward of the aerodynamic center (AC), defined as the center of pressure as a->0° (see Definitions), can create aeroinstability (panel seeks increasing exposure rather than feathering). Conversely, fastening panels along two fixed axes (or locking tilt) prevents adaptation to gusts and continues to pass torque into the mast (contrast fixed / locked stow in US 8671930 B2 with nontracking passive hinges in US 2010 / 0077592 Al and WO 2023 / 214396 Al).

[0013] Representative documents reflect these strands: mechanically linked trackers emphasizing synchrony rather than wind torque mitigation (US 8671930 B2); chain / cable proposals treated as rigid drives; wind stow locks that freeze orientation (US 2018 / 0358921 Al; US 10601364 Bl); local shock / torque limiters that protect gearboxes but do not create group level compliance (US 10809 345 B2;

[0014] US 10340839 B2); and passive feathering hinges used in nontracking contexts without coordinated azimuth control (US 2010 / 0077592 Al; WO 2023 / 214396 Al). What is lacking is a torque first, rotation friendly architecture that, in combination:

[0015] Aligns "rear to wind" within a bounded downwind cone during storms to suppress yaw excitation while accepting realistic actuator response limits;

[0016] Allows panels to feather upward about a substantially horizontal hinge with only downward limiting, so panels shed force immediately without waiting for motor reaction;

[0017] Bounds per structure width and area so the yaw lever is short by design and the solution scales gracefully; and

[0018] Couples multiple heads to a single actuator via a nonslip yet torsionally compliant group transmission that softens and shares gust transients elastically rather than propagating them rigidly— while preserving space for head only bracing that does not interfere with hinge freedom. Such a coordinated package reduces yaw torque at the source, tempers interpost transients, and keeps the six modes lightly excited or stiffened, enabling large aggregate area per motor on singlepost, single-anchor foundations.

[0019] Any numeric examples referenced (e.g., cone halfangle, width / area bounds, aggregate area per motor) are for enablement and are illustrative, not limiting.

[0020] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The disclosure relates to vertical axis PV trackers on single posts and, more particularly, to architectures that bound wind induced yaw torque while maintaining continuous operation. Known vertical axis PV trackers do not remain dynamically stableacross six modes without heavy foundations or locks; yaw torque spikes and coupled transients still dominate failures— especially because motors cannot react fast enough to sudden gusts with direction shifts, freehanging panels complicate bracing, and torque grows super linearly with width.

[0022] The disclosure provides a coordinated torque reduction architecture that (i) holds rear to wind within a bounded cone (e.g., ±15°, example), (ii) permits free upward feathering about a substantially horizontal hinge with down only limiting, (iii) bounds per structure width / area to shorten the yaw, and (iv) uses a nonslip but torsionally compliant group transmission so gust energy distributes elastically rather than rigidly. A single azimuth drive unit couples multiple vertical axis heads via a flexible tensile loop or equivalent, with positive noslip traction and baseline pretension; head-only bracing may elevate stiffness without impeding hinge freedom.

[0023] Technical effects. The combination neutralizes Mode 3 (yaw torque) at the source, cuts Modes 2 / 5 via feathering, raises Modes 1 / 4 stiffness (optionally via head only bracing), and decouples Mode 6 torsion, enabling larger 2A per motor on single posts in real winds.

[0024] Example numerics serve enablement, not limitation; materials, placements, control implementations, and bracing details may vary.

[0025] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solar tracking installation configured to reduce wind-induced yaw torque and torsional resonance, comprising: a single azimuth drive unit with a motor; a plurality of tracker structures, each including (i) a rotatable support member configured to rotate about a substantially vertical axis and (ii) a panel carrier supporting at least one solar panel; for each structure, the at least one solar panel being mounted via one or more connection members defining a substantially horizontal hinge axis, downward rotation of the panel being bounded by a one-way rotation limiter that sets a repeatable production rest tilt; a mechanical transmission operatively coupling the single azimuth drive unit to the rotatable support members so as to rotate the plurality of structures in unison about their respective vertical axes, the transmission being torsionally non-rigid and comprising a continuous flexible tensile element reeved around mast-mounted traction elements with a positive tail lock to provide no-slip traction and baseline pretension; a controller configured, in a wind-protection mode, to command the azimuth drive unit such that a rear face of each solar panel is maintained within a bounded downwind cone having a half-angle not greater than 40 degrees about a detected or estimated wind direction while preserving commanded azimuth in normal operation; and for each structure, a spanwise width b < 9 m and a planform area A bounded so that per-structure yaw lever arm and panel loading remain limited, wherein the hinge axis for each panel is located at a chordwise position xH measured from the windward edge with xH e [-0.1-C, +0.20-C], where C is the chord length of the panel, to place the hinge windward of the center of pressure of the solar panel for all center-of-pressure variations due to different attack angles of wind, so that rear-face wind produces a lifting feathering moment, and wherein the torsional compliance of the mechanical transmission is selected to admit only a bounded differential azimuth between adjacent structures under a design gust while maintaining no-slip traction, thereby tempering inter-structure impulse sharing and reducing excitation of z-axis torsional resonance, whereby the combination of (i) bounded width, (ii) feather-hinged panels with a one-way downward stop and no upper stop, (iii) downwind-cone alignment, and (iv) a no-slip yet torsionally compliant group drive keeps yaw torque per structure below a predetermined design threshold during storm operation and enables single-point anchoring of a plurality of rotatable support members.

[0026] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that a controller maintains a torque-per-area budget T_A by constraining azimuth within the downwind cone so that, for each structure, a measured or inferred yaw moment per unit panel area (Mz / A) does not exceed T_A, the moment being inferred from motor torque or loop tension on the flexible tensile element.

[0027] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that the torque-per-area budget T_A is parameterized by a design 3 s gust V_d and air density p, and the controller reduces heading error within the cone to keep Mz / A < T_A(V_d, p) in real time. According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that, for b < 8 m and A < 25 m2, a design 3 s gust of V_d=40 m / s yields a per-structure yaw moment Mz < 25 kN-m.

[0028] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that adjacent-structure differential azimuth under the design gust is bounded to < 3° by selection of loop material, cross-section, and pretension, while no-slip traction is preserved at the traction elements.

[0029] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that each panel on a carrier is independently pivotable about the substantially horizontal hinge axis so that wind-induced rotation of one panel does not accumulate torque from adjacent panels.

[0030] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that 2A per motor > 100 m2, with each rotatable support borne by a single-point ground anchor selected from a pile and a ground screw.

[0031] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that the mechanical transmission includes a nonlinear compliance module in series on a loop run that limits peak transmitted torque above a threshold while maintaining bounded differential azimuth.

[0032] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that the controller computes the storm-heading setpoint as a blend of measured wind direction and a short-term forecast.

[0033] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that the controller applies small stagger offsets among neighboring structures while keeping each within the cone.

[0034] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that width:height > 2.25:1 is maintained to reduce inter-row shading for a given ground-cover ratio while meeting a yaw-moment threshold.

[0035] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that the flexible tensile element is steel wire rope or roller chain reeved around mast-mounted traction wheels or sprockets with a locked tail to enforce no-slip traction, under baseline pretension.

[0036] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solar tracking installation comprising a flexible tensile loop reeved over traction elements at rotatable supports and positively locked at each traction element by a tail lock to prevent slip, wherein a gravity take-up module is connected in series with the loop and is configured (i) to maintain baseline loop tension in normal operation and (ii) to admit additional loop payout only when loop tension exceeds a selected threshold corresponding to a prescribed azimuth torque about a substantially vertical axis, thereby limiting peak transmitted torque while permitting additional azimuth rotation without slip at the traction elements.

[0037] According to another aspect of the present invention, a solar tracking installation is configured such that the additional loop payout provided by the gravity take-up module is sized, in representative embodiments, to be at least the arc length corresponding to approximately one-half rotation of a traction element.

[0038] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a solar tracking installation as described herein, the method comprising:

[0039] (i) detecting elevated wind conditions and entering a wind-protection mode;

[0040] (ii) in response, commanding the single azimuth drive unit, via the mechanical transmission, to set and maintain the azimuth of the plurality of structures such that a rear face of each solar panel remains within a bounded downwind cone having a half-angle not greater than 40 degrees about a detected or estimated wind direction;

[0041] (iii) allowing each solar panel to pivot upward about the substantially horizontal hinge axis under wind load, while downward rotation is limited by a one-way rotation limiter to a repeatable rest tilt in normal winds, the upward rotation being unimpeded in normal operation at least to within about 15 degrees of horizontal; and

[0042] (iv) actuating the plurality through a torsionally non-rigid mechanical transmission so that gusts induce only bounded differential azimuth between structures without loss of the commanded heading; wherein panel-carrier dimensions are selected such that a yaw moment per structure during step (ii) remains below a predetermined design threshold.

[0043] In another aspect, the controller maintains a torque-per-area budget TAT_ATA by constraining azimuth within the downwind cone such that, for each structure, a measured or inferred yaw moment per unit panel area Mz / A does not exceed TAT_ATA, the moment being inferred from motor torque or loop tension on the flexible tensile element.

[0044] In another aspect, TAT_ATA is parameterized by a design 3 s gust V and air density p, and the controller reduces heading error within the cone to keep

[0045] Mz / A < TA(V , p) in real time. In another aspect (numeric example), for b < 8 m and A < 25 m2, a design 3 s gust of

[0046] Vj 40 m / s yields a per-structure yaw moment Mz< 25 kN-m.

[0047] In another aspect, TAT_ATA is parameterized by a design 3 s gust Vd and air density p, and the controller reduces heading error within the cone to keep Mz / A < TA(V , p) in real time.

[0048] In another aspect (numeric example), for b < 8 m and A < 25 m2, a design 3 s gust of V ~ 40 m / s yields a per-structure yaw moment Mz< 25 kN-m.

[0049] In another aspect, adjacent-structure differential azimuth under the design gust is bounded to < 3° by selection of loop material, cross-section, and pretension while preserving no-slip traction at the traction elements.

[0050] In another aspect, each panel on a carrier is independently pivotable about the substantially horizontal hinge axis so wind-induced rotation of one panel does not accumulate torque from adjacent panels.

[0051] In another aspect, the aggregate panel area per motor satisfies 2A > 75 m2, and in some realizations 2A > 150 m2, with each rotatable support borne by a single-point ground anchor selected from a pile and a ground screw.

[0052] In another aspect, the mechanical transmission includes a nonlinear compliance module in series on a loop run that limits peak transmitted torque above a threshold while maintaining bounded differential azimuth.

[0053] In another aspect, the controller computes the storm-heading setpoint as a blend of measured wind direction and a short-term forecast.

[0054] In another aspect, the controller applies small stagger offsets among neighboring groups of structures while keeping each within the downwind cone.

[0055] In another aspect, a width:height aspect ratio > 2.25:1 is maintained for each structure to reduce inter-row shading while meeting a yaw-moment threshold.

[0056] In another aspect, the flexible tensile element is steel wire rope or roller chain reeved around mast-mounted traction wheels or sprockets with a locked tail to enforce no-slip traction under baseline pretension.

[0057] In another aspect, a flexible tensile loop is reeved over traction elements at rotatable supports and positively locked at each traction element by a tail lock to prevent slip; a gravity take-up module is connected in series with the loop and configured (i) to maintain baseline loop tension in normal operation and (ii) to admit additional loop payout only when loop tension exceeds a selected threshold corresponding to a prescribed azimuth torque about a substantially vertical axis, thereby limiting peak transmitted torque while permitting additional azimuth rotation without slip at the traction elements.

[0058] In another aspect, the additional loop payout provided by the gravity take-up module is sized, in representative embodiments, to be at least the arc length corresponding to approximately one-half rotation of a traction element.

[0059] In a further aspect, a method of operating a solar tracking installation includes: detecting elevated wind conditions and entering a wind-protection mode; commanding, via the mechanical transmission, the single azimuth drive unit to set and maintain the azimuth of a plurality of structures such that a rear face of each solar panel remains within a bounded downwind cone having a half-angle not greater than 40° about a detected or estimated wind direction; allowing each panel to pivot upward about the substantially horizontal hinge axis under wind load while downward rotation is limited by a one-way rotation limiter to a repeatable rest tilt, the upward rotation being unimpeded in normal operation at least to within about 15° of horizontal; and actuating the plurality through a torsionally non-rigid mechanical transmission so that gusts induce only bounded differential azimuth between structures without loss of the commanded heading; wherein panel-carrier dimensions are selected such that a yaw moment per structure during downwind-cone control remains below a predetermined design threshold.

[0060] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0061] FIG. 1 — Perspective view of a single-post vertical axis solar tracker with panels resting against a downward tilt stop.

[0062] FIG. 2 — Side view showing a panel feathering upward under wind load.

[0063] FIG. 3 — Schematic view of panels rotating rear-to-wind about a horizontal hinge.

[0064] FIG. 4 — Diagram of a flexible loop group drive linking multiple tracker posts.

[0065] FIG. 5 — Plan view of multiple trackers aligned within a downwind cone.

[0066] FIG. 6 — Comparative diagram showing a rigid inter-post shaft drive.

[0067] FIG. 7 — Plan view with small staggered tracker headings inside the downwind cone.

[0068] FIG. 8 — Example of a tether or cable acting as a downward tilt limiter.

[0069] FIG. 9A— Example of a stop bar with bumper as a downward tilt limiter. FIG. 9B - Side view of a tracker.

[0070] FIG. 10 — Perspective of an integrated system with several small units on single-pile foundations, driven by one motor.

[0071] FIG. 11 - Perspective view of trackers trackers showing wind direction.

[0072] FIGS. 12-17 — Schematic depictions of structural / aeroelastic modes and how they are mitigated (mast sway, yaw, bending, torsion, etc.).

[0073] FIG. 18 — Plan schematic showing a bounded downwind cone.

[0074] FIG. 19 — Concept diagram of yaw torque reduction inside the cone.

[0075] FIG. 20 — Schematic of a gravity take-up module in the drive loop.

[0076] FIGS. 21-24 — Variants with different support members and bearing arrangements.

[0077] FIGS. 25-32 — Wire-and-wheel drive details: loop routing, locking members, tensioners, multiple arrays per motor, independent adjustment, dual motor setups, and overload release mechanisms.

[0078] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0079] Definitions & Measurement Conventions

[0080] Coordinate system, axes, and views

[0081] Global axes (x, y, z). A righthanded frame is used. The z-axis is substantially vertical; x and y span the horizontal plane. Front / side / plan views are defined per standard engineering drawing practice.

[0082] Rotational axes. V-V denotes the tracker's substantially vertical yaw axis through the rotatable support 102; H-H denotes the substantially horizontal hinge axis 120 about which a panel or panel set feathers. "Substantially vertical / horizontal" each mean predominantly aligned to that orientation, with ordinary installation tolerances (e.g., a few degrees), unless expressly stated otherwise.

[0083] Assemblies, structures, and principal parts (numerals)

[0084] Tracker assembly 100. A single, pole-mounted unit configured to yaw about V-V and to carry one or more panels 500 via an upper support 105. The rotating column or mast is 102; the single point foundation or footing is 130. Hinge connectors are 200 defining axis 120. A downward only tilt limiter is 210. The drive / motor is 300. Drive elements. The flexible loop is 260 (wire 260W or chain 260C), the traction element at each mast is 250. A rigid inter-post shaft used only for comparison is 370. This crossmapping keeps the disclosure architecture agnostic while preserving drawing consistency.

[0085] Panel faces and orientation terms

[0086] Panel 500; faces 500A / 500B. 500A is the sunfacing front; 500B is the rear face.

[0087] Rear to wind. A heading in which the wind vector W impinges primarily on the panel rear face 500B. The term "mostly rear to wind" means the tracker azimuth is held within a bounded downwind cone about the instantaneous wind direction; C0 denotes that cone having halfangle 0. Examples include C15 (± 15°) and C20 (± 20°), with C15 preferred in several examples for storm stow.

[0088] Size metrics and how they are measured

[0089] Width (b). The spanwise lateral width of a single structure's panel carrier (the planview distance perpendicular to mast 102 from one outermost panel edge to the other), measured as the smallest axis aligned bounding width of the panel set affixed to 105. Examples cite b < 8 m per structure to bound yaw moment via lever arm control.

[0090] Planform area (A). The total panel surface area carried by one structure, taken as the sum of module face areas (face 500A / 500B) in their installed geometry (for flat modules, the rectangle(s) of each module as mounted), exclusive of frame gaps. Examples cite A < 25 m2per structure.

[0091] Aggregate area (2A). The sum of A across all structures driven by one motor 300 in a plurality. Examples cite 2A > 75 m2per motor. The term "per motor" means the total area actuated by a single drive regardless of whether the plurality is on one post or distributed across multiple posts.

[0092] Aspect ratio (R = width:height). Unless stated otherwise, R is the ratio of the tracker's planview width b to its vertical extent of the active panel field. Examples in the record discuss R > 2.25:1 as advantageous for shade management at given groundcover ratio (GCR). (E.g., simulations cited qualitatively show reducing shade loss when increasing R from about 1.5:1 to 2.25:1 in a representative layout; included as design evidence, not as a limitation.)

[0093] Aerodynamic geometry (C, windward edge, aerodynamic center).

[0094] Chord (C). "Chord" means the front to back dimension of a panel measured from the windward (leading) edge to the leeward (trailing) edge. The windward (leading) edge is the edge that the oncoming wind first meets for the present yaw / tilt orientation in storm stow. Coordinate along chord (x). Let x=0 at the windward edge and x=C at the leeward edge; x increases from windward to leeward.

[0095] Aerodynamic center (AC). Unless otherwise stated, "aerodynamic center (AC)" denotes the limiting center of pressure of the panel as the effective angle of attack relative to the oncoming wind approaches 0° (ct->0°). For a flat PV module in the relevant Reynolds regime, XAC is typically near the quarterchord, i.e., xAc=0.25-C (engineering default used herein).

[0096] Center of pressure. The center of pressure of the panel, which varies based on angle of attack of oncoming wind.

[0097] Hinge location (XH) and sign convention. The panel hinge axis location measured from the windward edge is XH. Stated ranges such as "-5% to +10% of chord" mean XH G [-0.05-C, +0.10-C], where a negative value indicates the physical hinge axis lies slightly windward of the panel's windward edge (e.g., on a bracket).

[0098] Relation of XH to AC. With XAC=0.25-C (example), XH in [-0.05-C, +0.10-C] places the hinge upstream of AC by =0.15-0.30-C in storm stow, producing a lifting feathering moment under rearface wind.

[0099] Angles, motions, and wind response terms

[0100] Panel tilt (a). The instantaneous rotation of a panel 500 about H-H (120) relative to horizontal. The rest tilt is the downlimit angle set by 210 (examples include ~50° below horizontal), while feathering denotes upward rotation toward reduced effective angle of attack in wind. Unless stated otherwise, any chordwise positions (XH, XAC) referenced with tilt a use the downwind stow regime (rearface wind, a set by feathering), with "windward edge" defined relative to the instantaneous wind vector in that regime.

[0101] Feather angle / feathering "free upward." The unimpeded upward rotation domain about H-H under wind on 500B, with no upper hard stop in normal operation (clearances provided so an example limit is near horizontal). "Free upward" means the mechanism imposes no deliberate cap other than geometric clearance / safety tethering, and the panel returns by gravity when wind abates.

[0102] Heading error (IJJ ) and staggering (Aip). IJJ is the azimuth misalignment between the tracker and wind vector W; AIJJ denotes a small, bounded intentional offset applied between neighboring units (still within C0) to avoid fleetscale phasing. Examples include a few degrees of Aip.

[0103] Yaw moment (Mz). The aerodynamic torque about V-V; for simple estimates Mzoc A-(b / 2)-q-Cy(4J, a), showing the leverarm role of b (illustrative only). Drive topology and compliance terminology

[0104] Flexible loop (compliance by selection). A tensile, reeved loop 260 (e.g., wire rope or roller chain) wrapped over mastmounted traction element 250 with noslip fixation and baseline pretension. "Compliance by selection" refers to the inherent elastic stretch and catenary straightening of the flexible loop under gusts, furnishing torsional give between units without wheel slip. A rigid shaft 370 is cited only as a comparative, noncompliant alternative.

[0105] Noslip traction. A drive condition where the loop's motion relative to 250 is constrained by positive engagement and / or a locked tail (e.g., chaintosprocket engagement or a pinned cable tail), so synchronization is maintained even at peak load.

[0106] Optional added compliance. A supplemental spring / elastomer module placed in series with one loop run to cap peak tension and bound differential yaw— an optional enhancement, not required to practice the invention's base compliance. (Quantitative ranges, when stated, are examples only.)

[0107] Control and sensing terminology

[0108] Wind stow threshold / hysteresis. A control scheme in which stow is entered when measured / estimated wind exceeds a threshold (e.g., 3s gust) and exited after dropping below a lower threshold for a dwell period— values are implementationspecific examples.

[0109] Bounded downwind cone (C0). The set of headings within ± 0 of W in which the controller maintains azimuth during storm operation; examples include 0 = 15° as a preferred value, with other examples 0 ~ 10-30° depending on site objectives. Holding within C0 is what is meant by "mostly straight toward the rear of the panels."

[0110] Foundations and structural options

[0111] Singlepoint anchoring (130). Each rotating support 102 is borne by a single foundation element (e.g., pile, ground screw, pier), not a multileg truss. Suitability is earned by torque reduction (small b, C0 alignment, feathering, and compliant drive), not by brute strength.

[0112] Optional bracing (inside the rotating head). Where referenced, brace set 260 denotes symmetric V- braces (x-z plane) within the rotating super structure to elevate vertical bending and xsway modes; these are optional engineering measures and not required to practice core claims. (Mode naming is per the sixmode figures.) Plurality and grouping

[0113] Plurality of structures; one motor. "Plurality" means two or more structures lOOa / lOOb / lOOc simultaneously driven in yaw by a single motor 300 via the flexible loop. Unless expressly limited, "group" may reside on one post or across multiple posts. Aggregate metrics (e.g., 2A) are referenced per motor, not per post.

[0114] Ranges, examples, and claimconstruction phrases

[0115] Examples and ranges. Numerical values for b, A, 2A, 0 (cone), angles, forces, and stiffnesses are provided as examples for enablement and design guidance only, unless explicitly recited as claim limitations. Stated ranges are inclusive and may include sub-ranges.

[0116] About / approximately. "About" encompasses ordinary engineering tolerances and environmental variability appropriate to the context.

[0117] Comprising / including / having. Open, nonexclusive terms signifying that additional elements or steps may be present.

[0118] Or. The disjunctive "or" covers A or B or both, unless the context clearly dictates exclusivity.

[0119] Coupled / connected. "Coupled" means operably associated directly or indirectly; "connected" typically implies a direct mechanical link unless stated otherwise.

[0120] Symbols and figure legend conventions

[0121] W (wind vector), 176 (cone graphic), Mz(yaw torque arrow), T<t> (bar torsion arrow), and AIJJ (staggering offset) are symbolic annotations used in plan / side views for pedagogical clarity.

[0122] Chapter 1 — Overview of the Wind Adaptive Solar Tracker

[0123] The disclosure concerns a single-post, vertical axis solar tracker assembly 100 configured for improved wind tolerance. FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment in which a vertical mast 102 is supported by a single point foundation 130 (e.g., a pile or ground screw) and carries an array of solar panels 500 via a head assembly. The head includes an upper support beam 105. The panels are attached to the upper support by hinge members 200 defining a substantially horizontal hinge axis 120. In normal operation, each panel rests at a defined tilt against a downward only limiter 210 (for example, about 50° below horizontal; example value). As shown in FIG. 5 one or more masts 102 rotates about a substantially vertical axis V-V to provide daily solar tracking and wind stow positioning. A controller (not shown) receives wind inputs from sensors (not shown) and commands azimuth adjustments when elevated winds are detected. In high winds, the controller orients the array "rear to wind" so that wind acts on the panels' rear faces 500B; in this orientation each panel can feather upward about axis 120 under aerodynamic loading.

[0124] As illustrated in FIG. 3, a rear wind W can lift a panel off the tilt limiter 210, allowing rotation toward a more horizontal attitude about axis 120. This feathering reduces projected area and associated aerodynamic forces. The arrangement pairs active azimuth alignment (rear to wind) with passive panel feathering about the horizontal hinge to reduce wind induced loads. All panels on a given mast move together in azimuth (driven by the single motor 300). In preferred forms, panels are hinged individually so that each can feather independently; in alternative forms, multiple panels on one support may be linked to feather together.

[0125] Conventional vertical axis trackers often mount a large, continuous panel surface on one rotating frame, which in strong winds behaves as a large sail and imposes high torques on the post and foundation. By contrast, the tracker described herein partitions such a large set of panels into smaller sets of panels across multiple posts that are ganged for synchronized rotation around the yaw axis. Furthermore, the panels attached to each post is hinged to feather upward under load. The panels on each post may be hinged to feather independently from other panels on that post, or may be connected to one or multiple adjacent panels on the same post to feather in unison. Preferably, at least two panels or sets of panels on each post should be hinged independently from each other, and each with limited width and area. All panels on one post are ganged for rotation about the vertical axis while retaining the ability to lift at the hinge under gusts.

[0126] This configuration permits a large total panel area to be driven by a single azimuth drive while avoiding any single rigid surface that would otherwise dominate the wind response. By way of example, instead of one larger tracker carrying on the order of 80 m2of panels rigidly fitter together, a single motor may instead drive multiple smaller posts that collectively provide a larger total area (e.g., 160 m2of panels distributed across eight posts of about 20 m2each; example values). In either case, limiting the size of any one section contributes to reduced wind induced torque and forces.

[0127] As used in this chapter, "substantially vertical" denotes an orientation predominantly upright (within a small angular deviation from true vertical) for the mast's rotation axis V-V, and "substantially horizontal" denotes an orientation predominantly level for the panel hinge axis 120.

[0128] The term "width b" denotes the lateral span of the upper support beam 105 for each post, measured perpendicular to mast 102. In other words, b is approximately the planview distance between the outermost edges of the set of modules that are attached to each post. In preferred realizations, b is limited (e.g., b < 8 m, example) to bound the yawlever arm.

[0129] "Panel area A" denotes the total face area of the module(s) attached to one post (sum of module faces as mounted, excluding frame gaps). By way of illustration, eight typical modules of about 2 m2each yield A ~ 16 m2(example). When a panel feathers upward about axis 120, its projected area normal to the wind decreases.

[0130] 2A denotes the aggregate of A across all posts driven by a single motor 300. Using multiple posts with smaller width, 2A may be large for energy yield while each A and b remains bounded for wind response. In one nonlimiting example, 2A ~ 160 m2(e.g., eight posts of A ~ 20 m2on one post).

[0131] The term "rear face 500B" denotes the back side of a solar panel (opposite front face 500A). A "rear to wind" orientation means the wind vector impinges primarily on rear face 500B.

[0132] A "singlepoint anchor" or foundation 130 denotes one groundengaging foundation element per rotatable support 102 (e.g., pile, ground screw, pier) rather than a multileg truss.

[0133] "Noslip traction" denotes an azimuth drive condition in which a flexible tensile element is positively engaged to a traction element so that, under service loads, the element does not slip relative to the traction element. For example, a roller chain on a sprocket inherently provides positive engagement; a wire rope can be secured to a capstan / drum by a locked tail (e.g., pin, clamp, wedge). This ensures synchronized azimuth among coupled structures without relying on friction alone.

[0134] By way of example, a preferred configuration may use b ~ 6 m and A ~ 12 m2per post; ten such posts give 2A ~ 120 m2actuated by a single motor 300. In elevated winds, the controller maintains a rear to wind heading within a bounded cone (e.g., ±15°, example) to minimize yaw torque while preserving feathering.

[0135] Fig. 4 depicts an embodiment where the azimuth drive is realized by a flexible loop 260 (e.g., steel wire rope or roller chain) routed around a traction element 250 at each mast 102. The loop is positively locked to the traction element to enforce noslip traction and is pretensioned to remove slack 801. In the figure the slack 801 is exaggerated, but some slack always remains even after tensioning. Routing remains below the module envelope and outside the sweep of the horizontal hinge 120.

[0136] Hinge placement relative to chord. Let C denote panel chord measured from the windward (leading) edge to the leeward edge in the storm posture; let x = 0 at the windward edge and x = C at the leeward edge as shown in Fig. 4. Unless otherwise stated, the aerodynamic center (AC) denotes the limiting center of pressure as angle of attack -> 0°, typically at approximately the quarterchord (XAC ~ 0.25-C) for a flat PV module (engineering default used herein). The hinge axis location XH is preferably within -5 % to +10 % of C from the windward edge (i.e., XH G[-0.05-C, +0.10-C]), thereby placing the hinge windward of AC by about 0.15-0.30-C in storm stow, which yields a lifting (feathering) moment under rearface wind. In an illustrative case C = 2.0 m with XAC ~ 0.50 m and XH ~ 0.10 m, the rearface wind produces an opening moment about axis 120 that lifts the panel; gravity returns the panel to the downward only limiter 210 as winds subside.

[0137] Chapter 2 — Multiple Small Panel Areas vs. One Big Sail

[0138] A principal design choice is to employ several size bounded panels or sets of panels, rather than one wide continuous surface. Both by having smaller panel areas per post, but also by having panels on each post that are hinged independently or in smaller panel groups, while still allowing for rotation around the vertical yaw axis driven by a single motor. Limiting the spanwise width b and per structure planform area A bounds the aerodynamic yaw moment Mzabout the substantially vertical axis V-V for each structure. For a given A and exposure, Mzscales approximately with b; if panel height is held, the torque grows with the square of b as A increases with width. Maintaining small li I and bounding b are therefore effective levers to keep Mzmodest in strong winds. (All numerics below are examples for enablement and are not limiting.)

[0139] FIG. 5 depicts a planview embodiment in which three sizebounded units 100a, 100b, 100c are driven in unison by a single motor 300 via a flexible loop 260 reeved on mast mounted traction elements 250. Each unit carries a set of panels together spanning width b (e.g., not greater than about 8 m, example) and area A (e.g., on the order of 12-25 m2, example). The controller holds the rear face 500B within a bounded downwind cone 176 (e.g., ±15°, example), thereby minimizing yaw excitation. Each mast 102 is borne by a singlepoint ground anchor 130 (as shown in FIG. 1). Aggregate area per motor, 2A, is called out to indicate that multiple small subarrays can be actuated by one drive while maintaining bounded per structure torque.

[0140] A comparative illustration (examples only) further clarifies scaling: holding a representative dynamic pressure and coefficient, a single rigid surface of Atotai ~ 75 m2at width b ~ 15 m yields approximately 3 times larger total Mzthan three subarrays each at A ~ 25 m2with b ~ 5 m, where Mzscales with A*b so the surface with large area scales with (75*15), with the subarrays scaling with (3*25*5). Summing three narrower panel surfaces still results in a total yaw moment materially below that of a single wide surface, and, in practice, rear to wind alignment and feathering reduce the surface forces further. These numerical illustrations serve to demonstrate the lever arm effect of width and the benefit of partitioning A into multiple bounded width structures. Measurement conventions are as follows. Width b is the planview span of a set of panels attached to one post, perpendicular to mast 102, taken as the smallest axis aligned bounding width of the modules mounted on upper support 105. Planform A is the sum of the solar module face areas in the installed geometry (gaps excluded). Aggregate 2A denotes the sum of A across the plurality driven by one motor 300. The design principle is to explicitly constrain b and A per structure to keep the per structure Mzwithin target bounds, and to realize total aperture by increasing the number of subarrays rather than increasing width. This approach allows scaleup (larger 2A per motor) without proportional growth in yaw torque at any single mast.

[0141] Chapter 3 — Group Drive via Flexible Loop: Inherent Compliance

[0142] In certain implementations, a continuous flexible tensile element 260 (e.g., wire rope or roller chain) is routed to couple azimuthal rotation of multiple posts 102 within a group. The element engages a traction element 250 on each mast so that a single drive (e.g., motor 300 on a central pulley) transmits commanded rotation to the remaining posts (see FIG. 5). The configuration provides inherent torsional compliance arising from elastic stretch of the element and straightening of its catenary sag, while maintaining nonslip engagement at the traction elements. As a nonlimiting example, one motor can synchronize on the order of 2-20 posts via a single loop drive.

[0143] During normal tracking (low wind and slow motion), the posts rotate substantially in unison with negligible phase error. A small catenary sag is present even under high pretension; FIG. 4 schematically indicates this sag (item 801, exaggerated for clarity). The loop material and run length are selected such that, under gust loading, the element exhibits a small elastic elongation. Consequently, a gust that acts on one structure is partially absorbed by the loop before torque is transmitted to neighboring posts and to the actuator. Functionally, the flexible loop behaves as a distributed torsional spring-damper that smooths high frequency disturbances and avoids instantaneous transmission of peak impulses through the group.

[0144] Testing of wire based implementations indicates that the inherent compliance reduces the effective resonance frequency about the z-axis and decouples that mode from panel rotation modes, thereby reducing the risk of coupled resonance and associated structural response.

[0145] FIG. 4 also contrasts the flexible loop with a rigid inter post driveline. The two posts 102 are joined by a flexible loop (260 in the figure). Under a gust, microscopic stretch admits bounded differential azimuth so the adjacent post experiences a moderated response. In FIG. 6, two posts are instead joined by a rigid torsion shaft 370 such that gust torque is transmitted essentially undiminished, promoting array wide oscillation and potential overload. Selecting the flexible loop provides the desired compliance while maintaining commanded azimuth in normal operation.

[0146] With the loop pretensioned and locked, the inter post coupling exhibits an equivalent torsional spring behavior. The effective stiffness may be tunable by selection of loop material, cross section, and pretension. By way of nonlimiting example, a steel wire rope exhibits an axial modulus that produces on the order of a few tenths of a millimeter of stretch per meter of rope per kilonewton of tension; a representative figure is approximately 0.5 mm / m of elongation for a 6 mm wire under about 300 kgf 3 kN) of additional tension, remaining within the elastic range of the material. In a representative design gust case, this elasticity admits a bounded differential azimuth among posts on the order of ~l-3° (example), sufficient to temper peak torque transmission while maintaining the commanded heading inside the wind stow cone. Following the transient, recovery of the elastic strain in the loop realigns the group; the drive motor 300 and the remaining posts provide the reactive path for load redistribution.

[0147] Accordingly, the flexible loop transmission provides inherent compliance while concurrently performing torque transfer. The arrangement reduces peak interpost impulses, avoids reliance on additional slip devices, and accommodates minor geometric misalignments without introducing binding stresses characteristic of rigid shafts. The result is reduced transient load and contact wear in turbulent winds while preserving noslip positional fidelity at the traction elements. Field testing has also shown sharp reduction in the natural frequency around the vertical axis for the solar tracker assemblies, decoupling potential resonance that can occur between solar tracker assemblies from other resonance that can occur in the system.

[0148] Chapter 4 — Active Yaw Control for Tail Wind Alignment

[0149] In operation, the tracker adjusts azimuth (yaw about the substantially vertical axis V-V) to seek a reduced-force orientation under wind. During routine conditions, a controller commands the motor 300 to track the sun. When wind speed exceeds a stow criterion, the controller transitions to a wind-protection state and rotates the rotatable support 102 such that a rear face 500B of each panel 500 is directed generally downwind, as shown in FIG. 5. In this posture, wind impinging on the rear face tends to lift the panel about a substantially horizontal hinge axis 120 rather than press the panel broadside, thereby reducing the effective aerodynamic profile.

[0150] Azimuthal heading during wind-protection is maintained within a bounded downwind cone 176 about the incident wind vector W, having, by way of non-limiting example, a half-angle of approximately ±15°. This bounded "rear-to-wind" regime minimizes yaw torque Mzwhile avoiding excessive actuator activity due to small, transient direction changes. FIGS. 4A-C illustrates the concept: a broadside exposure produces a large yaw moment Mz, whereas maintaining heading within the cone 176 substantially reduces Mz. For illustration (and as shown in FIG. 18) with

[0151] 2 m x 1 m modules, Mzscales with A-b: a single 6x6 field gives A-b=864, whereas 3x panels give =72 and 2x2 panels give =32 (illustrative scaling only). In some implementations, the reduced Mzenables use of poles in lieu of truss structures and single-point anchoring (e.g., ground screws or piles) instead of building foundations or multipoint anchoring, thereby reducing cost.

[0152] Wind direction and speed may be obtained from local sensors mounted proximate to the units or from shared site instrumentation, optionally supplemented by forecast data via interface. Sensorless estimation (e.g., from motor torque or power signatures) can be used as a primary source, a fallback, or a complement. The controller determines entry to and exit from storm stow using thresholds separated by hysteresis and an optional dwell time T to prevent chatter. In non-limiting embodiments, the controller blends measured and forecast inputs using weights, enabling preemptive stow when forecasted gusts exceed a threshold established by a computational procedure and deferred exit until the blended signal falls below another threshold established by a computational procedure.

[0153] To reduce array-scale phasing, the controller may assign small, bounded heading offsets 178R among neighboring groups of trackers, while each group of trackers remains within its own cone 176. This maintains the rear-to-wind posture for each structure while discouraging synchronized response across groups. FIG. 7 shows representative grouping with offsets 178R inside the cone 176.

[0154] The foregoing azimuthal strategy is coordinated with panel-level feathering about the hinge axis 120 (described elsewhere) and with the compliant, non-slip group transmission discussed elsewhere. Holding heading inside the downwind cone lowers the source yaw torque; enabling free upward rotation about axis 120 reduces face loading; and compliant azimuth coupling tempers inter-post transients without loss of commanded heading in normal winds. Numerical values recited herein (e.g., ±15° cone half-angle) are examples for enablement and are not limiting.

[0155] Chapter 5 — Passive Feathering Hinge and OneWay Tilt Limit

[0156] Each solar panel (or panel group) is mounted to the upper support 105 by a substantially horizontal hinge 120 that permits upward rotation (tilt) under rearface wind. In normal operation the panel rests against a downward tilt limiter 210 that establishes a defined production tilt. As shown in FIG. 1, the panel 500 is tilted below horizontal and the limiter 210 constrains only downward rotation; upward rotation is not arrested in normal service, and no upper stop is provided. Consequently, when a gust applies a lifting moment, the panel may swing freely upward (approaching horizontal if geometry permits). This arrangement is referred to herein as a oneway or downonly tilt limit.

[0157] Hinge placement relative to chord. As set forth in the Definitions (§ Aerodynamic geometry), chordwise position x is measured from the windward edge (x = 0). The aerodynamic center (AC) is the center of pressure in the limit as inflow angle tends to 0°, typically located near quarterchord, i.e., AC=0.25-C for a flat PV panel. The hinge axis location H is preferably within -5 % to +10 % of chord from the windward edge (XHG[-0.05-C, +0.10-C]), i.e., windward of AC by approximately 0.15- 0.30-C, such that rearface wind produces a lifting (feathering) moment about 120. By placing 120 ahead of the plate's AC, wind induced force produces a moment that opens the hinge (tilts the panel upward) rather than driving it downward. Example (illustrative): for C = 2.0 m, take

[0158] XAC=0.25-C = 0.50 m and select xH=0.05-C = 0.10 m; the windmoment about 120 is then lifting. Under load, the effective force lies behind 120, lifting the panel; gravity returns the panel to the rest angle on 210 as wind subsides.

[0159] Various implementations may realize the downward tilt limiter 210. In one implementation (FIG. 8), the downward tilt limiter 210 constitutes a flexible tether or stop cable. In another implementation (FIG. 9A), the downward tilt limiter 210 is implementad as a stop lug fixated to the upper support 105. Each of these approaches provides a oneway downward limit that establishes a repeatable rest position while not impeding upward feathering.

[0160] Geometric clearances are provided such that, at full feather (substantially horizontal, or slightly past horizontal in some examples), the panel does not interfere with the mast 102, the upper support 105, adjacent panels, or other structure. By way of example, spacing may be arranged so that a fully feathered panel clears the mast by several centimeters.

[0161] In operation, the hinge and limiter arrangement permits the panel to feather freely under rearface wind, reducing the effective projected area and associated aerodynamic coefficients. Consequently, the reaction forces and moments transmitted to the upper support 105, the mast 102, and the foundation 130 are reduced relative to a rigidly fixed panel. The combination of a oneway downward limit, unimpeded upward feathering about axis 120, and maintained clearances limits the amplification of loads through lever arms and thereby moderates structural demand at the source.

[0162] Chapter 6 — Coordinated Design: Small Sets of Panels, One Motor, One Pier This chapter integrates the previously described features— multiple small sets of panels, a flexible drive loop, active yaw control, and feathering panels— into a coordinated architecture in which multiple sets of panels are supported on one post (singlepoint anchoring) and where multiple posts are driven by one motor. A design sequence may be executed as follows. First, select panel set size as a function of site design wind conditions: for a given site, choose a width b and area A per post that keep perpost wind torque within acceptable limits (consistent with the reasoning of Chapter 2). By way of example only, in a moderate wind zone, b ~ 8 m and A ~ 16-25 m2may be suitable; in a very high wind zone, b ~ 6 m, A ~ 12 m2may be selected. Next, determine the number of posts to meet energy objectives without exceeding drive capacity. For illustration, if each post's worstcase torque is approximately 20 kN-m in an extreme wind and the motor and post can withstand approximately 200 kN-m, up to ten posts may be ganged on that drive. In a preferred implementation, 5-25 posts per motor are used. The aggregate panel area per motor, 2A, can exceed 75 m2under these selections. Because each panel, or set of panels, remains free to feather under wind, the combined assembly does not act as a single broad sail but rather as several smaller aerodynamic surfaces.

[0163] FIG. 10 illustrates the integrated arrangement: multiple limitedsize panel sets lOOa-c, a single drive motor 300 driving all via loop 260, each on its respective singlepoint footing 130. Despite a large 2A, each mast sees reduced torque associated with its own section due to its smaller width b (where reduction scales with the square of b, so a reduction in b by a factor 2 results in a reduction in torque by a factor 4).

[0164] This, in combination with rear to wind alignment and panel feathering, results in the horizontal force F and the base moment being reduced (as indicated by small arrows and the moment icon at the footing). With reduced force and moment each foundation 130 can be a standard single pile or post; specialized multileg foundations are not required for the illustrated load state.

[0165] For quantitative context, consider that, absent Wind Adaptive measures, a large tracker could impose on the order of 50 kN shear and 100 kN-m overturning moment on each foundation under a 40 m / s gust (illustrative). Under the coordinated approach described herein and for the same gust, each post can experience approximately 300-500 N-m moment— values well within the typical capacity of a single steel pile (e.g., ~1.5 m embedment in suitable soils), by way of example. The reductions arise from: (i) alignment and feathering, which reduce aerodynamic force; (ii) bounded subarray width, which shortens the yaw lever; and (iii) a compliant drive that elastically shares transient peak. Consequently, each tracker column can be supported on a single, modest foundation, with associated reductions in construction scope (e.g., fewer piles per tracker). Chapter 7 — Optional Supplemental Compliance

[0166] The inherent flexibility of the flexible loop 260 (see Chapter 3) provides torsional compliance sufficient to moderate gustinduced transients in many implementations. Nevertheless, optional supplemental compliance elements may be incorporated to increase shock absorption in applications with elevated turbulence or to extend component life. These elements are not required to practice the invention.

[0167] In representative embodiments, supplemental compliance is realized by one or more of: (i) an inline spring cartridge placed in series with one run of the loop 260; (ii) a torsionally compliant hub or coupling at a traction element 250 or at the motor output; and (iii) an elastomeric damper connected to the mast 102 or to a loop anchor. In the springcartridge example, a segment of the tensile path is routed through a springloaded pulley or a dedicated linear spring assembly. Under nominal pretension, the spring remains substantially uncompressed and the loop remains taut; under a transient load, the spring compresses to provide additional extension. In the torsionalhub example, a coupling exhibits a limited elastic twist under excess torque, after which it returns the shafting to its original index when the load subsides. In the elastomeric damper example, a deformable element provides ratedependent energy dissipation when subjected to a peak load. Each of these elements is configured to engage only beyond a selected threshold so as not to introduce slack or measurable position error in normal operation.

[0168] Where included, the supplemental compliance is preferably tuned to admit only small additional azimuthal rotation of a mast 102 under a design gust, as a nonlimiting example on the order of approximately 2-5 degrees. This tuning preserves the windaligned posture commanded within the bounded downwind cone 176 (e.g., ±15°, example) while reducing the peak torque transmitted through the group drive. By way of illustration, a spring cartridge providing roughly 10 mm of additional extension at peak load may correspond to about 3° of temporary azimuth lag for a representative post; such an increment can reduce transmitted peak torque by a significant fraction (e.g., on the order of tens of percent, example) without materially compromising alignment within the cone 176. After the transient, elastic recovery returns the post to its commanded heading.

[0169] The supplemental elements may be deployed at initial installation or retrofitted. For example, a site characterized by frequent microbursts may incorporate a springdamper assembly in series with one nondriven span of the loop 260, packaged as a compact "spring box." The modular nature of the loop topology allows insertion of such a series element without altering the overall drive architecture. Design ranges for the additional motion are applicationspecific; in general the engagement threshold and stroke (or twist) are selected to maintain bounded differential azimuth between adjacent structures while capping peak loop tension.

[0170] Whether or not any supplemental compliance is used, the azimuth drive path is not made rigid in torsion. The base system relies on the elastic stretch and catenary straightening of the flexible loop 260 (compliance by selection, Chapter 3). Optional series compliance as described herein constitutes an additional, independent means to shape the transient response while preserving noslip traction at the traction elements 250 and commanded azimuth fidelity in normal winds.

[0171] FIG. 20 depicts an optional gravity take-up module 246 installed in series with the flexible tensile loop 260 that is reeved over mast-mounted traction elements 250. The module maintains baseline loop tension in normal winds and, only when loop tension exceeds a selected threshold corresponding to a prescribed azimuth torque about the vertical axis V-V, it admits a long additional payout stroke. In this way the transmitted torque is limited near the threshold while commanded azimuth is preserved in ordinary operation.

[0172] In representative constructions, a loop run 260 passes through a sheave-and-mass unit of module 246 (mechanical advantage optional). When a direction-shifting gust elevates line tension above the threshold, the suspended mass lifts and the module pays out added length AL, allowing further azimuth rotation of the traction element 250 without any wheel slip. The available AL may be sized, by way of example, to at least the arc length for approximately a half-turn of the traction element, after which gravity restores the loop length as winds subside.

[0173] This module fits within the patent's optional "added compliance" pathway (e.g., together with the flexible loop compliance-by-selection described earlier) and packages below the module envelope and outside the hinge sweep. It complements the rear-to-wind cone policy and hinge-based feathering by governing peak torque during rapid wind shifts while leaving normal heading control unaffected.

[0174] Chapter 8 — Structural Modes and Stability

[0175] This chapter identifies six principal structural / aeroelastic modes for a singlepost tracker assembly 100 and summarizes how the disclosed Wind Adaptive features moderate each mode. FIGS. 12-17 schematically depict idealized extremes for clarity (not to scale). In the disclosed architecture, rear to wind alignment within a bounded cone 176, free upward feathering of the panels 500 about the substantially horizontal hinge axis 120 with a oneway downward limiter 210, sizebounded carrier width b, and (where used) rotatinghead bracing 260 act in concert to limit excitation. A torsionally compliant, nonslip group drive further tempers post to post phasing under gusts.

[0176] Mode 1 — Mast sway in x (x-z plane)

[0177] Fig. 12A illustrates Mode 1, lateral bending of the rotatable support (mast) 102 transverse to the downwind direction, with the upper support beam 105 carried over. Under the disclosed storm posture, the array is held substantially rear to wind, so crosswind exposure is reduced and lateral forcing is correspondingly small. However, this mode can be still be triggered more often and in stronger fashion exaggerated due to the passively feathering panels, since specific wind speeds can cause the feathering panels to "flutter" in resonance with the inherent frequency of the structure. As shown in Fig. 12B Bracing members 260 may be attached between a mast collar on the beam 105 and end brackets on the mast 102 within the rotating head. Properly pretensioned, such braces increase lateral (x-z) stiffness and raise the natural frequency, reducing susceptibility to resonance. In some installations the sizebounded width b and reduced lateral forcing are sufficient without bracing; in others, the bracing option provides additional margin.

[0178] Mode 2 — Mast sway in y (y-z plane) (Fig. 13A and 13B)

[0179] Mode 2 is foreaft bending of mast 102 in the alongwind direction. If panels were rigidly fixed, the alongwind force could be large. In the disclosed system, rearface wind W lifts each panel 500 off the downward limiter 210 during strong winds, and the panel feathers upward about axis 120, reducing effective projected area and the driving force. Empirical measurements and simulations (see Chapter 9) indicate substantial reduction of alongwind loading under feathering. The remaining reduced load is accommodated by conventional mast sizing with appropriate safety factors. Any "flutter" of the feathering panels will induce force mainly in the up-down direction, so risk of resonance between panel flutter and the structure is much lower in this mode.

[0180] Mode 3 — Mast torsion (yaw about z) (Fig. 14A, B and C)

[0181] Mode 3 is torsional rotation of mast 102 about the substantially vertical axis (V-V). Broadside exposure yields a large yaw torque Mz(Fig. 14A). In the wind protection state, the controller holds a rear to wind heading within a bounded cone 176 (e.g., ±15°, example), so the aerodynamic yaw moment is minimized (Fig. 14B). The panel feathering mechanism (Fig. 14C) significantly reduces the drag force on the panels and the corresponding yaw that any non-ideal rear to wind heading would otherwise induce. The flexible tensile loop coupling in the group drive provides bounded torsional compliance between structures while maintaining nonslip traction, which admits small, elastic differential azimuth under gusts rather than propagating impulses rigidly. This both reduces the instantaneous peak torque that the group drive must be able to handle and lowers the risk of resonance to occur between posts within the group drive. Mode 4 — Beam vertical bending (symmetric flap) (Fig. 15A)

[0182] Mode 4 is vertical bending of the upper support beam 105. Limiting per structure width b (e.g., on the order of 6-8 m in examples) keeps the span moderate. The fact that the panels can feather can under certain wind conditions increase the tendency to enter this mode, and can also cause resonance with the structure as a whole. Where additional stiffness is desired, a kingpost / V-brace arrangement 260 from mast 102 to beam 105 (Fig. 15B) reduces vertical deflection markedly. In typical embodiments, appropriate beam section selection and, where needed, rotating head bracing maintain vertical deflection within design limits.

[0183] Mode 5 — Beam inplane bending (horizontal, along y) (Fig. 16A)

[0184] Mode 5 is bending of beam 105 in the panel plane (y-direction). With fixed plates, differential y-drag is large during strong wind and can induce inplane curvature (Fig. 16A). With rear to wind alignment and feathering engaged, the pressure distribution is low and more uniform, so inplane forcing and response are small (Fig. 16B). A torsionally adequate, approximately symmetric beam cross section further limits any residual twist.

[0185] Mode 6 — Panelinduced torsion about the upper support beam (roll about x) (Fig. 17A)

[0186] Mode 6 is torsion (roll) of beam 105 driven by panel loads. When panels are rigidly fixed, uplift can impart a substantial roll torque T<t> to the beam (Fig. 17A). In the disclosed system, each panel 500 is hinged about axis 120, where each panel or smaller set of panels is independently hinged from other panels; upward rotation is substantially unimpeded in response to wind while downward rotation is bounded by limiter 210. As a result, wind induced roll is largely decoupled (Fig. 17B). Optional hingelevel damping or spring biasing may be used to tailor return and separation of modes, without altering the freeupward feathering in storm operation.

[0187] Summary of mode handling and validation

[0188] Modes 1 and 4 are addressed structurally by rotatinghead bracing 260. Modes 2, 3, and 5 are reduced aerodynamically by rear to wind alignment within cone 176 and free upward feathering about axis 120. Mode 6 is mitigated by panels with decoupled hinges. Chapter 9 provides test and simulation evidence consistent with these behaviors.

[0189] Chapter 9 — Storm Performance and Testing

[0190] This chapter summarizes windtunnel experiments, computational simulations, and field trials conducted to characterize storm behavior of the disclosed architecture. The examples and numerical values provided are illustrative and nonlimiting. Windtunnel experiments (representative). Scale models incorporating panel feathering about the substantially horizontal hinge 120 were exposed to elevated wind speeds while aerodynamic forces and overturning moments were recorded. When the panels were fixed (simulating a rigid, nonfeathering configuration), measured drag coefficients and base moments were high. When the same model was held rear to wind (within an example ±15° cone 176) and the panels were allowed to feather freely upward about the hinge 120, total force and overturning moment decreased substantially (on the order of ~80% reduction in representative cases). Force-angle data exhibited a plateau as the panels approached a near horizontal feathered posture, indicating that additional windspeed increases produced comparatively small force growth once the plate had aligned to shed load. These observations contrast with fixed panel behavior, where force scales with dynamic pressure without a comparable plateau.

[0191] Computational simulations (representative). Computational fluid dynamics analyses of a panel free to rotate about hinge 120 under rear to wind inflow predicted panel alignment toward low effective angle of attack and corresponding reductions in panel pressure and mast torque relative to a fixed panel baseline. The simulations reproduced the qualitative windtunnel trends described above. Modal Analysis of natural frequencies for a representative implementation showed the critical frequency where horizontal axis moved up and down increased from 1.7Hz to over 5.4 Hz through introducing braces - where field tests have shown this resulting in the system being able to handle wind speeds greater than 40 m / s instead of hitting resonance at around 25 m / s. This even though frequency in direction where panels can feather remained around 1.7Hz after adding the braces, thereby demonstrating the braces being a complement to the free rotation around the horizontal axis.

[0192] Field trials (representative). A fullscale prototype has been deployed at a windexposed site. During a recorded event with gusts exceeding 25 m / s, the controller placed the tracker in storm mode; the assembly yawed rear to wind and each panel 500 feathered to a near horizontal orientation under peak gusts. No structural damage occurred. Foundation instrumentation indicated forces within design allowables. Postprocessing of strain and reaction data indicated peak bending moment at the post was approximately one quarter of the value inferred for a hypothetical fixed panel configuration under the same event. In a separate instrumented trial, strain gauges and accelerometers recorded response during a sudden ~20 m / s gust: strain excursions were modest, mast 102 top deflection was on the order of a few centimeters, and decay back to the rest condition was smooth, consistent with damping attributable to the flexible loop 260 and hinge friction. For comparison, a nearby conventional singlepost tracker of similar aperture with rigidly mounted panels exhibited higher vibration levels and required mechanical braking intervention during gusts (observational). l ' l

[0193] Synthesis. The combined strategy— rear to wind heading within a bounded cone 176, free upward feathering about hinge 120 with only downward limiting 210, and a nonslip but torsionally compliant group transmission 260— reliably reduced peak loads and mitigated transient excitation in the evaluated cases. The data are consistent with the architecture's objective of bounding yaw torque about V-V and tempering interpost transients without resorting to rigid locking.

[0194] Operational impact (representative). Stow to the rear to wind regime is invoked for elevated winds; at moderate winds below threshold, panels remain at the production rest tilt (against limiter 210) and may exhibit minor feathering, so effects on energy yield are limited to infrequent, shortduration strongwind events. The demonstrated load reductions support deployment of larger aggregate panel area 2A per motor 300 on singlepost, singlepoint foundations 130 while maintaining design margins.

[0195] Chapter 10 — Variations and Alternative Embodiments

[0196] The principles disclosed herein may be implemented in numerous alternative forms. Numeric values provided in the description (e.g., width b=8 m, area A=20 m2, cone half angle ±15°) are examples for enablement and are not limiting.

[0197] In some embodiments, dimensions of sets of panels are selected responsive to site wind regime. By way of example, relatively low-wind sites may admit b on the order of 10 m, whereas very high-wind sites may use b on the order of 4 m; in both cases, the concept of multiple, size bounded panel sections remains applicable. The flexible loop 260 may be realized as a steel wire rope, a highstrength fiber rope, a timing belt, a roller chain, or an equivalent flexible tensile member capable of wrapping around a traction element and transmitting torque with inherent elasticity. The traction element 250 at each mast 102 may be a toothed sprocket (for a chain embodiment) or a capstan / drive wheel (for a rope embodiment) with a fixation to ensure noslip traction. The drive 300 may be electric, hydraulic, or manual for small systems; in some embodiments a local energy source (e.g., a battery) is provided to ensure stow capability independent of grid availability.

[0198] Sensor and control variations are contemplated. In one implementation, a central weather feed governs stow across a plurality; in another, each tracker measures its own wind using sensors; in a further alternative, stow can be inferred from drivetrain response by monitoring torque or motor load, whereby the controller rotates toward a heading that minimizes the measured resistance (rear to wind alignment). Foundations 130 may include a driven steel pile, a castinplace pier, a ground screw, or a ballast;

[0199] "singlepoint anchoring" refers to the use of one such footing per mast 102, with the type selected according to geotechnical conditions.

[0200] Hinge implementations may likewise vary. A torsion spring at the hinge 120 may bias the panel 500 downward to delay feathering until a selected wind load is reached; alternatively, a releasable latch (e.g., magnetic or mechanical) may hold the panel at a rest tilt and release upon exceeding a threshold. In each case, upward rotation under wind remains substantially unimpeded once the threshold is crossed.

[0201] Terminology such as "horizontal" and "vertical" is used in a practical, relative sense; "substantially vertical" and "substantially horizontal" encompass ordinary installation tolerances. While ±15° is a preferred example for the bounded downwind cone 176, other ranges (e.g., approximately ±10° to ±30°) may be employed depending on site objectives, actuator performance, and acceptable loading.

[0202] The foregoing variations illustrate nonlimiting alternative embodiments that practice the same core arrangement: multiple sizebounded panel sections mounted to yaw about a substantially vertical axis, each panel allowed to feather upward about a substantially horizontal hinge with a downward only limiter, and the plurality coupled by a nonslip but torsionally compliant drive 260 / 250 under a controller that holds a bounded downwind cone. The scope of the invention is defined by the claims and encompasses equivalents recognized by those skilled in the art.

[0203] List of Reference Numerals

[0204] 100 - The overall wind-adaptive solar tracker assembly comprising the vertical mast, support structure, and mounted solar panels.

[0205] 100a - One instance of the tracker assembly in a multi-unit system, representing a first tracker unit in a grouped configuration.

[0206] 100b - A second tracker assembly unit in the multi-unit system (similar in structure to 100a).

[0207] 100c - A third tracker assembly unit in the multi-unit system (similar in structure to 100a).

[0208] 102 - Vertical mast: the upright support post mounted on the foundation 130, providing the main vertical axis of rotation for the tracker.

[0209] 103 - Fixed mast post / sleeve: a stationary mast component (inner post or outer sleeve) in an alternate yaw bearing design, which remains fixed and cooperates with the rotating mast 102 to form the bearing. 105 - Upper support beam: the horizontal cross-beam (in the tracker head assembly) that carries and supports the solar panels.

[0210] 110 - Bumper element: a compressible rubber / polymer bumper on the tilt limiter (210) used to cushion the panel when it rests against or returns to its lower stop.

[0211] 120 - Hinge axis: the substantially horizontal axis about which the panel is hinged, allowing the panel to pivot (feather upward) under wind pressure.

[0212] 130 - Foundation (single-point anchor): a single-point foundation or footing (such as a pile, pier, or ground screw) that supports the mast 102 and the entire tracker structure.

[0213] 176 - Alignment cone: the allowable misalignment range (approximately ±15° about the downwind direction) within which the tracker can deviate from exact downwind while still minimizing wind loads.

[0214] 178R - Staggered offset angle: a slight predetermined offset in tracker orientation (within cone 176) applied to individual units so that not all trackers align exactly the same, reducing synchronized wind loading.

[0215] 200 - Hinge connector: a hinge mechanism attaching a solar panel to the support beam 105, thereby defining the panel's pivot connection about the horizontal axis 120.

[0216] 210 - Downward tilt limiter: the stop mechanism that sets the panel's fixed normal tilt angle and prevents the panel from tilting further downward past that point.

[0217] 250 - Drive wheel (capstan): the drive pulley or sprocket attached to the mast 102, around which the drive loop 260 is wrapped to transmit torque and rotate the mast.

[0218] 260 - Flexible drive loop: the continuous loop of cable or chain that wraps around each mast's drive wheel 250, linking multiple tracker posts and transmitting the motor's rotation in a compliant manner.

[0219] 300 - Azimuth drive motor: the motor (e.g., electric) that drives rotation of the mast and panel assembly about the vertical axis for daily tracking and wind stow positioning.

[0220] 370 - Rigid torsion shaft: a rigid coupling shaft connecting multiple tracker masts in a comparative design (without a flexible loop), which transmits torque directly between posts with no compliance.

[0221] 500 - Solar panel array: the solar panel or set of panels mounted on the tracker (for example, a subarray of photovoltaic modules attached to the support beam 105).

[0222] 500A - Panel front face: the sun-facing front surface of the solar panel (500). 500B - Panel rear face: the back surface of the solar panel (500), opposite the front face, which faces the wind (downwind side) when the tracker is in stow orientation.

[0223] 801 - Loop sag indicator: an illustrated sag in the flexible drive loop (depicted in the figures as a catenary droop of the rope / chain), indicating the loop's slight slack or elasticity.

[0224] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solar panel mounting system containing one or more solar panels. The one or more solar panels sway around a horizontal axis, the horizontal axis attached to a vertical support member around the center of the horizontal axis. The vertical support member is rotatable such that the vertical support member may be rotated to follow the movement of the sun in the sky.

[0225] According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solar panel mounting system having an inner vertical member fixed to the ground, either directly or via a ground anchoring system. Located over the inner vertical member is a rotatable vertical support member, which rotates around the inner vertical member. Fixedly attached to the rotatable vertical support member is a horizontal axis, preferably the point of attachment of the horizontal axis to the rotatable vertical support member is at or around the center of the horizontal axis. Attached to the horizontal axis are one or more solar panels, these panels are attached such that they may hang from the horizontal axis and sway in the presence of wind. The rotatable vertical support member may be rotated by a motor, the motor may be driven by a computing device which can determine the desired orientation of the solar panels based on measured or predicted wind conditions, or other conditions or requirements. To reduce or limit friction between the inner vertical member and the rotatable vertical support member, bearings may be positioned adjacent the top of the inner vertical member and the bottom of the rotatable vertical support member. In an alternative embodiment, the inner vertical member may be rotatable, while the roatable vertical support member is not rotatable but is rather fixed to the ground as is herein described.

[0226] According to one aspect of the present invention, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, there is provided a solar panel mounting system 100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, and at least one solar panel 500 having a front surface 500A and a rear surface 500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member 102 may be connected to a motor 300 for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member 102.

[0227] The at least one solar panel 500 is attached to one or more connection members 200, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member 105. The connection member 200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel 500 rotates relative to the upper solar panel support member 105, while the upper solar panel support member 105 remains static.

[0228] The motor 300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member 102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the position of the sun in the sky, or direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface 500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface 500B, the rear surface 500B will rotate around the upper solar panel support member 105 by the connection member(s) 200.

[0229] Figure 2 demonstrates an example of the solar panel mounting system 100 shown in Figure 1, where the solar panel 500 is rotated in the presence of wind from direction X.

[0230] Figure 3 shows the solar panel mounting system of Figures 1 and 2, where the motor 300 has rotated the solar panel mounting system via the rotatable vertical support member 102. This Figure clearly shows the front surface 500A of the at least one solar panel 500.

[0231] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 4, there is provided a solar panel mounting system 100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, and at least one solar panel 500 having a front surface 500A and a rear surface 500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member 102 may be connected to a motor 300 for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member 102.

[0232] The at least one solar panel 500 is attached to one or more connection members 200, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member 105. The connection member 200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel 500 rotates relative to the upper solar panel support member 105, while the upper solar panel support member 105 remains static. Provided on the lower solar panel support member 104 are one or more dampening members 110, which function to cushion the contact between the one or more solar panels 500 and the lower solar panel support member 104. The dampening members 110 may be a piece of foam, rubber or similar soft material, alternatively they may be a spring or other elastic component. Any material or component capable of cushioning contact between two items may be suitable for use as a dampening member, as would be readily understood by a person of skill in the art.

[0233] The motor 300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member 102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the location of the sun in the sky, or the direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface 500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface 500B, the rear surface 500B will rotate around the upper solar panel support member 105 by the connection member(s) 200.

[0234] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 5, there is provided a solar panel mounting system 100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, at least one vertical solar panel support member 106, and at least one solar panel 500 having a front surface 500A and a rear surface 500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member 102 may be connected to a motor 300 for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member 102.

[0235] The at least one solar panel 500 is attached to one or more connection members 200, which in turn are connected to a vertical solar panel support member 106. The connection member 200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel 500 rotates relative to the vertical solar panel support member 106, while the vertical solar panel support member 106 remains static.

[0236] The motor 300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member 102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface 500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface 500B, the rear surface 500B will rotate around the vertical solar panel support member 106 by the connection member(s) 200.

[0237] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 6, there is provided a solar panel mounting system 100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, at least one vertical solar panel support member 106, at least one diagonal solar panel support member 107, and at least one solar panel 500 having a front surface 500A and a rear surface 500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member 102 may be connected to a motor (not shown) for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member 102.

[0238] The lower solar panel support member 104, upper solar panel support member 105, vertical solar panel support member 106, and diagonal support member 107 serve to support the at least one solar panel 500 atop the rotatable vertical support member 102. Generally, the greater the number of support members 104 to 107, the more rigid and stable the solar pane mounting system 100 is in the presence of wind force.

[0239] The at least one solar panel 500 is attached to one or more connection members 200, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member 105. The connection member 200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel 500 rotates relative to the upper solar panel support member 105, while the upper solar panel support member 105 remains static.

[0240] The motor 300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member 102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface 500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface 500B, the rear surface 500B will rotate around the upper solar panel support member 105 by the connection member(s) 200.

[0241] In a further example of the present invention, the rotatable vertical support member 102 may attach directly to the upper solar panel support member 105. Connected to the upper solar panel support member 105 are solar panels 500, connected via connection members 200, as has been previously described.

[0242] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 7, there is provided a solar panel mounting system 100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, and at least one solar panel 500 supported by the upper and lower solar panel support members 105, 104. Located at one distal end of the rotatable vertical support member 102 is a horizontal support member 109, while the other distal end of the rotatable vertical support member 102 is secured to the ground via a foundation 50. The rotatable vertical support member 102 may rotate around the foundation 50 using a ball bearing joint. Attached to the horizontal support member 109 are arms 108, which further attach to the upper and lower support members 105, 104. The horizontal support member 109 is rotatable such that rotation of the horizontal support member (such as via wind force) causes the arms 108 to raise, and in turn raise the upper and lower support members 105, 104 which in turn raise the at least one solar panel 500.

[0243] In a further improvement of the present invention, according to any of the examples herein described, a measurement device (not shown) may be used to drive rotation of a solar panel 500 via a motor 300. The measurement device may measure properties of wind or other external force present, these properties include but are not limited to speed, and direction. Upon the measurement device measuring a property at a predetermined threshold, or meeting a different condition, the motor may be directed to rotate the solar panel 500 to a determined orientation. This determination of the required orientation, and control of the motor may be performed by a computing unit (not shown). Ideally, the solar panel 500 is rotated such that the rear surface 500B faces a direction that allows the solar panel 500 to minimize the force excerpted by the wind upon the panel 500 by means of rotating to a position with reduced angle of attack with respect to the wind, the direction of wind force present, such that the wind force causes the solar panel 500 to rotate to a position such as that demonstrated in Figure 2, whereby the solar panel 500 is substantially parallel to the direction of the wind. In this manner, in the presence of high wind or other external forces, the solar panel 500 may rotate to a position whereby wind or other external force is permitted to pass by the solar panel 500, with minimal resistance. In all embodiments and examples of the present invention, the solar panel mounting system 100 may be secured to the ground via a ground anchor (not shown) or similar. The ground anchor may be attached to the vertical support member 102. The ground anchor may be in the form of a ground screw as would be understood by a person of skill in the art, preferably the ground screw extends above ground by approximately 20-80cm and contains a hollow aperture within which the vertical support member 102 may be placed. Is this manner, the ground anchor is embedded within the ground, and the vertical support member 102 is secured within it. This provides a solid and stable foundation for the solar panel mounting system 100. Other forms of ground anchors would also be suitable as would be understood by a person of skill in the art., for example multiple ground anchors 103 could be embedded in the ground at different angles, or alternative ballast or weight could be placed atop the ground in the place of a ground anchor. The ground anchors for example may be in the form of a screw which upon rotation into the ground secures the ground anchor within the ground, or they may be in the form of a metal bar having a cross section designed to provide strength, which may include a "C" cross section, "H" cross section, "I" cross section or the like, which may be driven into the ground by force. Further, the ground anchor may have a substantially flat bottom portion.

[0244] The present invention will now be described with regard to the general logic for controlling the solar panel mounting system 100. When wind force meeting a predefined threshold is forecast, the measured wind speed meets a predefined threshold, or other forces meet a predefined threshold, it is optimal for the solar panel mounting system 100 to rotate such that the solar panels to meet a desired condition, for example:

[0245] • An angle which allows the solar panels to rotate while avoiding resonance or turbulence.

[0246] • An angle which allows efficient maintenance of the solar panel mounting system to be carried out.

[0247] • An angle which allows for the maintenance, planting, or care of grass or crops located below the solar panel mounting system. For example, in the case of multiple solar panel mounting systems, all panels in a single row of solar panel mounting systems may be rotated to maximize space for machinery, or every second row could be rotated 180 degrees differently.

[0248] In a further improvement of the present invention, it is possible that any rotated of the solar panel mounting system may be controlled by a remote system, such as via an app on a phone. The app may communicate directly, or via a remote server, with motors which control rotation of individual or a group of solar panel mounting systems.

[0249] The present invention will now be described with reference to solar tracking systems. A solar tracking system moves the solar panels in a solar system to track the sun's movement across the sky to maximize electricity production. Traditionally, there are three forms of solar tracking systems, dual axis trackers, horizontal single-axis trackers (HSAT), and vertical single-axis trackers (VSAT). Dual axis trackers rotate solar panels around both a horizontal and vertical axis, HSAT rotate solar panels around a horizontal axis, and VSAT rotate solar panels around a vertical axis.

[0250] The present invention relates to solar mounting systems that operate like a VSAT which adapt to the presence of wind, by allowing wind to control rotation of solar panels around a horizontal axis. When wind blows towards rotatable solar panels, with a vertical rotation axis in, or near, the center of the solar panels, the wind will induce torque on the solar panels that will - unless the surface is limited from rotating in some way - rotate the solar panels to face the wind. By making it possible for the solar panels to rotate around a horizontal axis based on the wind, the surface can rotate around this horizontal axis away from the wind and as a result reduce this torque.

[0251] Further when the wind blows toward solar panels, the wind will induce force on the solar panels that can damage or topple the solar panel structure unless it is strong enough to handle this force and attached firmly enough not to topple. By making it possible for the solar panels to rotate around a horizontal axis based on the wind, this will cause less strain on the solar panels and make it harder for the wind to topple the body.

[0252] In order to efficiently operate the solar panel mounting system according to the present invention, it is preferable that the tracking of the sun by the solar panel mounting system is efficient with regard to all variables. For example, in the case of the solar panel mounting system being placed in the northern hemisphere, it is desirable for the solar panels to face toward the southeast in the morning, the south at midday, and southwest in the afternoon and evening. Preferably the configuration of solar panels in the solar panel mounting system are optimised to form as close as possible to a solid line when facing southeast and southwest, while minimising the presence of shadows cast behind them. This optimises land use density. The exact aspect ratio of solar panels can vary depending on latitude and desired land density and shadowing, but for example a ratio of 3:1 width:height may be suitable.

[0253] It should be understood by a person of skill in the art that the material chosen to manufacture the solar panel mounting system 100 from is important, it may be a lightweight material such as aluminium or the like, or portions of the system 100 may be manufactured from a heavier material such as steel to provide ballast to the system 100.

[0254] The solar panel mounting system described herein is versatile and can be used with various types of solar panels. This includes, but is not limited to, crystalline silicon solar panels, thin-film solar panels, and other photovoltaic technologies. The system's design allows for easy adaptation to different panel sizes, shapes, and configurations, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of commercially available solar panels. Whether the solar panels are framed or frameless, the mounting system can securely support and optimize their orientation for maximum sunlight capture and wind resistance. This flexibility makes the invention suitable for diverse applications, from residential rooftop installations to large-scale solar farms.

[0255] Further aspects of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGs. 18 to 24. For the purpose of FIGs. 18 to 24 and the following text, reference numerals shall have the following meanings.

[0256]

[0257] Further, terms in the following text shall have the same meaning as terms in the preceding text as follows:

[0258] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solar panel mounting system containing one or more solar panels. The one or more solar panels sway around a horizontal axis, the horizontal axis attached to a vertical support member around the center of the horizontal axis. The vertical support member is rotatable such that the vertical support member may be rotated to follow the movement of the sun in the sky.

[0259] According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solar panel mounting system having an inner vertical member fixed to the ground, either directly or via a ground anchoring system. Located over the inner vertical member is a rotatable vertical support member, which rotates around the inner vertical member. Fixedly attached to the rotatable vertical support member is a horizontal axis, preferably the point of attachment of the horizontal axis to the rotatable vertical support member is at or around the center of the horizontal axis. Attached to the horizontal axis are one or more solar panels, these panels are attached such that they may hang from the horizontal axis and sway in the presence of wind. The rotatable vertical support member may be rotated by a motor, the motor may be driven by a computing device which can determine the desired orientation of the solar panels based on measured or predicted wind conditions, or other conditions or requirements. To reduce or limit friction between the inner vertical member and the rotatable vertical support member, bearings may be positioned adjacent the top of the inner vertical member and the bottom of the rotatable vertical support member. In an alternative embodiment, the inner vertical member may be rotatable, while the roatable vertical support member is not rotatable but is rather fixed to the ground as is herein described.

[0260] According to one aspect of the present invention, as shown in Figures 21 and 22, there is provided a solar panel mounting system X100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member X102, a lower solar panel support member X104, an upper solar panel support member X105, and at least one solar panel X500 having a front surface X500A and a rear surface X500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member X102 may be connected to a motor X300 for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member X102.

[0261] The at least one solar panel X500 is attached to one or more connection members X200, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member X105. The connection member X200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel X500 rotates relative to the upper solar panel support member X105, while the upper solar panel support member X105 remains static.

[0262] The motor X300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member X102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the position of the sun in the sky, or direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface X500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface X500B, the rear surface X500B will rotate around the upper solar panel support member X105 by the connection member(s) X200. Figure 2219 demonstrates an example of the solar panel mounting system X100 shown in Figure 2218, where the solar panel X500 is rotated in the presence of wind from direction X.

[0263] Figure 220 shows the solar panel mounting system of Figures 21 and 22, where the motor X300 has rotated the solar panel mounting system via the rotatable vertical support member X102. This Figure clearly shows the front surface X500A of the at least one solar panel X500.

[0264] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 221, there is provided a solar panel mounting system X100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member X102, a lower solar panel support member X104, an upper solar panel support member X105, and at least one solar panel X500 having a front surface X500A and a rear surface X500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member X102 may be connected to a motor X300 for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member X102.

[0265] The at least one solar panel X500 is attached to one or more connection members X200, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member X105. The connection member X200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel X500 rotates relative to the upper solar panel support member X105, while the upper solar panel support member X105 remains static. Provided on the lower solar panel support member X104 are one or more dampening members X110, which function to cushion the contact between the one or more solar panels X500 and the lower solar panel support member X104. The dampening members X110 may be a piece of foam, rubber or similar soft material, alternatively they may be a spring or other elastic component. Any material or component capable of cushioning contact between two items may be suitable for use as a dampening member, as would be readily understood by a person of skill in the art.

[0266] The motor X300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member X102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the location of the sun in the sky, or the direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface X500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface X500B, the rear surface X500B will rotate around the upper solar panel support member X105 by the connection member(s) X200.

[0267] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 221, there is provided a solar panel mounting system X100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member X102, a lower solar panel support member X104, an upper solar panel support member X105, at least one vertical solar panel support member X106, and at least one solar panel X500 having a front surface X500A and a rear surface X500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member X102 may be connected to a motor X300 for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member X102.

[0268] The at least one solar panel X500 is attached to one or more connection members X200, which in turn are connected to a vertical solar panel support member X106. The connection member X200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel X500 rotates relative to the vertical solar panel support member X106, while the vertical solar panel support member X106 remains static.

[0269] The motor X300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member X102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface X500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface X500B, the rear surface X500B will rotate around the vertical solar panel support member X106 by the connection member(s) X200.

[0270] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 222, there is provided a solar panel mounting system X100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member X102, a lower solar panel support member X104, an upper solar panel support member X105, at least one vertical solar panel support member X106, at least one diagonal solar panel support member X107, and at least one solar panel X500 having a front surface X500A and a rear surface X500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member X102 may be connected to a motor (not shown) for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member X102.

[0271] The lower solar panel support member X104, upper solar panel support member X105, vertical solar panel support member X106, and diagonal support member X107 serve to support the at least one solar panel X500 atop the rotatable vertical support member X102. Generally, the greater the number of support members X104 to X107, the more rigid and stable the solar pane mounting system X100 is in the presence of wind force.

[0272] The at least one solar panel X500 is attached to one or more connection members X200, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member X105. The connection member X200 is in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism, that functions to allow one item to rotate relative to another item. In this case, the solar panel X500 rotates relative to the upper solar panel support member X105, while the upper solar panel support member X105 remains static.

[0273] The motor X300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member X102, to place the solar panel mounting system into a desired orientation relative to the direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface X500B is facing the direction of any wind force present, upon the wind force contacting the rear surface X500B, the rear surface X500B will rotate around the upper solar panel support member X105 by the connection member(s) X200.

[0274] In a further example of the present invention, the rotatable vertical support member X102 may attach directly to the upper solar panel support member X105. Connected to the upper solar panel support member X105 are solar panels X500, connected via connection members X200, as has been previously described.

[0275] In a further example of the present invention, as shown in Figure 23, there is provided a solar panel mounting system X100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member X102, a lower solar panel support member X104, an upper solar panel support member X105, and at least one solar panel X500 supported by the upper and lower solar panel support members X105, X104. Located at one distal end of the rotatable vertical support member X102 is a horizontal support member X109, while the other distal end of the rotatable vertical support member X102 is secured to the ground via a foundation 50. The rotatable vertical support member X102 may rotate around the foundation 50 using a ball bearing joint. Attached to the horizontal support member X109 are arms X108, which further attach to the upper and lower support members X105, X104. The horizontal support member X109 is rotatable such that rotation of the horizontal support member (such as via wind force) causes the arms X108 to raise, and in turn raise the upper and lower support members X105, X104 which in turn raise the at least one solar panel X500.

[0276] In a further improvement of the present invention, according to any of the examples herein described, a measurement device (not shown) may be used to drive rotation of a solar panel X500 via a motor X300. The measurement device may measure properties of wind or other external force present, these properties include but are not limited to speed, and direction. Upon the measurement device measuring a property at a predetermined threshold, or meeting a different condition, the motor may be directed to rotate the solar panel X500 to a determined orientation. This determination of the required orientation, and control of the motor may be performed by a computing unit (not shown). Ideally, the solar panel X500 is rotated such that the rear surface X500B faces a direction that allows the solar panel X500 to minimize the force excerpted by the wind upon the panel X500 by means of rotating to a position with reduced angle of attack with respect to the wind, the direction of wind force present, such that the wind force causes the solar panel X500 to rotate to a position such as that demonstrated in Figure 2219, whereby the solar panel X500 is substantially parallel to the direction of the wind. In this manner, in the presence of high wind or other external forces, the solar panel X500 may rotate to a position whereby wind or other external force is permitted to pass by the solar panel X500, with minimal resistance.

[0277] In all embodiments and examples of the present invention, the solar panel mounting system X100 may be secured to the ground via a ground anchor (not shown) or similar. The ground anchor may be attached to the vertical support member X102. The ground anchor may be in the form of a ground screw as would be understood by a person of skill in the art, preferably the ground screw extends above ground by approximately 20-80cm and contains a hollow aperture within which the vertical support member X102 may be placed. Is this manner, the ground anchor is embedded within the ground, and the vertical support member X102 is secured within it. This provides a solid and stable foundation for the solar panel mounting system X100. Other forms of ground anchors would also be suitable as would be understood by a person of skill in the art., for example multiple ground anchors X103 could be embedded in the ground at different angles, or alternative ballast or weight could be placed atop the ground in the place of a ground anchor. The ground anchors for example may be in the form of a screw which upon rotation into the ground secures the ground anchor within the ground, or they may be in the form of a metal bar having a cross section designed to provide strength, which may include a "C" cross section, "H" cross section, "I" cross section or the like, which may be driven into the ground by force. Further, the ground anchor may have a substantially flat bottom portion.

[0278] The present invention will now be described with regard to the general logic for controlling the solar panel mounting system X100. When wind force meeting a predefined threshold is forecast, the measured wind speed meets a predefined threshold, or other forces meet a predefined threshold, it is optimal for the solar panel mounting system X100 to rotate such that the solar panels to meet a desired condition, for example:

[0279] An angle which allows the solar panels to rotate while avoiding resonance or turbulence.

[0280] • An angle which allows efficient maintenance of the solar panel mounting system to be carried out.

[0281] • An angle which allows for the maintenance, planting, or care of grass or crops located below the solar panel mounting system. For example, in the case of multiple solar panel mounting systems, all panels in a single row of solar panel mounting systems may be rotated to maximize space for machinery, or every second row could be rotated X180 degrees differently.

[0282] In a further improvement of the present invention, it is possible that any rotated of the solar panel mounting system may be controlled by a remote system, such as via an app on a phone. The app may communicate directly, or via a remote server, with motors which control rotation of individual or a group of solar panel mounting systems.

[0283] The present invention will now be described with reference to solar tracking systems. A solar tracking system moves the solar panels in a solar system to track the sun's movement across the sky to maximize electricity production. Traditionally, there are three forms of solar tracking systems, dual axis trackers, horizontal single-axis trackers (HSAT), and vertical single-axis trackers (VSAT). Dual axis trackers rotate solar panels around both a horizontal and vertical axis, HSAT rotate solar panels around a horizontal axis, and VSAT rotate solar panels around a vertical axis.

[0284] The present invention relates to solar mounting systems that operate like a VSAT which adapt to the presence of wind, by allowing wind to control rotation of solar panels around a horizontal axis. When wind blows towards rotatable solar panels, with a vertical rotation axis in, or near, the center of the solar panels, the wind will induce torque on the solar panels that will - unless the surface is limited from rotating in some way - rotate the solar panels to face the wind. By making it possible for the solar panels to rotate around a horizontal axis based on the wind, the surface can rotate around this horizontal axis away from the wind and as a result reduce this torque.

[0285] Further when the wind blows toward solar panels, the wind will induce force on the solar panels that can damage or topple the solar panel structure unless it is strong enough to handle this force and attached firmly enough not to topple. By making it possible for the solar panels to rotate around a horizontal axis based on the wind, this will cause less strain on the solar panels and make it harder for the wind to topple the body.

[0286] In order to efficiently operate the solar panel mounting system according to the present invention, it is preferable that the tracking of the sun by the solar panel mounting system is efficient with regard to all variables. For example, in the case of the solar panel mounting system being placed in the northern hemisphere, it is desirable for the solar panels to face toward the southeast in the morning, the south at midday, and southwest in the afternoon and evening. Preferably the configuration of solar panels in the solar panel mounting system are optimised to form as close as possible to a solid line when facing southeast and southwest, while minimising the presence of shadows cast behind them. This optimises land use density. The exact aspect ratio of solar panels can vary depending on latitude and desired land density and shadowing, but for example a ratio of 3:1 width:height may be suitable.

[0287] It should be understood by a person of skill in the art that the material chosen to manufacture the solar panel mounting system X100 from is important, it may be a lightweight material such as aluminium or the like, or portions of the system X100 may be manufactured from a heavier material such as steel to provide ballast to the system X100.

[0288] The solar panel mounting system described herein is versatile and can be used with various types of solar panels. This includes, but is not limited to, crystalline silicon solar panels, thin-film solar panels, and other photovoltaic technologies. The system's design allows for easy adaptation to different panel sizes, shapes, and configurations, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of commercially available solar panels. Whether the solar panels are framed or frameless, the mounting system can securely support and optimize their orientation for maximum sunlight capture and wind resistance. This flexibility makes the invention suitable for diverse applications, from residential rooftop installations to large-scale solar farms.

[0289] Examples of aspects of the present invention will now be listed:

[0290] A first example Example 1. A solar panel mounting system for mounting one or more solar panels, including: at least one solar panel, a lower solar panel support member for supporting the at least one solar panel in a rest position, an upper solar panel support member rotatably attached to the solar panel, a rotatable vertical support member supporting a solar panel support member, wherein wind force upon a surface of the at least one solar panel causes the at least one solar panel to rotate around the upper solar panel rotation member out of the rest position.

[0291] Example 2. The solar panel mounting system of Example 1, further comprising a motor connected to the rotatable vertical support member for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member.

[0292] Example 3. The solar panel mounting system of Example 2, further comprising a computing unit for controlling the motor.

[0293] Example 4. The solar panel mounting system of Example 3, wherein the computing unit controls the motor to rotate the rotatable vertical support member such that the rear surface of the at least one solar panel faces the direction of incoming wind.

[0294] Example 5. The solar panel mounting system of Example 3, wherein the computing unit determines the future direction of incoming wind.

[0295] Example 6. The solar panel mounting system of Example 5, wherein the computing unit controls the motor to rotate the rotatable vertical support member such that a surface of the at least one solar panel faces the determined future direction of incoming wind.

[0296] Example 7. The solar panel mounting system of Example 3, wherein the computing unit controls the motor to rotate the rotatable vertical support member such that a surface of the at least one solar panel faces within seventy degrees of the direction of present or predicted incoming wind.

[0297] Example 8. The solar panel mounting system of Example 1, further comprising a ground anchor attached to the rotatable vertical support member for attaching the solar panel structure to the ground.

[0298] Further aspects of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGs. 25 to 32. For the purpose of FIGs. 25 to 32 and the following text, reference numerals shall have the following meanings.

[0299] According to one aspect of the present invention as shown in FIG. 25, there is provided a wheel for rotating a solar panel, where the wheel is driven via a wire and second wheel attached to a motor. A rotatable vertical member Y102 supports a solar panel support member Y105. The solar panel support member Y105 holds one or more solar panels Y500. A wheel Y250 is positioned below the solar panel support member Y105 and is connected to a wire Y260. The wire Y260 wraps around the wheel Y250 and extends to a second wheel Y250, which is connected to a motor Y300. The motor Y300 drives the second wheel Y250, which in turn controls the tension and movement of the wire Y260. The wire Y260, by being wrapped around the wheel Y250, enables the rotation of the solar panel support member Y105 and the attached solar panels Y500 around the vertical axis of the rotatable vertical member Y102. The motor Y300, through the second wheel Y250, provides the necessary force to adjust the orientation of the solar panels Y500 by controlling the wire Y260.

[0300] The configuration allows for the solar panels Y500 to adapt to strong winds by rotating around the horizontal axis, thereby reducing the torque exerted on the panels. The wire Y260 ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation. The placement of the wire Y260 and the wheel Y250 below the point of the solar panels Y500 ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference.

[0301] To further elaborate on the above, the solar panels Y500 may rotate freely around the solar panel support member Y105 which reduces force exerted on the panels Y500 and thus the torque exerted on the vertical member Y102. One possible method by which the solar panels Y500 are rotated around the solar panel support member Y105 is via wind force on the solar panels Y500. The solar panels Y500 may be rotatably connected to the solar panel support member Y105 via a rotatable connection such as a hinge, or they may be fixedly connected to the solar panel support member Y105 which may then rotate itself. Any form of rotation of the solar panels Y500 around the solar panel support member Y105 is contemplated and should be understood by a person of skill in the art.

[0302] The rotatable vertical member Y102 is rotatable, typically via mechanical means but may be by any form of force. It may be directly rotated through connection to a motor, which may be achieved via gears or the like as would be understood by a person of skill in the art. One possible method for achieving rotation of the rotatable vertical member Y102 is via a wheelY250 as is further described in this document. Utilising a wheel Y250 to rotate the vertical member Y102 allows the solar panels Y500 to be fixed in a certain orientation to allow for reduced torque on the vertical member Y102 in the presence of certain wind conditions. In an embodiment comprising multiple solar panel systems according to the present invention, each system comprises solar panels Y500, a vertical member Y102, and a solar panel support member Y105, each system may have one or more wheels Y250 to to orient the solar panels Y500 to reduce torque exerted on the respective vertical members Y102. Driving of the wheels Y250 to cause rotation of the vertical members Y102 will be described further herein.

[0303] In an alternative embodiment, the solar panels are fixed in the horizontal direction but rotate around the rotatable vertical support member Y102. This configuration allows for the solar panels Y500 to adapt to strong winds by rotating around the vertical axis, thereby reducing the torque exerted on the panels. The wire Y260 ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation. The placement of the wire Y260 and the wheel Y250 below the point of the solar panels Y500 ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference.

[0304] As shown in Fig 32, the rotatable vertical member Y102 rotates around axis A, while the solar panels Y500 attached to the solar panel support member Y105 rotate around axis B. Rotation of the rotatable vertical member Y102 may be driven why a wheel Y250 and wire Y260 as herein described, or by any other suitable method, including direct rotation via the wire Y260. Rotation of the solar panels Y500 around axis B is driven by the wind.

[0305] Additionally, the system can connect multiple wheels Y250 to the same wire Y260, allowing for the control of multiple solar panels Y500 simultaneously. The motor Y300 can control multiple wire loops, each loop managing one or more solar panels Y500, enhancing the scalability and efficiency of the system.

[0306] According to a further aspect of the present invention as shown in FIG. 2, there is provided a locking member for locking the wire into place on the wheel.

[0307] The wheel Y250 is a component in the wire-based rotational control system for wind-responsive solar panels. The wheel Y250 facilitates the movement and positioning of the solar panels by interacting with the wire Y260. The wire Y260 wraps around the wheel Y250, enabling the transmission of rotational force from a motor to the solar panels.

[0308] The wire Y260 is secured onto the wheel Y250 using a locking member Y270. The locking member Y270 ensures that the wire Y260 remains fixed in position on the wheel Y250, preventing any slippage that could disrupt the control and orientation of the solar panels. The locking member Y270 engages with the wire Y260 at a specific point, providing a secure attachment that maintains the wire's tension and alignment.

[0309] The locking member Y270 is designed to hold the wire Y260 firmly against the wheel Y250, ensuring consistent and reliable operation of the solar tracking system. By locking the wire Y260 in place, the locking member Y270 allows the system to accurately control the rotation of the solar panels, even under varying wind conditions. This configuration enhances the stability and responsiveness of the solar tracking system, contributing to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the solar tracking system.

[0310] According to another aspect of the present invention, the locking member for securing the wire onto the wheel can be implemented using a screw mechanism. This mechanism allows for the wheel to be adjustable even after the wire has been tightened, providing fine-tuning capabilities for the orientation of the solar panels.

[0311] In one embodiment, the screw mechanism includes screws that can be released slightly to allow the wheel to turn. When the screws are loosened, the wheel can be rotated, which in turn adjusts the orientation of the attached solar panels. The screws are positioned within grooves on the wheel, allowing for free movement within the groove when the screws are loosened.

[0312] If the fine-tuning provided by the groove is not sufficient, the wheel can be further adjusted by utilizing additional holes positioned along the groove. Once the wheel is turned all the way to the end of the groove, another hole becomes visible. The screw can then be unscrewed from its current position and inserted into the next hole, allowing for further adjustment of the wheel and the attached solar panels.

[0313] This screw mechanism is crucial for ensuring that all solar panels face the same direction after the wire has been tightened. During the initial installation and tightening of the wire, the panels may end up pointing in slightly different directions, leading to a loss of production. The ability to fine-tune the direction of the panels using the screw mechanism ensures optimal alignment and maximizes energy capture.

[0314] The locking member Y270, as shown in FIG. 2, is designed to hold the wire Y260 firmly against the wheel Y250, ensuring consistent and reliable operation of the solar tracking system. By locking the wire Y260 in place, the locking member Y270 allows the system to accurately control the rotation of the solar panels, even under varying wind conditions. This configuration enhances the stability and responsiveness of the solar tracking system, contributing to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the solar tracking system.

[0315] According to one aspect of the present invention, the wire makes at least one and a half full loops around the wheel. This configuration, as shown in FIG 25, enables the rotation of the solar panel support member Y105 and the attached solar panels Y500 around the vertical axis of the rotatable vertical member Y102. By making at least one and a half full loops (i.e., at least Y540 degrees) around the wheel Y250, the system ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation. This design allows the panels to be rotated an additional 90 degrees in either direction, regardless of their initial position, thereby enhancing the system's adaptability to varying wind conditions and sun positions.

[0316] Another aspect of the present invention involves the placement of the wire and wheel below the lowest point of the solar panels. As depicted in FIG 25, the wire Y260 and the wheel Y250 are positioned below the solar panel support member Y105, which holds the solar panels Y500. This strategic placement ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference from the wire Y260. By positioning the wire and wheel below the panels, the system avoids potential obstructions and allows for smooth, unobstructed rotation, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of the solar tracking system.

[0317] Additionally, the present invention includes at least one wire tensioner configured to adjust the tension of the wire. As shown in FIG. 2, the wire tensioners are integrated into the system to maintain optimal wire tension, which is crucial for precise control of the solar panel orientation. The wire tensioners allow for adjustments to be made to the wire's tension, ensuring that the wire remains taut and responsive to the motor's movements. In an embodiment containing two wire tensioners, by shortening one wire tensioner and lengthening the other, the direction of the panels can be adjusted between the wire tensioners, providing fine-tuned control over the panel orientation. This feature enhances the system's ability to adapt to varying wind conditions and ensures consistent, reliable operation.

[0318] According to a further aspect of the present invention as shown in FIG 27, there is provided multiple arrays of solar panels Y500, each array driven by a single wheel Y250. The wheel Y250 is driven by a wire Y260 from a wheel Y250 attached to a motor. The motor drives several wheels Y250 using the wire Y260, which each drive their own solar panel array Y500.

[0319] The solar panels Y500 are arranged in multiple arrays, each supported by a solar panel support member. The support members are connected to the wheel Y250, which facilitates the rotation of the solar panels Y500 around a vertical axis. The wire Y260 wraps around the wheel Y250, enabling the transmission of rotational force from the motor to the solar panels Y500.

[0320] The wire Y260 extends from the wheel Y250 connected to the motor to the wheels Y250 of each solar panel array Y500. This configuration allows the motor to control the orientation of multiple solar panel arrays Y500 simultaneously. The wire Y260 ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation and allowing the system to adapt to varying wind conditions.

[0321] The placement of the wire Y260 and the wheel Y250 below the point of the solar panels Y500 ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference. The system can connect multiple wheels Y250 to the same wire Y260, allowing for the control of multiple solar panels Y500 simultaneously. The motor can control multiple wire loops, each loop managing one or more solar panels Y500, enhancing the scalability and efficiency of the system.

[0322] With reference to FIG 28, part of the wire Y260 can be seen going inside the wheel Y250. Within the wheel Y250, a release mechanism Y270 is screwed onto the wire Y260 to prevent it from slipping. The release mechanismY270 ensures that the wire Y260 remains securely in place, maintaining the necessary tension and alignment for the rotational control of the solar panels. This configuration enhances the stability and reliability of the solar tracking system by preventing any unwanted movement or slippage of the wire Y260 within the wheel Y250.

[0323] The configuration shown in FIG 27 demonstrates the ability of the system to manage the movement and orientation of multiple solar panel arrays Y500 using a single motor and wire-based transmission system. This approach reduces the torque exerted on the panels, simplifies the overall design, and makes the system more accessible and cost-effective.

[0324] According to another aspect of the present invention, the apparatus is designed to allow the wheel to be placed at various different heights on the pole, thereby accommodating uneven or hilly ground conditions. This feature provides flexibility in the installation of the solar tracking system, ensuring that the solar panels can be optimally positioned regardle40ss of the terrain.

[0325] The rotatable vertical member Y102, which supports the solar panel support member Y105, is configured to allow the wheel Y250 to be mounted at different heights along its length. This adjustability ensures that the wire Y260 and the wheel Y250 can be positioned to maintain proper alignment and tension, even when the ground is not level.

[0326] By enabling the wheel Y250 to be placed at various heights on the pole, the system can compensate for variations in the terrain, ensuring that the solar panels Y500 remain properly oriented and can rotate freely without interference. This adaptability enhances the overall efficiency and reliability of the solar tracking system, making it suitable for a wide range of installation environments, including those with challenging topographies.

[0327] According to another aspect of the present invention, it is possible to adjust the direction of one or more rotatable vertical members in relation to the other rotatable vertical member after tension has been added to the wire. This feature allows for fine-tuning of the panel orientation, ensuring optimal alignment and maximizing energy capture.

[0328] In a more specific embodiment, this adjustment is achieved by releasing rotatable vertical member Y102 from the wheel Y250 controlled by the wire Y260, allowing the rotatable vertical member Y102 to rotate independently from the wheel Y250. This capability provides the advantage of easily fine- tuning the position of different rotatable vertical members Y102 in relation to each other, enhancing the overall efficiency of the solar tracking system.

[0329] One example of a suitable mechanism, as shown in Fig 29, for achieving this independent rotation involves a fastening member Y257 that protrudes through a hole Y255 in the wheel Y250. By releasing the fastening member Y257, the rotatable vertical member Y102 can be rotated independently, allowing for precise adjustments to the panel orientation. This mechanism ensures that all panels can be aligned accurately, even after the wire has been tensioned, thereby improving the system's performance and energy output.

[0330] As a further alternative embodiment of the present invention, the wheel Y250 may be integrated directly into the rotatable vertical member Y102, or in other words, the rotatable vertical member Y102 may perform the function of the wheel Y250 directly. For example, the rotatable vertical member Y102 may be formed in a round shape, optionally comprising a channel or groove for the wire Y260 to fit within and fulfil the function of the wheel Y250 as described herein. Any reference to wheel Y250 within this document should be understood to be capable of being fulfilled by a suitably formed rotatable vertical member Y102.

[0331] A further alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown in Fig 30, whereby the system includes two motors Y400 that rotate in opposite directions. All the solar panel structures connected to one of the motors are in a standard wire loop with a wire Y260 that wraps around a wheel Y250 on top of the motor, as well as additional wheels Y250 that cause rotatable vertical members Y102 attached thereto to rotate. The solar panel structures connected to the other motor are linked through a wire loop where the wire Y260 is crossed between the motor and the first wheel Y250.

[0332] The two motors Y400 are mounted atop a common mounting member Y600. This configuration provides a significant advantage, particularly when dealing with a large number of panels. In strong wind conditions, the torque exerted on the mounting member Y600 can be substantial. This is true even when the motors and wire loops are not actively rotating. By crossing some of the wires in this manner, the torque from the crossed wire loops counteracts the torque from the standard loops. As a result, the total torque exerted on the ground is significantly reduced, enhancing the stability and reliability of the system.

[0333] A further alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown in Fig 31, whereby one or more release mechanisms Y270 are strategically placed on the wire Y260. The release mechanism Y270 is designed to either stretch, break, or otherwise reduce the tension on the wire loop under specific conditions. This serves as a safety feature to prevent excessive force from damaging the system.

[0334] For example, the release mechanism can be a small wire loop connected to the main wire loop formed of wire Y260, where the small wire loop has a smaller diameter than the main wire loop, causing it to break earlier than the main wire loop. Alternatively, the release mechanism can be a mechanical component that breaks at a predetermined force. Another embodiment of the release mechanism involves a weight that is heavy enough to force the wire to move in a larger loop. When the force becomes large enough to lift the weight, the length of the wire loop is effectively shortened, reducing tension.

[0335] The force at which the release mechanism is designed to activate can range between Y5000N and Y20000N. This range ensures that the system remains protected from forces that could otherwise break the wire or cause one of the solar panel structures to be pulled out of the ground or suffer damage.

[0336] The value of incorporating such a release mechanism Y270 lies in its ability to act as a safety measure. It ensures that the forces exerted by the motor do not exceed a safe threshold, thereby protecting the integrity of the solar panel structures and the overall system.

[0337] A second example

[0338] Example 9. An apparatus for controlling the orientation of solar panels, comprising a rotatable vertical member configured to support a solar panel support member, and a solar panel support member rotatably attached to a solar panel, such that the solar panel may rotate around the solar panel support member.

[0339] Example 10. The apparatus of Example 9, further comprising a wheel connected to the rotatable vertical member.

[0340] Example 11. The apparatus of Example 9, wherein the solar panel may rotate around the solar panel support member.

[0341] Example 12. The apparatus of Example 10, wherein the solar panel is caused to rotate around the solar panel support member in response to wind force.

[0342] Example 13. The apparatus of Example 9, wherein the solar panel rotates around the rotatable vertical member.

[0343] Example 14. The apparatus of Example 12, wherein the solar panel is caused to rotate around the rotatable vertical member in response to wind force.

[0344] Example 15. The apparatus of Example 10, further comprising a wire configured to wrap around the wheel and extend to a second wheel, and a motor connected to the second wheel, the motor configured to drive the second wheel, which in turn controls the movement of the wire. Example 16. The apparatus of Example 15, wherein the wire makes at least one and a half full loops around the wheel, enabling the rotation of the solar panel support member and the attached solar panels around the vertical axis of the rotatable vertical member.

[0345] Example 17. The apparatus of Example 15, wherein the wire and wheel are placed below the lowest point of the solar panels to allow free rotation without interference.

[0346] Example 18. The apparatus of Example 15, further comprising at least one wire tensioner configured to adjust the tension of the wire.

[0347] Example 19. The apparatus of Example 18, wherein there are provided two wire tensioners, where one wire tensioner shortens one wire and the other wire tensioner lengthens a separate wire, to effect rotation of the solar panel.

[0348] Example 20. The apparatus of Example 15, wherein the motor is configured to control multiple wire loops, each loop managing one or more solar panels, allowing for the control of multiple solar panels simultaneously.

[0349] Example 21. The apparatus of Example 15, further comprising a locking member configured to secure the wire onto the wheel to prevent slippage.

[0350] Example 22. The apparatus of Example 10, wherein the wheel is configured to be mounted at various different heights along the rotatable vertical member.

[0351] Example 23. The apparatus of Example 15, further comprising a second rotatable vertical support member attached to a second wheel and capable of being oriented independently of the first solar panel support member.

[0352] The foregoing description includes examples, sample dimensions, parameter values, and numerical ranges to illustrate enablement of the claimed subject matter. Unless expressly stated otherwise in a specific claim, such examples and ranges are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. A stated numerical value should be understood to encompass approximate values and normal manufacturing tolerances. A stated numerical range includes all sub-ranges and individual values within that range, as well as values outside the range that achieve substantially the same function or result.

[0353] The description includes examples, sample dimensions, operating parameters, and numerical ranges to teach how to make and use the invention. These examples and ranges are illustrative only and do not limit the claims unless a claim explicitly says otherwise.

[0354] Any single numerical value in this document covers its approximate value and normal manufacturing tolerances. Values are understood as reasonable approximations that a skilled person would accept given measurement accuracy and intended function, "approximately," and "substantially" indicate allowable variation consistent with achieving the stated result. A stated numerical range includes each endpoint, every intermediate value, and every sub-range formed from the endpoints and intermediate values. Unless a different meaning is made explicit, phrases like "between X and Y," "from X to Y," and "X-Y" are inclusive of X and Y. Overlapping and adjacent ranges are intended to be combinable.

Claims

1. CLAIMS1. A solar tracking installation configured to reduce wind-induced yaw torque and torsional resonance, comprising: a single azimuth drive unit with a motor; a plurality of tracker structures, each including (i) a rotatable support member configured to rotate about a substantially vertical axis and (ii) a panel carrier supporting at least one solar panel; for each structure, the at least one solar panel being mounted via one or more connection members defining a substantially horizontal hinge axis, downward rotation of the panel being bounded by a one-way rotation limiter that sets a repeatable production rest-tilt; a mechanical transmission operatively coupling the single azimuth drive unit to the rotatable support members so as to rotate the plurality of structures in unison about their respective vertical axes, the transmission being torsionally non-rigid and comprising a continuous flexible tensile element reeved around mast-mounted traction elements with a positive tail lock to provide no-slip traction and baseline pretension; a controller configured, in a wind-protection mode, to command the azimuth drive unit such that a rear face of each solar panel is maintained within a bounded downwind cone having a half-angle not greater than 40 degrees about a detected or estimated wind direction while preserving commanded azimuth in normal operation; and for each structure, a spanwise width b < 9 m and a planform area A bounded so that per-structure yaw lever arm and panel loading remain limited, wherein the hinge axis for each panel is located at a chordwise position xH measured from the windward edge with xH e [-0.1-C, +0.20-C], where C is the chord length of the panel, to place the hinge windward of the center of pressure of the solar panel for all center of pressure variations due to different attack angles of wind, so that rear-face wind produces a lifting feathering moment, and wherein (h) the torsional compliance of the mechanical transmission is selected to admit only a bounded differential azimuth between adjacent structures under a design gust while maintaining no-slip traction, thereby tempering inter-structure impulse sharing and reducing excitation of z-axis torsional resonance, whereby the combination of (i) bounded width, (ii) feather-hinged panels with a one-way downward stop and no upper stop, (iii) downwind-cone alignment, and (iv) a no-slip yet torsionally compliant group drive keeps yaw torque per structure below a predetermined design threshold during storm operation and enables single-point anchoring of a plurality of rotatable support members.

2. The installation of claim 1, wherein the controller maintains a torque-per-area budget T_A by constraining azimuth within the downwind cone such that, for each structure, a measured orinferred yaw moment per unit panel area (Mz / A) does not exceed T_A, the moment being inferred from motor torque or loop tension on the flexible tensile element.

3. The installation of claim 2, wherein T_A is parameterized by a design 3-s gust V_d and air density p, and the controller reduces heading error within the cone to keep Mz / A < T_A(V_d,p) in real time.

4. (Numeric torque hook— optional narrow) The installation of any of claims 1-3, wherein, for b < 8 m and A < 25 m2, a design 3-s gust of V_d=40 m / s yields a per-structure yaw moment Mz <25 kN-m.

5. The installation of claim 1, wherein adjacent-structure differential azimuth under the design gust is bounded to < 3° by selection of loop material, cross-section, and pretension, while no-slip traction is preserved at the traction elements.

6. The installation of claim 1, wherein each panel on a carrier is independently pivotable about the substantially horizontal hinge axis so that wind-induced rotation of one panel does not accumulate torque from adjacent panels.

7. The installation of claim 1, wherein 2A per motor > 100 m2, with each rotatable support borne by a single-point ground anchor selected from a pile and a ground screw.

8. The installation of claim 1, wherein the mechanical transmission includes a nonlinear compliance module in series on a loop run that limits peak transmitted torque above a threshold while maintaining bounded differential azimuth.

9. The installation of claim 1, wherein the controller computes the storm heading setpoint as a blend of measured wind direction and a short-term forecast.

10. The installation of claim 1, wherein the controller applies small stagger offsets among neighboring structures while keeping each within the cone.

11. The installation of claim 1, wherein width:height > 2.25:1 is maintained to reduce inter-row shading for a given ground-cover ratio while meeting a yaw-moment threshold.

12. The installation of claim 1, wherein the flexible tensile element is steel wire rope or roller chain reeved around mast-mounted traction wheels or sprockets with a locked tail to enforce no-slip traction, under baseline pretension13. The installation of claim 1, comprising a flexible tensile loop reeved over traction elements at rotatable supports and positively locked at each traction element by a tail lock to prevent slip, wherein a gravity take-up module is connected in series with the loop and is configured (i) to maintain baseline loop tension in normal operation and (ii) to admit additional loop payout onlywhen loop tension exceeds a selected threshold corresponding to a prescribed azimuth torque about a substantially vertical axis, thereby limiting peak transmitted torque while permitting additional azimuth rotation without slip at the traction elements.

14. The installation of claim 1, wherein the additional loop payout provided by the gravity take-up module is sized, in representative embodiments, to be at least the arc length corresponding to approximately one-half rotation of a traction element.

15. A method of operating a solar tracking installation according to claim 1, the method comprising:(i) detecting elevated wind conditions and entering a wind protection mode;(ii) in response, commanding the single azimuth drive unit, via the mechanical transmission, to set and maintain the azimuth of the plurality of structures such that a rear face of each solar panel remains within a bounded downwind cone having a half angle not greater than 40 degrees about a detected or estimated wind direction;(iii) allowing each solar panel to pivot upward about the substantially horizontal hinge axis under wind load, while downward rotation is limited by a oneway rotation limiter to a repeatable rest tilt in normal winds, the upward rotation being unimpeded in normal operation at least to within about 15 degrees of horizontal; and(iv) actuating the plurality through a torsionally nonrigid mechanical transmission so that gusts induce only bounded differential azimuth between structures without loss of the commanded heading; wherein panel carrier dimensions are selected such that a yaw moment per structure during step (ii) remains below a predetermined design threshold.

Images