Solar cell, photovoltaic module, power generation device, electric device and passivation agent

Abstract

Provided in the present disclosure are a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, an electric device and a passivation agent. The solar cell comprises a first electrode, a second electrode and a light-absorbing layer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode. The solar cell further comprises a passivation layer arranged on at least one surface of the light-absorbing layer, wherein the passivation layer comprises a passivation agent, and / or the light-absorbing layer comprises a passivation agent, the passivation agent comprising one or more of compounds as represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III).

Description

Solar cells, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, electrical appliances and passivating agents

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This disclosure is based on and claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202411298360.4, filed on September 14, 2024, entitled “Solar Cell, Photovoltaic Module, Power Generation Device, Power Consumption Device and Passivating Agent”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a solar cell, photovoltaic module, power generation device, power consumption device, and passivating agent. Background Technology

[0004] In recent years, global energy shortages and environmental pollution have become increasingly prominent, leading to growing attention on solar cells as an ideal renewable energy source. Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect.

[0005] However, the stability of solar cells in related technologies still needs to be improved. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This disclosure is made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and its object is to provide a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, an electrical device, and a passivating agent. The solar cell has improved photoelectric performance and stability.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, this disclosure provides a solar cell, comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode, and a light-absorbing layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; the solar cell further comprising a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the light-absorbing layer, the passivation layer comprising a passivating agent; and / or the light-absorbing layer comprising a passivating agent; wherein the passivating agent comprises one or more compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III):

[0008] Among them, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted six- to ten-membered aryl groups; R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises a C1-C4 alkylene group or a six- to ten-arylene group; R 13 Including five- to ten-membered heteroaryl groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, O, and N; X -Including monovalent anions. The solar cells of this disclosure include the above-mentioned compounds as passivating agents. These passivating agents include two or more coordinating groups / atoms, which can effectively passivate the light-absorbing layer, thereby giving the solar cells of this disclosure improved photoelectric performance and stability.

[0009] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) in R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 In the case where the C1-C4 alkyl or the six- to ten-membered aryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of the following: C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene, meta-phenylene, or para-phenylene; (3)R 13 Including thiophene, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyrroleyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - I - Or BF4 - Using the aforementioned compounds as passivating agents is more beneficial for improving the photoelectric performance and stability of solar cells.

[0010] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group, wherein, if the C1-C2 alkyl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of C2-C4 alkenyl groups or halogens; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene groups; (3)R 13 Including thiophene or pyridinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - Or I - This is more conducive to improving the stability of the light-absorbing layer.

[0011] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11Each independently includes a methyl group; (2)X - Including I - This is more conducive to improving the stability of the light-absorbing layer.

[0012] In some embodiments, the passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds:

[0013] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes: a first carrier transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the light-absorbing layer, and a second carrier transport layer disposed between the light-absorbing layer and the second electrode; the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer, but different from the first carrier transport layer. By providing a carrier transport layer, the dissociation and transport of electrons and holes can be enhanced, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0014] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0015] In some embodiments, the solar cell includes a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the light-absorbing layer, wherein the passivation layer is disposed between the light-absorbing layer and the second carrier transport layer. This facilitates the utilization of its passivation properties, thereby contributing to further improvements in the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0016] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 3 nm. Therefore, a passivation layer thickness within the above range is beneficial for maximizing its passivation performance.

[0017] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0018] In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material and a passivating agent, wherein the passivating agent accounts for 0.01% to 0.15% of the mass of the perovskite material. This is more conducive to leveraging its passivation properties, thereby further improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0019] The second aspect of this disclosure provides a photovoltaic module, which includes the solar cell provided in the first aspect.

[0020] A third aspect of this disclosure provides a power generation device, which includes the solar cell provided in the first aspect.

[0021] The fourth aspect of this disclosure provides an electrical device that includes the solar cell provided in the first aspect.

[0022] The photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, and power consumption devices disclosed herein include the solar cells provided herein, and therefore have at least the same advantages as solar cells.

[0023] The fifth aspect of this disclosure provides a passivating agent comprising one or more compounds of formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III):

[0024] Among them, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted six- to ten-membered aryl groups; R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises a C1-C4 alkylene group or a six- to ten-arylene group; R 13 Including five- to ten-membered heteroaryl groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, O, and N; X - Including monovalent anions. The passivating agent disclosed herein, comprising two or more coordinating groups / atoms, can effectively passivate the light-absorbing layer, thereby giving the solar cell of this disclosure improved photoelectric performance and stability.

[0025] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) in R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 In the case where the C1-C4 alkyl or the six- to ten-membered aryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of the following: C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene, meta-phenylene, or para-phenylene; (3)R 13 Including thiophene, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyrroleyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - I - Or BF4 - The aforementioned compounds, when used as passivating agents, are more beneficial for improving the photoelectric performance and stability of solar cells.

[0026] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R11 Each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group, wherein, if the C1-C2 alkyl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of C2-C4 alkenyl groups or halogens; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene groups; (3)R 13 Including thiophene or pyridinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - Or I - This is more conducive to improving the stability of the light-absorbing layer.

[0027] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently includes a methyl group; (2)X - Including I - .

[0028] In some embodiments, the passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds:

[0029] The solar cell disclosed herein includes a passivation layer comprising a passivating agent disposed on at least one surface of a light-absorbing layer, and / or the light-absorbing layer comprises a passivating agent. The passivating agent comprises one or more compounds of formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III). The passivating agent comprises two or more coordinating groups / atoms, wherein at least one thionium ion is included as a coordinating group, which can effectively passivate the light-absorbing layer, thereby giving the solar cell of this disclosure improved photoelectric performance and stability. Attached Figure Description

[0030] Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 10, 100, 200: solar cell; 11: first electrode; 12: second electrode; 13: perovskite light-absorbing layer; 14: passivation layer; 151: hole transport layer; 152: electron transport layer; 131: passivating agent. Detailed Implementation

[0034] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, specifically discloses embodiments of the solar cells, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, power consumption devices, and passivating agents of this disclosure. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this disclosure and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0035] The "range" disclosed in this disclosure is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit, whereby a given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also expected. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this disclosure, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0036] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this disclosure can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0037] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this disclosure can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0038] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of this disclosure may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, if a method includes steps (a) and (b), it means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, if it is mentioned that the method may also include step (c), it means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0039] The term "alkyl" refers to a branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having a specified number of carbon atoms, for example, 1 to 20 carbon atoms. As used herein, the term "C1-C4 alkyl" refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as C1-C2, C1-C3, or C1-C4 alkyl. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, and tert-butyl.

[0040] The term "alkylene" refers to a divalent alkyl group having two bonding sites. Optionally, it contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms, i.e., a C1 to C4 alkylene. Examples of alkylenes include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, and butylene.

[0041] The term "alkenyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon chain that includes one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds. "C2–C4 alkenyl" as used herein refers to a chain with 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and examples include, but are not limited to, vinyl, propenyl, and butenyl.

[0042] The term "halogen" includes one or more of F, Cl, Br, and I.

[0043] "Arylidene" refers to a divalent all-carbon monocyclic or fused polycyclic group with a conjugated π-electron system. The term "hexa- to deca-arylidene" refers to an arylidene containing 6 to 14 carbon atoms in an all-carbon monocyclic or fused polycyclic ring, and may include, but is not limited to, phenylene, naphthylene, anthracene, or biphenylene.

[0044] The term "phenylene" may include, for example, ortho-phenylene, meta-phenylene, or para-phenylene, but is not limited thereto.

[0045] The term "me-phenylene" refers to the compound formed by the formula... The structure represented.

[0046] The term "p-phenylene" refers to the compound formed by the formula... The structure represented.

[0047] The term "aryl" refers to a monovalent, all-carbon monocyclic or fused polycyclic group having a conjugated π-electron system. The term "six- to ten-membered aryl" refers to a six- to ten-membered, all-carbon monocyclic or fused polycyclic group having a conjugated π-electron system. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl and naphthyl groups.

[0048] The term "pentacyclic to decacyclic heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent pentacyclic to decacyclic monocyclic or fused polycyclic group having a conjugated π-electron system, wherein at least one carbon atom in the monocyclic or fused polycyclic ring structure is substituted by a heteroatom selected from O, N, and S. A heteroaryl group may contain, for example, one, two, or three heteroatoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, thiopheneyl, pyrazolylalkyl, pyrroleyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, etc.

[0049] The term "sulfonium ion," also known as a sulfonium ion, refers to a class of positively charged ions with three atoms or groups of atoms attached to sulfur. Sulfonium ions form sulfonium salts with negatively charged ions.

[0050] The term "electrode" refers to a region or layer that is composed of or is substantially composed of electrode material.

[0051] As used in this disclosure, the term "layer" refers to any substantially layered structure. A layer may have a thickness that varies over its length. Typically, the thickness of a layer is approximately constant. As used in this disclosure, "thickness" of a layer refers to the average thickness of the layer. The thickness of a layer can be measured using methods conventional in the art. For example, it can be measured using a Zygo NewView 9000 white light interferometer.

[0052] Unless otherwise specified, the term "arranged / set on" means to provide or set one component on another component. The first component may be provided directly on or set on the second component, or a third component may be present between the first and second components. For example, if the first layer is set on the second layer, this includes cases where there is an intermediate third layer between the first and second layers.

[0053] In this disclosure, the term "perovskite material" refers to a material having a three-dimensional crystal structure related to the three-dimensional crystal structure of CaTiO3, or a layered material comprising a structure related to the structure of CaTiO3. When incident light is received, electrons in the perovskite material are excited, and electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band, generating electron-hole pairs.

[0054] Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect.

[0055] The photoelectric conversion principle of a solar cell is as follows: Incident light (e.g., sunlight) enters the device and reaches the light-absorbing layer, where it is absorbed. Under the excitation of the incident light, the light-absorbing layer generates electron-hole pairs. Under the action of an electric field, the holes and electrons separate, with the electrons being transferred to one electrode and the holes being transferred to the other electrode. Subsequently, a loop is formed through an external circuit, which can be used to drive the load.

[0056] In solar cells, the presence of surface defects in the light-absorbing layer can lead to nonradiative recombination of charge carriers, adversely affecting the cell's photoelectric performance and stability. Therefore, research on passivating surface defects in the light-absorbing layer has become a hot topic. Commonly used passivating agents are organic ammonium salts with high pKa values. However, these high pKa organic ammonium salt passivating agents are susceptible to deprotonation during solar cell operation, resulting in poor passivation and low solar cell stability. Therefore, a technique is still needed to improve the passivation effect on surface defects in the light-absorbing layer, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and stability of solar cells.

[0057] Based on this, the present disclosure provides a solar cell, a photovoltaic module including the solar cell, a power generation device, a power consumption device, and a passivating agent. The present disclosure and optional embodiments are described in more detail below.

[0058] Solar cells

[0059] This disclosure provides a solar cell. The solar cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a light-absorbing layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The solar cell further includes a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the light-absorbing layer, the passivation layer comprising a passivating agent; and / or the light-absorbing layer comprising a passivating agent; wherein the passivating agent comprises one or more compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III).

[0060] Among them, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted six- to ten-membered aryl groups; R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises a C1-C4 alkylene group or a six- to ten-arylene group; R 13 Including five- to ten-membered heteroaryl groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, O, and N; X - Including monovalent anions.

[0061] In the solar cells disclosed herein, one or more compounds of formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III) are used as passivating agents. These passivating agents include two or more coordinating groups / atoms. For example, in the compounds of formula (I) or formula (II), at least two thionium ions are included as coordinating groups; in the compounds of formula (III), at least one thionium ion is included as a coordinating group, R 13 At least one heteroatom with a lone pair of electrons in the heteroaryl group serves as a coordinating atom. The presence of these coordinating groups / atoms enables strong bonding between these passivating agents and the light-absorbing layer material, effectively passivating the light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, these coordinating groups / atoms, especially thionium ions, do not contain protonated hydrogen, thus avoiding deprotonation. Moreover, the substituents R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, and R at both ends of these passivating agent molecules... 10 R 11 Each of these compounds independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted six- to ten-membered aryl groups, which have relatively short chains. Compared to long-chain terminal groups with more carbon atoms, such as C12, shorter-chain terminal groups are more conducive to enhancing the bonding force between the passivator and the light-absorbing layer material, thereby promoting the transport of charge carriers generated after the light-absorbing layer is excited. Therefore, by including the above-mentioned compounds as passivators, the solar cell of this disclosure exhibits improved photoelectric performance and stability.

[0062] The passivating agent included in the solar cell disclosed herein can be determined using instruments and methods known in the art. For example, it can be determined using the peak position of a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum.

[0063] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) in R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 In the case where the C1-C4 alkyl or the six- to ten-membered aryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of the following: C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene, meta-phenylene, or para-phenylene; (3)R 13 Including thiophene, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyrroleyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - I - Or BF4 -By using compounds containing one or more of the aforementioned groups as passivating agents, it is more beneficial to enhance the bonding force between the passivating agent and the light-absorbing layer material, thereby further improving the photoelectric performance and stability of solar cells.

[0064] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group, wherein, if the C1-C2 alkyl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of C2-C4 alkenyl groups or halogens; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene groups; (3)R 13 Including thiophene or pyridinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - Or I - This is more conducive to improving the photoelectric performance and stability of solar cells.

[0065] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently includes a methyl group; (2)X - For I - .

[0066] In some embodiments, the passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds:

[0067] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0068] Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The solar cell 10 includes: a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12, and a passivation layer 14 disposed on at least one surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13.

[0069] In some embodiments, the first electrode 11, also referred to as the bottom electrode or transparent electrode, is the electrode that first receives incident light and is used to collect electrons or holes. Exemplarily, the material used for the first electrode 11 may include a transparent conductive material. This disclosure does not specifically limit the transparent conductive material used in the first electrode 11. Exemplarily, the transparent conductive material includes at least one of: tin oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO), and graphene.

[0070] In some embodiments, the second electrode 12, also referred to as the top electrode, is the electrode that receives the incident light last and is used to collect electrons / holes. Exemplarily, the material used for the second electrode 12 may include a conductive material. This disclosure does not specifically limit the conductive material used for the second electrode 12. For example, the conductive material includes at least one of organic conductive materials and inorganic conductive materials. Inorganic conductive materials include at least one of the above-mentioned transparent conductive materials, metals and their alloys, and elemental carbon materials. Exemplarily, metals and their alloys include at least one of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, bismuth, platinum, magnesium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Exemplarily, elemental carbon materials include at least one of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Exemplarily, organic conductive materials include at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, and polyacetylene.

[0071] A perovskite absorbing layer 13 is disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12, and can generate electron-hole pairs based on the excitation of incident light. This disclosure does not particularly limit the band gap of the perovskite absorbing layer 13; a band gap commonly used in the art can be employed. For example, the band gap of the perovskite absorbing layer 13 can be in the range of 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV. This disclosure does not particularly limit the band gap measurement method. For example, the band gap measurement method may include: first, obtaining an ultraviolet absorption curve through ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy; then, calculating the band gap of the perovskite absorbing layer 13 using the Tauc equation. This disclosure does not particularly limit the thickness of the perovskite absorbing layer 13; a thickness commonly used in the art can be employed. For example, the thickness of the perovskite absorbing layer 13 can be in the range of 200 nm to 1000 nm.

[0072] The perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 comprises a perovskite material. In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises at least one of the compounds shown in [A][B][X]3 and [A]2[C][D][X]6, wherein A comprises at least one inorganic or organic monovalent cation, B comprises at least one inorganic divalent cation, C comprises at least one inorganic monovalent cation, D comprises at least one inorganic trivalent cation, and X comprises at least one monovalent anion.

[0073] For example, the organic monovalent cation includes: (NR) 14 R 15 R 16 R 17 ) + 、(R 14 R 15 N=CR 16 R 17 ) + 、(R 14 R 15 NC(R 18 ) = NR 16 R 17 ) + or (R) 14 R 15 NC(NR 18 R 19 ) = NR 16 R 17 ) + At least one of them, wherein R 14 R 15 R 16 R 17 R 18 and R 19 Each is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. For example, organic monovalent cations include: (H2N=CH-NH2) + (abbreviated as FA), CH3NH3 + At least one of (abbreviated as MA).

[0074] For example, the inorganic monovalent cation includes: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + At least one of them.

[0075] For example, the inorganic divalent cation includes: Pb2+ Sn 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Mn 2+ Pd 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ At least one of them.

[0076] For example, inorganic trivalent cations include: Bi 3+ Sb 3+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Co 3+ Ga 3+ As 3+ Ru 3+ ,Rh 3+ In 3+ Ir 3+ Au 3+ Or Al 3+ At least one of them.

[0077] For example, monovalent anions include: F-, Cl- - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - OH - CN - SeCN - At least one of them.

[0078] In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes Cs 0.1 MA 0.15 FA 0.75 PbCl 0.15 I 2.85 Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3, MAPbI3, FAPbI3, (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Cs0.05 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 3. At least one of CsPbI3, CsPbI2Br, and CsPbIBr2, wherein FA represents (H2N=CH-NH2). + MA represents CH3NH3 + Optionally, the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes: Cs 0.1 MA 0.15 FA 0.75 PbCl 0.15 I 2.85 Or Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 At least one of PbI3. The above-mentioned lead-based perovskite materials are commonly used in perovskite solar cells, which makes the solar cells have good reproducibility.

[0079] Those skilled in the art will understand that FIG1 is merely an exemplary illustration of a passivation layer 14 disposed on one side surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 facing the second electrode 12, and the above example does not constitute a specific limitation. In some embodiments, the passivation layer 14 may also be disposed on one side surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 facing the first electrode 11. In some embodiments, the passivation layer 14 may also be disposed on both sides surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 simultaneously.

[0080] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a first carrier transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite light-absorbing layer; and a second carrier transport layer disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the second electrode; wherein the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer (ETL) or a hole transport layer (HTL); and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer, but different from the first carrier transport layer. By providing the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer, the dissociation and transport of electrons and holes can be enhanced, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0081] In this disclosure, the electron transport layer has the function of transporting electrons to the adjacent electrode and preventing the transport of holes.

[0082] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the electron transport material used in the electron transport layer; commonly used electron transport materials in the art can be employed. For example, electron transport materials include at least one of the following: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, metal oxides, semiconductor oxides, titanates, fluorides and their derivatives, and materials obtained by doping or passivation. Exemplarily, imide compounds include at least one of: phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. Exemplarily, quinone compounds include at least one of: benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone. Exemplarily, the metal element in the metal oxide includes at least one of: Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr. Optionally, the metal oxide includes at least one of: tin dioxide (SnO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). Exemplarily, the semiconductor material oxide includes silicon oxide. Exemplarily, the titanate includes at least one of strontium titanate and calcium titanate. Exemplarily, the fluoride includes at least one of lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride.

[0083] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the thickness of the electron transport layer; any thickness conventionally used in the art for electron transport layers may be adopted. For example, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 15 nm to 30 nm.

[0084] In this disclosure, the hole transport layer has the function of extracting and transporting holes, which is used to transport the holes generated by the excitation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 to the adjacent electrode and block the transport of electrons.

[0085] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the hole transport material used in the hole transport layer; hole transport materials commonly used in the art can be used. For example, the hole transport material includes: nickel oxide (NiO). x, 1≤x≤2), cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(di-p-tolylamino)spiro-9,9'-difluorene (Spiro-TTB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), and [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dimethyl ... (4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), (2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz), (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz), etc.

[0086] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the thickness of the hole transport layer; any thickness conventionally used in the art for hole transport layers may be adopted. For example, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 1 nm to 200 nm.

[0087] In some embodiments, the solar cell includes a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, wherein the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and a second carrier transport layer.

[0088] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 3 nm. Exemplarily, the thickness of the passivation layer is a value within the range of 0.1 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 2.8 nm, 3 nm, or any two of these values, but is not limited thereto. Controlling the thickness of the passivation layer within the above range is beneficial for maximizing its passivation performance, thereby further improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell. Optionally, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.5 nm to 2.8 nm.

[0089] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer. This results in an inverted solar cell, which helps to reduce the adverse effects of the passivation layer on the light absorption of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thus improving stability.

[0090] Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the solar cell 100 includes a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 151, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, a passivation layer 14, an electron transport layer 152, and a second electrode 12 arranged sequentially along the direction of light incidence. In this embodiment, the first electrode 11, the hole transport layer 151, the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, the passivation layer 14, the electron transport layer 152, and the second electrode 12 are as described above and will not be repeated here.

[0091] Those skilled in the art will understand that FIG2 is merely an exemplary illustration showing that the hole transport layer 151 is disposed on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 facing the first electrode 11, and the electron transport layer 152 is disposed on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 facing the second electrode 12. In some embodiments, the positions of the hole transport layer 151 and the electron transport layer 152 can be interchanged, that is, the electron transport layer 152 is disposed on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 facing the first electrode 11, and the hole transport layer 151 is disposed on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 facing the second electrode 12.

[0092] Those skilled in the art will understand that FIG2 is merely an exemplary example showing the passivation layer 14 disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 and the electron transport layer 152. In some embodiments, the passivation layer 14 may be disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 and the hole transport layer 151. In some embodiments, the passivation layer 14 may be disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 and the hole transport layer 151, and between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 and the electron transport layer 152.

[0093] In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material and a passivating agent, wherein the passivating agent accounts for 0.01% to 0.15% of the perovskite material by mass. Exemplarily, the passivating agent accounts for 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 0.10%, 0.13%, 0.15% of the perovskite material by mass, or a value within any range of two such values, but is not limited thereto. By controlling the amount of passivating agent within the above range, it is beneficial to utilize the passivation performance of the passivation layer, thereby further improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell. Optionally, the passivating agent accounts for 0.04% to 0.12% of the perovskite material by mass. Optionally, the passivating agent accounts for 0.04% to 0.10% of the perovskite material by mass.

[0094] In this disclosure, the amount of passivating agent can be determined using instruments and methods known in the art. For example, the molar ratio of perovskite to passivating agent can be determined by measuring the peak area of ​​the organic cations in the perovskite to the peak area of ​​the passivating agent in the proton NMR spectrum. Alternatively, the molar ratio of perovskite to passivating agent can be determined by measuring the peak area of ​​the inorganic cations in the perovskite to the sulfur element in the passivating agent in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mass ratio can be further analyzed by combining thermogravimetric analysis.

[0095] Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the solar cell 200 includes a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 151, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, an electron transport layer 152, and a second electrode 12 arranged sequentially along the direction of light incidence, wherein the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 includes a passivating agent 131. In this embodiment, the first electrode 11, the hole transport layer 151, the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, the electron transport layer 152, the second electrode 12, and the passivating agent 131 are as described above and will not be repeated here.

[0096] In some embodiments, both the passivation layer 14 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 include a passivating agent, which includes one or more compounds of formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III).

[0097] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a hole-blocking layer disposed on the side of the second electrode facing the perovskite light-absorbing layer. In some embodiments, the solar cell includes a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, an electron transport layer, a hole-blocking layer, and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked. Optionally, the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes the passivating agent described above. The first electrode, hole transport layer, perovskite light-absorbing layer, passivation layer, electron transport layer, and second electrode are as described above and will not be repeated here.

[0098] A hole blocking layer can effectively confine holes within the light-emitting layer, preventing them from overflowing outside the light-emitting layer, thereby improving the efficiency of the battery. The hole blocking layer includes a hole-blocking material. This disclosure does not particularly limit the hole-blocking material. Exemplarily, the hole-blocking material may include one or more of SnO2 and copper bath (BCP, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline).

[0099] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the thickness of the hole blocking layer; any thickness conventionally used in the art for hole blocking layers may be adopted. For example, the thickness of the hole blocking layer is 5 nm to 20 nm.

[0100] The fabrication methods for the various functional layers of a solar cell, such as the first electrode, second electrode, perovskite light-absorbing layer, hole transport layer, passivation layer, electron transport layer, and hole blocking layer, are not particularly limited and can include fabrication methods conventional in the art. Examples include spin coating, spray coating, slot coating, blade coating, chemical bath deposition, electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical epitaxial growth, vacuum thermal evaporation, atomic layer deposition, magnetron sputtering, and mechanical pressing.

[0101] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a substrate layer disposed on the side of the first electrode away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer, the substrate layer serving to support the perovskite solar cell. The substrate layer can be, but is not limited to, a glass substrate or a flexible substrate. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate layer may be made of, for example (but not limited to), an organic polymer material, and further, may be a mixture of one or more of the following materials in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0102] photovoltaic modules

[0103] This disclosure also provides a photovoltaic module, including the solar cells provided in the above embodiments. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes solder strips connecting multiple solar cells, a junction box for current transmission, and a cell encapsulation component.

[0104] In some embodiments, the battery encapsulation component includes photovoltaic glass. The photovoltaic glass covers the aforementioned solar cell, serving to protect it. Simultaneously, the photovoltaic glass possesses excellent light transmittance and high hardness, allowing it to withstand large diurnal temperature variations and harsh weather conditions.

[0105] In some embodiments, the battery encapsulation component includes an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) film disposed between the photovoltaic glass and the solar cell for bonding the photovoltaic glass and the solar cell.

[0106] In some implementations, the battery encapsulation components include a photovoltaic backsheet. The photovoltaic backsheet serves to protect the solar cells.

[0107] Optionally, the photovoltaic backsheet material may include a polyvinyl fluoride composite film or a thermoplastic elastic material. The photovoltaic backsheet material possesses properties such as insulation, water resistance, and aging resistance.

[0108] In some implementations, the battery encapsulation component includes a solar aluminum frame, made of aluminum alloy, which features high strength and corrosion resistance. It serves to support and protect the solar cells.

[0109] Power generation unit

[0110] This disclosure also provides a power generation device, including the solar cell provided in the above embodiments.

[0111] Electrical appliances

[0112] This disclosure also provides an electrical device, including the solar cell provided in the above embodiments.

[0113] In some implementations, the electrical appliances include lighting equipment, energy storage equipment, etc., but are not limited to these. For example, electrical appliances include solar water heaters, solar streetlights, solar photovoltaic generators, etc.

[0114] passivating agent

[0115] This disclosure also provides a passivating agent, which includes one or more compounds of formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III):

[0116] Among them, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted six- to ten-membered aryl groups; R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises a C1-C4 alkylene group or a six- to ten-arylene group; R 13 Including five- to ten-membered heteroaryl groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, O, and N; X - Including monovalent anions. The passivating agent disclosed herein, comprising two or more coordinating groups / atoms, can effectively passivate the light-absorbing layer, thereby giving the solar cell of this disclosure improved photoelectric performance and stability.

[0117] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II), or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) in R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 In the case where the C1-C4 alkyl or the six- to ten-membered aryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of the following: C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene, meta-phenylene, or para-phenylene; (3)R 13Including thiophene, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyrroleyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - I - Or BF4 - The aforementioned compounds, when used as passivating agents, are more beneficial for improving the photoelectric performance and stability of solar cells.

[0118] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group, wherein, if the C1-C2 alkyl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of C2-C4 alkenyl groups or halogens; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene groups; (3)R 13 Including thiophene or pyridinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - Or I - This is more conducive to improving the stability of the light-absorbing layer.

[0119] In some embodiments, the compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently includes a methyl group; (2)X - Including I - .

[0120] In some embodiments, the passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds:

[0121] Example

[0122] The following describes embodiments of this disclosure. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this disclosure, and should not be construed as limiting this disclosure. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0123] Example 1

[0124] Preparation of passivating agent

[0125] 3.6 g (0.058 mol) of dimethyl sulfide and 7.89 g (0.028 mol) of 1,2-diiodoethane were mixed and stirred at 40 °C for 48 h to obtain a crude product. After separation and purification by column chromatography, 7.7 g of white powdered di(dimethyl)ethylenedisulfonium iodide (compound 1) was obtained with a yield of 68% and a purity of 99.9%.

[0126] The proton NMR spectrum of compound 1 was analyzed, and the results are as follows: 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ1.41 (s, 4H), 0.90 (s, 12H).

[0127] Fabrication of solar cells

[0128] 1. Provide the first electrode

[0129] A 2.0*2.0cm FTO conductive glass substrate (i.e., fluorine-doped SnO2 transparent metal oxide) was taken, and 0.35cm of FTO was removed from each end by laser etching to expose the glass substrate. The substrate was then sequentially cleaned with 2% Triton X-100 deionized water, anhydrous ethanol, deionized water, and anhydrous ethanol. After drying, the cleaned substrate was irradiated in a UV ozone generator for 20 minutes and set aside for later use.

[0130] 2. Preparation of the hole transport layer

[0131] A 100 μL solution of 0.3 mg / mL [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid in isopropanol was added dropwise onto an FTO conductive glass substrate, and spin-coated at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds. The resulting film was annealed at 100 °C for 5 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 1 nm.

[0132] 3. Preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer

[0133] 245 mg of formamidinium hydroiodate, 691.51 mg of lead iodide, and 19.5 mg of cesium iodide were dissolved in 1000 μL of a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (DMF:DMSO volume ratio 4:1) and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain a perovskite precursor solution with a perovskite material concentration of 956 mg / mL. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 120 μL of the perovskite precursor solution was dropwise added to the hole transport layer, and spin-coated at 1000 rpm for 10 seconds, followed by spin-coating at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds, during which 150 μL of chlorobenzene was injected as an antisolvent. The resulting film was annealed at 150 °C for 10 minutes to obtain a Cs film with a thickness of 600 nm. 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3 perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0134] 4. Preparation of passivation layer

[0135] Using compound 1 as a passivating agent, 100 μL of a chloroform solution of compound 1 at a concentration of 0.5 mg / mL was dropped onto the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The layer was then spin-coated at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds. The resulting film was annealed at 100 °C for 5 minutes to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of 0.5 nm.

[0136] 5. Fabrication of electron transport layer, hole blocking layer and second electrode

[0137] On the passivation layer, a 25nm thick C layer is deposited under high vacuum. 60 An electron transport layer is obtained; on the electron transport layer, a 20 nm thick SnO2 layer is deposited using ALD (atomic layer deposition) to obtain a hole blocking layer; on the hole blocking layer, a 100 nm thick copper electrode is deposited under high vacuum to obtain a second electrode. Thus, a perovskite solar cell is obtained.

[0138] Example 2

[0139] The solar cell of Example 2 was prepared using the same passivating agent (compound 1) and preparation method as in Example 1, except that the passivating layer preparation step was omitted in Example 2; instead, the passivating agent was incorporated into the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Specifically, the perovskite light-absorbing layer was prepared using the same method as in Example 1, except that 0.6 mg of compound 1 was added to the perovskite precursor solution to achieve a concentration of 0.6 mg / mL.

[0140] Example 3

[0141] Preparation of passivating agent

[0142] 3.6 g (0.058 mol) of dimethyl sulfide and 8.29 g (0.028 mol) of 1,3-diiodopropane were mixed and stirred at 40 °C for 48 h to obtain a crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography to obtain 7.64 g of white powdered di(dimethyl)propanedisulfone iodide (compound 2), with a yield of 65% and a purity of 99.9%.

[0143] The proton NMR spectrum of compound 2 was analyzed, and the results are as follows: 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ1.37~1.29 (m, 6H), 0.89 (s, 12H).

[0144] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent was replaced with compound 2 instead of compound 1 in the preparation of the passivation layer.

[0145] Example 4

[0146] Preparation of passivating agent

[0147] 3.05 g (0.025 mol) of 1,2-bis(methylthio)ethane and 7.89 g (0.028 mol) of 1,2-diiodoethane were stirred at 40 °C for 72 hours. The mixture was then purified by column chromatography to obtain 4.2 g of bis(dimethyl)-1,4-disulfonium cyclohexane iodide (compound 3), with a yield of 42% and a purity of 99.9%.

[0148] The proton NMR spectrum of compound 3 was analyzed, and the results are as follows: 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ1.40~1.44(m,8H), 0.91(s,6H).

[0149] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent was replaced with compound 3 instead of compound 1 in the preparation of the passivation layer.

[0150] Comparative Example 1

[0151] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 1, except that no passivation layer was provided.

[0152] Comparative Example 2

[0153] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 1, except that phenethylamine hydroiodide (compound 4) was used as a passivating agent during the preparation of the passivation layer.

[0154] Comparative Example 3

[0155] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 1, except that compound 5 (CAS No.: 28289-44-3, Zhengzhou Alpha Chemical Co., Ltd.) was used as a passivating agent.

[0156] Comparative Example 4

[0157] Preparation of passivating agent

[0158] 12.528 g (0.058 mol) of dodecyl methyl sulfide and 8.29 g (0.028 mol) of 1,3-diiodopropane were mixed and stirred at 40 °C for 72 h to obtain a crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography to obtain 12.6 g of white powder propane-1,3-di(dodecyl(methyl)sulfonium)iodide (compound 6), with a yield of 62% and a purity of 99.9%.

[0159] The proton NMR spectrum of compound 6 was analyzed, and the results are as follows: 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ1.41-1.26 (m, 50H), 0.93-0.84 (m, 12H).

[0160] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent was replaced with compound 6 instead of compound 1 in the preparation of the passivation layer.

[0161] Testing the photoelectric performance of solar cells

[0162] Open circuit voltage (V) at room temperature (25℃) OC ), short-circuit current density (J SC The test methods for fill factor (FF) and photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) are as follows.

[0163] Using an AAA-grade solar simulator under standard test conditions: light intensity 100 mW / cm² 2 The photoelectric performance parameters of the tested cells were measured using an AM 1.5G spectral energy. All solar cells underwent reverse scanning testing using a Keithley 2400 source meter, with a scan range of 1.2 to -0.1 V and an effective device area of ​​0.09 cm². 2 The scan rate was 50 mV·s. V was measured. OC J SC And FF, and calculate the PCE of the solar cell using the following formula:

[0164] Among them, P input This represents the incident light power density.

[0165] Solar cell stability test

[0166] The stability of the tested cell was tested at 85°C using an LED lamp calibrated to provide one sun's worth of light. The PCE (Power Consumption E) of the solar cell was continuously monitored at maximum output voltage. The time required for the PCE to decay to 80% of its initial value was recorded as T. 80 .

[0167] The performance test results of the solar cells of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 are shown in Table 1 below.

[0168] Table 1

[0169] In Table 1, " / " indicates that there are no related items.

[0170] Based on the above results, compared to Comparative Example 1 (which did not use a passivating agent), Comparative Example 2 (which used an organic ammonium salt compound 4 as a passivating agent), Comparative Example 3 (which used a compound 5 containing only one thion as a coordinating group as a passivating agent), and Comparative Example 4 (which used a compound 6 with a long-chain terminal group attached to the thion as a passivating agent), all examples 1-4 improved the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cells. As can be seen from Examples 1 and 2, whether the passivating agent is disposed on the perovskite light-absorbing layer in the form of a passivation layer or within the perovskite light-absorbing layer, it can passivate the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cells.

[0171] Examples 5-6

[0172] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 1, with the only difference being:

[0173] In Example 5, 100 μL of a chloroform solution of 0.75 mg / mL passivating agent compound 1 was dropped onto the perovskite light-absorbing layer to form a passivation layer with a thickness of 1.5 nm.

[0174] In Example 6, 100 μL of a chloroform solution of 1 mg / mL passivating agent compound 1 was dropped onto the perovskite light-absorbing layer to form a passivation layer with a thickness of 2.8 nm.

[0175] The performance test results of the solar cells in Examples 1 and 5-6 are shown in Table 2 below.

[0176] Table 2

[0177] Based on the above results, it can be seen that when a solar cell includes a passivation layer disposed on a perovskite light-absorbing layer, changing the thickness of the passivation layer can also exert its passivation performance, thereby helping to improve the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0178] Examples 7-8

[0179] Solar cells were prepared using the same method as in Example 2, except that the percentage of passivator in the perovskite light-absorbing layer was adjusted by changing the concentration of passivator in the perovskite precursor solution.

[0180] The performance test results of the solar cells in Examples 2 and 7-8 are shown in Table 3 below.

[0181] Table 3

[0182] Based on the above results, it can be seen that when the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes a passivator, changing the percentage of the passivator in the mass of the perovskite material can also exert the passivation performance of the passivator, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0183] It should be noted that this disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments with the same essential structure and achieving the same effect as the technical concept within the scope of this disclosure are included in the technical scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, are also included in the scope of this disclosure without departing from the spirit of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A solar cell, the solar cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a light-absorbing layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; The solar cell further includes a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the light-absorbing layer, the passivation layer comprising a passivating agent; and / or the light-absorbing layer comprising a passivating agent; in, The passivating agent includes one or more compounds of formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III): in, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted six- to ten-membered aryl groups; R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises a C1-C4 alkylene group or a six- to ten-arylene group; R 13 Including five- to ten-membered heteroaryl groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, O, and N; X - Including monovalent anions.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein, The compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) In R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 In the case where the C1-C4 alkyl or hexa- to deca-aryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene, m-phenylene, or p-phenylene; (3)R 13 Including thiophene, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyrroleyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - I - Or BF4 - .

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1)R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group, wherein, if the C1-C2 alkyl group has a substituent, the substituent comprises one or more of a C2-C4 alkenyl group or a halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises C2-C3 alkylene groups; (3)R 13 Including thiophene or pyridinyl groups; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - Or I - .

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1)R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently includes a methyl group; (2)X - Including I - .

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds:

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The solar cell further includes: a first carrier transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the light-absorbing layer, and a second carrier transport layer disposed between the light-absorbing layer and the second electrode; The first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer, but is different from the first carrier transport layer.

7. The solar cell according to claim 6, wherein, The first electrode is a transparent electrode, the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer.

8. The solar cell according to claim 6 or 7, wherein, The solar cell includes a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the light-absorbing layer, wherein the passivation layer is disposed between the light-absorbing layer and the second carrier transport layer.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 3 nm.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer.

11. The solar cell according to claim 10, wherein, The perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises perovskite material and the passivating agent, wherein the passivating agent accounts for 0.01% to 0.15% of the mass of the perovskite material.

12. A photovoltaic module comprising a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. A power generation device comprising a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

14. An electrical device comprising a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

15. A passivating agent comprising one or more compounds of formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III): in, R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted six- to ten-membered aryl groups; R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises a C1-C4 alkylene group or a six- to ten-arylene group; R 13 Including five- to ten-membered heteroaryl groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, O, and N; X - Including monovalent anions.

16. The passivating agent according to claim 15, wherein, The compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) In R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 In the case where the C1-C4 alkyl or hexa- to deca-aryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently includes C2-C3 alkylene, m-phenylene, or p-phenylene; (3)R 13 Including thiophene, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, pyrroleyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - I - Or BF4 - .

17. The passivating agent according to claim 15 or 16, wherein, The compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1)R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group, wherein, if the C1-C2 alkyl group has a substituent, the substituent comprises one or more of a C2-C4 alkenyl group or a halogen; (2) R5, R8, R9, R 12 Each independently comprises C2-C3 alkylene groups; (3)R 13 Including thiophene or pyridinyl groups; (4)X - Including Cl - ,Br - Or I - .

18. The passivating agent according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein, The compounds represented by formula (I), formula (II) or formula (III) satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1)R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R 10 R 11 Each independently includes a methyl group; (2)X - Including I - .

19. The passivating agent according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein, The passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds:

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