Compound for treating bacterial infections
LB001, combined with traditional antibiotics, addresses antimicrobial resistance by inhibiting hydrogen sulfide and biofilms in bacteria, improving treatment efficacy and safety.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-25
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-02
AI Technical Summary
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial infections, particularly in bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, complicates treatment with existing antibiotics, necessitating new strategies to combat drug-resistant strains.
A composition containing a compound, LB001, is used in combination with first therapeutic agents like aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and quinolones to treat bacterial infections, targeting hydrogen sulfide production and biofilm formation in bacteria.
LB001 effectively inhibits hydrogen sulfide production and biofilm formation in bacteria, enhancing the efficacy of existing antibiotics and reducing antibiotic resistance, while showing minimal cytotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in animal models.
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Figure CN2025124008_02042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOUND FOR TREATING BACTERIAL INFECTIONSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] The present disclosure claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 698660, filed on September 25, 2024, entitled “COMPOUND FOR TREATING BACTERIAL INFECTIONS” the content of which is hereby incorporated fully by reference into the present disclosure.FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to a composition containing a compound and use thereof, more particularly, to a composition containing the compound and use thereof for bacterial infections.BACKGROUND
[0003] Infectious diseases are frequently occurring illnesses that threaten human life and health, and are also significant complications and causes of death in multi-organ diseases. The application of antibiotics has significantly reduced the mortality rate of infectious diseases. Commonly used antibiotics include β-lactam antibiotics, quinolone antibiotics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, among others. The mechanisms of these antibiotics include inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, disrupting certain cell membrane functions, inhibiting protein synthesis, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, and inhibiting folic acid synthesis.
[0004] Currently, the situation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is severe worldwide. The problem of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial infections is serious, with widespread in clinical settings involving bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, making treatment difficult.
[0005] Currently, there are two strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance: one is to discover new antimicrobial drug molecules, and the other is to use combination drugs / or compounds. Therefore, finding a compound that can be used in combination with existing antibiotics may solve the problem of difficulty in treating antimicrobial resistance bacterial infections with existing antibiotics alone, which will greatly alleviate the bacterial resistance situation and benefit all mankind.SUMMARY
[0006] The present disclosure is directed to a composition containing LB001 and use thereof, more specifically, to a composition containing LB001 and use thereof for bacterial infections.
[0007] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof.
[0008] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
[0009] In an implementation of the second aspect of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition further includes a therapeutically effective amount of a first therapeutic agent.
[0010] In an implementation of the second aspect of the present disclosure, the first therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an aminoglycoside, a β-lactam, a glycylcycline, a tetracycline, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, a glycopeptide, a lipopeptide, a macrolide, a ketolide, and the like.
[0011] In an implementation of the second aspect of the present disclosure, the aminoglycoside is chosen from gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, plazomicin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin, preferably gentamicin.
[0012] In an implementation of the second aspect of the present disclosure, the first therapeutic agent comprises Kanamycin, Norfloxacin, Oxacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Methicillin, Vancomycin, or Chloramphenicol.
[0013] In an implementation of the second aspect of the present disclosure, for use in treating a bacterial infection. The bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia.
[0014] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, a method for treating a bacterial infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition the first aspect of the present disclosure.
[0015] In an implementation of the third aspect of the present disclosure, the method further includes administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a first therapeutic agent.
[0016] In an implementation of the third aspect of the present disclosure, the first therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an aminoglycoside, a β-lactam, a glycylcycline, a tetracycline, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, a glycopeptide, a lipopeptide, a macrolide, a ketolide, and the like.
[0017] In an implementation of the third aspect of the present disclosure, the aminoglycoside is chosen from gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, plazomicin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin, preferably gentamicin.
[0018] In an implementation of the third aspect of the present disclosure, the bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia.
[0019] In an implementation of the third aspect of the present disclosure, the first therapeutic agent comprises Kanamycin, Norfloxacin, Oxacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Methicillin, Vancomycin, or Chloramphenicol.
[0020] In an implementation of the third aspect of the present disclosure, the compound or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof is administered orally, parenterally, or topically.
[0021] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a bacterial infection, including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia. The pharmaceutical composition further includes a therapeutically effective amount of a first therapeutic agent
[0022] Also disclosed therein is the use of the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present disclosure in the preparation of a medicament for treating a bacterial infection. The bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia. The pharmaceutical composition further includes a therapeutically effective amount of a first therapeutic agent.
[0023] Another disclosed therein is the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present disclosure for use in treating a bacterial infection, including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) . The bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia. The pharmaceutical composition further includes a therapeutically effective amount of a first therapeutic agent.
[0024] Another disclosed therein is a compound of formula (I) of the first aspect of the present disclosure for use in treating a bacterial infection. The bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description when read in light of the accompanying drawings, where:
[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of compound LB001 on inhibiting the H2S gas produced by MRSA according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate the effect of compound LB001 on inhibiting biofilm formation according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 3 illustrates the cytotoxicity test of different concentration of LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate the IC50 experiment of different concentration of LB001 in CHO cells the according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 5A illustrates the effects of LB001 administration on mice liver according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 5B illustrates the concentration of serum P450 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 5C illustrates the concentration of liver P450 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 6A illustrates the effects of LB001 administration on mice kidney according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 6B illustrates the concentration of serum creatinine according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 6C illustrates the ratio of urine protein and creatinine according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 7 illustrates the effects of short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 on tissue weight according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 8A illustrates the effects of short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 on mice kidney according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 8B illustrates the concentration of serum creatinine observed under short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 8C illustrates the ratio of urine protein and creatinine observed under short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 9 illustrates the heat change caused by each titration and the amount of enthalpy change to the ratio of the protein concentration in each titration state according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 10A illustrates the ability of Gentamicin (0.5 μg / ml) on inhibiting biofilm formation according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 10B illustrates the ability of Gentamicin (0.5 μg / ml) and compound LB001 (10 μM) on inhibiting biofilm formation according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 11A illustrates the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIG. 11B illustrates the growth curve of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 11C illustrates the growth curve of Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0046] FIG. 11D illustrates the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0047] FIG. 11E illustrates the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 12A illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Kanamycin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0049] FIG. 12B illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Oxacillin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0050] FIG. 12C illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Tetracycline or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0051] FIG. 12D illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Vancomycin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0052] FIG. 12E illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Tazocin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0053] FIG. 12F illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Zerbaxa or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0054] FIG. 12G illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Recarbrio or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0055] FIG. 12H illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Vabomere or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0056] FIG. 13A illustrates the persister ability of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL) or composition 2 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 13B illustrates the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL) , composition 2 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL and LB001 20 μM) or composition 3 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIG. 13C illustrates the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL) , composition 2 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 20 μM) or composition 3 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 14 illustrates MRSA bacteremia infection model according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 15A illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in heart tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 15B illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in liver tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 15C illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in spleen tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 15D illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in lung tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 15E illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in kidney tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 15F illustrates the colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 cells in lung tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0066] FIG. 16A illustrates the structure of compounds 1 to 10 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0067] FIG. 16B illustrates the growth result of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in experimental groups 1 to 11 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0068] The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the present examples and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present examples may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the examples and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the examples. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples.
[0069] For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examples, and appended claims are collected here. Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific, and technical terminologies employed in the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood and used by one of ordinary skill in the art. Also, unless otherwise required by context, it will be understood that singular terms shall include plural forms of the same, and plural terms shall include the singular. Specifically, as used herein and in the claims, the singular forms “a” and “an” include the plural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Also, as used herein and in the claims, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” have the same meaning and include one, two, three, or more.
[0070] Terms such as “at least one embodiment” , “one embodiment” , “multiple embodiments” , “different embodiments” , “some embodiments” , “present embodiment” , and the like may indicate that an embodiment of the present disclosure so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every possible embodiment of the present disclosure must include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Furthermore, repeated use of the phrases “in one embodiment” , “in the embodiment” , and so on does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although they may be identical. Furthermore, the use of phrases such as “embodiments” in connection with “the present disclosure” does not imply that all embodiments of the present disclosure necessarily include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, and should be understood as “at least some embodiments of the present disclosure” include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic described.
[0071] Additionally, for the purposes of explanation and non-limitation, specific details such as functional entities, techniques, protocols, standards, and the like are set forth for providing an understanding of the described technology. In other examples, detailed disclosure of well-known methods, technologies, systems, architectures, and the like are omitted so as not to obscure the disclosure with unnecessary details.
[0072] The terms “first” , “second” , and “third” in the description of the present disclosure and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish different objects, rather than to describe a specific order.
[0073] Furthermore, the term “comprising” and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions and may refer to “including but not necessarily limited to” , which specifically indicates open-ended inclusion or membership in the so-described combination, group, series, and the equivalent. For example, a process, method, system, product, or device that includes a series of steps or modules is not limited to the listed steps or modules, but optionally also includes steps or modules that are not listed, or optionally also includes other steps or modules that are inherent to those processes, methods, system s, products, or devices.
[0074] DEFINITIONS
[0075] The term “compound” refers to the free compound and, to the extent they are stable, any hydrate or solvate thereof. A hydrate is the compound complexed with water, and a solvate is the compound complexed with an organic solvent.
[0076] As indicated above, the compound of the present invention can be employed in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. It will be understood that, as used herein, the compound of the instant invention can also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and also salts that are not pharmaceutically acceptable when they are used as precursors to the free compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or in other synthetic manipulations.
[0077] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0078] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+ (C1-4 alkyl) 4 -salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
[0079] The term “solvate” refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association may include hydrogen bonding. Conventional solvents include water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , tetrahydrofuran (THF) , diethyl ether, and the like. The compounds described herein may be prepared, e.g., in crystalline form, and may be solvated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example, when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, and methanolates.
[0080] A “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of one or more of the compounds according to the present invention or physiologically / pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof with other chemical components, and other components such as physiologically / pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients.
[0081] An “effective amount” of a compound described herein refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response, i.e., treating the condition. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in this art, the effective amount of a compound described herein may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a prophylactic treatment. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the amount of a compound described herein in a single dose. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the combined amounts of a compound described herein in multiple doses.
[0082] A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the condition. The term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms, signs, or causes of the condition, and / or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
[0083] The terms “inhibition” , “inhibiting” , “inhibit, ” or “inhibitor” refer to the ability of a compound to reduce, slow, halt or prevent activity of a particular biological process in a cell relative to vehicle.
[0084] As used herein, the term “treat, ” “treating” and “treatment” are interchangeable, and encompasses partially or completely preventing, ameliorating, mitigating and / or managing a symptom, a secondary disorder or a condition associated with cancers. The term “treating” as used herein refers to application or administration of the antibody of the present disclosure to a subject, who has a symptom, a secondary disorder or a condition associated with cancers, with the purpose to partially or completely alleviate, ameliorate, relieve, delay onset of, inhibit progression of, reduce severity of, and / or reduce incidence of one or more symptoms, secondary disorders or features associated with cancers. Symptoms, secondary disorders, and / or conditions associated with cancers include, but are not limited to, hypercalcemia (the calcium level in the blood is above normal) , nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation, fatigue, muscle weakness, increased thirst, bone pain or broken bones, swelling or lump, blooding, cough, fever, night sweats, coma and pain. Treatment may be administered to a subject who exhibits only early signs of such symptoms, disorder, and / or condition for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing the symptoms, secondary disorders, and / or conditions associated with cancers. Treatment is generally “effective” if one or more symptoms or clinical markers are reduced as that term is defined herein. Alternatively, a treatment is “effective” if the progression of a symptom, disorder or condition is reduced or halted.
[0085] The terms “subject” refers to an animal including the human species that is treatable by the antibody, medicament, pharmaceutical composition and / or method of the present invention. The term “subject” is intended to refer to both the male and female gender unless one gender is specifically indicated.
[0086] The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description when read in light of the accompanying drawings. 1. Characteristics of compound LB001 1.1 Compound LB001
[0087] The structural formula of compound LB001 is shown as below. The compound LB001 is 2- (2- (5, 6-dibromo-1H-benzo [d] [1, 2, 3] triazol-1-yl) acetamido) acetic acid. The compound LB001 has the formula (I) . 1.2 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Test (in vitro experiment)
[0088] Hydrogen sulfide is a powerful antioxidant that may help bacteria avoid attacks by reactive oxygen species (ROS) , maintain the integrity of the biofilm (Biofilm) , and protect bacteria against antibiotics.
[0089] The H2S test is a biochemical test used to detect the ability of bacteria to produce H2S gas through cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) . Some bacteria may decompose sulfur-containing amino acids or sulfur-containing compounds in the culture medium to produce H2S gas. When H2S meets metal ions (such as lead acetate) , a black precipitate is produced.
[0090] FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of compound LB001 on inhibiting the H2S gas produced by MRSA according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0091] Referring to FIG. 1. In order to determine whether compound LB001 is able to inhibit the H2S gas produced by bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus USA300) , an H2S test is performed. In some implementations, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is used in the H2S test. The Staphylococcus aureus USA300 cultured overnight mixed with freshly prepared LB medium (containing L-cysteine) and diluted 50 times, then divided into a control group tube (without LB001) and a test group tube (with LB001 added) . Then, attach the test paper soaked in 2%lead acetate solution to the inner wall of the control group tube and the test group tube, ensuring the test paper is higher than the level of the solution in the control group tube and the test group tube. Finally, place the test tube in a 37℃ incubator and incubate with shaking for 12 to 20 hours. Observe the color change of the test paper.
[0092] The result shows the black precipitate appears in the control group, and no black precipitate appears in the test group. Therefore, compound LB001 may inhibit the H2S gas produced by MRSA. The results are shown as FIG. 1.
[0093] In some implementations, compound LB001 may further inhibit the H2S gas produced by Listeria (such as Listeria monocytogenes) , Vibrio (such as Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) , Helicobacter (such as Helicobacter pylori) , Mycobacterium (such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae) , Legionella (such as Legionella pneumophila) , etc. 1.3 Biofilm formation test (in vitro experiment)
[0094] Bacterial biofilms are usually defined as fixed microbial communities which are encased in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) . The role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is highly complex and may significantly drive resistance. Bacteria living in a biofilm may exhibit a 10 to 1,000-fold increase in antibiotic resistance compared to similar bacteria living in a planktonic state.
[0095] In order to determine whether compound LB001 is able to inhibit the biofilm produced by bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus USA300) , a biofilm formation test is performed.
[0096] First, dilute the overnight cultured Staphylococcus aureus solution in freshly prepared Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB; containing 0.2%glucose) to a concentration of 1-2×106 CFU / ml, and simultaneously add different concentrations of LB001 (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM) , to obtain a control group (LB001 0 μM) , and test groups (LB001 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM) . Then, dispense 200 μL of each test groups and control group into a 96-well plate and incubate at 37℃ for 24 hours. Remove the suspended bacterial solution and wash with PBS buffer. Add 200 μL of 0.1% (v / v) crystal violet solution to each well and incubate at 37℃ for 15 minutes. Remove the crystal violet solution and wash four times with PBS buffer. Finally, add 200 μL of 30% (v / v) glacial acetic acid to each well and measure the OD595 absorbance using an Agilent BioTek Synergy H1 multi-mode microplate reader.
[0097] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate the effect of compound LB001 on inhibiting biofilm formation according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0098] In some implementations, the test is for the measurement of biofilm formation among Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Different concentrations of the compound LB001 are applied, where the concentration of compound LB001 may be 0 μM, 2, 5 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM. The result is evaluated through the ratio of OD595 (cells grown in biofilm) and OD600 (planktonic cells) . The result was shown in FIG. 2A.
[0099] The result for the determination of the ability of compound LB001 to inhibit biofilm formation is presented in FIG. 2A. The ability of compound LB001 to inhibit biofilm formation is dose dependent. Specifically, as the concentration of compound LB001 increases, the compound LB001 becomes more effective at inhibiting biofilm formation.
[0100] In some implementations, the test is for the measurement of biofilm formation among different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. For example, Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33592, Staphylococcus aureus NEWMAN, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, clinical MRSA 1, clinical MRSA 9, and clinical MRSA 11. Different concentrations of the compound LB001 are applied, where the concentration of compound LB001 may be 0 μM, 40 μM. The result is evaluated through biofilm (%) . The result was shown in FIG. 2B.
[0101] The results for the determination of the ability of compound LB001 to inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33592, Staphylococcus aureus NEWMAN, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, clinical MRSA 1, clinical MRSA 9, and clinical MRSA 11 are presented in FIG. 2B. The results show that compound LB001 at the concentration of 40 μM has the ability to inhibit biofilm formation produced by Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33592, Staphylococcus aureus NEWMAN, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, clinical MRSA 1, clinical MRSA 9, and clinical MRSA 11 compared to compound LB001 at the concentration of 0 μM. 1.4 Cytotoxicity Test (in vitro experiment)
[0102] Seed the test cells in optimal growth conditions into a 96-well plate at a density of 5000 cells per well, respectively. The test cells may be Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) , Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (HBEpiC) , Human Renal Epithelial Cells (HREpiC) , Human Hepatocyte (HH) , or Human Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Cell (Islet) . Then treat the test cells with different concentrations of LB001 for 24 hours. The concentrations of LB001 may be 5, 50, 500, and 5000 μM. Evaluate cell viability using the CellTiter-Glo kit (Promega, Cat. #G7570) . Add 100 μl of CellTiter-Glo reagent to the cell culture medium, and shake for two minutes to induce cell lysis. Let the 96-well plate stand at room temperature for 10 minutes, then detect the luminescence through an Agilent BioTek Synergy H1 multi-mode microplate reader. The results show in FIG. 3.
[0103] FIG. 3 illustrates the cytotoxicity test of different concentration of LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0104] As shown in FIG. 3, the cytotoxicity test of different concentration of LB001 in HUVEC, HBEpiC, HREpiC, HH, or Islet cells. The mock (PBS) is represented the control group. The results show that after applying different concentrations of LB001 in HUVEC, HBEpiC, HREpiC, HH, or Islet cells, the relative cell viability of each different kinds of the cells was consistent with the relative cell viability of the mock group. Therefore, the treatment of HUVEC, HBEpiC, HREpiC, HH, or Islet cells with LB001 at concentrations 5, 50, 500, and 5000 μM may not cause cell cytotoxicity. 1.5 Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) Experiment (in vitro experiment)
[0105] Seed the test cells in optimal growth conditions into a 96-well plate at a density of 5000 cells per well. The test cells may be Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO) . Then the test cells are treated with different concentrations of LB001 for 24 hours. The concentrations of LB001 may be 5, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 500, and 5000 μM. Evaluate cell viability using the CellTiter-Glo kit (Promega, Cat. #G7570) . Add 100 μL of CellTiter-Glo reagent to the cell culture medium, and shake for two minutes to induce cell lysis. Let the 96-well plate stand at room temperature for 10 minutes, then detect the luminescence using an Agilent BioTek Synergy H1 multi-mode microplate reader. The results were shown in FIGs. 4A and 4B.
[0106] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate the IC50 experiment of different concentration of LB001 in CHO cells the according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0107] As shown in FIGs. 4A and 4B, the IC50 experiment of different concentration of LB001 in CHO cells. The mock (PBS) is represented the control group. The results showed that after applying different concentrations of LB001 in CHO cells, the relative cell viability of the CHO cells was consistent with the relative cell viability of the mock group. Therefore, the treatment of CHO cells with LB001 at concentrations 5, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 500, and 5000 μM may not cause cell cytotoxicity. 1.6 Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) induction assay (in vivo experiment)
[0108] Cytochrome P450 has metabolic and detoxifying functions in the body. Therefore, the assay is configured to evaluate whether the drug or compound will induce the production of cytochrome P450.
[0109] Preparing sample
[0110] The sample used in CYP450 induction assay is performed by intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin (45 mg / kg / day) or by intravenous injection of LB001 (1000 mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 7 days. The control group is by intravenous injection of PBS (1000 mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 7 days. Then, sacrifice the mice after the injections. The weights of the mice livers were measured and recorded. Then, the mice livers were further processed as the liver samples. The results were shown in FIGs. 5A-5C.
[0111] The CYP450 induction assay is performed by the Mouse Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) ELISA Kit (Cat. No: MBS3807217) from ASIA BIOSCIENCE CO., LTD. First, dilute the 20x wash solution to 1x. Add 50 μl of standard or 50 μl of liver sample or 50 μl of serum samples to different wells. Add 100 μl of HRP-conjugate reagent to each well and incubate at 37℃ for 1 hour. Remove all solutions and wash 5 times with 1x wash solution. Add 50 μl of chromogen solution A and 50 μl of chromogen solution B to each well, gently mix, and incubate at 37℃ for 15 minutes, avoiding light. Finally, add 50 μl of stop solution to each well. Read the absorbance at 450 nm within 15 minutes.
[0112] FIG. 5A illustrates the effects of LB001 administration on mice liver according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0113] The result in FIG. 5A shown the observation of the physiological parameter changes of mice. This result is configured to understand the physiological effects of LB001 consumption intake on mice. There were three kinds of groups, the control group, the test group 1 (intravenous injection of LB001) , and the test group 2 (intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin) , respectively. In FIG. 5A, the weight of the mice liver in test group 1 does not show significantly change when comparing to the control group and the test group 2. Therefore, feeding Cisplatin or LB001 to mice may not influence the weights of the mice livers.
[0114] FIG. 5B illustrates the concentration of serum P450 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 5C illustrates the concentration of liver P450 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0115] The result in FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C shown the observation of the concentration of serum P450 and the concentration of liver P450.
[0116] In FIG. 5B, the concentration of the serum P450 in the test group 1 is slightly lower than the concentration of the serum creatinine in the control group. However, the concentration of the serum P450 in the test group 2 is significantly higher than the concentration of the serum creatinine in the test group 1 and control group. Therefore, feeding LB001 to mice may not have a significant influence on the ability of mice to produce CYP450.
[0117] In FIG. 5C, the concentration of the liver P450 in the test group 1 is also same as the concentration of the liver P450 in the control group. However, the concentration of liver P450 in the test group 2 is significantly higher than the concentration of liver P450 in the test group 1 and control group. Therefore, feeding LB001 to mice may not have a significant influence on the function of the mice livers. 1.7 Nephrotoxicity analysis (in vivo experiment)
[0118] The kidney is one of the main excretion organs of drugs. Improper use of drugs may cause kidney damage. Nephrotoxicity may define as a renal disease or dysfunction, is often caused by drugs, chemicals, industrial, or environmental toxic agents. Therefore, the analysis is configured to evaluate whether the drug or compound will induce nephrotoxicity.
[0119] Sample preparation
[0120] The sample used in nephrotoxic assay is performed by intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin (45 mg / kg / day) or by intravenous injection of LB001 (1000 mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 7 days. The control group is by intravenous injection of PBS (1000 mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 7 days. Then, sacrifice the mice after the injections. The weights of the mice kidneys were measured and recorded. Then, the mice kidneys were further processed as the kidney samples. The results show in FIGs. 6A-6C.
[0121] First, quantify creatinine using the Serum Creatinine Colorimetric Detection Kit (Invitrogen, Cat No. EIASCR) . Then, quantify urine protein content using the PierceTMBCA Protein Assay Kit (Invitrogen, Cat No. 23225) . Finally, divide the values obtained from the two methods to obtain the ratio of the urine protein and creatinine.
[0122] FIG. 6A illustrates the effects of LB001 administration on mice kidney according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0123] The result in FIG. 6A shows the observation of the physiological parameter changes of mice. This result is configured to understand the physiological effects of LB001 consumption intake on mice. There are three kinds of groups, the control group, the test group 1 (intravenous injection of LB001) , and the positive control group (intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin) , respectively. In FIG. 6A, the weight of the mice kidney in positive control group is slightly decrease than the control group. Furthermore, the weight of the mice kidney in test group 1 is also slightly decrease than the control group. Therefore, feeding Cisplatin or LB001 to mice may slightly influence on the weight of the mice kidney.
[0124] Evaluating creatinine is an important method for assessing kidney function. Healthy kidneys effectively filter and excrete creatinine, so the level of creatinine in blood or urine may reflect the kidney's function. When elevating creatinine levels, it usually indicates that kidney function may be impaired or certain kidney diseases may be present, as damaged kidneys may not effectively filter creatinine from the blood. Furthermore, high levels of protein in urine often indicate kidney inflammation and abnormal kidney function.
[0125] FIG. 6B illustrates the concentration of serum creatinine according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0126] The result in FIG. 6B shows the observation of the concentration of serum creatinine. In FIG. 6B, the concentration of the serum creatinine in the test group 1 is also same as the concentration of the serum creatinine in the control group. However, the concentration of the serum creatinine in the positive control group is significantly higher than the concentration of the serum creatinine in the test group 1 and control group. Therefore, feeding LB001 to mice may not have a significant influence on the function of the mice kidney.
[0127] FIG. 6C illustrates the ratio of urine protein and creatinine according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0128] The result in FIG. 6C shows the observation of the ratio of urine protein and creatinine. The purpose is to detect whether LB001 causes glomerular damage by quantifying urinary protein content in urine. In FIG. 6C, the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the test group 1 is also same as the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the control group. However, the concentration of the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the positive control group is significantly higher than the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the test group 1 and control group. Therefore, feeding LB001 to mice may not have a significant influence on the function of the mice kidney. 1.8 Effects of short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 on tissue weight (in vivo experiment)
[0129] The assay is performed by intravenous injection of LB001 (1000 mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 1, 3 or 28 days. BALB / c mice being intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 1 day is test group 1, BALB / c mice being intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 3 days is test group 2, BALB / c mice being intravenous injection of LB001 (1000 mg / kg / day) for 28 days is test group 3. The control group is by intravenous injection of PBS (1000 mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 28 days. Then, sacrifice the mice 1, 3 or 28 days after the injections. The tissue weights of the mice were measured and recorded. The tissue weights of the mice may be the heart tissue weight, the liver tissue weight, the spleen tissue weight, the lung tissue weight, or the kidney tissue weight. The results were shown in FIG. 7.
[0130] FIG. 7 illustrates the effects of short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 on tissue weight according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0131] In FIG. 7, the weight of the mice heart in test group 1, test group 2 and test group 3 does not show significant change when comparing to the control group. The weight of the mice liver in test group 1, test group 2 and test group 3 does not show significant change when comparing to the control group. The weight of the mice spleens in test group 1, test group 2 and test group 3 does not show significantly change when comparing to the control group. The weight of the mice lungs in test group 1, test group 2 and test group 3 does not show significant change when comparing to the control group. Moreover, the weight of the mice kidneys in test group 1, test group 2 and test group 3 does not show significant change when comparing to the control group. Therefore, feeding LB001 to mice in short-term or long-term days may not have the significant influence on the weights of the mice hearts, livers, spleens, lungs, and kidneys. 1.9 Effects of short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 on nephrotoxicity analysis (in vivo experiment)
[0132] The assay is performed by intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin (45mg / kg / day) or by intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 1, 3 or 28 days. BALB / c mice being intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 1 day is test group 1. BALB / c mice being intravenous injection of LB001 (1000 mg / kg / day) for 3 days is test group 2, BALB / c mice being intravenous injection of LB001 (1000 mg / kg / day) for 28 days is test group 3 The control group is by intravenous injection of PBS (1000 mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 1, 3 or 28 days. Moreover, positive control group may be intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin (45mg / kg / day) into BALB / c mice for 28 days. Then, sacrifice the mice 1, 3 or 28 days after the injections. The weights of the mice kidneys are measured and recorded. Then, the mice kidneys are further processed as the kidney samples for the nephrotoxicity analysis. The nephrotoxicity analysis described in the previous paragraphs. The results were shown in FIGs. 8A-8C.
[0133] FIG. 8A illustrates the effects of short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 on mice kidney according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0134] In FIG. 8A, the weights of the mice kidney in groups of intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 3 and 28 days were compared to the control group. The results show that the weights of the mice kidney in groups of intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 3 and 28 days were not significantly different from the control group. Therefore, the intravenous administration of LB001 to mice did not have a significant impact on the weight of the mice kidney.
[0135] FIG. 8B illustrates the concentration of serum creatinine observed under short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0136] The result in FIG. 8B shown the observation of the concentration of serum creatinine. In FIG. 8B, the concentrations of the serum creatinine in the groups of intravenous injection of LB001 (1000 mg / kg / day) for 1, 3 and 28 days are also same as the concentration of the serum creatinine in the control group. However, the concentration of the serum creatinine in the group of intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin (45 mg / kg / day) is significantly higher than the concentration of the serum creatinine in the groups of intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 1, 3 and 28 days and the control group. Therefore, feeding high dose of LB001 to mice in short-term or long-term days may not have a significant influence on the function of the mice kidney.
[0137] FIG. 8C illustrates the ratio of urine protein and creatinine observed under short-term and long-term administration of high-dose LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0138] The result in FIG. 8C shows the observation of the ratio of urine protein and creatinine. In FIG. 8C, the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the groups of intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 1, 3 and 28 days are also same as the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the control group. However, the concentration of the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the group of intraperitoneal injection of Cisplatin (45 mg / kg / day) is significantly higher than the ratio of urine protein and creatinine in the groups of intravenous injection of LB001 (1000mg / kg / day) for 1, 3 and 28 days and control group. Therefore, feeding LB001 to mice in short-term or long-term days may not have a significant influence on the function of the mice kidney. 1.10 Binding affinity assay (in vitro experiment)
[0139] To detect the affinity strength between LB001 and SaCSE (the main producer of H2S in pathogenic S. aureus) , an isothermal titration calorimetry (nano-ITC, TA Instruments) is used for measurement. First, purified SaCSE was dialyzed overnight at 4℃ in a buffer solution of 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl. Before the experiment, LB001 was reconstituted in the same buffer solution. The ITC experimental parameters are set as follows: the number of sample injections into the sample cell was 20 times, the volume per injection was 2.5 μl, the concentration of LB001 in the syringe was 300 μM, the concentration of SaCSE protein in the sample cell was 30 μM, the stirring speed was 300 rpm, and the experiment temperature was 25℃. The final result will be deducted from the dilution heat of LB001, and data for curve fitting and affinity calculations will be performed using NanoAnalyze software. The results show in FIG. 9.
[0140] FIG. 9 illustrates the heat change caused by each titration and the amount of enthalpy change to the ratio of the protein concentration in each titration state according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0141] Referring to FIG. 9, the heat change caused by each titration (on the top of the FIG. 9) and the amount of enthalpy change to the ratio of the protein concentration in each titration state (on the bottom of the FIG. 9) . In FIG. 9, the result shown the binding constant (Kd) is 1×10-10 M, the enthalpy (ΔH) is 20.95 (kJ / mol) , the entropy (ΔS) is 261.7 (J / mol·K) , and the stoichiometry (n) is 0.522. 2. Compositions containing compound LB001 2.1 Biofilm formation test (in vitro experiment)
[0142] In some implementations, the biofilm from the above procedure (see 1.3 biofilm formation test) may further be stained by the LIVE / DEAD BacLight bacterial viability kit (InvitrogenTM: L7007) in the dark for 15 minutes. Then, wash with PBS buffer solution. Finally, use the inverted laser scanning confocal microscopy system to observe the result. The result is shown in FIGs. 10A and 10B.
[0143] FIG. 10A illustrates the ability of Gentamicin (0.5 μg / ml) on inhibiting biofilm formation according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 10B illustrates the ability of Gentamicin (0.5 μg / ml) and compound LB001 on inhibiting biofilm formation according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0144] The result for the determination of the ability of compound LB001 to inhibit biofilm formation is presented in FIGs. 10A and 10B. The bacteria is treated with only the antimicrobial compound (shown in FIG. 10A) or treated with a composition, where the composition includes antimicrobial compound and LB001 (shown in FIG. 10B) . In FIGs. 10A and 10B, the bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 treated with only Gentamicin 0.5 μg / ml (shown in FIG. 10A) show better survival situation compared to the bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 treated with Gentamicin 0.5 μg / ml and LB001 10 μM (shown in FIG. 10B) . The results show that compound LB001 has the ability to inhibit biofilm formation produced by Staphylococcus aureus USA300. 2.2 Growth curve test (in vitro experiment)
[0145] One method used for evaluating the effectiveness of an antimicrobial compound is the growth curve test. The test may involve measuring bacterial growth over time in the presence of various concentrations of the antimicrobial compound. The resulting growth curves provide insights into how well the antimicrobial compound inhibits bacterial growth. The growth curve test is configured to evaluate the impact of antimicrobial compounds on the growth of bacteria.
[0146] Select the target bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and culture them overnight. Then dilute the cultures 500 times in fresh medium and incubate them in a 37℃ shaker until the bacterial concentration reaches 1×108 cells / mL. Then, dilute the cultures 100 times in freshly prepared LB medium (containing L-cysteine) . Then, prepare three kinds of mixtures. The three kinds of the mixtures are the fresh medium, the medium containing gentamicin, and the medium containing gentamicin and LB001. Each of the mixtures has the same volume. Finally, measure the bacterial growth curves of the above mixtures using an Agilent BioTek Synergy H1 multimode microplate reader. Incubate the mixtures at 37℃ with shaking at 250 rpm, and automatically detect and record the OD600 absorbance every 2 hours.
[0147] The results of the growth curve measurement are shown as FIGs. 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, and 11E.
[0148] FIG. 11A illustrates the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0149] In FIG. 11A, the growth curve test is for evaluating for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was treated without Gentamicin and compound LB001, or treated only with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) , or treated with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) and compound LB001 (30 μM) . The control group is without Gentamicin and compound LB001. The test group 1 includes Gentamicin. The test group 2 includes Gentamicin and compound LB001. In the control group, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 shows significant growth after 4 hours of incubation. In test group 1, the results show the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin. However, after 10 hours of incubation, the value of OD600 increases significantly. The value of OD600 is over 1.0 after incubation for over 15 hours. In test group 2, the results show the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin and compound LB001, and the value of OD600 is below 0.25 after incubation for over 15 hours. More specifically, applying a composition that includes both Gentamicin and compound LB001 is more effective at treating Staphylococcus aureus USA300 than applying a composition that includes only Gentamicin.
[0150] FIG. 11B illustrates the growth curve of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0151] In FIG. 11B, the growth curve test is for evaluating for the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 was treated without Gentamicin and compound LB001, or treated only with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) , or treated with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) and compound LB001 (30 μM) . The control group is without Gentamicin and compound LB001. The test group 1 includes Gentamicin. The test group 2 includes Gentamicin and compound LB001. In the control group, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 shows significant growth after 4 hours of incubation. In test group 1, the results show the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 is inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin. However, after 6 hours of incubation, the value of OD600 increases significantly. The value of OD600 is over 1.5 after incubation for over 15 hours. In test group 2, the results show the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 was inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin and compound LB001, and the value of OD600 is below 0.2 after incubation for over15 hours. More specifically, applying a composition that includes both Gentamicin and compound LB001 is more effective at treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 than applying a composition that includes only Gentamicin.
[0152] FIG. 11C illustrates the growth curve of Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0153] In FIG. 11C, the growth curve test is for evaluating for the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603. Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 is treated without Gentamicin and compound LB001, or treated only with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) , or treated with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) and compound LB001 (30 μM) . The control group is without Gentamicin and compound LB001. The test group 1 includes Gentamicin. The test group 2 includes Gentamicin and compound LB001. In control group, Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 shows significant growth after 2 hours of incubation. In test group 1, the results show the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 is inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin. However, the value of OD600 in test group 1 is over 0.4 after incubation for over 15 hours. In test group 2, the results show the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 was inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin and compound LB001, and the value of OD600 is below 0.15 after incubation for over15 hours. More specifically, applying a composition that includes both Gentamicin and compound LB001 is more effective at treating Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 than applying a composition that includes only Gentamicin.
[0154] FIG. 11D illustrates the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0155] In FIG. 11D, the growth curve test is for evaluating the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is treated without Gentamicin and compound LB001, or treated only with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) , or treated only with compound LB001 (30 μM) . The control group is without Gentamicin and compound LB001. The test group 1 includes Gentamicin. The test group 2 includes compound LB001. In the control group, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 shows significant growth after 4 hours of incubation. In test group 1, the results show the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin. However, after incubation for 12 hours, the value of OD600 increases significantly. The value of OD600 is over 1.0 after incubation for over 18 hours. In test group 2, the result shows significant growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 after 4 hours of incubation. Specifically, the result of the control group and the result of the test group 2 are similar to each other. More specifically, applying a composition that includes only compound LB001 with relatively less concentration (e.g., 30 μM) does not have the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Therefore, compound LB001 with relatively less concentration does not have the ability of antimicrobial function to Staphylococcus aureus USA300.
[0156] FIG. 11E illustrates the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0157] In FIG. 11E, the growth curve test is for evaluating for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is treated without Gentamicin and compound LB001, or treated only with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) , or treated with Gentamicin (1 μg / mL) and compound LB001 (30 μM) , or treated with Gentamicin, compound LB001 (30 μM) and NaHS (0.2 mM) . The control group is without Gentamicin and compound LB001. The test group 1 includes Gentamicin. The test group 2 includes Gentamicin and compound LB001. The test group 3 includes Gentamicin, compound LB001, and NaHS.
[0158] In the control group, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 shows significant growth after 4 hours of incubation. In test group 1, the results show the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin. However, after incubation for 12 hours, the value of OD600 increases significantly. The value of OD600 is over 1.0 after incubation for over 18 hours. In test group 2, the results show the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin and compound LB001, and the value of OD600 is below 0.25 after incubation for over 15 hours. In test group 3, the result shows significant growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 after 6 hours of incubation. The value of OD600 is over 1.0 after incubation for over 12 hours. Specifically, the test group 3 represents the mechanism of compound LB001 by conducting a growth curve recovery experiment. Through adding hydrogen sulfide to the culture environment, the Staphylococcus aureus USA300 growth curve is restored. This result indicates that the mechanism of compound LB001 is to enhance the effect of antibiotics (such as Gentamicin) by inhibiting bacterial hydrogen sulfide production. Therefore, the target of the mechanism of compound LB001 may be the hydrogen sulfide production process in bacteria. More specifically, applying a composition that includes both Gentamicin and compound LB001 is more effective at treating Staphylococcus aureus USA300 than applying a composition that includes only Gentamicin. 2.3 MIC / MBC assay (in vitro experiment)
[0159] The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of composition 1 (Gentamicin) , composition 2 (Gentamicin and compound LB001) , composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 5 (Oxacillin) , composition 6 (Oxacillin and compound LB001) , composition 7 (Kanamycin) , composition 8 (Kanamycin and compound LB001) , composition 9 (Norfloxacin) , composition 10 (Norfloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 11 (Ampicillin) , composition 12 (Ampicillin and compound LB001) , and composition 13 (Chloramphenicol) , composition 14 (Chloramphenicol and compound LB001) , composition 15 (Vancomycin) , composition 16 (Vancomycin and compound LB001) , composition 17 (Methicillin) , composition 18 (Methicillin and compound LB001) , composition 19 (Tetracycline) , or composition 20 (Tetracycline and compound LB001) were determined according to the below procedure.
[0160] In some implementations, taking composition 1 and composition 2 as the examples. Regarding the MICs. In a 96-well plate, the composition 1 and composition 2 are serially diluted two-fold using LB or TSB medium. Then, the solution of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 cultured overnight was diluted to 1×106 CFU / mL with freshly prepared LB or TSB culture medium (containing 200 μM L-cysteine) . A control group without bacteria is included. Mix the bacterial solution and the composition 1 or 2, to obtain mixtures. And then incubate the mixtures at 37℃. After 24 hours of incubation, the turbidity of each well is observed visually. Liquid from all wells showing no visible turbidity was identified as the MICs.
[0161] Regarding the MBCs. Take 100 μL of the mixture prepared above for measuring MICs and spread it on a plate. Place the solid medium in a 37℃ incubator and incubate for 24 hours, then count the number of colonies. MBCs is the lowest concentration that may kill 99.9%of bacterial populations after 24 hours of incubation at 37℃.
[0162] The MICs and MBCs of composition 1 (Gentamicin) or composition 2 (Gentamicin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33592, Staphylococcus aureus NEWMAN, clinical MRSA 4, clinical MRSA 5, clinical MRSA 6, clinical MRSA 8, clinical MRSA 10, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCRC 13894) were tested using the same procedure. The results were shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
[0163] In Table 1, the MICs and MBCs of composition 2 (Gentamicin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33592, Staphylococcus aureus NEWMAN, clinical MRSA 5, clinical MRSA 6, clinical MRSA 8, and clinical MRSA 10) are decreased compared to the MICs and MBCs of composition 1 (Gentamicin) . Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Gentamicin may inhibit the growth or kill the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33592, Staphylococcus aureus NEWMAN, clinical MRSA 5, clinical MRSA 6, clinical MRSA 8, and clinical MRSA 10) more effectively when compared to use Gentamicin only.
[0164] In Table 2, the MICs and MBCs of composition 2 (Gentamicin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCRC 13894) are decreased compared to the MICs and MBCs of composition 1 (Gentamicin) . Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Gentamicin may inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill the bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCRC 13894) more effectively when compared to use Gentamicin only. Table 1. Table 2.
[0165] The MICs and MBCs of composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) or composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603) are tested using the same procedure as described above. In the assay, the concentration of compound LB001 is 40 μM. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0166] In Table 3, the MICs and MBCs of composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603) are decreased compared to the MICs and MBCs of composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) . Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Ciprofloxacin may inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill the bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603) more effectively when compared to use Ciprofloxacin only. Table 3.
[0167] The MICs and MBCs of composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 5 (Oxacillin) , composition 6 (Oxacillin and compound LB001) , composition 7 (Kanamycin) , composition 8 (Kanamycin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212) are tested using the same procedure. In the assay, the concentration of compound LB001 is 40 μM. The results are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
[0168] In Table 4, the MICs of composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212) are decreased compared to the MICs of composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) . Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Ciprofloxacin may inhibit the growth of or kill the bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212) more effectively when compared to use Ciprofloxacin only.
[0169] In Table 5, the MICs and MBCs of composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 6 (Oxacillin and compound LB001) , and composition 8 (Kanamycin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212) are decreased compared to the MICs and MBCs of composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 5 (Oxacillin) , and composition 7 (Kanamycin) respectively. Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Ciprofloxacin, Oxacillin, or Kanamycin may inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill the bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212) more effectively when compared to use only Ciprofloxacin, Oxacillin, or Kanamycin. Table 4. Table 5.
[0170] The MICs and MBCs of composition 1 (Gentamycin) , composition 2 (Gentamycin and compound LB001) , composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1) are tested using the same procedure. In the assay, the concentration of compound LB001 is 40 μM. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0171] In Table 6, the MICs of composition 2 (Gentamycin and compound LB001) and composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1) are decreased compared to the MICs of composition 1 (Gentamycin) and composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) respectively. Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Ciprofloxacin, or Gentamycin may inhibit the growth of or kill the bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1) more effectively when compared to use Ciprofloxacin or Gentamycin only. Table 6.
[0172] The MICs and MBCs of composition 1 (Gentamycin) , composition 2 (Gentamycin and compound LB001) , composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 9 (Norfloxacin) , composition 10 (Norfloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 11 (Ampicillin) , composition 12 (Ampicillin and compound LB001) , and composition 13 (Chloramphenicol) , composition 14 (Chloramphenicol and compound LB001) against bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14) are tested using the same procedure. In the assay, the concentration of compound LB001 is 40 μM. The results are shown in Table 7A and Table 7B.
[0173] In Table 7A and Table 7B, the MICs of composition 2 (Gentamycin and compound LB001) , composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 10 (Norfloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 12 (Ampicillin and compound LB001) , and composition 14 (Chloramphenicol and compound LB001) against bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14) are decreased compared to the MICs of composition 1 (Gentamycin) , composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 9 (Norfloxacin) , composition 11 (Ampicillin) , and composition 13 (Chloramphenicol) respectively. Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, Ampicillin, or Chloramphenicol may inhibit the growth of or kill the bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14) more effectively when compared to use Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, Ampicillin, or Chloramphenicol only. Table 7A. Table 7B.
[0174] The MICs and MBCs of composition 15 (Vancomycin) , composition 16 (Vancomycin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus RN10659) are tested using the same procedure. In the assay, the concentration of compound LB001 is 40 μM. The results are shown in Table 8.
[0175] In Table 8, the MICs of composition 16 (Vancomycin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus RN10659) are decreased compared to the MICs of composition 15 (Vancomycin) . Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Vancomycin may inhibit the growth of or kill the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus RN10659) more effectively when compared to use Vancomycin only. Table 8.
[0176] The MICs and MBCs of composition 7 (Kanamycin) , composition 8 (Kanamycin and compound LB001) , composition 17 (Methicillin) , composition 18 (Methicillin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus USA300) are tested using the same procedure. In the assay, the concentration of compound LB001 is 40 μM. The results are shown in Table 9.
[0177] In Table 9, the MICs of composition 8 (Kanamycin and compound LB001) and composition 18 (Methicillin and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus USA300) are decreased compared to the MICs of composition 7 (Kanamycin) and composition 17 (Methicillin) respectively. Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Kanamycin, or Methicillin may inhibit the growth of or kill the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus USA300) more effectively when compared to use Kanamycin, or Methicillin only. Table 9.
[0178] The MICs and MBCs of composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 9 (Norfloxacin) , composition 10 (Norfloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 13 (Chloramphenicol) , composition 14 (Chloramphenicol and compound LB001) , composition 19 (Tetracycline) , and composition 20 (Tetracycline and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220) are tested using the same procedure. In the assay, the concentration of compound LB001 is 40 μM. The results are shown in Table 10A and 10B.
[0179] In Table 10A and Table 10B, the MICs of composition 4 (Ciprofloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 10 (Norfloxacin and compound LB001) , composition 14 (Chloramphenicol and compound LB001) , and composition 20 (Tetracycline and compound LB001) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220) are decreased compared to the MICs of composition 3 (Ciprofloxacin) , composition 9 (Norfloxacin) , composition 13 (Chloramphenicol) , and composition 19 (Tetracycline) respectively. Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol, or Tetracycline may inhibit the growth of or kill the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220) more effectively when compared to use Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol, or Tetracycline only. Table 10A. Table 10B. 2.4 Antibiotic resistance induction experiment (in vitro experiment)
[0180] The antibiotic resistance induction experiment is conducted to test whether Kanamycin, Oxacillin, Tetracycline, Vancomycin, and compound LB001 have the ability to induce resistance in Staphylococcus aureus USA300. The first generation of the resistance induction experiment followed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The term “MIC” refers to the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. MIC values against bacteria may be determined by standard methods. The MICs of Kanamycin, Oxacillin, Tetracycline, Vancomycin, Tazocin, Zerbaxa, Recarcrio, and Vabomere are determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines by broth microdilution.
[0181] Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in 0.5× MICs was adjusted to 1 × 106 CFU / mL and then continued to be cultured with the compositions (Kanamycin, Oxacillin, Tetracycline, Vancomycin, Tazocin, Zerbaxa, Recarbrio, Vabomere or compound LB001) for 24 to 48 hours to obtain the MICs of the compositions for the second generation. This process was repeated up to the 15th or 18th generation. Three replicate wells were set up for each group, and the maximum value (MICs) among them was taken as the final result for each generation. Where the concentration of Kanamycin in the 0.5× MIC is 12.5 μg / mL, the concentration of Oxacillin in the 0.5× MIC is 2 μg / mL, the concentration of Tetracycline in the 0.5× MIC is 0.55 μg / mL, the concentration of Vancomycin in the 0.5×MIC is 1.5 μg / mL, the concentration of Tazocin in the 0.5× MIC is 10 μg / mL, the concentration of Zerbaxa in the 0.5× MIC is 12 μg / mL, the concentration of Recarbrio in the 0.5× MIC is 10μg / mL, and the concentration of Vabomere in the 0.5× MIC is 8 μg / mL. The concentration of LB001 is 30 μM. The results were shown as FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, FIG. 12C, and FIG. 12D.
[0182] FIG. 12A illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Kanamycin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0183] In FIG. 12A, the result indicates that after 15 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and fifteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 15-generation treatment with only Kanamycin, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 130-fold increase in resistance.
[0184] FIG. 12B illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Oxacillin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0185] In FIG. 12B, the result indicates that after 15 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and fifteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 15-generation treatment with only Oxacillin, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 2000-fold increase in resistance.
[0186] FIG. 12C illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Tetracycline or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0187] In FIG. 12C, the result indicates that after 15 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and fifteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 15-generation treatment with only Tetracycline, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 500-fold increase in resistance.
[0188] FIG. 12D illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Vancomycin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0189] In FIG. 12D, the result indicates that after 15 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and fifteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 15-generation treatment with only Vancomycin, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 2-fold increase in resistance.
[0190] FIG. 12E illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Tazocin or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0191] In FIG. 12E, the result indicates that after 18 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and eighteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 18-generation treatment with only Tazocin, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 50-100 fold increase in resistance.
[0192] FIG. 12F illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Zerbaxa or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0193] In FIG. 12F, the result indicates that after 18 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and eighteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 18-generation treatment with only Zerbaxa, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 50-100 fold increase in resistance.
[0194] FIG. 12G illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Recarbrio or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0195] In FIG. 12G, the result indicates that after 18 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and eighteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 18-generation treatment with only Recarbrio, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 60-120 fold increase in resistance.
[0196] FIG. 12H illustrates the antibiotic resistance induction experiment of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 under treatment with Vabomere or LB001 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0197] In FIG. 12H, the result indicates that after 18 consecutive generations of resistance induction, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 still could not develop resistance to compound LB001, as evidenced by the consistent MICs of compound LB001 against the first and eighteenth generations of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. However, after the same 18-generation treatment with only Vabomere, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 developed around a 50-150 fold increase in resistance.
[0198] Therefore, with appropriate control of compound LB001 usage, it is unlikely to induce resistance in Staphylococcus aureus USA300 by applying compound LB001. 2.5 Persister assays (in vitro experiment)
[0199] Persister assays are carried out using antibiotics at concentrations above their inhibitory concentrations (commonly reported as MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration) .
[0200] Dilute the overnight cultures of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) 1000-fold in freshly prepared LB medium. Incubate in a 37℃ shaker with 250 rpm until the bacteria in the solution reaches to the exponential growth phase.
[0201] Then, transfer the bacterial cultures in the exponential growth phase to 15 ml glass tubes, and add gentamicin alone or in combination with LB001 (with different concentrations) , to obtain mixtures. Incubate the mixtures with shaking at 37℃ for 3 hours. Finally, plate 10 μl of the mixtures on LB agar plates without antibiotics and count the colonies (CFU / mL) . The results show in FIGs. 13A-13C.
[0202] FIG. 13A illustrates the persister ability of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL) or composition 2 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0203] In FIG. 13A, the persister ability of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL) is significantly higher than the persister ability of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 against composition 2 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) . Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Gentamicin may decrease the persister ability of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 compared to using Gentamicin only.
[0204] FIG. 13B illustrates the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL) , composition 2 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL and LB001 20 μM) or composition 3 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0205] In FIG. 13B, the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL) is significantly higher than the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 against composition 2 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL and LB001 20 μM) . Therefore, the results show the combination of compound LB001 and Gentamicin may decrease the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 compared to using Gentamicin. Moreover, the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 against composition 2 (Gentamicin 5 μg / ml and LB001 20 μM) is slightly higher than the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 against composition 3 (Gentamicin 5 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) . The results show the persister ability of Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 against LB001 is dose dependent.
[0206] FIG. 13C illustrates the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL) , composition 2 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 20 μM) or composition 3 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0207] In FIG. 13C, the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 against composition 1 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL) is significantly higher than the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 against composition 3 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) . Therefore, the results showed the combination of compound LB001 and Gentamicin may decrease the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 compared to using Gentamicin. Moreover, the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 against composition 2 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 20 μM) is higher than the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 against composition 3 (Gentamicin 10 μg / mL and LB001 40 μM) . The results shown the persister ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 against LB001 is dose dependent. 2.6 MRSA bacteremia infection model (in vivo experiment)
[0208] For establishing the MRSA bacteremia infection model, perform intravenous injection of 2.5×107 CFU / mL of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-BAA-1556 into BALB / c mice and administer subcutaneous injections of the specified concentrations of gentamicin and LB001. Then, count for the survival rate of the mice.
[0209] The composition 1 only includes GM, where GM refers to Gentamicin. In composition 1, the GM was given to the mice at the dosage of 0.5 mg / kg / day. The composition 2 only includes LB001. In composition 2, the LB001 was given to the mice at the dosage of 1 mg / kg / day. The composition 3 includes LB001 and GM. In composition 3, the LB001 was given to mice at the dosage of 1 mg / kg / day and the GM was given to the mice at the dosage of 0.5 mg / kg / day. The composition 4 (LB001) was given to mice at the dosage of 5 mg / kg / day. The composition 5 (LB001 and GM) was given to the mice. The LB001 was given to mice at the dosage of 5 mg / kg / day and the GM was given to the mice at the dosage of 0.5 mg / kg / day.
[0210] FIG. 14 illustrates MRSA bacteremia infection model according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0211] As shown in FIG. 14, only around 50%of the mice survived within 7 days after treatment with composition 1, composition 2, or composition 4. However, 50%of the mice survived within 15 days after treatment with composition 3. Moreover, the survival rate of mice receiving composition 5 was around 50%after 28 days of treatment.
[0212] The results showed that compositions 3 and 5 have better anti-infection efficacy against bacteremia in mice infected with MRSA. Specifically, it is more effective to combine antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 to treat bacteremia infected mice than only using antibiotic or compound LB001 alone.
[0213] For establishing the MRSA bacteremia infection model, perform intravenous injection of 2.5×107 CFU / mL of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-BAA-1556 into BALB / c mice and administer subcutaneous injections of the specified concentrations of gentamicin and LB001. Then, sacrifice the mice three days after the injections, and prepare blocks of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. Finally, section the tissue blocks and stain for Gram-positive bacteria using a Gram Stain Kit for staining and quantification. The results were shown is FIGs. 15A-15E.
[0214] FIG. 15A illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in heart tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0215] FIG. 15A shows the colonies of gram-positive cells in heart tissue section. The results shown the mice treated with compositions 3, or 5 having significant less gram-positive cells compare to mice treated with compositions 1, 2, or 4. Specifically, the results show that compositions 3 and 5 had better anti-infection efficacy to bacteremia in mice infected with MRSA (antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-BAA-1556) . Therefore, combining antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 is more effective in treating the hearts of bacteremia infected mice than only using antibiotic or compound LB001 alone. Furthermore, when comparing to composition 3 and 5, the increasing concentration of LB001 makes the overall therapeutic effect becomes more effective.
[0216] FIG. 15B illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in liver tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0217] FIG. 15B shows the colonies of gram-positive cells in liver tissue section. The results show the mice treated with compositions 3, 4, or 5 having significant less gram-positive cells compared to mice treated with compositions 1, or 2. Specifically, the results shown that compositions 3, 4 and 5 had better anti-infection efficacy in bacteremia mice infected with MRSA (antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-BAA-1556) . Therefore, combining antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 or using higher dose of compound LB001 is more effective in treating the liver of bacteremia infected mice than only antibiotic alone. Furthermore, when comparing to composition 3 and 5, the increasing concentration of LB001 enhances the overall therapeutic effect becomes more effective.
[0218] FIG. 15C illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in spleen tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0219] FIG. 15C shown the colonies of gram-positive cells in spleen tissue section. The results show the mice treated with compositions 3, 4, or 5 having significant less gram-positive cells compare to mice treated with compositions 1, or 2. Specifically, the results show that compositions 3 and 5 had better anti-infection efficacy to bacteremia mice infected with MRSA (antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-BAA-1556) . Therefore, combining antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 or using higher dose of compound LB001 is more effective in treating the spleens of bacteremia infected mice than only using antibiotic or alone. Furthermore, when comparing to composition 3 and 5, the increasing concentration of LB001 makes the overall therapeutic effect becomes more effective.
[0220] FIG. 15D illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in lung tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0221] FIG. 15D shows the colonies of gram-positive cells in lung tissue section. The results show the mice treated with compositions 3, 4, or 5 having less gram-positive cells compare to mice treated with compositions 1, or 2. Moreover, the mice treated with composition 5 having significant less gram-positive cells compare to mice treated with compositions 1, 2, 3, and 4. Specifically, the results show that composition 5 had better anti-infection efficacy to bacteremia mice infected with MRSA (antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-BAA-1556) . Therefore, combining antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 (high dose) is more effective in treating the lungs of bacteremia infected mice than only antibiotic alone.
[0222] FIG. 15E illustrates the colonies of gram-positive cells in kidney tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0223] FIG. 15E shows the colonies of gram-positive cells in kidney tissue section. The results show the mice treated with compositions 3, 4, or 5 having less gram-positive cells compare to mice treated with compositions 1, or 2. Moreover, the mice treated with composition 5 having significant less gram-positive cells compare to mice treated with compositions 1, 2, 3, and 4. Specifically, the results show that composition 5 had better anti-infection efficacy to bacteremia mice infected with MRSA (antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-BAA-1556) . Therefore, combining antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 (high dose) is more effective in treating the kidney of bacteremia infected mice than using antibiotic alone. Moreover, when comparing compositions 3 and 4, using high dose of LB001 alone is more effective in treating the kidneys of bacteremia infected mice than using a composition of combining antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 (low dose) . 2.7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) pneumonia infection model (in vivo experiment)
[0224] The PA pneumonia infection model is performed by intranasal injection of 1.3×106 CFU / mL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 into BALB / c mice and administer subcutaneous injections of the specified concentrations of Gentamicin and LB001. Then, sacrifice the mice two days after the injections, and prepare blocks of the lung tissue. Finally, section the tissue blocks and perform immunofluorescence staining using Pseudomonas Polyclonal Antibody and Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa 594) . The result was shown in FIG. 15F.
[0225] FIG. 15F illustrates the colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 cells in lung tissue section according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0226] FIG. 15F shows the colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 cells in lung tissue section. The results show the mice treated with compositions 3, or 5 having significant less Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 cells compare to mice treated with compositions 1, 2, or 4. Specifically, the results show that compositions 3 and 5 had better anti-infection efficacy to bacteremia mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Therefore, combining antibiotic (such as Gentamicin) and compound LB001 is more effective in treating the lungs of bacteremia infected mice than using only antibiotic or compound LB001 alone. Furthermore, when comparing to composition 3 and 5, the increasing concentration of LB001 makes the overall therapeutic effect becomes more effective. 3. Comparing compounds 1-10 and compound LB001 (in vitro experiment)
[0227] Selecting the target bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus USA300) and culture them overnight. Then dilute the cultures 500 times in fresh medium and incubate them in a 37℃ shaker until the bacterial concentration reaches 1×108 cells / ml. Then, dilute the cultures 100 times in freshly prepared LB medium (containing L-cysteine) . Then, prepare eleven kinds of mixtures. The eleven kinds of the mixtures are the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 1, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 2, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 3, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 4, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 5, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 6, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 7, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 8, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 9, the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 10, the medium containing Gentamicin and LB001. Each of the mixtures has the same volume. Finally, measure the bacterial growth curves of the above mixtures using an Agilent BioTek Synergy H1 multimode microplate reader. Incubate the mixtures at 37℃ with shaking at 250 rpm, and automatically detect and record the OD600 absorbance every 1 hours.
[0228] FIG. 16A illustrates the structure of compounds 1 to 10 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0229] Compounds 1 to 10 are shown is FIG. 16A. The results of the growth curve measurement show as FIG. 16B.
[0230] FIG. 16B illustrates the growth result of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in experimental groups 1 to 11 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure.
[0231] In FIG. 16B, the results show the growth result of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in experimental groups 1 to 10 (the medium containing Gentamicin and compound 1, compound 2, compound 3, compound 4, compound 5, compound 6, compound 7, compound 8, compound 9, or compound 10, respectively) . Where the concentrations of compounds 1 to 10 are 300 μM. After 4.5 hours of incubation, the value of OD600 of experimental groups 1 to 10 increased more than 0.2. Moreover, the value of OD600 of experimental groups 1 to 10 are over 0.7 after incubation for over 24 hours. However, in experimental group 11 (the medium containing Gentamicin and LB001) , where the concentration of LB001 is 30 μM, the results show the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is inhibited in the presence of Gentamicin and compound LB001, and the value of OD600 is below 0.25 after incubation for over 24 hours. More specifically, applying a composition that includes both Gentamicin and LB001 is more effective at treating Staphylococcus aureus USA300 than applying a composition that includes Gentamicin and compound 1, Gentamicin and compound 2, Gentamicin and compound 3, Gentamicin and compounds 4, Gentamicin and compound 5, Gentamicin and compound 6, Gentamicin and compound 7, Gentamicin and compound 8, Gentamicin and compound 9, or Gentamicin and compound 10.
[0232] Application
[0233] In some implementations, the compositions for treating bacterial infections may be LB001 and Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Oxacillin, Kanamycin, Norfloxacin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Carbenicillin, Methicillin or Vancomycin. The bacterial infections may caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, or Enterococcus faecalis.
[0234] The embodiments shown and described above and below are only examples. Many details are often found in the art. Therefore, many such details are neither shown nor described herein for the sake of brevity. Even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present disclosure have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the present disclosure, the present disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in the details. It will therefore be appreciated that the embodiments described above and below may be modified within the scope of the claims.
Claims
1.A compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof.2.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.3.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a first therapeutic agent.4.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the first therapeutic agent is selected from a group consisting of an aminoglycoside, a β-lactam, a glycylcycline, a tetracycline, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, a glycopeptide, a lipopeptide, a macrolide, a ketolide.5.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the aminoglycoside is chosen from gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, plazomicin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin, preferably gentamicin.6.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the first therapeutic agent comprises Kanamycin, Norfloxacin, Oxacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Methicillin, Vancomycin, or Chloramphenicol.7.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein for use in treating a bacterial infection, the bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia.8.A method for treating a bacterial infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 2.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first therapeutic agent.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the first therapeutic agent is selected from a group consisting of an aminoglycoside, a β-lactam, a glycylcycline, a tetracycline, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, a glycopeptide, a lipopeptide, a macrolide, a ketolide.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the aminoglycoside is chosen from gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, plazomicin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin, preferably gentamicin.12.The method of claim 8, wherein the bacterial infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and / or Klebsiella pneumonia.13.The method of claim 9, wherein the first therapeutic agent comprises Kanamycin, Norfloxacin, Oxacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Methicillin, Vancomycin, or Chloramphenicol.14.Use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 2 in the preparation of a medicament for treating a bacterial infection.