Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams; and a control unit that controls the transmission of a report from the one or more communication beams and the one or more sensing beams, the report being based on the quality of one or more pairs of a communication beam and a sensing beam.

Description

Terminal, Wireless Communication Method, and Base Station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] In a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was standardized for the purpose of achieving higher data rates, lower latency, etc. (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, for the purpose of further increasing capacity and sophistication of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9), LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was standardized.

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)", April 2010

[0005] In future wireless communication systems, various sensing methods are being considered. For example, it is conceivable that a terminal (user terminal, User Equipment (UE)) / base station (e.g., gNB) transmits sensing resources to a base station / UE via a target.

[0006] However, detailed methods for measurement and reporting for sensing have not been clarified. If these are not sufficiently considered, it could lead to a decrease in sensing accuracy and communication quality.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can appropriately perform sensing measurements and reports.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams, and a control unit that controls the transmission of a report based on the quality of one or more pairs of communication beams and sensing beams from the one or more communication beams and the one or more sensing beams.

[0009] According to one aspect of this disclosure, measurements and reports for sensing can be performed appropriately.

[0010] Figures 1A and 1B show an example of a monostatic sensing scenario at a BS or UE. Figures 2A and 2B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BSs or between UEs. Figures 3A and 3B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between a BS and a UE. Figure 4 shows an example of an NR positioning architecture. Figure 5 shows an example of a location service sequence. Figures 6A-6C show an example of scenarios #1 to #3. Figure 7 shows an example of RS frequency density. Figure 8 shows an example of the contents of a sensing beam report in embodiment F1-2B. Figure 9 shows an example of the contents of a joint beam report in embodiment F2-2B. Figure 10 shows an example of the contents of a communication beam report and a sensing beam report in embodiment G1-2B. Figure 11 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. Figure 12 shows an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 13 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 14 shows an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 15 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment.

[0011] The motivation for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is to achieve high sensing performance and novel / enhanced services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and potential requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address multiple different target industries / applications are being considered, and some use cases may include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, cameras).

[0012] For example, Use Case 1 is sensing for traffic management in tourist areas. For example, Use Case 2 is intruder detection in a smart home environment.

[0013] ISAC (Information-Assisted Communication) is being considered, specifically sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To realize these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) operating radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are being considered. In addition, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC, such as higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing, are being considered.

[0014] In ISAC, challenges include unified waveforms that simultaneously satisfy the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously achieves communication (e.g., transmitted signals, received signals), sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmitted signals, reflected signals), and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI, which extracts sensing information from channel information of communication (e.g., UL transmitted signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals) using an AI / DL network.

[0015] Based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bands, three types of radar and communication systems are considered. These three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). The following discussion will focus on ISAC systems, where hardware and bands are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0016] (Wireless Sensing) Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is a key means of enabling the prospect of 6G cyber-physical systems (CPS). ISAC can be realized by 5G-advanced(A) and 6G, with the development of higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing reference signals (RS) is a key technology for realizing wireless sensing.

[0017] Use cases for ISAC include the metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing, and crowd estimation. HAPS can be an aircraft at an altitude of around 20 km and can be used in non-terrestrial networks (NTN).

[0018] HAPS sensing enables ultra-remote distance sensing using echo signals, based on the support of communication functions. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the intensity of the echo signal, extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) sensing or sensing sequence is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal under given transmit power.

[0019] (Sensing Modes / Methods) Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BS and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and that radar receives echoes from the sensing target, and bistatic / multistatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive echoes from the sensing target.

[0020] An independent system uses separate hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications. The separate hardware may be installed in the same location or in separate locations.

[0021] A joint system uses the same hardware for radar and communications, but with separate frequency bands.

[0022] A unified system uses the same hardware and the same frequency band for radar and communications.

[0023] Sensing in the ISAC system can be achieved by one of the following sensing methods: ◇ Monostatic sensing: Monostatic sensing using the idea of ​​monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one BS or one UE and performs sensing using echo signals. In this sensing method, there is no coordination between BS-BS, UE-UE, or BS-UE. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, terahertz imaging. ◇ Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing: Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing using bistatic radar / multistatic radar. This sensing method requires two or more BS or two or more UE and performs sensing using reflected signals. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, positioning. ◇ UE-assisted sensing: UE-assisted sensing (sensing aided by UE) using the idea of ​​NR positioning. This sensing method requires a BS and UE and performs sensing using communication (UL / DL) signals. The existing 5G NR framework operates within this sensing method. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, breath monitoring.

[0024] [Monostatic Sensing] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monostatic sensing (Figure 1A) and UE monostatic sensing (Figure 1B).

[0025] A scenario suitable for monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ The sensing target is located near the sensing BS / UE and requires a high or moderate SNR for the echo signal. ◇ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0026] The capability requirements for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ High capability is required for full duplex in BS or UE.

[0027] Monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ Higher accuracy due to the absence of quantization. ◇ Accuracy is related to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the echo signal. ◇ Low latency.

[0028] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS to BS (gNB-gNB, BS-BS, BS1-BS2, gNB-to-gNB, gNB1-to-gNB2) (Figure 2A), bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-gNB, UE-BS, UE-to-gNB) (Figure 2B), bistatic sensing from BS to UE (gNB-UE, BS-UE, gNB-to-UE) (Figure 3A), and bistatic sensing from UE to UE (UE-UE, UE1-UE2, UE-to-UE, UE1-to-UE2) (Figure 3B).

[0029] Scenarios suitable for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ Close synchronization and coordination between BSs are required, and scheduling coordination between multiple BSs is necessary. ◇ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0030] The capability requirements for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ Because it is half-duplex, it can be implemented even with low capability. ◇ High capability is required for synchronization between BSs.

[0031] The performance of BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ Accuracy is high because quantization is not used. ◇ Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal. ◇ Latency is moderate.

[0032] Scenarios suitable for UE-BS bistatic sensing, BS-UE bistatic sensing, and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ It is necessary that there are communication UEs around the target.

[0033] The capability requirements for UE-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ It can be implemented even with low capability due to its half-duplex nature. ◇ High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0034] The capability requirements for BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ Because it is half-duplex, it can be implemented even with low capability. ◇ The UE requires sufficient computing resources and high accuracy in detecting reflected signals. ◇ High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0035] The performance of UE-BS bistatic sensing, BS-UE bistatic sensing, and UE-UE bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ Accuracy is moderate due to quantization of the feedback value. ◇ Accuracy is related to the placed resource and UE position. ◇ Latency is long.

[0036] In the embodiments described later, the following scenarios and assumptions may be used: ◇ In the ISAC scenario, communication and sensing functions are required. ◇ For low complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half-duplex) may be assumed instead of full-duplex in BS and UE.

[0037] In a TDD-based ISAC system, it is preferable that the sensing signal and the reflection / echo signal are transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing including monostatic BS sensing and bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in DL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in UL time resources. For example, in UE-based sensing including monostatic UE sensing and bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in UL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in DL time resources. In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, it is preferable that DL time resources are used for sensing. In bistatic sensing from UE to DL, it is preferable that UL time resources are used for sensing.

[0038] (CSI quantization and compression at Sub-7GHz) CSI quantization and compression are being considered at Sub-7GHz.

[0039] <Truncated channel impulse response (TCIR)> The UE performs only a simple IFFT for the CSI report and feeds back several time-domain samples. The UE may also use multipath (channel impulse response, CIR) from the reflecting object for the CSI report. However, the signal obtained by the simple IFFT may differ from the actual multipath, which may prevent the identification of the target reflecting object. As the TCIR, the first portion (several) of the CIR measurements (corresponding to the range of interest) may be reported.

[0040] <Partial CSI>The partial CSI means CSI that includes either amplitude or phase. For example, there are use cases that use only amplitude and use cases that use only phase. However, since use cases that use amplitude and phase simultaneously are limited, using partial CSI can reduce the processing load and communication overhead. The amplitude information may be used, for example, for detection of the presence or absence of a person, counting the number of people, estimating humidity, detecting gestures, etc. The phase information may be used for motion detection, fall detection, etc. The full CSI may mean CSI that includes amplitude and phase.

[0041] <Truncated power-delay profile (TPDP)>As the TPDP, the first part (several) of the measured values (corresponding to the target range) of the power-delay profile (PDP) may be reported.

[0042] <Feedback in Wireless LAN>In a wireless LAN, other feedback types such as full CSI, TCIR, partial CSI, truncated power delay profile (TPDP), frequency domain differential quantization, etc. are being considered.

[0043] In the 60 GHz band, Range-Doppler-Angular map (R-D-A map) (e.g., 2D / 3D / 4D map), feedback of target-related parameters (signal processing by the receiver side) is being considered.

[0044] (UE positioning using AI technology) Fingerprinting localization that estimates the position of a wireless device using the propagation characteristics of a wireless signal is widely used in both Line Of Site (LOS) / Non-Line Of Site (NLOS) scenarios.

[0045] In the present disclosure, LOS may mean that the UE and the base station are in an environment where they can see each other (or there is no obstacle), and NLOS may mean that the UE and the base station are not in an environment where they can see each other (or there is an obstacle).

[0046] In fingerprint localization, the location of a UE is estimated based on a database / AI model using fingerprints from multiple transmission paths (multipath) of the UE.

[0047] Multipath information may also include, for example, information regarding the angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD) of signals in the optimal / candidate transmission path.

[0048] In this disclosure, AoA information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of arrival and the zenith angles of arrival. Similarly, AoD information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of departure and the zenith angles of departure.

[0049] 3GPP Rel. 16 NR supports the following positioning technologies: • Positioning based on DL / UL Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA), • Positioning based on angle (DL AoD / UL AoA), • Positioning based on Multi-Round Trip Time (RTT), • Positioning based on Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID).

[0050] In DL / UL TDOA-based positioning, consider a case where, for example, multiple base stations (TRP#0-#2) are positioned around a UE. In this positioning method, the UE's position is estimated (measured) using the measured Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD). For example, the RSTD (T) for two specific base stations (TRP#i, #j (i,j are integers)) ｉ -T ｊ ) has a value (k ｉ，ｊConnecting the points that take the shape of the hyperbola H ｉ，ｊ This can be drawn. The intersection of multiple such hyperbolas (in this example, H ０，１、 H １，２、 H ２，０ The intersection of the two points may be estimated as the position of the UE. In addition, the position of the UE may be estimated using the RSRP of the reference signal.

[0051] In positioning methods based on DL AoD / UL AoA, the position of the UE is estimated using DL AoD measurements (e.g., θ or φ) or UL AoA measurements (e.g., θ or φ). Alternatively, the position of the UE may be estimated using RSRP.

[0052] In a multi-RTT-based positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated using multiple RTTs calculated from the Tx / Rx time difference of a reference signal (and additionally RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). For example, geometric circles based on RTTs can be drawn around each base station. The intersection of these multiple circles may be estimated as the location of the UE.

[0053] E-CID-based positioning: In this positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated based on the geometric position of the serving cell / neighbor cell and additional measurement results (Tx-Rx time difference, RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0054] The positioning in DL (DL TDOA, DL AoD) described above may be performed on the UE side or the LMF side. For example, in UE-based positioning, the UE may calculate its own position based on various measurement results from the UE and assistance information from the LMF. Alternatively, in UE-assisted positioning, the UE may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position. The assistance information may be information to assist in the estimation of the UE's position.

[0055] The positioning in the above-mentioned UL (UL TDOA, UL AoA) may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the base station may report the various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the position of the UE.

[0056] The positioning in DL and UL (Multi-RTT, E-CID) described above may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the UE / base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0057] Furthermore, 3GPP Rel. 17 proposes a positioning method using assistance information to further improve positioning accuracy. Assistance information may be transmitted between the UE, base station, and LMF as measurement information for DL / UL-TDOA, DL-AoD / UL-AoA, multi-RTT, and E-CID as described above.

[0058] Assistance information may include information on at least one of the following: Timing Error Group (TEG), RSRPP (Path-Specific RSRP), Expected angle, Adjacent beam information, TRP antenna / beam information, LOS / NLOS indicator, and additional path reports.

[0059] TEG may indicate one or more PRS (Positioning Reference Signal) resources whose transmission / reception timing errors (Rx / Tx timing errors) are within a certain margin.

[0060] RSRPP may represent the measurement result of RSRP in the first pass.

[0061] In UL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may indicate the expected UL-AoA / ZoA. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the base station. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning from UL TDOA, UL AoA, and multi-RTT.

[0062] In DL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may include information regarding the expected DL-AoA / ZoA or DL-AoD / ZoD. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning method from DL TDOA, DL AoA, and multi-RTT. This improves the accuracy of angle-based UE positioning and enables optimization of Rx beamforming of the UE or base station.

[0063] Furthermore, assistance information regarding the predicted angle may include not only the values ​​of AoA / ZoA / AoD / ZoD themselves as described above, but also information indicating the uncertainty range of these values.

[0064] As additional beam information, adjacent beam information may include a subset of DL-PRS resources for prioritizing DL-AoD reports (Option 1), or information regarding the boresight direction of each DL-PRS resource (Option 2). This allows for optimization of UE's Rx beam sweeping and DL-AoD measurements.

[0065] Additionally, the assistance information may include PRS beam pattern information as extra beam information. This PRS beam pattern information may include information on the relative power between DL-PRS resources for each angle for each TRP.

[0066] The LOS / NLOS indicator may display information regarding Line of Site (LOS) and Non-Line of Site (NLOS).

[0067] Furthermore, in order to improve the positioning delay of the UE, pre-set measurement gaps (MG), MG activation via lower layers, MG-less position, PRS Rx / Tx in RRC_INACTIVE state, or on-demand PRS may be set for the UE (or used by the UE).

[0068] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, it is agreed that UEs should measure and report the RSRP of adjacent beams in order to improve the accuracy of UE position estimation. For example, in the UE-assisted DL-AoD positioning method, the LMF may indicate that at least one of the following options 1-2 is included in the assistance information.

[0069] Option 1: A subset of PRS resources for the purpose of prioritizing DL-AOD reporting. This subset may be set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities. The UE may include the PRS measurements required for a subset of PRS in the additional measurements for DL-AoD if the PRS measurements required for the relevant PRS are reported. The required PRS measurements may be DL PRS RSRP / path PRS RSRP. The UE may report PRS measurements only for a subset of PRS resources. The subset related to a PRS resource may reside in the same / different PRS resource set as the PRS resource in question. Option 2: Information regarding boresight direction set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities.

[0070] In 3GPP Rel. 16 NR, it is agreed that the expected RSTD and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, in Rel. 17, it is agreed that the expected angle and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE in order to reduce errors and complexities in AoA / AoD measurements.

[0071] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, the introduction of a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) is being considered for positioning. The PRU is being discussed as a reference device with a known location to mitigate transmission and reception timing errors of UE / gNB. The PRU may also be interpreted as UE / gNB / TRP (transmission reception point) / TP (transmission point).

[0072] For example, the PRU may support at least one of the following: - Measuring DL PRS and reporting the relevant measurement (e.g., RSTD / Transmit / Receive Time Difference / RSRP) to the LMF; - Transmitting SRS and enabling the TRP to measure and report the relevant measurement (e.g., Relative Time of Arrival: RTOA / Transmit / Receive Time Difference, AOA) to the LMF; - Operation, measurement, various parameters (enhancement of transmit / receive timing delay, AoD and AOA, and parameters related to measurement calibration); - Reporting the position coordinate information of the reference device to the LMF if the LMF does not have position coordinate information; - The reference device whose position is known is a UE / gNB; - Accuracy that allows the position of the reference device to be known.

[0073] There are two use cases for positioning using AI models: • Direct AI / ML positioning, and • AI / ML assisted positioning.

[0074] Direct AI / ML positioning outputs, for example, UE positioning (UE location). AI / ML assisted positioning outputs, for example, intermediate features. These intermediate features may be input back into the AI / ML model.

[0075] As an example of the AI / ML-assisted positioning output described above, at least one of the following may be included: - Identification of LOS / NLOS (probability of LOS / NLOS), - ToA (time of arrival of PRS / SRS), - Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) time difference, - AoA / AoD, - Number of waves, Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) phase difference (phase measurement of Rel. 18), - DL RSTD / UL TDOA, - DL-PRS / UL-SRS, RSRPs / RSRPPPs, - Likelihood of the above values ​​(e.g., probability of ToA).

[0076] Positioning in Rel. 18 introduces sidelink positioning based on the Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP). For example, SL-RTT, SL-AoA, SL-TDOA, and SL-TOA are introduced. For example, the sidelink reference signal used for position calculation is called SL-PRS. At least one of the following may be used as a measurement based on SL-PRS: SL PRS-RSRP, SL PRS-RSRPP, SL RTOA, SL AoA, sidelink receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference, SL RSTD, SL PRS-RSSI, SL PRS-channel occupancy ratio (CR), and SL PRS-channel busy ratio (CBR). Furthermore, as a measurement related to the carrier phase positioning method, at least one of UL / DL reference signal carrier phase (RSCP) and DL reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) may be used.

[0077] (Location Services: 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS) / Architecture Model and Concepts / Functional description of LCS per network function) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. - 5G Core Network: 5GC, 5GCN - 5G System: 5GS - (Radio) Access Network: (R)AN - Next Generation-Radio Access Network: NG-RAN - Access and Mobility Management Function: AMF - Location Management Function: LMF - Non-3GPP InterWorking Function: N3IWF - Mobile Originated Location Request: MO-LR - Mobile Terminated Location Request: MT-LR - Network Induced Location Request: NI-LR - Gateway Mobile Location Center: GMLC - Network Exposure Function: NEF - Public Land Mobile Network: PLMN - Trusted Non-3GPP Access Network: TNAN - Internet Protocol: IP - IP Multimedia Subsystem: IMS - Unified Data Management: UDM - Unified Data Repository: UDR - Quality of Service: QoS

[0078] The 5G system architecture includes the following service-based interfaces: ◇ Namf: A service-based interface presented by AMF. ◇ Nnef: A service-based interface presented by NEF.

[0079] The 5GS LCS architecture includes the following service-based interfaces for Location Services: ◇ Nlmf: A service-based interface presented by LMF. ◇ Ngmlc: A service-based interface presented by GMLC.

[0080] The 5G system architecture includes the following reference points: ◇ N1: Reference point between UE and AMF. ◇ N2: Reference point between (R)AN and AMF.

[0081] An NG-RAN node is either a gNB or an ng-eNB. A gNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the NR for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface. An ng-eNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the E-UTRA for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface.

[0082] The gNB may provide measurement information for the target UE and transmit this information to the LMF. To support NR RAT-dependent positioning, the gNB may perform radio signal measurements for the target UE and provide measurement results for position estimation.

[0083] The ng-eNB may provide measurement results for position estimation, provide measurement information for the target UE, and transmit these measurements to the LMF. The ng-eNB performs its measurements upon request (on-demand or periodic) from the LMF. The ng-eNB may provide multiple TPs. The ng-eNB may broadcast assistance data information received from the LMF within a positioning system information message.

[0084] The UE may perform measurements with DL signals from the NG-RAN and other sources such as the E-UTRAN, different GNSS and TBS systems, WLAN access points, Bluetooth® beacons, and the UE's barometric pressure and motion sensors. The measurements performed are determined by the selected positioning method. The UE may include, for example, an independent positioning function (e.g., global positioning systems (GPS)) that allows it to report its location independently of the NG-RAN transmission. A UE with an independent positioning function may utilize assistance information obtained from the network.

[0085] The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) is responsible for managing the positioning of target UEs for all types of location requests. The AMF is accessible to the GMLC and NEF via the Namf interface, to the RAN via the N2 reference point, and to UEs via the N1 reference point. Functions performed by the AMF to support location services include: ◇ The AMF initiates NI-LR location requests for UEs making IMS emergency calls or to determine the geographical area of ​​UEs making NE satellite access for PLMN selection verification. ◇ The AMF receives and manages location requests from the GMLC for 5GC-MT-LR and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic location events, triggered location events, and location events available to UEs. ◇ The AMF receives and manages location requests from UEs for 5GC-MO-LR. ◇ The AMF receives and manages event disclosure requests for location information from the NEF. ◇ The AMF selects the LMF. ◇ The AMF receives updated privacy requirements from the UE and forwards them to the UDR via the UDM. ◇ The AMF supports the cancellation of periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◇ The AMF supports the change of the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◇ If assistance data is broadcast by 5GS in an encrypted format, the AMF receives the encryption key from the LMF and forwards it to the appropriately subscribed UE using mobility management procedures. ◇ The AMF stores the UE positioning capability received from the LMF and transmits that UE positioning capability to the LMF along with the received location requests.

[0086] The Location Management Function (LMF) manages the support for different location services to a target UE, including UE positioning and the delivery of assistance data to the UE. The LMF may interact with a serving gNB or serving eNB to obtain location measurements for the UE, including UL measurements taken by the NG-RAN and DL measurements taken by the UE and provided to the NG-RAN as part of other functions such as handover.

[0087] The LMF manages the full standby coordination and scheduling of resources required for the location of a UE registering with or accessing 5GCN. It may also calculate or verify estimates of the final location and any speed, and estimate the accuracy achieved. The LMF receives location requests for target UEs from the serving AMF using the Nlmf interface. The LMF interacts with UEs for the exchange of location information applicable to UE-assisted and UE-based positioning methods, and communicates with NG-RAN, N3IWF, or TNAN to obtain location information.

[0088] Additional functions that may be performed by the LMF to support location services include: ◇ The LMF supports requests for single locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports requests for periodic or triggered locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◇ The LMF determines the type and number of positioning methods and procedures based on the UE, PLMN capability, QoS, UE connectivity state per access type, LCS client type, coordination type, optional, service type, and instructions requiring reliable UE location information. ◇ The LMF directly reports UE location estimates to the GMLC for periodic or triggered locations of the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports cancellation of periodic or triggered locations for the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports the delivery of broadcast assistance data via the NG-RAN in encrypted or unencrypted format, and the transfer of encryption keys to authorized UEs via the AMF. ◇ The LMF supports changes to the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports to target UEs. ◇ The LMF supports the receipt of stored UE positioning capabilities from the AMF and the provision of updated UE positioning capabilities to the AMF. ◇ The LMF maps UE locations to geographic areas where the PLMN is permitted or not permitted to operate based on requests from the AMF. ◇ The LMF supports the determination of UE locations in scheduled location times. ◇ The LMF determines whether to use the user plane or the control plane for positioning.◇ The LMF supports handling of 5GC-MT-LR, 5GC-NI-LR, 5GC-MO-LR, and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic or triggered locations across the user plane connection between the UE and the LMF.

[0089] (NR Positioning Architecture: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / NG-RAN UE Positioning Architecture) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure.

[0090] Figure 4 shows an example of an architecture in 5GS (NR positioning architecture) applicable to positioning UEs using NR or E-UTRA access. In the case of a split gNB architecture as in this example, the gNB-DU may include TRP functionality, and the TRP functionality may support functionality for TP, RP, or both TP and RP. A gNB-DU including TRP functionality does not need to provide cell services. The NG-RAN includes ng-eNB and gNB.

[0091] The AMF receives a request from another entity (e.g., GLMC or UE) for some location service associated with a particular target UE, or the AMF itself decides to initiate some location service on behalf of a particular target UE (e.g., in response to an IMS emergency call from that UE). The AMF then sends the location service request to the LMF. The LMF processes the location service request, which may include at least one of the following: the transfer of assistance data to the target UE to assist in UE-based / UE-assisted positioning, and the positioning of the target UE. The LMF then returns the results of the location service (e.g., a location estimate for the UE) to the AMF.

[0092] The NR-Uu interface (a wireless interface between UE and UTRA) that connects the UE to the gNB wirelessly is used as one of several transport links for the NR positioning protocol for target UEs that use NR access to the NG-RAN.

[0093] The LTE-Uu interface (wireless interface), which connects the UE to the ng-eNB wirelessly, is used as one of several transport links for the LTE positioning protocol for target UEs that use LTE access to the NG-RAN.

[0094] The NG-C interfaces between gNB and AMF, and between ng-eNB and AMF, are transparent (unaware) to all UE positioning-related procedures. The NG-C interfaces are involved in these procedures only as a transport link for NR positioning protocols.

[0095] The NL1 interface between the LMF and AMF is transparent to all UE, gNB, and ng-eNB related to the positioning procedure. The NL1 interface is used only as a transport link between LPP and NRPPPa.

[0096] As shown in Figure 5, the overall sequence of events applicable to the UE, NG-RAN, and LMF in a location service follows several steps: ◇1a. Some entity within the 5GC (e.g., GMLC) requests some location service (e.g., positioning) for a target UE from the serving AMF. ◇1b. Alternatively, the serving AMF for the target UE determines that some location service is needed (e.g., to locate the UE for an emergency call). ◇1c. Alternatively, the UE requests some location service from the serving AMF at the NAS level. ◇2. The AMF forwards the location service request to the LMF. ◇3a. The LMF initiates a location procedure using the serving ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, and if possible, adjacent ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, to obtain location measurements or assistance data. ◇3b. In addition to or instead of step 3a, the LMF initiates a location procedure with the UE (for example, to obtain a location estimate or location measurement, or to transfer assistance data to the UE). ◇4. The LMF provides a location service response to its AMF, including any necessary results (for example, the results include an indication of success or failure, and the UE's location estimate, if requested and obtained). ◇5a. If step 1a was performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the 5GC entity in step 1a, including any necessary results (for example, the UE's location estimate). ◇5b. If step 1b was performed, the AMF uses the location service response received in step 4 to assist the service that triggered it in step 1b (for example, it may provide the GMLC with a location estimate associated with an emergency call). ◇5c. If step 1c is performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the UE, including any necessary results (e.g., the UE's location estimate).

[0097] (NR Positioning Protocol: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Signalling protocols and interfaces) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. ◇Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method): E-CID ◇Observed Time Difference Of Arrival: OTDOA ◇Multi-Round Trip Time: Multi-RTT ◇Uplink Angle of Arrival: UL-AoA ◇Azimuth-Angle of Arrival: A-AoA ◇Zenith-Angle of Arrival: Z-AoA ◇Uplink Time Difference of Arrival: UL-TDOA ◇Downlink Time Difference of Arrival: DL-TDOA ◇Downlink Angle-of-Departure: DL-AoD ◇wireless local area network: WLAN ◇terrestrial beacon system: TBS ◇Metropolitan Beacon System: MBS ◇Positioning Reference Signal: PRS ◇UserPlane Location Protocol: ULP

[0098] NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) transmits information between NG-RAN nodes and LMFs. It is used to support the following positioning functions: ◇ E-CID for E-UTRA, where measured values ​​are transferred from ng-eNB to LMF. ◇ Data collection from ng-eNB or gNB to support OTDOA for E-UTRA. ◇ Acquisition of cell IDs and cell portion (portion) IDs from gNBs to support NR cell ID positioning methods. ◇ Exchange of information between LMFs and NG-RAN nodes for the purpose of broadcasting assistance data. ◇ NR E-CID, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇ NR Multi-RTT, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇ NR UL-AoA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇NR UL-TDOA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇Data acquisition from gNB for DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, Multi-RTT, UL-TDOA, and UL-AoA support. ◇Transfer of measurement pre-configuration information, allowing LMF to request the NG-RAN node to pre-configure and activate / deactivate the measurement gap / PRS processing window.

[0099] The LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) is terminated between the target device (UE in the control plane case, or SET in the user plane case) and the positioning server (LMF in the control plane case, or SLP in the user plane case).

[0100] The LPP protocol aims to enable the positioning of NR and LTE using multiple different positioning methods, while separating the details of any specific positioning method from the details of the underlying transport.

[0101] An LPP procedure involves request / response pairing of multiple messages or one or more "unaccepted" messages. Each procedure has a single objective (e.g., transfer of assistance data, exchange of LPP-related capabilities, or positioning of a target device according to some QoS and one or more positioning method specifications). Multiple procedures can be used in series or parallel to achieve more complex objectives (e.g., positioning of a target device with respect to the transfer of assistance data and the exchange of LPP-related capabilities). Multiple procedures further allow for attempting more than one positioning simultaneously (e.g., to obtain a coarse location estimate using low latency and a more accurate location estimate using high latency).

[0102] (Standard UE Positioning Methods: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Main concepts and requirements / Standard UE Positioning Methods) The standard UE positioning methods supported for NG-RAN access are as follows: ◇ NW-assisted GNSS method ◇ LTE-based OTDOA positioning ◇ LTE-based extended cell ID method (E-CID) ◇ WLAN positioning ◇ Bluetooth® positioning ◇ TBS positioning ◇ Sensor-based positioning: ―◇ Barometric pressure sensor ―◇ Motion sensor ◇ NR-based NR extended cell ID method (NR E-CID) ◇ NR-based multi-RTT ◇ NR-based DL-AoD ◇ NR-based DL-TDOA ◇ NR-based UL-TDOA ◇ Based on the NR signal, UL-AoA includes A-AoA and Z-AoA

[0103] OTDOA includes TBS positioning based on PRS. Existing specifications only support OTDOA based on LTE signals. If the UE is served by gNB, the E-CID includes the cell ID for the NR method. The E-CID is an extended cell ID based on LTE signals. Existing specifications only support TBS positioning based on MBS signals.

[0104] Hybrid positioning using multiple methods from a list of multiple positioning methods is supported. Standalone mode (i.e., autonomous without network assistance) using one or more methods from the list of multiple positioning methods is also supported.

[0105] These multiple positioning methods may be supported for at least one of the following: a UE-based version, a UE-assisted / LMF-based version, and an NG-RAN node-assisted version.

[0106] (NR Beam Management) Beam management, used to determine appropriate Tx and Rx beam pairs for control / data transmission, includes beam measurement, beam reporting, and beam designation.

[0107] The UE receives / measures the RS (CSI-RS or SSB) for beam measurement and transmits a beam report (CSI report) including the measurement results for each RS (L1-RSRP / SINR). Subsequently, the UE receives the TCI status setting / instruction and receives the PDCCH / PDSCH based on that TCI status.

[0108] The CSI report #n for beam reporting may include several CSI fields, including: ◆ CRI or SSBRI #1. ◆ CRI or SSBRI #2. ◆ CRI or SSBRI #3. ◆ CRI or SSBRI #4. ◆ [Maximum] RSRP #1 [corresponding to CRI or SSBRI #1]. ◆ Differential RSRP #2 [relative to RSRP #1]. ◆ Differential RSRP #3 [relative to RSRP #1]. ◆ Differential RSRP #4 [relative to RSRP #1].

[0109] (Issues) The details of the sensing beam management system (RS) and the criteria / content / format of sensing beam reporting have not been sufficiently examined. The relationship between communication beam management and sensing beam management has not been sufficiently examined.

[0110] Similar to beam management in communication systems, beam management is considered necessary in sensing so that the network can determine the appropriate sensing beam.

[0111] In UE-side sensing, the communication beam and the sensing beam may be the same or different.

[0112] If beam management in sensing is not adequately considered, there is a risk that sensing performance may deteriorate.

[0113] Therefore, the inventors conceived a method for beam management in sensing.

[0114] The embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Each wireless communication method according to the embodiments may be applied individually or in combination.

[0115] (Various substitutions) In this disclosure, words enclosed in parentheses () may indicate an explanation of the preceding word (e.g., an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, or supplementary explanation. Also, in this disclosure, words enclosed in square brackets [] may be interpreted as part of the overall meaning of the text, or they may be interpreted as being excluded (ignored). Note that parentheses () and square brackets [] may be used for purposes / meanings other than those described above.

[0116] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0117] In this disclosure, terms such as notice, activate, deactivate, indicate (or specify), select, configure, update, and determine may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and capable of operating may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0118] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-layer parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control elements (MAC Control Elements (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0119] In this disclosure, the upper layer signaling may be any or a combination thereof, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, and other messages (e.g., messages from the core network, such as positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages).

[0120] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may include, for example, MAC Control Elements (MAC CEs) and MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Broadcast information may include, for example, Master Information Blocks (MIBs), System Information Blocks (SIBs), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSIs), and Other System Information (OSIs).

[0121] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI).

[0122] In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: ◆FDM: frequency division multiplexing ◆TDM: time division multiplexing ◆CDM: code division multiplexing ◆SDM: space division multiplexing ◆SFN: single frequency network

[0123] In this disclosure, reflection, echo, and scattering may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0124] In this disclosure, the terms "wireless communication method," "sensing method," and "measurement method" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0125] In this disclosure, NW, gNB / CN ([extended] LMF / SF / AMF) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0126] In this disclosure, "sensing mode" and "sensing method" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "use case," "sensing use case," "service," "sensing service," "sensing service type," and "sensing type" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "type," "report type," "CSI measurement report type," "measurement type," "CSI measurement type," "CSI type," "map type," "sensing CSI map type," "reported quantity," and "reported parameter" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0127] In this disclosure, measurement, detection, estimation, calculation, processing, transformation, Fourier transform, DFT, FFT, and correlation operation may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0128] In this disclosure, measured values, received signals, measurement results, reported quantities, and channel path / channel information may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, profiles, responses, spectra, maps, distributions, signals converted to one or more dimensions, signals converted to one or more domains, and conversion results may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0129] In this disclosure, Doppler, Doppler frequency, frequency, and Doppler shift may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0130] In this disclosure, sensing transmitter, transmitter, sensing station, radio communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interpreted as interchangeable. In this disclosure, sensing receiver, receiver, sensing station, radio communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0131] In this disclosure, the sensing transmitter may be a TRP or UE that transmits sensing signals used in the operation of the sensing service. The sensing transmitter may be located in the same location / device as the TRP or UE acting as a sensing receiver, or in a different location / device.

[0132] In this disclosure, the sensing receiver may be a TRP or UE that receives sensing signals used in the operation of the sensing service. The sensing receiver may be located in the same location / device as the TRP or UE, which is the sensing transmitter, or it may be located in a different location / device.

[0133] In this disclosure, TRP may be network equipment that transmits / receives sensing signals, such as a BS, BS antenna, etc. In this disclosure, gNB and BS may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, TRP, BS, IAB node, mobile IAD node, repeater, access point (AP), reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), drone, gNB, eNB, BS for 6G, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0134] In this disclosure, the sensing target, the target may be a target whose properties in the environment need to be detected by deriving them from the sensing signal.

[0135] In this disclosure, the background environment and environment may be backgrounds (clutter / environmental objects) that are not sensing targets.

[0136] In this disclosure, monostatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located within the same TRP / UE.

[0137] In this disclosure, bistatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located in different TRP / UEs.

[0138] In this disclosure, multistatic sensing may be a sensing method in which a sensing target has multiple sensing devices, each including at least one of a plurality of sensing transmitters and a plurality of sensing receivers.

[0139] In this disclosure, the sensing signal may be a transmission that can be used for sensing purposes on a wireless communication interface.

[0140] In this disclosure, the header UE may be a UE that triggers / performs UE-to-UE (U2U) sensing based on a request from the NW / client UE.

[0141] In this disclosure, a client UE may also be a UE that requests other UEs to perform sensing and report thereon.

[0142] In this disclosure, the anchor UE may be a UE that performs transmission / reception with the header UE in relation to sensing, based on a request from the header UE.

[0143] In this disclosure, NW, RAN, BS, gNB, extended LMF, SF, AMF, network node, core network (CN), and other UE (in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0144] In this disclosure, monitoring / detection / prediction / determination / display (to a higher or lower layer) of one or more sensing beams (faults) and monitoring / measurement / calculation / detection / prediction / determination / display (to a higher or lower layer) of the quality (degradation) of one or more sensing beams may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0145] In this disclosure, candidate sensing beam (RS), new candidate sensing beam (RS), candidate new sensing beam (RS), new sensing beam (RS), candidate beam (RS), new beam (RS), best beam (RS), suitable beam (RS), and candidate RS may be interpreted as interchangeable. In this disclosure, candidate sensing beam (RS), one or more candidate sensing beams (RS), and a set / list / configuration of one or more candidate sensing beams (RS) may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0146] In this disclosure, the terms "identification of one or more candidate sensing beams," "prediction of one or more candidate sensing beams," "determination of one or more candidate sensing beams," and "selection of one or more candidate sensing beams" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0147] In this disclosure, the terms "settings," "sensing [beam] measurement / reporting settings," and "sensing measurement settings" may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0148] In this disclosure, quantity, value, quality, measured / reported quantity, reported quantity, measured quantity, beam quantity, beam quality, sensing measurement result, result, received result, measurement result, CSI measurement result, sensing quality, sensing quality result, sensing result, sensing KPI, sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality, candidate sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality of a candidate sensing beam (candidate beam), received quality, sensing measurement quality, sensing beam monitoring result, received quality / received result of RS (corresponding to a sensing beam), and comparison result of multiple sensing beam qualities may be interpreted as one another. In this disclosure, quantity, mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value [ratio / number / difference / gap / variance / deviation] of multiple quantities may be interpreted as one another.

[0149] In this disclosure, the sensing measurement result may include at least one of the following: the measurement result [amount related to], the CSI measurement result [amount related to], the sensing result [amount related to], and the sensing KPI [amount related to].

[0150] In this disclosure, measurement results and sensing quality results may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, measurement results [related quantities] may be signal / channel characteristics obtained by measuring a received sensing signal or communication signal. For example, measurement results [related quantities] may include at least one of RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, Doppler [frequency], signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR), number of detected paths, mean / sum / weighted mean / weighted sum / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation of the delay / Doppler / RSRPP of multiple detected paths, and CSI measurement results [related quantities].

[0151] In this disclosure, the CSI measurement result [amount related to] may be a quantity based on a CSI measurement, or a quantity measured / transformed for one or more domains. For example, the CSI measurement result [amount related to] may include at least one of a full or partial CSI in the spatial / frequency / time domain, a CSI in the transformation domain, and a CSI in the Doppler domain. The transformation domain may be angle / delay. The CSI may include a CIR / TCIR / PDP / TPDP / R-D-A map. In this disclosure, the validated CSI result [amount related to] may be the most recent CSI measurement result having an estimated confidence level higher than a defined / set threshold. The threshold may be, for example, 95%.

[0152] In this disclosure, the sensing result [a quantity related to] may be a characteristic of the target obtained by processing / calculating / converting based on the received sensing signal or communication signal. For example, the sensing result [a quantity related to] may include at least one of the following: presence, location, latitude, longitude, altitude, angle, distance, velocity, detection / identification / gesture of the target's shape / attitude, environmental conditions / scenario / type, and CSI.

[0153] In this disclosure, the sensing key performance indicator (KPI) [a related quantity] may be a performance / metric for sensing. For example, the sensing KPI [a related quantity] may include at least one of the following: sensing estimation accuracy, sensing estimation confident level, false alarm probability, detection probability, missed detection probability, sensing / estimation resolution, and sensing service latency.

[0154] In this disclosure, a comparison between multiple values ​​(comparison result) may be a change / variation / difference / gap / ratio / variance / correlation. In this disclosure, change and difference / gap may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, variation and variance / deviation may be interchangeable.

[0155] In this disclosure, the terms RS / beam(set) for sensing, sensing RS, sensing beam, and RS / beam configured / activated based on sensing measurement settings may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0156] In this disclosure, the terms "RS(set) for sensing beam monitoring" and "sensing beam monitoring RS(set)" may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0157] In this disclosure, the terms reporting type, time-domain behavior, periodic (P), semi-persistent (SP), and aperiodic (AP) may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0158] In this disclosure, the terms event, condition, metric, criterion, threshold, and value range may be used interchangeably. In this disclosure, the terms event [occurrence] and condition [fulfillment] may be used interchangeably.

[0159] In this disclosure, the conditions that a quantity satisfies, that a quantity is greater than or less than a threshold (greater than or equal to or less than a threshold), and that a quantity is within / outside a value range may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, the conditions that a first quantity and a second quantity satisfy, that a first quantity is greater than or less than a second quantity [with an offset] (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to), and that the difference between a first quantity and a second quantity is within / outside a value range may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0160] In this disclosure, the terms "report," "report instance," "CSI report," and "UL channel (PUCCH / PUSCH)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0161] (Wireless communication method) <Communication beam and sensing beam> The communication beam and sensing beam may be based on at least one of the following scenarios.

[0162] ◆Scenario #1: Communication and sensing are TDM-enabled. TDM-enabled communication and sensing is a simpler method of resource multiplexing and may be supported in the initial stages of ISAC. In this scenario, the communication beam and the sensing beam can be determined separately. For example, different best / appropriate beams may be selected for communication and sensing.

[0163] As shown in the example of scenario #1 in Figure 6A, communication and sensing may be performed using TDM and different beams. In this example, at time T1, the UE receives PDSCH using the communication beam, and at time T2, the UE receives sensing RS using a different sensing beam.

[0164] Separate sensing beam reports and communication beam reports may be provided.

[0165] ◆Scenario #2 Communication and sensing are SDM. In SDM-enabled communication and sensing, overlapping time / frequency resources are used for communication and sensing. This is effective in terms of resource utilization efficiency. SDM-enabled communication and sensing is a promising multiplexing method for communication and sensing resources in later stages of ISAC. In SDM-enabled communication and sensing on the UE side, the NW needs to find an appropriate communication and sensing beam pair that allows the UE to receive the communication beam and sensing beam simultaneously.

[0166] As shown in the example of scenario #2 in Figure 6B, communication and sensing may be SDM and use different beams. In this example, the PDSCH and sensing RS are SDM, and the UE receives the PDSCH using the communication beam and receives the sensing RS using a different sensing beam.

[0167] ◆Scenario #3 PDSCH / PDCCH [DMRS] is used as the sensing channel / RS. Repurposing PDSCH / PDCCH for sensing is effective in reducing sensing overhead compared to using a dedicated RS for sensing.

[0168] As shown in the example of scenario #3 in Figure 6C, the communication channel / RS (PDSCH / PDCCH) may be used for sensing. In this example, the UE receives the PDSCH using the communication beam (a beam common to both communication and sensing) and performs sensing using the PDSCH [and its DMRS].

[0169] <Embodiment F1> Separate reporting instances for communication beam and sensing beam This embodiment relates to scenario #1. Sensing beam reporting and communication beam reporting may be performed separately within separate reporting instances.

[0170] In this embodiment, separate reporting instances may be used for sensing and communication, separate beam measurement RSs may be used for sensing and communication, and independent beam reporting RSs may be selected for sensing and communication.

[0171] According to this embodiment, since sensing beam management and communication beam management are independent of each other, processing can be simplified.

[0172] The UE may support reporting sensing beam quantities separate from communication beam reports. The UE may report capability information indicating such support.

[0173] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following embodiments F1-x.

[0174] <<Embodiment F1-1>>Settings The UE may set / instruct one or more settings for sensing beam measurement / reporting by the gNB via RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI / SIB, or by the [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocols, or [in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing] by the coordinating UE via a sidelink (e.g., PSSCH).

[0175] For each sensing beam measurement / reporting setting, an information element indicating at least one of the following embodiments F1-1x may be indicated.

[0176] ◆Embodiment F1-1A RS / channel for sensing beam measurement. Details will be described later.

[0177] ◆Embodiment F1-1B Quantity measured / reported. Details will be described later.

[0178] ◆Embodiment F1-1C: Reporting type and related reporting parameters. Details will be described later.

[0179] ◆Embodiment F1-1D The maximum number of beams / RS for sensing beam quantity within one reporting instance.

[0180] The maximum number of beams / RS for sensing beam quantities within a single reporting instance (the number supported) may be defined by the specification or reported by the UE as UE capability. This maximum number (supported) may be equal to, less than, or greater than 1 / 2 / 4 / 8. The maximum number (supported) may differ or be the same for the measured and reported quantities.

[0181] If the maximum number of beams / RSs is not set / specified, a default value may be applied. This default value may be, for example, 1, or the number of RSs set in the sensing beam reporting RS set.

[0182] ◆Embodiment F1-1E One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges for sensing beam quality used for beam / RS selection for sensing beam reporting.

[0183] For multiple use cases / requirements, one or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges may be set individually / separately.

[0184] This information element may also be applied to option 3 in the embodiment F1-2B described later (selection of a beam / RS that meets the sensing beam quality requirements for beam reporting).

[0185] <<<Details of Embodiment F1-1A>>> The RS / channel for sensing beam measurement may be based on at least one of the following details / variations.

[0186] ◆Details: In the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings, the RS / channel set may be configured for periodic (P) / simi-persistent (SP) / aperiodic (AP).

[0187] ◆Details: In gNB-to-UE bistatic sensing, the RS / channel may be at least one of the following: SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, PDSCH [DMRS], PDCCH [DMRS], novel sensing RS, and other RS / channels.

[0188] ◆Details: In UE1-to-UE2 bistatic sensing, the RS / channel may be at least one of the following: SRS, SL PRS, PSSCH [DMRS], novel sensing RS, and other RS / channels.

[0189] ◆Details: Up to X RS / channels may be configured within one setting of sensing beam measurement / reporting. The [maximum] value of X may be based on at least one of several features / variations below. —◆Feature: The [maximum] value of X may be defined in the specification, configured / indicated by gNB / [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI / SIB / LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocols, or reported / determined by UE as UE capability. —◆Feature: The [maximum] value of X may be equal to, less than, or greater than the values ​​of 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 / 64 / 128. —◆Variation: The [maximum] value of X may be different or the same for multiple configured measurement / reporting quantities.

[0190] ◆Details: Within the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings, an Rx beam (e.g., TCI state / QCL type D RS) may be configured for measurement for each RS / channel within the sensing beam measurement RS set. This Rx beam may be based on at least one of the following features / variations: —◆Feature: The same Rx beam may be configured for multiple RS / channels within the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings, or different Rx beams may be configured. —◆Variation: The sensing Rx beam configured for an RS in sensing beam management may differ from the communication Rx beam of that RS. For example, in an existing communication system, an Rx beam is configured / defined for an SSB resource. For the purpose of sensing beam measurement / reporting, the Rx beam for measuring the SSB may differ from the beam for receiving the SSB for communication. —◆Variation: Multiple RS / channels within the sensing beam measurement RS set may be transmitted by the same Tx beam or by different Tx beams on the Tx side. Within the sensing beam measurement settings, parameters may be set to indicate the same or different Tx beams for the multiple RS / channels.

[0191] ◆Variations: The sensing beam measurement RS set may be implicitly derived from the sensing measurement settings for the sensing target. For example, the sensing beam measurement RS set may be multiple RS / channels within the sensing measurement settings for the sensing target.

[0192] ◆Details: RS / channel measurements may represent sensing quality for Rx beam quality, Tx beam quality, or Tx-Rx beam pair quality. RS / channel measurements may be based on at least one of the following features: —Feature: If the same Rx beam is configured for multiple RS / channels, and these multiple RS / channels are transmitted using different Tx beams on the Tx side, the reported quantity for the RS / channel represents Tx beam [sensing] quality. —Feature: If different Rx beams are configured for multiple RS / channels, and these multiple RS / channels are transmitted using the same Tx beam on the Tx side, the reported quantity for the RS / channel represents Rx beam [sensing] quality. —Feature: If different Rx beams are configured for multiple RS / channels, and these multiple RS / channels are transmitted using different Tx beams on the Tx side, the reported quantity for the RS / channel represents Tx-Rx beam pair [sensing] quality.

[0193] ◆Variations: The UE may expect / assume that multiple RSs in a set of RSs within the beam measurement / reporting setup satisfy at least one of the following conditions: —◆Condition: The number of ports [for each of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the number of ports may be 1 or 2 (the RS may be a single-port RS or a two-port RS). —◆Condition: The frequency density [of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 REs per RB, or 1 RB for every 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 8 RBs. As in the example in Figure 7, a specific value of frequency density ρ = 3 may represent that the RS maps to ρ = 3 REs per RB. ―◆Condition: The bandwidth (BW) of the multiple RSs is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be a multiple of 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 / 12 RBs. ―◆Condition: The number of symbols / slots of the multiple RSs is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 symbols / slots. ―◆Condition: All RSs in the RS set within the beam measurement / reporting setup have at least one of the same time-domain behavior, the same frequency resources, and the same number of ports. The time-domain behavior may be at least one of the following: for example, P, SP, or AP type and period. The frequency resources may be, for example, BW / density.

[0194] <<<Details of Embodiment F1-1B>>> The amount of candidate beam measurement / reporting for the sensing beam measurement / reporting setting may be based on at least one of the following amounts.

[0195] ◆Quantity: A quantity related to the measurement result. The quantity may include at least one of the following: filtered RSRP, filtered RSRQ, filtered SINR, filtered signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR), all or part of the CSI in the spatial / frequency / time domain, and the CSI in the transformation / Doppler domain. The transformation domain may be the angle / delay domain. The Doppler domain may include at least one of the following: CIR, TCIR, PDP, TPDP, and R-D-A map.

[0196] ◆Quantity: A quantity related to the sensing result. This quantity may include at least one of the following: position, latitude, longitude, altitude, angle, distance, velocity, and detection / identification of an object / shape / attitude.

[0197] ◆Quantity: Sensing KPI [a quantity related to the KPI]. This quantity may include at least one of the following: sensing estimation accuracy, sensing estimation confidence level, false alarm rate, detection rate, non-detection rate, sensing / estimation resolution, and sensing service latency.

[0198] <<<Details of Embodiment F1-1C>>> The reporting type and the associated reporting parameters may be based on at least one of the following details.

[0199] ◆Details: Multiple candidate report types for setting up sensing beam measurement / reporting include at least one of P, SP, AP, and Event Triggered.

[0200] ◆Details: In the SP / AP reporting type, the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings may be activated by MAC CE / DCI.

[0201] ◆Details: In the P / SP reporting type, the sensing beam reporting cycle may be set / instructed.

[0202] ◆Details: In the AP reporting type, the number of reporting instances (e.g., N≧1) may be defined or set in the specification. If N>1, the reporting interval (e.g., M) may be set / indicated. This reporting type may be based on at least one of the following features: —◆Feature: If the AP sensing beam measurement / reporting setting is activated, the UE may report N sensing beam reporting instances. If N is not set, a value defined in the specification (e.g., 1) may be applied as N. —◆Feature: If N>1, the interval between two consecutive sensing beam reporting instances may be M symbols / slots / subframes / frames / [ms] / [s].

[0203] ◆Details: In the event-triggered reporting type, the triggering event and its associated threshold / condition / value range may be defined or set in the specification. Details of the triggering event and its associated threshold / condition / value range may be based on Embodiment I0-1.

[0204] ◆Details: In the event-triggered reporting type, the number of reporting instances (e.g., N≧1) may be defined or set in the specification. If N>1, the reporting interval (e.g., M) may be set / indicated. This reporting type may be based on at least one of the following features: —◆Feature: If the triggering event is met, the UE may report N sensing beam reporting instances. If N is not set, a value defined in the specification (e.g., 1) may be applied as N. —◆Feature: If N>1, the interval between two consecutive sensing beam reporting instances may be M symbols / slots / subframes / frames / [ms] / [s].

[0205] <<Embodiment F1-2>> Reporting The UE may report the sensing beam measurement results to the gNB via UCI / PUSCH / RRC IE / MAC CE, to the [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via LPP / SLPP / [Like LPP] Novel Sensing Protocols, or to the Coordinated UE via a sidelink (e.g., PSSCH) [in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing].

[0206] The report may be based on at least one of the following embodiments F1-2x.

[0207] <<<Embodiment F1-2A>>> The report may be based on at least one of the following reporting criteria.

[0208] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the P reporting type, the UE may periodically report sensing beam measurement results based on a set / defined period.

[0209] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the SP reporting type, once the sensing beam measurement / reporting setting is activated, the UE may periodically report the sensing beam measurement results based on the set / defined period.

[0210] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the AP reporting type, when N (≧1) reporting instances with intervals M are activated / triggered, the UE may report sensing beam measurement results in those N reporting instances.

[0211] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the event-triggered reporting type, when the triggering event is met, the UE may report sensing beam measurement results in N (≧1) reporting instances with intervals M.

[0212] <<<Embodiment F1-2B>>> The content / format of the report within a single reporting instance may be based on at least one of the following options:

[0213] ◆Option 1 The UE reports the beam measurement results [of the set measurement / report amount] for each beam / RS in the sensing beam measurement RS set.

[0214] This option may be based on at least one of the following characteristics:

[0215] ―◆Features: Regarding the order of beams / RS within a reporting instance, the UE may report the beam measurement results of beams / RS according to the ascending or descending order of the order / index of beams / RS within the RS set, or according to the ascending or descending order of the beam measurement results. The UE may also report the beams / RS corresponding to the measurement results for each beam. For example, within a reporting instance, the sensing beam (TCI status / QCL type D RS [index]) and the corresponding measurement / reported quantity result may be reported in the following order: ―◆Sensing beam #1, measurement / reported quantity result #1, ―◆Sensing beam #2, measurement / reported quantity result #2, ..., ―◆Sensing beam #k, measurement / reported quantity result #k, ...

[0216] ―◆Features: Regarding the reporting format, the UE may report the absolute beam measurement results [of the set measurement / reported amount] for each beam / RS, or it may report the absolute beam measurement results for the first beam / RS and the differential beam measurement results for the other beams / RS [relative to that absolute beam measurement result].

[0217] As shown in the example in Figure 8, the sensing beam report [#n] may include at least one of the following contents / CSI fields [in the following order]: —◆ Sensing beam / RS index #1 [corresponding to sensing beam measurement result #1] —◆ Sensing beam / RS index #2 [corresponding to sensing beam measurement result #2] —◆ [Best] sensing beam measurement result #1 —◆ [Difference from sensing beam measurement result #1] sensing beam measurement result #2

[0218] ◆Option 2 The UE reports beam measurement results [of the set amount of measurement / reporting] for X selected beams / RS within the sensing beam measurement RS set.

[0219] This option may be based on at least one of the following characteristics:

[0220] ―◆Features: The selection of X beams / RSs may depend on the UE implementation or follow a defined / configured selection rule. X may be provided by the number of RSs for sensing beam quality reporting within a single reporting instance. For example, the selection rule may be that the UE selects X beams / RSs that have the best sensing beam quality (in order from the beams / RS corresponding to the best sensing beam quality). The best sensing beam quality may be at least one of several values ​​below. ―◆Value: The best sensing beam quality is the maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation values] of the sensing beam measurement results. The sensing beam measurement results may be a [quantity related to] the measurement result, or a [quantity related to] the sensing result, or a [quantity related to] the sensing KPI. ―◆Value: The maximum or minimum [absolute] value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation values] of the difference / gap between multiple beam measurement results.

[0221] ―◆Features: The UE may also report the beam / RS index corresponding to each sensing beam measurement result.

[0222] ―◆Features: Regarding the order of beams / RS within a reporting instance, the UE may report the beam measurement results of beams / RS according to the ascending or descending order of the order / index of beams / RS within the RS set, or according to the ascending or descending order of the beam measurement results.

[0223] ―◆Features: Regarding the reporting format, the UE may report the absolute beam measurement results [of the set measurement / reported amount] for each beam / RS, or it may report the absolute beam measurement results for the first beam / RS and the differential beam measurement results for the other beams / RS [relative to that absolute beam measurement result].

[0224] ◆Option 3 The UE reports beam measurement results [a set amount of measurement / reporting] for [up to X] beams / RSs that have sensing beam quality better or worse than the defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0225] This option may be based on at least one of the following characteristics:

[0226] ―◆Features: The definition of "sensing beam quality that is better or worse than the defined / set conditions / threshold" may be based on Embodiment I0-1.

[0227] ―◆Features: X may be provided by the number of RS for sensing beam quality reporting within one reporting instance in the above-described embodiment F1-1D.

[0228] ―◆Features: If there are no X or more beams / RSs that have sensing beam quality better or worse than the defined / set conditions / thresholds, the UE may report beam measurement results [of the set measurement / reported amount] for all beams / RSs that have sensing beam quality better or worse than the defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0229] ―◆Features: If there are more than X beams / RSs that have sensing beam quality better or worse than the defined / set conditions / threshold, the UE may select X beams / RS from those beams / RS that have sensing beam quality better or worse than the defined / set conditions / threshold for the sensing beam measurement result report. The selection of X beams / RS may depend on the UE implementation or follow a selection rule. For example, the selection rule may be that the UE selects X beams / RS that have the best sensing beam quality (in order from the beam / RS corresponding to the best sensing beam quality). The best sensing beam quality may be at least one of several values ​​below. ―◆Value: The best sensing beam quality is the maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] of the sensing beam measurement result. The sensing beam measurement result may be, for example, a [quantity related to measurement result], or a [quantity related to sensing result], or a [quantity related to sensing KPI]. --◆Value: The maximum or minimum absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple sensing beam measurement results [of the mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation values].

[0230] ―◆Features: The UE may also report the beam / RS index corresponding to each sensing beam measurement result.

[0231] ―◆Features: Regarding the order of beams / RS within a reporting instance, the UE may report the beam measurement results of beams / RS according to the ascending or descending order of the order / index of beams / RS within the RS set, or according to the ascending or descending order of the beam measurement results.

[0232] ―◆Features: Regarding the reporting format, the UE may report the absolute beam measurement results [of the set measurement / reported amount] for each beam / RS, or it may report the absolute beam measurement results for the first beam / RS and the differential beam measurement results for the other beams / RS [relative to that absolute beam measurement result].

[0233] <Embodiment F2> One reporting instance for communication beam and sensing beam This embodiment relates to scenario #1. Within a single reporting instance, sensing beam reporting and communication beam reporting may be performed separately.

[0234] In this embodiment, one reporting instance may be used for sensing and communication, separate / common beam measurement RSs may be used for sensing and communication, and independent / separate beam reporting RSs may be selected for sensing and communication.

[0235] According to this embodiment, sensing beam reports and communication beam reports can be transmitted within a single reporting instance.

[0236] The UE may support reporting sensing beam quantities and communication beam quantities for separate sensing beams and communication beams within a single reporting instance. The UE may report capability information indicating this support.

[0237] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following embodiments F2-x.

[0238] <<Embodiment F2-1>>Settings The UE may set up one or more joint (joint) settings for communication and sensing beam measurement / reporting by the gNB via RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI / SIB, or by the [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocols, or by the coordinating UE via a sidelink (e.g., PSSCH) [in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing].

[0239] For each joint setting, an information element indicating at least one of the following several embodiments F2-1x may be indicated.

[0240] ◆Embodiment F2-1A RS / channel for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement. The RS / channel may be based on at least one of the following options: —◆Option 1: Separate sets of RS for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement. —◆Option 2: A common set of RS for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement.

[0241] Further details will be provided later.

[0242] ◆Embodiment F2-1B: Quantity of measurement / reporting for communication beam reporting and quantity of measurement / reporting for sensing beam reporting.

[0243] For communication beam reporting, existing reporting quantities for beam management within the communication system may be repurposed. These reporting quantities may be, for example, at least one of RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR. Sensing beam reporting may also be based on the embodiment F1-1B described above.

[0244] Further details will be provided later.

[0245] ◆Embodiment F2-1C Reporting type and associated reporting parameters. This may be based on the above-described embodiment F1-1C.

[0246] ◆Embodiment F2-1D The maximum number of beams / RS for communication beam quantity within one reporting instance and the maximum number of beams / RS for sensing beam quantity within that one reporting instance.

[0247] Further details will be provided later.

[0248] ◆Embodiment F2-1E One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges for communication beam quality and one or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges for sensing beam quality. These may be applied to beam / RS selection for communication / sensing beam reporting, as in Embodiment F2-2B described later.

[0249] Further details will be provided later.

[0250] <<<Details of Embodiment F2-1A>>> The RS / channel for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement may be based on at least one of the following several options x.

[0251] ◆Option 1: Separate sets of RS are used for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement.

[0252] Each of these separate sets may be based on at least one of the following details / variations:

[0253] ―◆Details: The UE may configure a first set of RS for communication beam measurement and a second set of RS / channels for sensing beam measurement.

[0254] ―◆Details: In the first RS set for communication beam measurement, multiple SSB / CSI-RS resources for beam management within the communication system (e.g., multiple SSB / CSI-RS resources for CSI reporting quantities RSRP / RSRQ / SINR) may be repurposed.

[0255] ―◆Details: The second RS set for sensing beam measurement may be based on the embodiment F1-1A described above.

[0256] ―◆Variations: The maximum total number of RSs in the first RS set [for communication beam measurement] and the second RS set [for sensing beam measurement] may be defined in the specification or reported by the UE as UE capability. For multiple set quantities of communication and sensing beam measurement / reporting, the maximum number of RS transmissions in the first RS set and the second RS set may differ.

[0257] ―◆Variation: The UE may expect / assume, or may not expect / assume, at least one of the following constraints regarding the RS in the first RS set and the RS in the second RS set. ―◆Constraint: The RS in the first RS set and the RS in the second RS set have the same time-domain behavior. The time-domain behavior may include at least one of the P / SP / AP type and period. The maximum gap between the RS in the first RS set and the RS in the second RS set [within the same period] may be less (greater) than the value defined in the specification. ―◆Constraint: The BW / frequency density of the RS in the first RS set may be equal to (or less than, or greater than) the BW / frequency density of the RS in the second RS set. ―◆Constraint: The number of ports for the RS in the first RS set may be equal to (or less than, or greater than) the number of ports for the RS in the second RS set. --◆Constraint: [Except when the same Rx beam is set for the RS in the first RS set and the RS in the second RS set], the RS in the first RS set and the RS in the second RS set do not have to overlap in the time domain. --◆Constraint: The RS in the first RS set may have the same Rx beam (TCI state / QCL type D RS) as the RS in the second RS set, or it may have a different Rx beam (TCI state / QCL type D RS).

[0258] ―◆Variation: If only one RS set is configured (i.e., embodiment F2-1B is not configured), the UE may assume that the RS set is used for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement. In this case, option 1 may be equal to option 2.

[0259] ◆Option 2 A common set of RS is used for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement.

[0260] The common set may be based on at least one of the following details / variations:

[0261] ―◆Details: The RS[set] of P / SP / AP may be configured for communication and sensing beam measurements.

[0262] ―◆Details: The RS[set] for communication and sensing beam measurements may be multiple SSB / CSI-RS resources for beam management within the communication system (e.g., multiple SSB / CSI-RS resources for CSI reporting quantities RSRP / RSRQ / SINR).

[0263] ―◆Details: Up to X RS / channels may be configured within the RS set. The RS / channels may be based on at least one of the following features: ―◆Features: The [maximum] value of X may be defined in the specification, set / indicated by gNB / [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI / SIB / LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocols, or reported / determined by UE as UE capability. ―◆Features: The [maximum] value of X may be equal to, less than, or greater than the values ​​of 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 / 64 / 128.

[0264] ―◆Details: An Rx beam (e.g., TCI state / QCL type D RS) may be set for measurement for each RS / channel within that RS set. The Rx beam may be based on at least one of the following features / variations: ―◆Features: The same Rx beam may be set for multiple RS / channels within that RS set, or different Rx beams may be set. ―◆Variations: Multiple RS / channels within that RS set may be transmitted by the same Tx beam or by different Tx beams on the Tx side. A parameter may be set within the measurement setting to indicate the same Tx beam or different Tx beams for those multiple RS / channels.

[0265] ―◆Variation: The UE may expect / assume that multiple RSs in a set of RSs within the beam measurement / reporting setup satisfy at least one of the following conditions: ―◆Condition: The number of ports [for each of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the number of ports may be 1 or 2 (the RS may be a single-port RS or a two-port RS). ―◆Condition: The frequency density [of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 REs per RB, or 1 RB for every 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 8 RBs. ―◆Condition: The bandwidth (BW) [of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be a multiple of 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 / 12 RBs. --◆Condition: The number of symbols / slots [of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 symbols / slots. --◆Condition: All RSs in the RS set within the beam measurement / reporting setup have at least one of the same time-domain behavior, the same frequency resource, and the same number of ports. The time-domain behavior may be, for example, the type of P, SP, or AP, and the period. The frequency resource may be, for example, BW / density.

[0266] <<<Details of Embodiment F2-1B>>> The amount of candidate beam measurement / reporting for the communication beam measurement / reporting settings and the amount of candidate beam measurement / reporting for the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings may be based on at least one of the following several options x.

[0267] ◆Option 1: The amount of measurement / reporting for communication and sensing beam measurement / reporting may be set separately by separate parameters.

[0268] The UE may expect / assume one or more constraints regarding the communication beam metric and the sensing beam metric. For example, if RSRP / RSRQ / SINR is set as the communication beam metric, the UE may or may not assume that the set sensing beam metric is at least one of the following: a metric [related to] the measurement result, a sensing [related to] the sensing result, and a sensing KPI [related to] the sensing KPI. The metric [related to] the measurement result may include at least one of the following: filtered RSRP, filtered RSRQ, filtered SINR, filtered signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR), all or part of the CSI in the spatial / frequency / time domain, and the CSI in the transformation / Doppler domain. The transformation domain may be the angle / delay domain. The Doppler domain may include at least one of the following: CIR, TCIR, PDP, TPDP, and R-D-A map. The sensing result [a related quantity] may include at least one of the following: position, latitude, longitude, altitude, angle, distance, velocity, and detection / identification of object / shape / attitude. The sensing KPI [a related quantity] may include at least one of the following: sensing estimation accuracy, sensing estimation confidence level, false alarm rate, detection rate, non-detection rate, sensing / estimation resolution, and sensing service latency.

[0269] ◆Option 2 The amount of measurement / reporting for communication and sensing beam measurement / reporting may be set jointly by a single parameter.

[0270] Candidate combinations of the amount of measurement / reporting for the communication beam and the amount of measurement / reporting for the sensing beam may be defined in the specification. If one combination is specified / set, the corresponding amount of measurement / reporting for the communication beam and the amount of measurement / reporting for the sensing beam are determined.

[0271] For example, the combination "RSRP-confidence level" may mean that the measurement / reporting quantity for the communication beam is RSRP, and the measurement / reporting quantity for the sensing beam is confidence level.

[0272] <<<Details of Embodiment F2-1D>>> The maximum number of beams / RS for communication beam quantity within one reporting instance and the maximum number of beams / RS for sensing beam quantity within that one reporting instance may be based on at least one of the following several options x:

[0273] ◆Option 1 A common value is specified for the [maximum] number of beams / RS for communication beam quantity within a single reporting instance and for the [maximum] number of beams / RS for sensing beam quantity within that same reporting instance.

[0274] This option may be based on at least one of the following details.

[0275] ―◆Details: The maximum value (supported value) of the common value may be defined in the specification or reported by the UE as UE capability. The maximum value (supported value) may be equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. The specific value may be 1 / 2 / 4 / 8. The maximum value (supported value) may differ for multiple quantities of communication / sensing beam measurement / reporting.

[0276] ―◆Details: If the common value is not set / specified, the default value (e.g., 1) may be applied as the common value.

[0277] ◆Option 2 Separate values ​​are specified for the [maximum] number of beams / RS for the communication beam quantity within a single reporting instance and for the [maximum] number of beams / RS for the sensing beam quantity within that same reporting instance.

[0278] This option may be based on at least one of the following details / variations.

[0279] ―◆Details: The maximum number of beams / RS for the communication / sensing beam quantity within a single reporting instance (supported value) may be defined in the specification or reported by the UE as UE capability. This maximum number (supported value) may be equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. The specific value may be 1 / 2 / 4 / 8. The maximum number (supported value) may differ for multiple quantities measured / reported.

[0280] ―◆Variations: The maximum value (supported value) of the total number of beams / RS for communication beam quantity and sensing beam quantity within a single reporting instance may be defined in the specification or reported by the UE as UE capability. This maximum value (supported value) may be equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. The specific value may be 1 / 2 / 4 / 8. The maximum value (supported value) may differ for multiple quantities of communication / sensing beam measurement / reporting.

[0281] ―◆Details: The UE may expect / assume that the number of beams / RS set for reporting sensing beam quantity is greater than (or equal to) the number of beams / RS set for reporting communication beam quantity, or less than (or equal to) the number of beams / RS set for reporting communication beam quantity, or equal to the number of beams / RS set for reporting communication beam quantity.

[0282] <<<Details of Embodiment F2-1E>>> One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to the beam quality of communication / sensing may be used for beam / RS selection for communication / sensing beam reporting.

[0283] Thresholds, conditions, and value ranges may be set separately or individually for multiple use cases / requirements.

[0284] One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to communication / sensing beam quality may be based on at least one of the following options x:

[0285] ◆Option a: One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to the beam quality of communications / sensing are used for beam / RS selection for communication / sensing beam reporting.

[0286] For example, {communication beam quality threshold #1} may be used for beam / RS selection for communication beam reporting. For example, {sensing beam quality threshold #2} may be used for beam / RS selection for sensing beam reporting.

[0287] These thresholds / conditions / value ranges may correspond to the beam / RS selection rules in option 1 of embodiment F2-2B described later.

[0288] ◆Option b For beam / RS selection for communication / sensing beam reporting, one or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to communication beam quality and one or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to sensing beam quality are set.

[0289] For example, {communication beam quality threshold #1, sensing beam quality threshold #2} may be used for beam / RS selection for communication beam reporting. For example, {communication beam quality threshold #3, sensing beam quality threshold #4} may be used for beam / RS selection for sensing beam reporting.

[0290] These thresholds / conditions / value ranges may correspond to the beam / RS selection rules in option 2 of embodiment F2-2B described later.

[0291] <<Embodiment F2-2>> Reporting The UE may report the communication beam measurement results and sensing beam measurement results to the gNB via UCI / PUSCH / RRC IE / MAC CE, or to the [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocol, or to the coordinating UE via a sidelink (e.g., PSSCH) [in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing].

[0292] The report may be based on at least one of the following embodiments F2-2x.

[0293] <<<Embodiment F2-2A>>> The report may be based on at least one of the following reporting criteria / variations.

[0294] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the P reporting type, the UE may periodically report communication beam measurement results and sensing beam measurement results based on a set / defined period. —◆Variations: The reporting period may be determined based on previous measurement results (may depend on previous measurement results). For example, multiple candidate values ​​for the period may be defined in the specification or set by the NW. The UE may select one value from these multiple candidate values ​​based on the measurement result. For example, a value with a larger period may be selected from among the candidate values ​​corresponding to a measurement result having sensing beam quality better than a threshold. A mapping / relationship between sensing beam quality (sensing beam measurement result) and the period may be defined / set.

[0295] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the SP reporting type, once the beam measurement / reporting settings are activated, the UE may periodically report the communication beam measurement results and sensing beam measurement results based on the set / defined period. —◆Variations: The reporting period may be determined based on previous measurement results (may depend on previous measurement results). For example, multiple candidate values ​​for the period may be defined in the specification or set by the NW. The UE may select one value from these multiple candidate values ​​based on the measurement results. For example, a value with a larger period may be selected from the candidate values ​​corresponding to measurement results with sensing beam quality better than a threshold. A mapping / relationship between sensing beam quality (sensing beam measurement results) and the period may be defined / set.

[0296] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the AP reporting type, when N (≧1) reporting instances with intervals M are activated / triggered, the UE may report communication beam measurement results and sensing beam measurement results in those N reporting instances.

[0297] ◆Reporting Criteria: In the event-triggered reporting type, when the triggering event is met, the UE may report communication beam measurement results and sensing beam measurement results in N (≧1) reporting instances with intervals M.

[0298] <<<Embodiment F2-2B>>> The UE may report the communication beam measurement results and the sensing beam measurement results within a single reporting instance.

[0299] Within a single reporting instance, communication beam measurement results may precede sensing beam measurement results, or communication beam measurement results may follow sensing beam measurement results.

[0300] In the communication beam measurement results within a reporting instance, the UE may report the beam measurement results for each beam / RS in the [communication] beam measurement RS set, or it may report the communication beam measurement results for up to X beams / RS from the [communication] beam measurement RS set. The reporting format for communication beam measurement results may be adapted from the reporting format for [reported quantities RSRP / RSRQ / SINR] in NR beam measurement reports.

[0301] In the sensing beam measurement results within a reporting instance, the UE may report the beam measurement results for each beam / RS in the [Sensing] beam measurement RS set, or it may report the sensing beam measurement results for up to X beams / RS from the [Sensing] beam measurement RS set.

[0302] As shown in the example in Figure 9, the beam report [#n] for the communication and sensing joint may include at least one of the following contents / CSI fields [in the following order]: —◆ Communication beam / RS index #1 [corresponding to communication beam measurement result #1] —◆ Communication beam / RS index #2 [corresponding to communication beam measurement result #2] —◆ [Best] communication beam measurement result #1 —◆ [Difference from communication beam measurement result #1] communication beam measurement result #2 —◆ [Corresponding to sensing beam measurement result #k1] sensing beam / RS index #k1 —◆ [Corresponding to sensing beam measurement result #k2] sensing beam / RS index #k2 —◆ [Best] sensing beam measurement result #k1 —◆ [Difference from sensing beam measurement result #k1] sensing beam measurement result #k2

[0303] Within a single reporting instance, the relationship between one or more selected beams / RS for communication beam reporting and one or more selected beams / RS for sensing beam reporting may be based on at least one of the following options x:

[0304] ◆Option 1 The selection of beam / RS for sensing beam reporting may be based solely on sensing beam quality. The selection of beam / RS for communication beam reporting may be based solely on communication beam quality. Communication beam quality may not be considered in the selection of beam / RS for sensing beam reporting. Sensing beam quality may not be considered in the selection of beam / RS for communication beam reporting.

[0305] This option may be based on at least one of the following options 1-x.

[0306] ―◆Option 1-1 One or more beams / RSs may be selected independently for communication beam reporting and sensing beam reporting.

[0307] The aforementioned embodiment F1-2B may be adapted for beam / RS selection for sensing beam reporting.

[0308] The beam / RS selected for communication beam reporting and the beam / RS selected for sensing beam reporting, [in part or in whole], may be the same (they may overlap) or different (they may not overlap).

[0309] ―◆Option 1-2 One or more different (non-overlapping) RSs may be selected for communication beam reporting and sensing beam reporting. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples.

[0310] --◆Example: The UE may first select a beam / RS for communication beam reporting, and then select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting from the remaining beam / RS that were not selected for communication beam reporting. The selection rules in option 2 / 3 of the above embodiment F1-2B may be adapted to select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting from the remaining beam / RS.

[0311] --◆Example: The UE may first select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting, and then select a beam / RS for communication beam reporting from the remaining beams / RS that were not selected for sensing beam reporting. The selection rules in option 2 / 3 of the above embodiment F1-2B may be adapted to select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting.

[0312] ◆Option 2 The selection of beam / RS for communication / sensing beam reporting may be based on both communication beam quality and sensing beam quality. Communication beam quality may be considered in the selection of beam / RS for sensing beam reporting. Sensing beam quality may be considered in the selection of beam / RS for communication beam reporting.

[0313] This option may be based on at least one of the following options 2-x.

[0314] ―◆Option 2-1 One or more beams / RSs may be selected independently for communication beam reporting and sensing beam reporting.

[0315] The UE may, based on the selection rules, select up to X1 beams / RS for sensing beam reporting from the [communication / sensing] beam measurement RS set, and may, based on the selection rules, select up to X2 beams / RS for communication beam reporting from the [communication / sensing] beam measurement RS set. X1 may be provided as the maximum number of beams / RS for sensing beam reporting in a single reporting instance. X2 may be provided as the maximum number of beams / RS for communication beam reporting in a single reporting instance.

[0316] Option 2-1 may be based on at least one of the following options 2-1x.

[0317] --◆Option 2-1a Up to X1 beams / RS may have the best sensing quality and meet the required communication beam quality. Up to X2 beams / RS may have the best communication quality and meet the required sensing beam quality. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples.

[0318] ---◆Example: For sensing beam reporting, the UE may select up to X1 beams / RS from the [sensing] beam measurement RS set having the following required sensing beam quality and specific communication beam quality. ---◆Required sensing beam quality may be at least one of the maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] of the sensing beam measurement result and the maximum or minimum [absolute] value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] of the difference / gap between multiple sensing beam measurement results. The sensing beam measurement result may be, for example, a [quantity related to measurement result], or a [quantity related to sensing result], or a [quantity related to sensing KPI]. ---◆Specific communication beam quality may be a communication beam quality that is greater than or less than a defined / set threshold (greater than or less than or equal to a defined / set threshold) [for a defined / set duration or time instance], or a communication beam quality that is within a defined / set value range [for a defined / set duration or time instance]. The communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0319] ---◆Example: For communication beam reporting, the UE may select up to X2 beams / RS from the [communication] beam measurement RS set having the following specific communication beam quality and required sensing beam quality. ---◆Specific communication beam quality may be the maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] of the communication beam quality. Communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR. ---◆Required sensing beam quality may be sensing beam quality that is better or worse than the defined / set condition / threshold. Required sensing beam quality may be based on Embodiment I0-1.

[0320] --◆Option 2-1b The X1 beam / RS and the X2 beam / RS may satisfy both the required sensing beam quality and the required communication beam quality. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples.

[0321] ---◆For example, for sensing beam reporting, the UE may select up to X1 beams / RS from the [sensing] beam measurement RS set having the following required sensing beam quality and required communication beam quality. ---◆Required sensing beam quality may be better or worse than the defined / set condition / threshold. ---◆Required communication beam quality may be greater than or less than the defined / set threshold (greater than or less than the defined / set threshold) [for the defined / set duration or time instance], or it may be within the defined / set value range [for the defined / set duration or time instance]. Communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0322] If there are more than X1 beams / RS that satisfy both the required sensing beam quality and the required communication beam quality, the UE may select X1 beams / RS for sensing beam reporting from among the multiple beams / RS that satisfy both the required sensing beam quality and the required communication beam quality. This selection may depend on the UE implementation or may follow selection rules. The selection rules may select beams / RS that correspond to at least one of the following values: ---◆Value: The maximum or minimum value of the mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value of the sensing beam measurement result. The sensing beam measurement result may be, for example, a quantity related to the measurement result, or a quantity related to the sensing result, or a quantity related to the sensing KPI. ---◆Value: The maximum or minimum [absolute] value of the difference / gap [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] between multiple sensing beam measurement results.

[0323] ---◆For example, for communication beam reporting, the UE may select up to X2 beams / RS from the [communication] beam measurement RS set having the following required sensing beam quality and required communication beam quality. ---◆Required sensing beam quality may be a sensing beam quality that is better or worse than the defined / set condition / threshold. ---◆Required communication beam quality may be a communication beam quality that is greater than or less than the defined / set threshold (greater than or less than the defined / set threshold) [for the defined / set duration or time instance], or a communication beam quality that is within the defined / set value range [for the defined / set duration or time instance]. Communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0324] If there are more than X2 beams / RS that satisfy both the required sensing beam quality and the required communication beam quality, the UE may select X2 beams / RS for communication beam reporting from among the multiple beams / RS that satisfy both the required sensing beam quality and the required communication beam quality. This selection may depend on the UE implementation or may follow selection rules. The selection rules may select beams / RS that correspond to at least one of the following values: ――――◆Value: The maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation values] of the communication beam measurement results. The communication beam measurement results may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0325] ―◆Option 2-2 One or more different (non-overlapping) RSs may be selected for communication beam reporting and sensing beam reporting. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples.

[0326] --◆Example: The UE may first select a beam / RS for communication beam reporting, and then select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting from the remaining beam / RS that were not selected for communication beam reporting. The selection rules in option 2-1 above may be adapted to select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting from the remaining beam / RS.

[0327] --◆Example: The UE may first select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting, and then select a beam / RS for communication beam reporting from the remaining beams / RS that were not selected for sensing beam reporting. The selection rules in option 2-1 above may be adapted to select a beam / RS for sensing beam reporting.

[0328] <Embodiment G1> C-S Beam Pair This embodiment relates to Scenario #2. Sensing and communication beam measurement result reports (C-S beam pair report) may be performed for a communication-sensing beam pair (C-S beam pair).

[0329] In this embodiment, one reporting instance may be used for sensing and communication, separate / common beam measurement RSs may be used for sensing and communication, and a selection of beam / RS pairs for sensing and communication may be made.

[0330] According to this embodiment, the C-S beam pair report can help the network find a suitable C-S beam pair that has good quality of communication and sensing that can be simultaneously received by the user interface (UE).

[0331] The UE may support reporting sensing beam quantities and communication beam quantities for one or more selected C-S beam pairs within a single reporting instance. The UE may report capability information indicating this support.

[0332] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following embodiments G1-x.

[0333] <<Embodiment G1-1>>Settings The UE may set up one or more joint (joint) settings for communication and sensing beam measurement / reporting by the gNB via RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI / SIB, or by the [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocols, or by the coordinating UE via a sidelink (e.g., PSSCH) [in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing].

[0334] For each joint setting, an information element may be indicated that represents at least one of the following several embodiments G1-1x.

[0335] ◆Embodiment G1-1A RS / channel for communication beam measurement and sensing beam measurement. The RS / channel may be based on at least one of the following options.

[0336] ―◆Option 1: A first set of RS for communication beam measurement and a second set of RS / channel for sensing beam measurement.

[0337] This option may be based on Option 1 of Embodiment F2-1A. One or more beam pairs to be reported do not have to be fixed / specified. In beam pair reporting, the determination of each beam pair consisting of RSs in the first RS set and RSs in the second RS set, which can be simultaneously received by the UE, may depend on the UE implementation. The selection / determination of beam / RS pairs corresponding to the report may be based on Options 1 / 2 of Embodiment F1-2B.

[0338] ―◆Option 2 One set of RS pairs for C-S beam pair measurement. One or more beam pairs to be reported may be fixed / indicated. In beam pair reporting, the UE may select one or more beam pairs for reporting. The selection / determination of beam / RS pairs corresponding to reporting may be based on options 3 / 4 of Embodiment F1-2B.

[0339] Further details will be provided later.

[0340] ◆Embodiment G1-1B: The amount of measurement / reporting for communication beam reporting and the amount of measurement / reporting for sensing beam reporting. These amounts may be based on Embodiment F2-1B.

[0341] ◆Embodiment G1-1C Reporting type and associated reporting parameters. This may be based on Embodiment F1-1C. The reporting type / reporting parameters may be based on Embodiment F1-1C.

[0342] ◆Embodiment G1-1D The maximum number of beam / RS pairs for reporting the beam quantity of communication / sensing within a single reporting instance.

[0343] Further details will be provided later.

[0344] ◆Embodiment G1-1E One or more threshold / condition / value ranges related to at least one of communication beam quality and sensing beam quality for selecting beam / RS pairs for C-S beam pair reporting. The one or more threshold / condition / value ranges may be applied to the selection of beam / RS pairs for C-S beam pair reporting, as in Embodiment G1-2B described below.

[0345] Further details will be provided later.

[0346] <<<Details of Option 2 of Embodiment G1-1A>>> One set of RS pairs (RS pair set) is used for C-S beam pair measurement.

[0347] That one set may be based on at least one of the following examples / details / variations.

[0348] ―◆Example: For C-S beam pair measurement, a set of pairs {RS for communication beam, RS for sensing beam} may be configured.

[0349] ―◆Details: In each RS pair, the RS for communication / sensing beams may also be the RS for P / SP / AP.

[0350] ―◆Details: In each RS pair, the RS for the communication beam may be multiple SSB / CSI-RS resources for beam management within the communication system (e.g., multiple SSB / CSI-RS resources for CSI reporting quantities RSRP / RSRQ / SINR).

[0351] ―◆Details: In each RS pair, the RS for the sensing beam may be based on the embodiment F1-1A described above.

[0352] ―◆Details: Up to X RSs may be configured within an RS pair set. X may be based on at least one of the following features: ―◆Features: The [maximum] value of X may be defined in the specification, set / indicated by gNB / [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI / SIB / LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocols, or reported / determined by UE as UE capability. ―◆Features: The [maximum] value of X may be equal to, less than, or greater than the values ​​of 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 / 64 / 128.

[0353] ―◆Details: An Rx beam (e.g., TCI state / QCL type D RS) may be set for measurement for each RS within each RS pair. The Rx beam may be based on at least one of the following features / variations: ―◆Features: Different Rx beams may be set for multiple RSs within one RS pair. Different Rx beams may be set for multiple RSs for sensing beams within multiple RS pairs within one RS pair set. ―◆Variations: Multiple RSs for communication / sensing beams within multiple RS pairs within one RS pair set may be transmitted by the same Tx beam or by different Tx beams on the Tx side. Within the measurement setup, a parameter may be set to indicate the same or different Tx beams for multiple RSs for communication / sensing beams within multiple RS pairs within that RS pair set.

[0354] ―◆Variation: The UE may expect / assume that multiple RSs for communication / sensing beams within its RS pair set satisfy at least one of the following conditions: ―◆Condition: The number of ports [for each of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the number of ports may be 1 or 2 (the RS may be a single-port RS or a two-port RS). ―◆Condition: The frequency density [of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 REs per RB, or 1 RB for every 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 8 RBs. ―◆Condition: The bandwidth (BW) [of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be a multiple of 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 / 12 RBs. --◆Condition: The number of symbols / slots [of the multiple RSs] is equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value may be 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 symbols / slots. --◆Condition: All RSs in the RS pair set have at least one of the same time-domain behavior, the same frequency resources, and the same number of ports. The time-domain behavior may be at least one of, for example, the type of P, SP, or AP, and the period. The frequency resources may be, for example, BW / density. --◆Condition: The gap between the RS for the communication beam and the RS for the sensing beam in a beam (RS) pair is less than (or less than or equal to) a defined value. --◆Condition: The RSs for the communication and sensing beams in each RS pair are received simultaneously by the UE. ---◆Variation: The UE may report one or more beam pairs (e.g., one or more pairs of TCI status / QCL type D RS) that it can receive simultaneously (supported for simultaneous reception).

[0355] <<<Details of Embodiment G1-1D>>> The maximum number of beam / RS pairs for reporting communication and sensing beam quantities within a single reporting instance may be defined in the specification or reported by the UE as UE capability. The maximum number may be equal to, less than, or greater than a specific value. The specific value may be 1 / 2 / 4 / 8. The maximum number may differ for the type of measurement / reporting quantity.

[0356] If the supported maximum number is not set / indicated, the default value (e.g., 1), or the number of RS pairs for communication and sensing beammetry [option 2 of Embodiment G1-1A], or the number of RSs in the communication and sensing beammetry RS set, or the minimum value between the number of RSs in the communication beammetry RS set and the number of RSs in the sensing beammetry RS set [option 2 of Embodiment G1-1A], may be applied as the supported maximum number.

[0357] <<<Details of Embodiment G1-1E>>> One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to at least one of the communication beam quality and sensing beam quality may be used for beam / RS selection for communication and sensing beam pair reporting.

[0358] These one or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges may be set separately / individually for multiple use cases / requirements.

[0359] One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges may be based on at least one of the following options x:

[0360] ◆Option a: One or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to the beam quality of communications / sensing are used for selecting beam / RS pairs for communication and sensing beam reporting.

[0361] For example, {communication beam quality threshold #1} may represent the required communication beam quality for the communication beam in a beam / RS pair. For example, {sensing beam quality threshold #2} may represent the required sensing beam quality for the sensing beam in a beam / RS pair.

[0362] These thresholds / conditions / value ranges may correspond to the beam / RS pair selection rules in options 2-1 / 2-3 [for communication beams] and option 2-4 [for sensing beams] in Embodiment G1-2B described later.

[0363] ◆Option b For the selection of beam / RS pairs for communication and sensing beam reporting, one or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to communication beam quality and one or more thresholds / conditions / value ranges related to sensing beam quality are set.

[0364] For example, {communication beam quality threshold #1, sensing beam quality threshold #2} may represent the required communication beam quality and required sensing beam quality for the communication beam within a single beam / RS pair. For example, {communication beam quality threshold #3, sensing beam quality threshold #4} may represent the required communication beam quality and required sensing beam quality for the sensing beam within a single beam / RS pair.

[0365] These thresholds / conditions / value ranges may correspond to the beam / RS pair selection rules in options 2-2 / 2-3 [for sensing beams] and option 2-4 [for communication beams] in Embodiment G1-2B described later.

[0366] <<Embodiment G1-2>> Reporting The UE may report the communication beam quality and sensing beam quality for each pair of communication and sensing beams / RS within a single reporting instance to the gNB via UCI / PUSCH / RRC IE / MAC CE, or to the [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocol, or to the coordinating UE via a sidelink (e.g., PSSCH) [in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing].

[0367] The report may be based on at least one of the following embodiments G1-2x.

[0368] <<<Embodiment G1-2A>>> The reporting criteria may be based on Embodiment F2-2A.

[0369] <<<Embodiment G1-2B>>> The UE may report the beam measurement results for communication and sensing [a set amount of communication measurement / reporting and a set amount of sensing measurement / reporting] for up to X pairs of beam / RS.

[0370] As shown in the example in Figure 10, the reporting instance may include communication beam reporting and sensing beam reporting.

[0371] In this example, the communications beam report may include at least one of the following contents / CSI fields [in the following order]: —◆ Communications beam / RS index #1 [corresponding to communications beam measurement result #1] —◆ Communications beam / RS index #2 [corresponding to communications beam measurement result #2] —◆ [Best] communications beam measurement result #1 —◆ Communications beam measurement result #2 [difference from communications beam measurement result #1]

[0372] In this example, the sensing beam report may include at least one of the following contents / CSI fields: —◆ Sensing beam / RS index #k1 [corresponding to sensing beam measurement result #k1] —◆ Sensing beam / RS index #k2 [corresponding to sensing beam measurement result #k2] —◆ Sensing beam measurement result #k1 [best] —◆ Sensing beam measurement result #k2 [difference from sensing beam measurement result #k1]

[0373] The beam / RS at index #1 and the beam / RS at index #k1 can be received simultaneously by the UE. The beam / RS at index #2 and the beam / RS at index #k2 can be received simultaneously by the UE.

[0374] The content / format of the report may be based on at least one of the following options x.

[0375] ◆Option 1 The UE may select / determine up to X pairs of beams / RS having the best communication / sensing beam quality and report the communication and sensing beam measurement results for up to X pairs [the set amount of communication measurement / reporting and the set amount of sensing measurement / reporting]. Each pair of beams / RS may consist of one communication beam / RS from a communication beam measurement RS set and one sensing beam / RS from a sensing beam measurement RS set. Two beams / RS within a pair may be received simultaneously by the UE.

[0376] X may be provided by a maximum number of beam / RS pairs for communication and sensing beam quality reporting within a single reporting instance, as in the embodiment G1-1D described above.

[0377] The selection / decision of X pairs may depend on the UE implementation or follow a defined / configured selection rule. The selection rule may be based on at least one of the following options 1-x.

[0378] —◆[Corresponding to Option 1 of Embodiment G1-1A] Option 1-1 The UE selects X sensing beams / RS having the best sensing beam quality. For each selected sensing beam / RS, the UE may select one communication beam / RS that can be received simultaneously by the UE [satisfying the required communication beam quality].

[0379] "X sensing beams / RS having the best sensing beam quality" may also be X beams / RS having the following required sensing beam quality: --◆Required sensing beam quality may be at least one of the maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] of the sensing beam measurement result and the maximum or minimum [absolute] value of the difference / gap [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] between multiple sensing beam measurement results. The sensing beam measurement result may be, for example, a [quantity related to] the measurement result, or a [quantity related to] the sensing result, or a [quantity related to] the sensing KPI.

[0380] "A single communication beam / RS that satisfies the required communication beam quality" may be a single beam / RS having the following required communication beam quality: The required communication beam quality may be a communication beam quality that is greater than or less than a defined / set threshold (greater than or less than or equal to a defined / set threshold), or a communication beam quality that is within a defined / set value range. The communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0381] —◆[Corresponding to Option 1 of Embodiment G1-1A] Option 1-2 The UE selects X communication beams / RS having the best communication beam quality. For each selected communication beam / RS, the UE may select one sensing beam / RS that can be received simultaneously by the UE [satisfying the required sensing beam quality].

[0382] "X communication beams / RS having the best communication beam quality" may also be X beams / RS having the following required communication beam quality: The required communication beam quality may be the maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] of the communication beam quality. The communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0383] "A single sensing beam / RS that satisfies the required sensing beam quality" may be a single beam / RS having the following required sensing beam quality: The required sensing beam quality may be better or worse than the defined / set conditions / threshold, or may be based on Embodiment I0-1.

[0384] —◆[Corresponding to Option 3 of Embodiment G1-1A] Option 1-3 The UE selects X pairs of beams / RS having the best communication / sensing beam quality.

[0385] X pairs of beams / RS having the best sensing beam quality may also be X pairs of sensing beams having the following required sensing beam quality: The required sensing beam quality may be at least one of the following: the maximum or minimum value of the mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation of the sensing beam measurement results, and the maximum or minimum absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple sensing beam measurement results. The sensing beam measurement results may be, for example, a quantity related to the measurement result, or a quantity related to the sensing result, or a quantity related to the sensing KPI.

[0386] X pairs of beams / RS having the best communication beam quality may also be X pairs of communication beams having the following required communication beam quality: The required communication beam quality may be the maximum or minimum value of the [mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation] of the communication beam quality. The communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0387] ◆Option 2 The UE may select / determine up to X pairs of beams / RS having the required communication beam quality / required sensing beam quality, and report the communication and sensing beam measurement results for up to X pairs [the set amount of communication measurement / reporting and the set amount of sensing measurement / reporting]. Each pair of beams / RS may consist of one communication beam / RS from a communication beam measurement RS set and one sensing beam / RS from a sensing beam measurement RS set. Two beams / RS within a pair may be received simultaneously by the UE.

[0388] This option may be based on at least one of the following options 2-x.

[0389] ―◆Option 2-1: For each beam / RS pair for reporting, the sensing beam within the pair meets the required sensing beam quality, and the communication beam within the pair meets the required communication beam quality.

[0390] ―◆Option 2-2: For each beam / RS pair for reporting, the sensing beam within the pair meets the required sensing beam quality and required communication beam quality, and the communication beam within the pair meets the required communication beam quality and required sensing beam quality.

[0391] ―◆Option 2-3: For each beam / RS pair for reporting, the sensing beam within the pair meets the required sensing beam quality and required communication beam quality, and the communication beam within the pair meets the required communication beam quality.

[0392] ―◆Option 2-4: For each beam / RS pair for reporting, the sensing beam within the pair meets the required sensing beam quality, and the communication beam within the pair meets the required communication beam quality and required sensing beam quality.

[0393] The required sensing beam quality may be better or worse than the defined / set conditions / thresholds. These conditions / thresholds may be based on Embodiment I0-1.

[0394] The required communication beam quality may be greater than or less than a defined / set threshold (i.e., greater than or less than the defined / set threshold), or it may be within a defined / set value range. The communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0395] X may be provided by a maximum number of beam / RS pairs for communication and sensing beam quality reporting within a single reporting instance, as in the embodiment G1-1D described above.

[0396] If there are not X or more pairs of beams / RS having the required communication beam quality / required sensing beam quality, the UE may report the communication and sensing beam measurement results for all pairs of beams / RS having the required communication beam quality / required sensing beam quality.

[0397] If there are more than X pairs of beams / RS having the required communication beam quality / required sensing beam quality, the UE may select X pairs from the multiple pairs of beams / RS having the required communication beam quality / required sensing beam quality for reporting communication and sensing beam measurement results. The selection of X pairs may depend on the UE implementation or may follow a defined / configured selection rule. The selection rule may select X pairs corresponding to at least one of the following values ​​[in order from]: —◆Value: The maximum or minimum value of the mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value of the sensing beam measurement result. The sensing beam measurement result may be, for example, a quantity related to the measurement result, or a quantity related to the sensing result, or a quantity related to the sensing KPI. —◆Value: The maximum or minimum [absolute] value of the difference / gap [of the mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value] between multiple sensing beam measurement results. —◆Value: The maximum or minimum value of the mean / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation value of the communication beam quality. The communication beam quality may be, for example, RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0398] The UE may report the beam / RS index corresponding to each beam / RS pair.

[0399] Regarding the order of beams / RS within a reporting instance, the UE may report beam measurement results for multiple beams / RS in ascending or descending order of the order / index of the multiple beams / RS of communication / sensing within the RS set, or in ascending or descending order of the beam measurement results of communication / sensing.

[0400] Regarding the reporting format, the UE may report absolute beam measurement results for each selected beam / RS pair, or it may report absolute beam measurement results for the communication / sensing for the first beam / RS pair and differential beam measurement results for the other beam / RS pairs.

[0401] <Event-Triggered Sensing Beam Quality Reporting> Embodiment Ix relates to event-triggered sensing beam quality reporting. Embodiment Ix may also be intended for sensing beam management.

[0402] Embodiment Ix is effective for sensing beam management or sensing mobility management.

[0403] In UE-side sensing (gNB-to-UE bistatic sensing, UE1-to-UE2 bistatic sensing, UE monostatic sensing), the UE may support reporting sensing beam quality when one or more [event] triggering conditions are met. The [event] triggering conditions may be based on sensing beam quality.

[0404] <Embodiment I0> Conditions / metrics / criteria for determining sensing beam quality may be defined.

[0405] In sensing beam management, it may be necessary to determine the quality of the sensing beam. In communication beam management, the quality of the communication beam may be determined by the scalar values ​​RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0406] In wireless sensing, if there are multiple types of measured quantities (reported quantities), the determination of sensing beam quality may consider multiple factors. The measured quantity may be a quantity / result related to at least one of the measurement results, sensing results, or sensing KPIs.

[0407] Target-reflected RSRP can represent sensing beam quality. RSRP of RS not reflected by the sensing target can represent communication beam quality. However, more information may be needed to help determine whether the measured RSRP is target-reflected RSRP. This information may include, for example, delay / Doppler / multipath information. For example, if the measured Doppler frequency is 0 (the received signal is not reflected by the target), the sensing beam quality may be considered poor even if the measured RSRP is high.

[0408] In some use cases, the measured quantity is a vector (e.g., CSI / CIR) rather than a scalar value. In this case, determining / comparing sensing beam quality based on the measured vector quantity may require complex processing.

[0409] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately determine the quality of the sensing beam.

[0410] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following embodiments I0-x.

[0411] <<Embodiment I0-1>> A condition / metric / criterion may be defined for determining whether sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set condition / threshold. The condition / metric / criterion may include one of several conditions x (condition Ax based on measurement results, condition Bx based on sensing results, condition Cx based on a quantity related to sensing KPIs), or it may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0412] ◆Condition A1: The filtered / processed measurement result of the mean / maximum / minimum / median is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0413] ◆Condition A1a: Within a defined / set duration / time instance, one or more ratios / numbers of measurement results that are greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or that fall within a defined / set value range / set, are greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to) a defined / set threshold relative to the ratio / number, or that fall within a defined / set value range / set relative to the ratio / number.

[0414] ◆Condition A2: The variance / deviation of multiple measurement results [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the defined / set threshold, or is within the defined / set value range / set.

[0415] ◆Condition A3: The absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive measurement results [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0416] ◆Condition A4: The mean squared error (MSE) / minimum mean square error (MMSE) / error vector magnitude (EVM) / cosine similarity [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between multiple / two consecutive CSI measurement results [within a defined / defined duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to) a defined / defined threshold, or falls within a defined / defined value range / set.

[0417] ◆Condition A5: The MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between the CSI measurement result and the validation (true, ground-truth) CSI result is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or within a defined / set value range / set.

[0418] ◆Condition B0: The sensing object / target is detected or not detected.

[0419] ◆Condition B0a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing measurement instances having sensing objects / targets that are detected or not detected is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold for the ratio / number, or is within a defined / configured value range / set for the ratio / number.

[0420] ◆Condition B1: The filtered / processed sensing result (mean / maximum / minimum / median) is greater than or less than a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set. The value range may be, for example, a reliable range of the sensing result.

[0421] ◆Condition B1a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing results that is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold, or that falls within a defined / configured value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold relative to the ratio / number, or falls within a defined / configured value range / set relative to the ratio / number.

[0422] ◆Condition B2: The variance / deviation of multiple sensing results [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the defined / set threshold, or is within the defined / set value range / set.

[0423] ◆Condition B3: The difference / gap [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between multiple / two consecutive sensing results [within a defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0424] ◆Condition C1: A quantity related to the [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] sensing KPI for a single beam / RS is greater than or less than a defined / set threshold (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to), or falls within a defined / set value range / set. The value range may be, for example, a reliable range of sensing results.

[0425] ◆Condition C1a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more quantities related to sensing KPIs that is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold, or that falls within a defined / configured value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold relative to the ratio / number, or falls within a defined / configured value range / set relative to the ratio / number.

[0426] ◆Condition C2: The variance / deviation of quantities related to multiple sensing KPIs [within a defined / configured duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold, or is within a defined / configured value range / set.

[0427] ◆Condition C3: The difference / gap [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between multiple / two consecutive sensing KPIs [within a defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0428] <<Variations of Embodiment I0-1>> To determine whether sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold, one or more conditions relating to the same or different quantities within the same or different conditions x [in Embodiment I0-1] may be required. For example, the condition of quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition A1 and the condition of quantity #2 (e.g., Doppler) within condition A1 may be required for the determination. For example, the condition of quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition A1 and the condition of quantity #2 (e.g., target detection) within condition B0 may be required for the determination. These combinations are examples and other combinations are not excluded.

[0429] For multiple use cases, at least one of the conditions and the corresponding quantity may differ.

[0430] For each use case, conditions and corresponding quantities may be set by the network.

[0431] For at least one of the multiple quantities and multiple use cases, one or more thresholds or one or more value ranges may differ.

[0432] For at least one of the quantity, condition, and use case, one or more thresholds or one or more value ranges may be defined in the specification or set by the network.

[0433] Sensing beam quality that is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold may be determined by the UE based on an AI / ML model. For example, the measurement result [a quantity related to], the CSI measurement result [a quantity related to], or the sensing result [a quantity related to] may be the input to an ML classification model, and the determination of whether the sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold may be the output.

[0434] <<Embodiment I0-2>> Conditions / metrics / criteria may be defined for determining whether the sensing beam quality (first quality / first quantity) of beam / RS#A is worse or better than the sensing beam quality (second quality / second quantity) of beam / RS#B.

[0435] Beam / RS#A may be, for example, one or more current beams / RS in sensing. Beam / RS#B may be, for example, one or more candidate beams / RS in sensing.

[0436] The conditions / metrics / criteria may include one of several conditions x (condition Dx based on measurement results, condition Ex based on sensing results, condition Fx based on quantities related to sensing KPIs), or may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0437] ◆Condition D1: The [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] measurement result for beam / RS#A is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) the [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] measurement result for beam / RS#B [with a defined / set offset added].

[0438] ◆Condition D1a: Within a defined / set duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more measurement results for beam / RS#A that is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the defined / set threshold, or that falls within a defined / set value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the ratio / number of one or more measurement results for beam / RS#B [plus the defined / set offset] that falls within a defined / set duration / time instance.

[0439] ◆Condition D2: The variance / deviation of multiple measurements for beam / RS#A [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than the variance / deviation of multiple measurements for beam / RS#B [within the defined / set duration / time instance] [plus the defined / set offset].

[0440] ◆Condition D3: The absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive measurements for beam / RS#A [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive measurements for beam / RS#B [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] [plus the defined / set offset].

[0441] ◆Condition D4: The absolute value of the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity between multiple / two consecutive CSI measurement results for beam / RS#A [within a defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity between multiple / two consecutive CSI measurement results for beam / RS#B [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [plus a defined / set offset].

[0442] ◆Condition D5: The absolute value of the MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between the CSI measurement result and the validation CSI result for beam / RS#A is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] [amount of offset defined / set] between the CSI measurement result and the validation CSI result for beam / RS#B.

[0443] ◆Condition E0: The sensing object / target for the beam / RS#A is detected or not detected, AND the sensing object / target for the beam / RS#A is detected or not detected.

[0444] ◆ Condition E0a: Within a defined / set continuous time / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing measurement instances having a sensing object / target for beam / RS#A, whether detected or not detected, is greater or less (above or below) than the ratio / number of one or more sensing measurement instances having a sensing object / target for beam / RS#B, whether detected or not detected, within the defined / set continuous time / time instance [plus the offset defined / set for the quantity].

[0445] ◆ Condition E1: The variance / deviation of multiple sensing results for beam / RS#A within a [defined / set continuous time / time instance] is greater or less (above or below) than the variance / deviation of multiple sensing results for beam / RS#B within a [defined / set continuous time / time instance] [plus the offset defined / set for the quantity].

[0446] ◆ Condition E1a: Within a defined / set continuous time / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing results for beam / RS#A that is greater or less (above or below) than a defined / set threshold value, or within a defined / set value range / set, is greater or less (above or below) than the ratio / number of one or more sensing results for beam / RS#B that is greater or less (above or below) than a defined / set threshold value, or within a defined / set value range / set, within the defined / set continuous time / time instance [plus the offset defined / set for the quantity].

[0447] ◆ Condition E2: The difference / gap [absolute value] [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between a plurality / two consecutive sensing results for beam / RS#A within [defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than) the [amount obtained by adding the offset defined / set] to the difference / gap [absolute value] [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between a plurality / two consecutive sensing results for beam / RS#B within [defined / set duration / time instance].

[0448] ◆ Condition F1: The quantity related to the [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] sensing KPI for beam / RS#A is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than) the quantity related to the [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] sensing KPI for beam / RS#B [amount obtained by adding the offset defined / set].

[0449] ◆ Condition F1a: Within the [defined / set duration / time instance], the ratio / number of the quantity related to one or more sensing KPIs for beam / RS#A that is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than) the defined / set threshold, or within the defined / set value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than) the ratio / number of the quantity related to one or more sensing KPIs for beam / RS#B that is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than) the defined / set threshold, or within the defined / set value range / set, within the [defined / set duration / time instance] [amount obtained by adding the offset defined / set].

[0450] ◆ Condition F2: The variance / deviation of the quantity related to a plurality of sensing KPIs for beam / RS#A within [defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than) the variance / deviation of the quantity related to a plurality of sensing KPIs for beam / RS#B within [defined / set duration / time instance] [amount obtained by adding the offset defined / set].

[0451] ◆Condition F3: The absolute value of the difference / gap between quantities related to multiple / two consecutive sensing KPIs for beam / RS#A [within a defined / configured duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the difference / gap between quantities related to multiple / two consecutive sensing KPIs for beam / RS#B [within a defined / configured duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] [plus the defined / configured offset].

[0452] <<Variations of Embodiment I0-2>> To determine whether sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold, one or more conditions relating to the same or different quantities within the same or different conditions x [in Embodiment I0-2] may be required. For example, the conditions for quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition D1 and the conditions for quantity #2 (e.g., Doppler) within condition D1 may be required for the determination. For example, the conditions for quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition D1 and the conditions for quantity #2 (e.g., target detection) within condition E0 may be required for the determination. These combinations are examples and other combinations are not excluded.

[0453] For multiple use cases, at least one of the conditions and the corresponding quantity may differ.

[0454] For each use case, conditions and corresponding quantities may be set by the network.

[0455] In Embodiment I0-2, the conditions / metrics / criteria (at least one of several conditions x) can be applied to the conditions / metrics / criteria for determining whether the sensing beam quality of sensing node / cell #A is worse or better than that of sensing node / cell #B, by replacing "beam / RS" with "sensing node / cell". Thus, Embodiment I0-2 can be applied to sensing mobility.

[0456] <Supplement> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the embodiments described above, notification of any information from the Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS)) to the UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS at the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., DCI, PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0457] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0458] If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI. The specific field may be an existing DCI field or a new DCI field. The RNTI may be an existing RNTI or a new RNTI. The format of the DCI may be an existing DCI format or a new DCI format.

[0459] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0460] In the embodiments described above, the UE may receive information from the NW of at least one of the following QCL rules: ◆ QCL Type A ◆ QCL Type B ◆ QCL Type C ◆ QCL Type D

[0461] In the embodiments described above, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following RSs: ◆SSB ◆CSI-RS with / without repetition ◆TRS ◆DMRS for PDCCH / PDSCH

[0462] In the embodiments described above, information from the network may be set / instructed by the following methods: ◆ Common to multiple UEs, or individual to a UE ◆ Cell-specific, or common to multiple cells ◆ Per UE / Per CC / Per BWP / Per band / Per cell / Per cell group (CG)

[0463] <<Notification of Information from UE>> Notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the embodiments described above (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LPP messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., UCI, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0464] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0465] If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0466] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above-described embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0467] <<Regarding the application of each embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above may be applied (or used) if any or more of the following conditions are met: ◆ A higher-layer parameter indicating the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is set; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on the relevant higher-layer parameter; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is designated / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; ◆ A specific UE capability / specific BS capability indicating (or related to) the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is reported or supported; ◆ The application of the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0468] The above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ Capabilities of each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or of combinations of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each choice in each embodiment, or of combinations of multiple choices in each embodiment; ◆ The UE supports the measurement and reporting of sensing beams; ◆ The maximum number of sensing beams / RS in a single sensing beam reporting instance supported by the UE; ◆ The UE supports reporting sensing beam measurement results and communication beam measurement results separately for sensing beams and communication beams within a single reporting instance; ◆ The maximum number of beams / RS in a single joint reporting instance of communication beams and sensing beams supported by the UE; ◆ The UE supports simultaneously receiving SDM-enabled sensing channels / RS and communication channels / RS; ◆ The UE supports reporting communication beam measurement results and sensing beam measurement results for SDM-enabled communication and sensing beam pairs within a single reporting instance. ◆ The UE supports measuring sensing targets based on the communication channel (e.g., PDSCH / PDCCH) [DMRS]. ◆ The UE supports reporting both communication beam measurement results and sensing beam measurement results for the same beam within a single reporting instance. ◆ The UE supports reporting beam / RS selection based on communication beam quality and sensing beam quality.

[0469] The above-mentioned specific BS capabilities may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ Capabilities of each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each choice in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple choices in each embodiment.

[0470] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), a capability per frequency (e.g., one or a combination thereof, such as cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), a capability per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), a capability per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or a capability per feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC).

[0471] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all duplexing schemes (common to all duplexing schemes regardless of the duplexing scheme), or it may be a capability specific to each duplexing scheme (for example, Time Division Duplex (TDD), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0472] If the above conditions are not met, UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0473] Information regarding whether one or more of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, or which of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, may be based on several of the following methods: ◆ The information is set by one or more higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is determined by one or more relevant higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is indicated by MAC CE / DCI. ◆ The information is based on one or more UE capabilities. ◆ The information is described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is based on conditions described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is determined by a combination of several of the above information. For example, the information is determined by the setting / indication of higher-layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI and reported by UE capabilities.

[0474] The above multiple embodiments / options / choices may be combined into a single embodiment / option / choice.

[0475] In the embodiments described above, the measured RS may be a QCL source RS in an active TCI state / indicated / unified TCI state.

[0476] (Notes) The following inventions are noted with respect to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Note 1] A terminal having a receiving unit that receives one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams, and a control unit that controls the transmission of a report based on the quality of one or more pairs of communication beams and sensing beams from the one or more communication beams and the one or more sensing beams. [Note 2] The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the receiving unit receives at least one setting of one or more reference signals for the one or more communication beams and the one or more sensing beams, a report amount for the report, the time domain behavior of the report, the maximum number of the one or more pairs, and conditions for the selection of the one or more pairs. [Note 3] The terminal according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein the report includes, for each pair, an index of a first reference signal for the communication beam in the pair, an index of a second reference signal for the sensing beam in the pair, the quality of the first reference signal, and the quality of the second reference signal. [Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the control unit selects the one or more pairs that satisfy the conditions.

[0477] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure, or a combination thereof.

[0478] Figure 11 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply called system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), etc., as specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0479] Further, the wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity (multi-RAT dual connectivity (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC))) between a plurality of Radio Access Technologies (RATs). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), and the like.

[0480] In EN-DC, the base station (eNB) of LTE (E-UTRA) is the Master Node (MN), and the base station (gNB) of NR is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the base station (gNB) of NR is the MN, and the base station (eNB) of LTE (E-UTRA) is the SN.

[0481] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between a plurality of base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC)) where both the MN and the SN are base stations (gNBs) of NR).

[0482] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a relatively wide-coverage macro cell C1, and a base station 12 (12a - 12c) that is disposed within the macro cell C1 and forms a smaller cell C2 that is narrower than the macro cell C1. The user terminal 20 may be located within at least one cell. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and the user terminal 20 are not limited to the modes shown in the figures. Hereinafter, when the base stations 11 and 12 are not distinguished, they are collectively referred to as the base station 10.

[0483] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called a supercell, for example) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called subcells, for example). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell whose physical range fluctuates quasi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0484] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of Carrier Aggregation (CA) using multiple Component Carriers (CC) and Dual Connectivity (DC).

[0485] Each CC may be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). A macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and a small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz. Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be in a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0486] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate in each CC using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

[0487] Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which is the upstream station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is the relay station, may be called an IAB node.

[0488] Base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include at least one of the following: Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0489] The core network 30 may include network functions (NF) such as User Plane Function (UPF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), Data Network (DN), Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may occur via the DN.

[0490] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0491] In the wireless communication system 1, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless access scheme may be used. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-OFDM), etc., may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0492] The wireless access method may also be called a waveform. In wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (for example, other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL wireless access methods.

[0493] In the wireless communication system 1, a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Broadcast Channel (PBCH), or a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may be used as the downlink channel, which is shared by each user terminal 20.

[0494] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink channel may include a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), or the like, all of which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0495] User data, higher-layer control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and higher-layer control information may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) may be transmitted via PBCH.

[0496] Lower-layer control information may be transmitted by PDCCH. The lower-layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0497] Furthermore, the DCI that schedules PDSCH may be called DL assignment, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH may be called UL grant, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH may be read as DL data, and PUSCH may be read as UL data.

[0498] PDCCH detection may utilize a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. A search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A single CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. A UE may monitor CORESETs associated with a given search space based on the search space configuration.

[0499] A single search space may correspond to one or more PDCCH candidates corresponding to aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. In this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," and "CORESET configuration" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0500] PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery acknowledgment information (for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with the cell.

[0501] In this disclosure, downlinks, uplinks, etc., may be expressed without the prefix "link." Also, the prefix "physical" may be omitted from the names of various channels.

[0502] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc., may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, the DL-RS may include a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc.

[0503] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS / PBCH block, SS Block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be called reference signals.

[0504] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) may include a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. The DMRS may also be called a user-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

[0505] (Base Station) Figure 12 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of the control unit 110, the transmitting / receiving unit 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

[0506] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0507] The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0508] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 120, transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of wireless resources, etc.

[0509] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0510] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122 and a measuring unit 123.

[0511] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0512] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also receive the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0513] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0514] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform processing on data and control information acquired from the control unit 110, for example, at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0515] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0516] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0517] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0518] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (receiving processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0519] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0520] The transmission path interface 140 may send and receive signals (backhaul signaling) with devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0521] In this disclosure, the transmitting and receiving units of the base station 10 may consist of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140.

[0522] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a Radio Unit (RU), a Distributed Unit (DU), and a Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level physical layer functions (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0523] In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In this disclosure, base station 10 may be interpreted as RU / DU / CU.

[0524] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams. The control unit 110 may control the reception of reports from the one or more communication beams and the one or more sensing beams based on the quality of one or more pairs of communication beams and sensing beams.

[0525] (User Terminal) Figure 13 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be provided.

[0526] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0527] The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0528] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 220.

[0529] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0530] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222 and a measuring unit 223.

[0531] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0532] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0533] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0534] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc., on data and control information acquired from the control unit 210 to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0535] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0536] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the transform precoding settings. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process to transmit a channel (for example, PUSCH) using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform if transform precoding is enabled for that channel, or it may not perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process if transform precoding is not enabled for that channel.

[0537] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0538] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0539] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (receiving processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0540] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measuring unit 223) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measuring unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc., based on the received signal. The measuring unit 223 may also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0541] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources may be, for example, Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources may be at least one of the following: NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be called CSI-Interference Management (IM), and may be interpreted interchangeably with Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0542] In this disclosure, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 may be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 220 and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0543] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams. The control unit 210 may control the transmission of reports based on the quality of one or more pairs of communication beams and sensing beams from the one or more communication beams and the one or more sensing beams.

[0544] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive at least one setting of the following: one or more communication beams and one or more reference signals for the one or more sensing beams, a report amount for the report, the time domain behavior of the report, the maximum number of the one or more pairs, and the conditions for selecting the one or more pairs.

[0545] The report may include, for each pair, the index of a first reference signal for the communication beam in the pair, the index of a second reference signal for the sensing beam in the pair, the quality of the first reference signal, and the quality of the second reference signal.

[0546] The control unit 210 may select one or more pairs that satisfy the conditions.

[0547] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagram used in the description of the above embodiment shows functional units. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or it may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wired or wireless connections). A functional block may also be realized by combining the above one device or the above multiple devices with software.

[0548] Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, derivation, investigation, exploration, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating (mapping), and assigning. For example, a functional block (configuration part) that enables transmission may be called a transmitting unit or transmitter. In all cases, as mentioned above, the method of implementation is not particularly limited.

[0549] For example, a base station, user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that processes the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 14 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, communication device 1004, input device 1005, output device 1006, bus 1007, etc.

[0550] In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit are interchangeable. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may include one or more of the devices shown in the figure, or it may be configured without some of the devices.

[0551] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown in the diagram, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, the processing may be performed by one processor, or it may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or by other means. Note that the processor 1001 may be implemented using one or more chips.

[0552] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, which allows the processor 1001 to perform calculations and control communication via the communication device 1004, or control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

[0553] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer, for example, by running an operating system. The processor 1001 may be composed of a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic units, registers, etc. For example, at least a part of the control unit 110 (210) and the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) described above may be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0554] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes accordingly. The program used is one that causes the computer to execute at least a part of the operations described in the above embodiment. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and other functional blocks may be implemented similarly.

[0555] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, or main memory. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for carrying out a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0556] The storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a Compact Disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a Digital Use Disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. The storage 1003 may also be called an auxiliary storage device.

[0557] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting / receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network card, communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include, for example, a high-frequency switch, duplexer, filter, frequency synthesizer, etc., in order to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting / receiving antenna 130 (230), etc., may be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented with physically or logically separated transmitting unit 120a (220a) and receiving unit 120b (220b).

[0558] The input device 1005 is an input device that accepts input from an external source (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). The output device 1006 is an output device that outputs to an external source (e.g., a display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). The input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be configured as an integrated unit (e.g., a touch panel).

[0559] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or different buses may be configured for each device.

[0560] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of each functional block may be implemented using such hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0561] Furthermore, devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be implemented using the functional block / hardware configuration described above.

[0562] (Variations) Terms used in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol and signal (signal or signaling) may be used interchangeably. Also, a signal may be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS and may be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applicable standard. Also, a component carrier (CC) may be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0563] A wireless frame may consist of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) constituting a wireless frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may consist of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0564] Here, the neurology may be communication parameters applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The neurology may be, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, specific filtering processes performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processes performed by the transceiver in the time domain.

[0565] A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). Alternatively, a slot may be a time unit based on neurology.

[0566] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Minislots may also be called subslots. Minislots may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using minislots may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0567] Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols all represent units of time when transmitting a signal. Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols may each be referred to by different names. Furthermore, the units of time such as frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols in this disclosure may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0568] For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, and one slot or one mini-slot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe in existing LTE (1 ms), a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, mini-slot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0569] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, the base station schedules each user terminal to allocate wireless resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0570] TTI may be a transmission time unit for channel-encoded data packets (transport blocks), code blocks, code words, etc., or it may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., number of symbols) in which the transport block, code block, code word, etc. are mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0571] Furthermore, if one slot or one mini-slot is referred to as a TTI, then one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more mini-slots) may constitute the minimum time unit for scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (number of mini-slots) that constitute this minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0572] A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, mini slot, sub slot, slot, etc.

[0573] Furthermore, long TTIs (e.g., normal TTIs, subframes, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a time length exceeding 1 ms, and short TTIs (e.g., shortened TTIs, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a TTI length less than that of a long TTI but 1 ms or more.

[0574] A Resource Block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and in the frequency domain, it may contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be the same regardless of the neurology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be determined based on the neurology.

[0575] Furthermore, an RB may contain one or more symbols in the time domain and may have the length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc., may each consist of one or more resource blocks.

[0576] One or more RBs may also be called Physical RBs (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0577] Furthermore, a resource block may consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area comprising one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0578] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), also known as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) for a given neurology in a given carrier. These common RBs may be identified by an index of the RBs relative to a common reference point of the carrier. The PRBs may be defined and numbered within a given BWP.

[0579] A BWP may include UL BWP (BWP for UL) and DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured within a single carrier for a UE.

[0580] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE does not need to assume that it will transmit or receive a predetermined signal / channel outside of the active BWP. In this disclosure, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" may be read as "BWP".

[0581] The structures of wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a wireless frame, the number of slots per subframe or wireless frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, and the number of symbols, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length within the TTI can be varied in various ways.

[0582] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or corresponding other information. For example, wireless resources may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0583] The names used for parameters and other elements in this disclosure are not restrictive in any way. Furthermore, mathematical formulas and other elements using these parameters may differ from those expressly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name, and therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not restrictive in any way.

[0584] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of the various different techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0585] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output from upper layers to lower layers and from lower layers to upper layers, or to at least one of the two. Information, signals, etc., may also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0586] Input and output information and signals may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information and signals may be overwritten, updated, or appended to. Output information and signals may be deleted. Input information and signals may be transmitted to other devices.

[0587] Any information described in this disclosure (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) may be communicated from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE) that indicates / specifies (or relates to) the value of such any information, even if not specifically stated in the embodiments described above.

[0588] Information notification is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be carried out by other means. For example, information notification in this disclosure may be carried out by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0589] Physical layer signaling may also be called Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. RRC signaling may also be called RRC messages, for example, RRC Connection Setup messages, RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages, etc. MAC signaling may also be communicated using, for example, MAC Control Elements (CEs).

[0590] Furthermore, notification of the specified information (for example, notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may also be made implicitly (for example, by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0591] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a boolean value represented as true or false, or by a numerical comparison (for example, a comparison with a predetermined value).

[0592] Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, and so on, whether they are called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or by any other name.

[0593] Furthermore, software, instructions, information, etc., may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included in the definition of a transmission medium.

[0594] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably. “Network” may also mean the equipment included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0595] In this disclosure, terms such as “precoding,” “precoder,” “weight (precoding weight),” “quasi-co-location (QCL),” “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state),” “spatial relation,” “spatial domain filter,” “transmit power,” “phase rotation,” “antenna port,” “layer,” “number of layers,” “rank,” “resource,” “resource set,” “beam,” “beam width,” “beam angle,” “antenna,” “antenna element,” “panel,” “UE panel,” “transmitting entity,” and “receiving entity” may be used interchangeably.

[0596] In this disclosure, "antenna port" may be interpreted interchangeably with "antenna port for any signal / channel" (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, "resource" may be interpreted interchangeably with "resource for any signal / channel" (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). Resources may include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, a spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmit filter and a spatial domain receive filter.

[0597] The above group may include, for example, at least one of the following: a spatial relationship group, a code division multiplexing (CDM) group, a reference signal (RS) group, a control resource set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, or a panel group.

[0598] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), and RS may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0599] Furthermore, in this disclosure, TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0600] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0601] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0602] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information Identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive as "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)," "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0603] In this disclosure, terms such as “Base Station (BS),” “wireless base station,” “fixed station,” “NodeB,” “eNB (eNodeB),” “gNB (gNodeB),” “access point,” “Transmission Point (TP),” “Reception Point (RP),” “Transmission / Reception Point (TRP),” “panel,” “cell,” “sector,” “cell group,” “carrier,” and “component carrier” may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

[0604] A base station may house one or more (e.g., three) cells. If a base station houses multiple cells, the entire coverage area of ​​the base station may be divided into several smaller areas, each of which may also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms “cell” or “sector” refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and / or base station subsystems that provide communication services in that coverage.

[0605] In this disclosure, the transmission of information by a base station to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to perform a control / operation based on said information.

[0606] In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably.

[0607] A mobile station may also be called a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other appropriate term.

[0608] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0609] The term "mobile object" refers to any movable object, regardless of its speed, and naturally includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of such mobile objects include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and items carried on them. Furthermore, such mobile objects may be autonomously driven objects operating based on operational commands.

[0610] The mobile entity may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane), an unmanned mobile entity (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0611] Figure 15 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a rotation speed sensor 51, a pneumatic pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0612] The drive unit 41 consists of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or an engine-motor hybrid. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0613] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and communication ports (e.g., input / output (IO) ports) 63. Signals from various sensors 50-58 installed in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0614] Signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 for sensing motor current, rotational speed signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by rotational speed sensor 51, air pressure signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals acquired by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals acquired by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal depression amount signals acquired by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal depression amount signals acquired by brake pedal sensor 56, operation signals of shift lever 45 acquired by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals acquired by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0615] The information service unit 59 consists of various devices for providing (outputting) various types of information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, including a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via a communication module 60 or the like to provide various types of information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0616] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that perform output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED lamp, touch panel, etc.).

[0617] The driver assistance system unit 64 consists of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents or reduce the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driver assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0618] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle 40.

[0619] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it can send and receive various types of information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Alternatively, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0620] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on said signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., may also be called input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include the information based on the above input.

[0621] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit, which outputs information (for example, it outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

[0622] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, various sensors 50-58, etc., which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0623] Furthermore, the term "base station" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "user terminal." For example, the various aspects / embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Also, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be interpreted as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., may be interpreted as sidelink channel.

[0624] Similarly, the term "user terminal" in this disclosure may be replaced with "base station." In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the same functions as the user terminal 20 described above.

[0625] In this disclosure, operations performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (for example, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or a combination thereof.

[0626] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used individually, in combination, or switched between as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged in order, provided they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements using exemplary order and are not limited to the specific order presented.

[0627] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure is Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (where x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM®), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, systems utilizing Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth®, or other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based thereon may also be applied. Furthermore, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0628] In this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based solely on" and "based at least on."

[0629] Any reference to elements using the designations “first,” “second,” etc., as used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient way to distinguish between two or more elements. Accordingly, the references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in any way.

[0630] The term “determining” as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may be considered to mean judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, or inquiring (e.g., searching in tables, databases, or other data structures), ascertaining, etc.

[0631] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered as "judging (deciding)" things like receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory).

[0632] Furthermore, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of some action. In this disclosure, “judgment (decision)” may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable with the actions described above.

[0633] Furthermore, in this disclosure, “determine / determining” may be interpreted as “assume / assuming,” “expect / expecting,” or “consider / considering.” In addition, in this disclosure, “not expecting to do…” may be interpreted as “expecting not to do….”

[0634] In this disclosure, "expect" may be rephrased as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." may be expressed as a that clause, an infinitive, etc.) may be rephrased as "be expected ..." or "do (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Similarly, "does not expect ..." may be rephrased as "be not expected ..." or "do not (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be rephrased as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0635] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may mean the maximum transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0636] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are “connected” or “coupled” with each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” may be replaced with “access.”

[0637] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they can be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., and, in some non-exclusive and non-exclusive examples, electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency domain, microwave domain, and optical (both visible and invisible) domain.

[0638] In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combine" may be interpreted similarly to "different."

[0639] Where the terms “include,” “including,” and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, as is the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “or” as used in this disclosure is not intended to mean exclusive OR.

[0640] In this disclosure, if articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the fact that the noun following these articles is plural.

[0641] In this disclosure, "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than or equal to," "more than," and "equal to" may be interpreted interchangeably. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, by adding "i-th" (where i is any integer) to the expression (for example, "highest" may be interpreted interchangeably with "i-th highest").

[0642] In this disclosure, "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," and "associated with" may be interpreted as being interchangeable.

[0643] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during / while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as) / on A", "B after A", "B since A", and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Furthermore, A, B, etc., may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or regular sentences depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). Additionally, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted as "before / after the time offset when A occurs". The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols / slots) may be predetermined or determined by the UE based on notified information.

[0644] In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any unit of time (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0645] Although the invention described herein has been explained in detail above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention described herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The descriptions herein are illustrative and not intended to be restrictive in any way to the invention described herein.

Claims

One or more communication beams, one or more sensing beams, and a receiving unit that receives them. A terminal having a control unit that controls the transmission of reports based on the quality of one or more pairs of communication beams and sensing beams from one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the receiving unit receives at least one setting of the following: one or more communication beams and one or more reference signals for the one or more sensing beams, a reporting amount for the report, the time-domain behavior of the report, the maximum number of the one or more pairs, and conditions for selecting the one or more pairs. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the report includes, for each pair, an index of a first reference signal for a communication beam in the pair, an index of a second reference signal for a sensing beam in the pair, the quality of the first reference signal, and the quality of the second reference signal. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit selects one or more pairs that satisfy the conditions. 　 The steps include receiving one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams, A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the step of controlling the transmission of a report based on the quality of one or more pairs of communication beams and sensing beams from one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams. 　 A transmitting unit that transmits one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams, A base station having a control unit that controls the reception of reports based on the quality of one or more pairs of communication beams and sensing beams from one or more communication beams and one or more sensing beams.

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