Antioxidant composition comprising glutathione and polyphenols

Abstract

[Problem] The present invention addresses the problem of providing an antioxidant composition exhibiting an excellent antioxidation capability compared with glutathione alone, a method for producing the antioxidant composition, and a method for enhancing the antioxidation capability of glutathione. [Solution] The present invention can provide an antioxidant composition that combines glutathione and polyphenols and thereby exhibits an excellent antioxidation capability compared with either glutathione or polyphenols used alone. Further, the antioxidation capability of glutathione can be enhanced by allowing glutathione and polyphenols to coexist.

Description

Antioxidant composition containing glutathione and polyphenols

[0001] The present invention relates to an antioxidant composition containing glutathione and polyphenols.

[0002] Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species and free radicals in vivo is known to be involved in various diseases and aging. In vivo, there are antioxidant substances and enzymes for eliminating reactive oxygen species and free radicals in vivo, which contribute to maintaining health and preventing diseases by suppressing oxidative stress. For example, antioxidant substances such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione, and enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are known to contribute to the elimination of reactive oxygen species and free radicals in vivo. So far, methods for increasing the amount of antioxidant substances in vivo for the purpose of reducing oxidative stress have been studied, and methods for directly ingesting antioxidant substances, such as oral ingestion of glutathione, have been reported. In addition, a glutathione production promoter containing one or more selected from putrescine, spermidine, spermine, acetyl spermidine, diacetyl spermidine, and acetyl spermine as an active ingredient has been reported (Patent Document 1).

[0003] However, in the direct ingestion of glutathione and the method described in Patent Document 1, the antioxidant ability was still insufficient, so a composition having a more excellent antioxidant ability than glutathione alone has been demanded.

[0004] On the other hand, so far, there has been no knowledge about a synergistic antioxidant action between glutathione and other materials, particularly those showing synergistic free radical scavenging ability and reactive oxygen scavenging ability.

[0005] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2021-050180

[0006] An object of the present invention is to provide an antioxidant composition showing an antioxidant ability superior to that of glutathione alone, a method for producing the antioxidant composition, and a method for enhancing the antioxidant ability of glutathione.

[0007] As a result of diligent research into the above-mentioned problems, the inventors of this invention discovered that combining glutathione and polyphenols exhibits synergistic antioxidant activity, leading to the completion of this invention.

[0008] In other words, the present invention relates to the following (1) to (8): (1) An antioxidant composition comprising glutathione and polyphenols. (2) The antioxidant composition according to (1), characterized in that the amount of polyphenols is 0.05 or more and less than 10 parts by weight per 1 part by weight of glutathione. (3) The antioxidant composition according to (1) or (2), wherein the polyphenols are phenethyl alcohols or flavonoids. (4) A method for producing the antioxidant composition according to (1), comprising the step of coexisting glutathione and polyphenols. (5) A method for improving the antioxidant capacity of glutathione, characterized by coexisting glutathione and polyphenols. (6) Food and beverages comprising the antioxidant composition of (1) or (2). (7) Pharmaceuticals comprising the antioxidant composition of (1) or (2). (8) Cosmetics comprising the antioxidant composition of (1) or (2).

[0009] According to the present invention, by combining glutathione or glutathione-containing yeast extract with polyphenols, an antioxidant composition having excellent antioxidant capacity can be provided. Furthermore, by coexisting glutathione and polyphenols, a method for enhancing the antioxidant capacity of glutathione can be provided.

[0010] Results of radical scavenging tests using GSH in combination with artichoke extract or milk thistle extract Results of synergistic radical scavenging tests using GSH and polyphenols Results of ROS scavenging tests using GSH and polyphenols Results of radical scavenging tests using glutathione-containing yeast extract and blood orange extract Results of radical scavenging tests using glutathione-containing yeast extract and olive extract

[0011] In this invention, "antioxidant" refers to the suppression of oxidative stress in living organisms. Furthermore, in this invention, "antioxidant capacity" refers to the ability to suppress oxidative stress in living organisms, and in particular, the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals in living organisms.

[0012] In this invention, "antioxidant" refers to a compound having antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of an antioxidant can be evaluated by general methods. For example, it can be determined by measuring the remaining percentage of either ROS or endogenous free radicals after allowing the antioxidant to coexist with ROS or endogenous free radicals for a predetermined time. As a simpler method, instead of endogenous free radicals, the free radical scavenging capacity, i.e., antioxidant capacity, can be evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a relatively stable and readily available artificial radical molecule. The free radical scavenging capacity can be quantified by converting it to the amount of trolox, a type of antioxidant.

[0013] In addition, intracellular ROS can be labeled with a fluorescent dye such as DCFH-DA, and the fluorescence intensity can be measured using a fluorescence plate reader to quantify the ROS and calculate its remaining percentage. Such ROS quantification methods can be performed using readily available quantification kits. The antioxidant capacity in this invention can be confirmed by any of the above methods.

[0014] The antioxidant composition of the present invention contains glutathione and polyphenols. Here, glutathione in the present invention refers to reduced glutathione (hereinafter sometimes referred to as GSH). Furthermore, since yeast extract contains various substances that can contribute to the stabilization of glutathione, glutathione-containing yeast extract can be used as the glutathione contained in the antioxidant composition of the present invention.

[0015] When using glutathione-containing yeast extract as the glutathione contained in the antioxidant composition of the present invention, it is preferable that the glutathione-containing yeast extract contains 5% or more by weight of glutathione, and more preferably 8% or more by weight of glutathione. Such a glutathione-containing yeast extract may be one to which glutathione has been added to a generally available yeast extract, or an extract from glutathione-producing yeast may be used. Examples of the latter type of yeast extract include "Hythion Extract YH-8" and "Hythion Extract YH-15" (both manufactured by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Co., Ltd.).

[0016] The polyphenols that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention can be those that are generally available, but polyphenols and polyphenol glycosides belonging to the group of compounds called phenethyl alcohols and flavonoids are preferred. Among flavonoids, polyphenols belonging to cyanidins, flavanones, and cinnamic acids are more preferred.

[0017] Among the polyphenols that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention, tyrosol (CAS number: 501-94-0) and hydroxytyrosol (CAS number: 10597-60-1) are examples of compounds belonging to the phenethyl alcohol group, and either one or more may be used in combination. The phenethyl alcohol compounds that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention may be generally available compounds, or plant or animal extracts containing phenethyl alcohol compounds may be used, or purified versions of these may be used. Olive extract is an example of a generally available plant or animal extract containing the above-mentioned phenethyl alcohols. Olive extract containing a total of 10% by weight or more of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol is more preferable. The composition of the present invention containing such polyphenols belonging to the phenethyl alcohol group can be used as a cosmetic composition.

[0018] Among the polyphenols that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention, examples of polyphenols belonging to the cyanidin group include anthocyanin (CAS number: 11029-12-2) and cyanidin (CAS number: 13306-05-3). Only one of these may be used, or two or more may be used in combination. The cyanidin compounds that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention may be generally available compounds, or extracts derived from plants or animals containing cyanidin compounds may be used, or purified versions of these may be used. The composition of the present invention containing such polyphenols belonging to the cyanidin group can be used as a cosmetic composition.

[0019] Among the polyphenols that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention, examples of polyphenols belonging to the flavanone class include hesperidin (CAS number: 520-26-3), hesperetin (CAS number: 520-33-2), naringenin (CAS number: 14259-46-2), naringenin (CAS number: 480-41-1), silymarin (CAS number: 65666-07-1), and silybinin (CAS number: 22888-70-6). The flavanone compounds that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention may be generally available compounds, or extracts derived from plants or animals containing flavanone compounds may be used, or purified versions thereof may be used. The composition of the present invention containing such polyphenols belonging to the flavanone class can be used as a cosmetic composition.

[0020] Among the polyphenols that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention, polyphenols belonging to the cinnamic acid group include cinnamic acid (CAS number: 140-10-3), methyl cinnamate (CAS number: 103-26-4), ethyl cinnamate (CAS number: 4192-77-2), coumaric acid (CAS number: 501-98-4), 3,4-dihydrocinnamic acid (CAS number: 331-39-5), ferulic acid (CAS number: 537-98-4), sinapic acid (CAS number: 530-59-6), and cinerin (CAS number: 30964-13-7) and chlorogenic acid (CAS number: 327-97-9), which are esters of quinic acid and these cinnamic acids. The cinnamic acid compounds that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention may be generally available compounds, or may be plant or animal extracts containing cinnamic acid compounds, or purified versions thereof. The composition of the present invention containing such polyphenols belonging to the cinnamic acid group can be used as a cosmetic composition.

[0021] As polyphenols that can be used in the antioxidant composition of the present invention, plant and animal extracts can be used. Examples of extracts containing polyphenols belonging to the group of compounds called phenethyl alcohols and flavonoids include blood orange extract (also called red orange extract), olive extract, artichoke extract, and milk thistle extract. These polyphenol-containing extracts can be those that are generally available. The composition of the present invention, which contains such polyphenols belonging to the group of compounds called phenethyl alcohols and flavonoids, can be used as a cosmetic composition or a liver-protective composition.

[0022] Glutathione can be quantified using common analytical methods, such as the glyoxalase method. Polyphenols can also be quantified using common analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography.

[0023] The amount of glutathione contained in the antioxidant composition of the present invention is arbitrary and can be appropriately set based on the daily intake. The daily intake of glutathione is preferably 10 mg or more, more preferably 20 mg or more, and even more preferably 40 mg or more. Furthermore, there is no particular upper limit to the intake, for example, 100 mg or less is an example.

[0024] The amount of polyphenols contained in the antioxidant composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the amount necessary to exert antioxidant activity. For example, it is preferably 0.05 parts by weight or more, more preferably 0.08 parts by weight or more, and even more preferably 0.1 parts by weight or more, per 1 part by weight of glutathione. Furthermore, it is preferably less than 10 parts by weight of polyphenols, more preferably less than 5 parts by weight, and even more preferably less than 3 parts by weight, per 1 part by weight of glutathione.

[0025] The antioxidant composition of the present invention can be produced by a process of coexisting glutathione or glutathione-containing yeast extract with polyphenols. The method of coexistence is not limited as long as it does not inhibit the effects of the present invention, and can be selected as appropriate, such as coexisting liquids together, solids together, or by adding a solid to a liquid. Furthermore, the form of the antioxidant composition of the present invention may be either liquid or solid (including powder, granules, powder-granules, etc.). In addition, the content of each component of the antioxidant composition of the present invention can be adjusted as appropriate by adding excipients such as starches and dextrin.

[0026] According to the present invention, by combining polyphenols and glutathione, a synergistic antioxidant effect is observed that is higher than the sum of the antioxidant capacities of each substance alone. In other words, the antioxidant capacity of glutathione can be improved by using glutathione and polyphenols together. Similarly, the antioxidant capacity of glutathione can be improved by combining polyphenols and glutathione-containing yeast extract. Antioxidant capacity can be evaluated according to the general method described above, by combining antioxidants with reactive oxygen species or endogenous free radicals, and then measuring the remaining percentage of reactive oxygen species or endogenous free radicals.

[0027] Furthermore, the antioxidant composition of the present invention can be used as is or mixed with other materials as food, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals. In addition, other substances can be added as long as they do not inhibit the effects of the present invention. Substances that can be added include excipients commonly added to food, cosmetics, supplements, animal feed, and pharmaceuticals, various vitamins, inorganic substances such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, organic acids such as lactic acid, citric acid, and malic acid, proteins, lactic acid bacteria extracts, plant extracts, and other organic substances, as appropriate. Acidulants, sweeteners, flavorings, and stabilizers commonly added to food products can also be added.

[0028] The method of using the present invention as a pharmaceutical product is not particularly limited, and in addition to oral administration, parenteral administration such as intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or topical application to the body surface is also possible. Specifically, it may be any oral preparation such as tablets, powders, granules, pills, suspensions, emulsions, infusions / decoctions, capsules, syrups, liquids, elixirs, extracts, tinctures, or fluid extracts, or parenteral preparations such as injections, drips, creams, or suppositories. Conventional methods can be used for preparing these preparations, and there are no limitations in the present invention.

[0029] The dosage of the present invention can be set based on the general daily intake of glutathione. When administered to humans, the intake amount and frequency will vary depending on the form of administration, the age and weight of the recipient, etc., but for adults, it is preferable to take at least 10 mg, more preferably 20 mg, even more preferably 40 mg, and no more than 100 mg of glutathione per day. Usually, it is taken once to several times a day in amounts of 10 mg to 100 mg, preferably 20 mg to 80 mg, and particularly preferably 30 mg to 50 mg. When using yeast extract containing glutathione, the glutathione content in the yeast extract should be measured and the intake amount adjusted to match the dosage in this paragraph. Since the daily intake amount should be 100 mg or less, it is preferable that the content in the composition should also be 100 mg or less. Furthermore, if the composition of the present invention is in the form of tablets, for example, the content per tablet may be 100 mg, or for example, the content per tablet may be 20 mg, and five tablets may constitute the composition of the present invention. The same considerations apply to granules, liquids, etc.

[0030] The composition of the present invention can be used not only as a pharmaceutical but also as a food or cosmetic, in which case the amount of glutathione should be within the range of the previously mentioned intake. Furthermore, the composition of the present invention can be used for cosmetic purposes and liver protection.

[0031] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0032] <Samples> As samples, GSH and "Hithion Extract YH-15" (both manufactured by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Co., Ltd.) were used. In addition, commercially available milk thistle (milk thistle extract powder; manufactured by BGG Co., Ltd.) and artichoke extract (manufactured by EUROMED Co., Ltd.) were used. Furthermore, commercially available blood orange extract and olive extract (both manufactured by BIONAP Co., Ltd.) were used. The "Hithion Extract YH-15" used in this example contains 15% by weight of GSH as determined by quantitative analysis by glyoxalase method. Among the polyphenol-containing materials used in this example, the milk thistle extract contains 80% by weight or more of silymarin, and 30% by weight or more of silybinin in the silymarin. Among the polyphenol-containing materials used in this example, the artichoke extract contains 5% by weight or more of cynarin and cynarin derivatives, and 3% by weight or more of chlorogenic acid. Among the polyphenol-containing materials used in this example, the blood orange extract contains 2.8 to 3.2% by weight of anthocyanins, 1.8 to 2.2% by weight of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (3,4-dihydrocinnamic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid), and 8.5 to 9.5% by weight of flavanones (hesperidin, naringin). Among the polyphenol-containing materials used in this example, the olive extract contains 10 to 12% by weight of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol.

[0033] 《Tests in the confirmation test of free radical scavenging activity (1) and the ROS scavenging activity test》 <Control Example 1> GSH was used as the sample. <Control Example 2> Artichoke extract was used as the sample. <Control Example 3> Milk thistle was used as the sample. <Example 1> A sample of the composition of the present invention was used in combination of GSH and artichoke extract in a 1:1 ratio. <Example 2> A sample of the composition of the present invention was used in combination of GSH and artichoke extract in a 0.5:1 ratio. <Example 3> A sample of the composition of the present invention was used in combination of GSH and milk thistle in a 1:1 ratio. <Example 4> A sample of the composition of the present invention was used in combination of GSH and milk thistle in a 0.5:1 ratio. <Comparative Example 1> A sample of GSH and artichoke extract in a 0.1:1 ratio was used. <Comparative Example 2> A sample of GSH and milk thistle in a 0.1:1 ratio was used.

[0034] <Confirmation Test of Free Radical Scavenging Activity (1)> Instead of using endogenous free radicals, we decided to compare the free radical scavenging ability of each sample using DPPH, an easily available artificial radical molecule. First, 100 μL each of sample solution (50 μg / mL or 100 μg / mL) dissolved in 50% EtOH was dispensed into 96-well plates. 50 μL of 200 mM MES buffer was added to each, and then 50 μL of EtOH was added to the blank well, and 50 μL of DPPH solution was added to the measurement well. DPPH was dissolved in EtOH at 800 μM. After standing for 20 minutes in a light-shielded state, the absorbance at 520 nm was measured. Radical scavenging activity was calculated by subtracting the blank value from the absorbance of the sample solution. s The radical scavenging activity at 50 or 100 μg / mL for each sample was confirmed by calculating Abs0 from the absorbance of the sample at a concentration of 0 μg / mL minus the blank value, using the following formula 1. <Formula 1> Radical scavenging activity (%) = 100 - (Abs s (Abs0) × 100

[0035] <Results of Confirmation Test of Free Radical Scavenging Activity (1)> Figure 1 shows the results of the radical scavenging activity at 100 μg / mL for each test group of Control Examples 1-3, Examples 1-4, and Comparative Examples 1 and 2. The radical scavenging activity of the examples in which GSH:polyphenol-containing materials were used in combination at a ratio of 0.5:1 or 1:1 was higher than that of the control examples tested alone, indicating that the antioxidant composition of the present invention exhibits higher antioxidant capacity. Next, Figure 2 shows the radical scavenging activity of Control Examples 1-3 and Examples 1 and 3. The "calculated value" for Example 1 in Figure 2 is the theoretical sum of the radical scavenging activity values ​​of Control Examples 1 and 2. Similarly, the "calculated value" for Example 3 in Figure 2 is the theoretical sum of the radical scavenging activity values ​​of Control Examples 1 and 3. The measured value in Example 1 was 56.5 ± 2.4%, which is 2.1 times higher than the calculated value of 26.5 ± 3.4%. The measured value in Example 3 was 53.9 ± 5.4%, which is 1.3 times higher than the calculated value of 42.8 ± 1.6%. By using GSH and polyphenol-containing material in a 1:1 ratio, radical scavenging activity was significantly improved, and a synergistic effect was confirmed. In other words, it was revealed that the antioxidant composition of the present invention exhibits synergistic radical scavenging activity in a non-enzymatic manner. Furthermore, since synergistic radical scavenging activity was observed when glutathione and polyphenols were used in combination, it can be said that the radical scavenging activity of glutathione, i.e., its antioxidant capacity, was enhanced.

[0036] <ROS scavenging activity test in fatty liver-inducing cells> Normal human germ cell line HepG2 was seeded in 96-well plates (1 x 10⁶). ４ Cells / well) were used, and the cells were pre-cultured for 24 hours (5% CO2). ２ (37°C). The culture medium used was MEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.1 mM NEAA (non-essential amino acids). Subsequently, the medium was removed, and the sample solution dissolved in MEM medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 0.1 mM NEAA was added and incubated (5% CO2). ２ (37°C). After 30 minutes, a 0.2 mM mixture of sodium oleate and sodium palmitate (1:0.25) was added as a fatty liver inducer, and the mixture was incubated for 48 hours (5% CO2). ２(37°C). Intracellular ROS was fluorescently labeled using ROS Assay Kit-Highly Sensitive DCFH-DA (DOJINDO), and the fluorescence intensity was measured under Ex / Em: 488 / 500 nm conditions. The fluorescence intensity of the test group in which fatty liver was induced by adding only culture medium without the sample was taken as Fc, and the fluorescence intensity of the test group in which fatty liver was induced by adding the sample was taken as Fs. The ROS elimination rate was calculated according to the following formula: <Formula 2> ROS elimination rate (%) = 100 - (Fs / Fc) × 100

[0037] Figure 3 shows the results. These are the ROS scavenging activities at 50 μg / mL for control examples 1-3 and examples 1 and 3. The ROS scavenging activity of the examples in which GSH:polyphenol-containing material was used in a 1:1 ratio was superior to that of the control examples tested alone, indicating that the antioxidant composition of the present invention exhibits higher antioxidant capacity. Similar effects are expected when used in combination with yeast extract containing glutathione. In other words, the antioxidant composition of the present invention has excellent antioxidant capacity even in cultured cell systems induced with fatty liver. Furthermore, it is thought to exhibit similar antioxidant capacity in vivo, and since excellent effects were observed in liver-derived cells, it is considered to function in vivo and have excellent liver-protective effects.

[0038] <Test Groups in Confirmation Tests for Free Radical Scavenging Activity (2)> <Control Example 4> Glutathione-containing yeast extract "Hithion Extract YH-15" was used as the sample. <Control Example 5> Blood orange extract was used as the sample. <Control Example 6> Olive extract was used as the sample. <Example 5> Glutathione-containing yeast extract "Hithion Extract YH-15" and blood orange extract were used in combination as a sample of the composition of the present invention. <Example 6> Glutathione-containing yeast extract "Hithion Extract YH-15" and olive extract were used in combination as a sample of the composition of the present invention.

[0039] 《Confirmation Test of Free Radical Scavenging Activity (2)》 For each test group sample, aqueous solutions were prepared so that the glutathione-containing yeast extract "Hithion Extract" was 1.08 mg / mL, the blood orange extract was 0.333 mg / mL, and the olive extract was 0.1667 mg / mL. In addition, for the test group samples that combined glutathione-containing yeast extract with either blood orange extract or olive extract, the samples were prepared by mixing equal volumes of samples prepared to twice the concentration of the samples from the single test group samples. For the prepared samples, the free radical scavenging ability of each sample was compared using DPPH, an easily available artificial radical molecule, instead of in vivo free radicals. The specific test method is the same as the method described in paragraph 0033.

[0040] Figure 4 shows the results for glutathione-containing yeast extract (control example 4), blood orange extract (control example 5), and a combined group of these (Example 5). In addition, the theoretical sum of control examples 4 and 5 is shown in Figure 4 as "(sum value)". The radical scavenging rate for control example 4 was 22.74%, and for control example 5 it was 16.30%, with a sum of 39.04%. On the other hand, the radical scavenging rate for Example 5 was 52.31%, which was higher than the radical scavenging rates of control examples 4 and 5, as well as their sum. This indicates that the combined use of glutathione-containing yeast extract and blood orange extract demonstrates synergistic radical scavenging ability.

[0041] Furthermore, the results for glutathione-containing yeast extract (control example 4), olive extract (control example 6), and the combined group of these (Example 6) are shown in Figure 5. In addition, the combined values ​​for control examples 4 and 6 are shown in Figure 5 as "(combined value)". The radical scavenging rate of control example 6 was 13.43%, and the combined radical scavenging rate of control examples 4 and 6 was 36.17%. On the other hand, the radical scavenging rate of Example 6 was 47.96%, which was a higher value compared to the radical scavenging rates of control examples 4 and 6 and their combined value. From this, it became clear that combining glutathione-containing yeast extract and olive extract resulted in synergistic radical scavenging ability.

[0042] 基于上述结果,通过将含谷胱甘肽的酵母提取物与血橙提取物或橄榄提取物组合使用,发现了协同的自由基清除能力,这表明本发明的组合物具有优异的抗氧化能力。此外,在0035段和0036段中,通过将谷胱甘肽与含多酚的材料组合使用,已明确在诱导脂肪肝的培养细胞系中具有优异的ROS清除活性,因此认为在与含谷胱甘肽的酵母提取物组合使用时也发挥同样的抗氧化能力。

[0043] 综上所述,本发明的组合物,即包含谷胱甘肽和多酚类的组合物,与单独使用它们时相比,显示出具有优异的自由基清除能力和ROS清除能力。此外,已表明使用含谷胱甘肽的酵母提取物作为谷胱甘肽时也具有同样的效果。本发明的组合物可以用作以美容和肝脏保护为目的的食品、药品、化妆品。

Claims

1. An antioxidant composition containing glutathione and polyphenols.

2. The antioxidant composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of polyphenols is 0.05 to less than 10 parts by weight per 1 part by weight of glutathione.

3. The antioxidant composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the polyphenols are phenethyl alcohols or flavonoids.

4. A method for producing the antioxidant composition according to claim 1, comprising the step of coexisting glutathione and polyphenols.

5. A method for improving the antioxidant capacity of glutathione, characterized by the coexistence of glutathione and polyphenols.

6. Food or beverage comprising the antioxidant composition of claim 1 or 2.

7. A pharmaceutical product comprising the antioxidant composition of claim 1 or 2.

8. A cosmetic comprising the antioxidant composition of claim 1 or 2.

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