Processes for obtaining dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverages
Treating dairy proteins with a protein deamidase improves stability and emulsification in ready-to-drink beverages, ensuring shelf-stability and clean label compliance without additional additives.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-16
AI Technical Summary
Existing dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverages face challenges with stability, particularly storage stability and emulsification, and often require additional stabilizers and emulsifiers, which complicates the clean label requirement.
Treating dairy proteins with a protein deamidase to enhance emulsification capability and stability, allowing for the production of shelf-stable beverages without the need for additional stabilizers or emulsifiers.
The enzymatically deamidated dairy proteins result in beverages with improved colloidal stability, thermostability, and reduced mineral precipitation, maintaining quality over prolonged storage without off-flavors, thus meeting clean label standards.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025095696_16042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING DAIRY PROTEIN-BASED READY-TO-DRINK BEVERAGES
[0001] REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] This application contains a Sequence Listing in computer readable form. The computer readable form is incorporated herein by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to the use of protein deamidase in methods for obtaining dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverages with improved functionalities, including improved stability, in particular improved storage stability, and improved emulsification capability.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Beverages that provide nutrition and convenience are popular among consumers who focus on health and wellness. The nutritional beverage category encompasses various products, including, but not limited to, ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages, sports protein-based beverages, better-for-you beverages, and clinical nutrition beverages. These beverages are generally formulated to meet a protein claim on the label and processed in a way that allows them to remain unspoiled without refrigeration, making them an ideal choice for on-the-go consumption.
[0005] The dairy protein ingredients used in these beverages are typically milk protein concentrates (MPCs) , milk protein isolates (MPIs) , ultrafiltered (UF) milks, whey protein concentrates (WPCs) , whey protein isolates (WPIs) , and caseinates, such as sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate. Milk proteins (caseins and whey proteins) are preferred protein of choice in nutritional beverages since they contain essential amino acids for protein synthesis, digestibility, and health benefits. Sports protein-based RTD beverages, such as, e.g., high-acid beverages, often contain additional whey proteins to create whey-predominant mixtures because of their specific and well-documented nutritional benefits for athletes.
[0006] The "clean label" trend is significantly influencing the nutritional beverage sector as consumers are increasingly demanding products with fewer, more natural ingredients. Manufacturers of the RTD beverages are responding by simplifying their ingredient lists, removing artificial additives, and using more recognizable, whole food ingredients. This includes using natural sources of dairy proteins and sweeteners, and eliminating artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives. This clean label movement is driving innovation in the RTD beverage category, pushing manufacturers to create products that are not only convenient and high in protein, but also made with real, simple ingredients that consumers trust.
[0007] It is an object of the present invention to identify improved processes for obtaining dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverages with improved stability, in particular storage stability and / or thermostability, and having a cleaner label.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present inventors have found that by treating a dairy protein ingredient with a protein deamidase, a dairy protein is obtained which when used to obtain a ready-to-drink beverage, such as, e.g., a sports nutrition beverage or a clinical nutrition beverage, has at least improved emulsification capability and improved stability, both at the time of mixing and during prolonged storage.
[0009] Using the methods of the invention, a shelf-stable, organoleptically satisfactory dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage can be obtained which can be stored at cool (refrigerated) , ambient or heated conditions for prolonged periods of time, such as up to several weeks, before consumption, without suffering from any product deterioration. The use of protein deamidase in obtaining the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein has the added benefits of reducing or even completely avoiding the need for adding stabilizers or emulsifiers to the RTD beverages. Thereby, the consumers’ requirements for clean-label RTD beverages can be satisfied. Additionally, the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein ingredients display no off-flavor, further avoiding the need for adding masking or flavoring ingredients to the dairy protein-based RTD beverages.
[0010] The invention therefore provides a method of obtaining a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, comprising the steps of:
[0011] (a) providing an aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein;
[0012] (b) heat-treating the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage; and
[0013] (c) storing the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage for at least 4 hours, preferably at least 8 hours, more preferably at least 12 hours, before consumption.
[0014] The invention further relates to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtainable by any of the methods claimed herein.
[0015] The dairy protein-based RTD beverage obtained according to methods of the present invention has improved immediate and long-term stability. One of the major quality challenges in high-protein dairy-based beverages is the colloidal stability of the beverages. Colloidal particles are inherently unstable and undergo phase separation and settling due to aggregation during processing and storage. Therefore, ingredient stability during processing and storage is a major area of interest in high-protein beverages. The inventors have found that the dairy protein-based RTD beverage produced according to the methods disclosed herein has improved colloidal stability, including improved resistance to several of the factors influencing stability of the beverage, both at the immediate mixing and after storage for prolonged periods. In particular, the improved emulsification capability of the dairy protein when treating with protein deamidase, means that a dairy protein-based RTD beverage can be obtained containing a high concentration of protein without adversely affecting taste, appearance or texture of the drink. This is particularly relevant for fortified beverages, such as clinical nutrition beverages and sports drinks, since these types of beverages typically require high concentrations of protein and additional ingredients, such as vitamins and minerals. To ensure sufficient suspension of insoluble minerals and high protein concentrations, stabilizers, such as gums, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , are typically added when formulating the clinical nutrition beverages or sport drinks in order to increase the viscosity of the system. Using the protein deamidase of the invention, the need for adding such stabilizers or emulsifiers can be significantly reduced and even completely avoided, and thereby, a dairy protein-based RTD beverages with a cleaner label can be obtained. Also, the use of a protein deamidase to obtain the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein does not have a negative impact on the flavor or taste of the dairy protein. Thus, the dairy protein-based RTD beverage of the invention is essentially free of unwanted off-flavors, such as bitter off-notes..
[0016] The invention also provides for the use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve stability. In particular, the invention provides the use of a protein deamidase in the production of a storage-stable dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage.
[0017] The inventors have observed a further beneficial effect of treating whey protein with a protein deamidase, in that the enzymatically deamidated whey protein displays improved thermostability. Thus, the invention also provides for the use of a protein deamidase to improve thermostability of whey protein. In particular, the invention provides for the use of a protein deamidase in production of a whey protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve thermostability. Without the wish of being bound by any particular theory, the inventors believe that the increase in heat stability of the whey protein can be an effective strategy to control the aggregation and sedimentation of whey proteins during processing and storage.
[0018] The inventors have further found that by using enzymatically deamidated dairy protein, in particular an enzymatically deamidated whey protein, in the production of a nutritional beverage, such as a clinical nutrition beverage, an infant formulation or a sports drink, said beverage has a reduced mineral precipitation compared to a nutritional beverage comprising a dairy protein which is not enzymatically deamidated. Thus, the present invention also relates to the use of a protein deamidase in the production of a whey protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, such as a whey protein-based nutritional beverage, to reduce mineral precipitation. Nutritional beverages, such as clinical nutrition beverages and sports drinks, are typically fortified with minerals, such as calcium, and require stabilizers, such as gums, to avoid mineral precipitation, in particular calcium precipitation. The use of enzymatically deamidated dairy protein in such nutritional beverages reduces or even avoids the need for stabilizers, supporting clean-label product development and improving the visual and sensory quality of high-protein drinks and products.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] Figure 1 illustrates appearance of whey protein concentrate (WPC) with and without deamidation after either pasteurization (85℃ for 10 minutes) or at UHT (85℃ for 10 minutes followed by 140℃ for 10s) .
[0020] Figure 2 illustrates appearance of a whey protein concentrate (10%WPC392, without coating) with and without deamidation before and after a step of pasteurization at 85℃ for 10 minutes (Figure 2a) and after UHT sterilization at 140℃ for 30 seconds (Figure 2b) .
[0021] Figure 3 illustrates appearance of clinical nutrition drinks fortified with minerals and containing 6%whey protein concentrate (WPC392 or WPC450) with and without deamidation.
[0022] Figure 4 illustrates appearance of milk protein concentrate (MPC485) , with and without deamidation and heat treatment.
[0023] Figure 5 illustrates foam volume of whey protein concentrate solutions, with and without deamidation, after more than 10 minutes.
[0024] Figure 6 illustrates appearance of two whey protein preparations (regular and low-calcium WPI) , with and without deamidation, and subjected to different mineral salts at varying concentrations.
[0025] Figure 7 shows turbidity over time measured for whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions prepared from a regular WPI (Figure 7a) and a low-calcium WPI (Figure 7b) , with (triangle trend lines) and without (circle trend lines) deamidation.
[0026] SEQUENCES
[0027] SEQ ID NO: 1: Protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium viscerum (the strain has formerly been referred to as Chryseobacterium sp-62563) having the mature polypeptide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0028] SEQ ID NO: 2: Mature polypeptide sequence of protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium viscerum.
[0029] SEQ ID NO: 3: Protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum having the mature polypeptide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0030] SEQ ID NO: 4: Mature polypeptide sequence of protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum.
[0031] SEQ ID NO: 5: Protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium gambrini having the mature polypeptide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0032] SEQ ID NO: 6: Mature polypeptide sequence of protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium gambrini.
[0033] SEQ ID NO: 7: Protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium culicis having the mature polypeptide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0034] SEQ ID NO: 8: Mature polypeptide sequence of protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium culicis.
[0035] SEQ ID NO: 9: Protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium defluvii having the mature polypeptide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0036] SEQ ID NO: 10: Mature polypeptide sequence of protein deamidase derived from Chryseobacterium defluvii.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0037] In accordance with this detailed description, the following definitions apply. Note that the singular forms "a, " "an, " and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0038] As used herein, the terms “drink" and "beverage" are used interchangeably and have the same meaning.
[0039] Unless defined otherwise or clearly indicated by context, all percentages are percentage by weight (percent w / w or “% (w / w) ” ) .
[0040] Unless defined otherwise or clearly indicated by context, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0041] The term “ready-to-drink” beverage, also referred to herein as “RTD beverage” and “RTD drink” , refers to a liquid food product that is ready to be consumed directly at purchase, without the need for any additional preparation steps, such as, e.g., addition of water, heating, cooling or cooking. In an embodiment, the ready-to-drink beverage is a packaged beverage sold in a prepared form, ready for consumption.
[0042] The ready-to-drink beverage as disclosed herein at least comprises an enzymatically deamidated dairy protein, and may or may not be combined with additional food ingredients to produce the ready-to-drink beverage. The dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage can be ingested by humans or animals, preferably by humans. The term "dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage” is defined as a RTD beverage comprising at least one dairy protein.
[0043] The term "dairy" is an indication that a compound is obtained from or based on milk or milk products. In an embodiment, the dairy protein is obtained or derived from a cheese production process. For example, the dairy protein may be a byproduct from cheese production. In an embodiment, the dairy protein is a whey protein derived or obtained from cheese production.
[0044] The term "dairy protein" is defined as a protein obtained or derived from a dairy source. Typical dairy proteins may be selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and combinations thereof.
[0045] In some embodiments, the dairy protein is sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate or any combinations thereof.
[0046] In some embodiment, the dairy protein comprises an ingredient to improve its functionality, such as to improve its flowability and wettability. Such ingredients are well known to the person of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the dairy protein is coated to have improved flowability and wettability. For example, such coating may be a lecithin coating and / or a glyceride coating. In some embodiments, the dairy protein is coated with a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a combination of mono-and diglyceride.
[0047] In some embodiments, the dairy protein is or is derived from whey. In some embodiments, the dairy protein is selected from whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the dairy protein is whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate or a combination thereof. In some embodiment, the whey protein comprises an ingredient to improve its functionality, such as to improve its flowability and wettability. In some embodiment, the whey protein is a coated whey protein. For example the whey protein may be a whey protein isolate coated with lecithin.
[0048] In some embodiments, the whey protein is not coated. In an embodiment, the whey protein is an uncoated whey protein concentrate or an uncoated whey protein isolate.
[0049] In some embodiments, the dairy protein is milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrate or a combination thereof.
[0050] In some embodiments, the dairy protein is sodium caseinate, potassium caseinate, calcium caseinate or a combination thereof. The caseinate may in some embodiments be coated caseinate. In some embodiments, the dairy protein is calcium caseinate coated with a glyceride. In some embodiments, the dairy protein is calcium caseinate coated with monoglyceride, diglyceride or a combination of mono-and diglyceride.
[0051] Membrane filtration is widely used in the dairy industry to fractionate dairy proteins.
[0052] Casein is the primary type of protein found in milk (making up about 80%of total milk protein) . Caseinates are the soluble salts of casein and comprise dairy protein ingredients which are derived from the isoelectric precipitation of milk proteins or rennet coagulation. Among caseinates, sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate are commonly used to manufacture dairy protein-based beverages. Caseinates are produced by isoelectric precipitation of caseins followed by the addition of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide to produce sodium and calcium caseinate, respectively. Caseinates have a pH range of 6.5 to 7.0.
[0053] Whey protein is another dairy protein ingredient which finds wide applicability in the dairy-based beverage industry. Hydrolyzed whey protein is a form of whey protein that has been hydrolyzed, or broken down into smaller chains of amino acids, for easier absorption in the body. Hydrolyzed whey protein ingredient is thus often used in sports and dietetic products for its rapid absorption properties. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is a common dairy protein ingredient derived from whey, a byproduct of cheesemaking. It contains various essential amino acids and is popular for its high digestibility and well-rounded amino acid profile. The protein content in WPC can range from 25%to 90%. Whey protein isolate (WPI) is similar to WPC but undergoes further processing to remove most of the fat and lactose, resulting in a product with typically over 90%protein content. It is commonly used in beverages requiring high protein levels due to its excellent solubility and mild flavor. Whey proteins are not typically used to produce low-acid shelf-stable beverages as they tend to have poor solubility and heat stability at neutral pH on heating.
[0054] Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is made by ultrafiltration of skim milk to remove some of the lactose, yielding a product with 40%to 90%protein content. MPC is often used in high-protein dairy beverages due to its balanced casein-to-whey ratio (similar to that in natural milk) and good heat stability. Milk protein isolate (MPI) is similar to MPC but has almost all fat and lactose removed, leaving over 90%protein. It combines both casein and whey proteins, providing the benefits of both. In MPC and MPI, the casein-to-whey protein ratio is similar to that of the starting milk. The insolubility of MPC powders is a major concern during the manufacture of dairy protein-based beverages.
[0055] Micellar casein concentrates (MCC) are dairy protein ingredients manufactured from the microfiltration of skim milk. During the manufacture of MCC, whey proteins are fractionated into the permeate during the microfiltration of skim milk, resulting in higher casein-to-whey protein ratios in the retentate. The residual whey proteins in the MCC can influence the flavor and functionality of MCC in beverage applications. When choosing MCC as an ingredient in high-protein beverage formulations, consideration must be given to the total protein content and the residual whey protein content.
[0056] In some embodiments, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a high-acid / acidified or a low-acid dairy protein-based RTD beverage. In the context of the invention, a low-acid dairy protein-based RTD beverage is a beverage having a pH greater than 4.6 and a water activity greater than 0.85, and a high-acid / acidified dairy protein-based RTD beverage is a beverage having a pH of 4.6 and below and a water activity (aw) greater than 0.85. The choice of RTD beverage, i.e. whether a low-acid or high-acid / acidified dairy protein-based RTD beverage is desired, plays a role in determining the suitable processing techniques, the dairy protein of choice and which further ingredients to add in preparing the final dairy protein-based RTD beverage. A person of skill in the art is aware of these factors and can design processes and formulas accordingly.
[0057] In some embodiments the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a sports nutrition beverage, a clinical nutrition beverage, an infant nutrition beverage or a ready-to-drink coffee or tea beverage.
[0058] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage. In the context of the invention, a “clinical nutrition beverage” is a RTD beverage formulated to provide targeted nutritional support for individuals with specific medical conditions or dietary needs. Such RTD beverages often contain a balance of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals to help meet the nutritional requirements of patients who may have difficulty consuming a regular diet or require additional nutrients for managing their health conditions. In an embodiment, the clinical nutrition beverage is calorie-and nutrient-dense and has moderate to high protein content. In another embodiment, the clinical nutrition beverage is low in calories, rich in nutrient and has a moderate to high protein content.
[0059] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a sports nutrition beverage. In the context of the invention, a sports nutrition beverage may be a pre-mixed drink that is designed to help athletes and individuals who engage in high-intensity workouts replenish fluids, electrolytes, and energy lost during exercise. This category of beverages includes sports drinks, protein shakes, and recovery drinks that are consumed before, during, or after physical activity.
[0060] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is an infant nutrition beverage. In the context of the invention, an infant nutrition beverage may be a drink formulated and designed to meet the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers. Example of such beverages may include infant formulas, follow-on formulas, and growing-up milks. They are typically fortified with essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates to support the growth and development of infants.
[0061] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a tube-feeding formula. In the context of the invention, a tube-feeding formula is a liquid nutritional product designed to provide essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, to individuals who cannot eat or swallow normally. It is administered directly into the stomach or intestines through a feeding tube.
[0062] The dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage as claimed herein is largely unaffected by acidic food matrices, such as coffee drinks or tea drinks, which may be used to prepare a dairy protein-based RTD coffee or tea beverage. Thus, in an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a ready-to-drink coffee or tea beverage. In the context of the invention, a ready-to-drink coffee or tea beverage is a pre-brewed, packaged drink that requires no additional preparation before consumption. These beverages may come in a variety of flavors and formulations. For example, RTD coffee beverages may come in the varieties latte, cappuccino, mocha, and may also be flavored with ingredients like vanilla, caramel, or cocoa. The RTD tea beverages may be based on different types of tea, such as black, green, or herbal tea, and may be flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, honey, or sugar.
[0063] In the methods of the invention, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is heat treated. Thus, a step of heat treatment, such as sterilization, is performed to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage. The skilled person will know how to determine the best suitable heat treatment to apply in the process of obtaining the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage. For example the choice of heat treatment may be based on the dairy protein used and / or the intended RTD beverage produced.
[0064] In some embodiments, the heat treatment is a Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) , High Temperature Short Time (HTST) , Higher Heat Shorter Time (HHST) , Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) , Ultra Pasteurized (UP) treatment, an Extended Shelf Life (ESL) treatment, pasteurization, and / or retorting. In one embodiment the heat treatment is Ultra High Temperature (UHT) treatment or retort sterilization.
[0065] In some embodiments, the heat treatment is a retort sterilization. Retort sterilization may also be referred to as in-container sterilization. A typical retort process is carried out at 110–135℃for 2–60 minutes, wherein the beverages for processing are filled in packages, followed by sealing, heating, and holding at the desired temperature (heating medium is steam or water) . Retort can be a batch or a continuous process. In an embodiment, the retort sterilization is carried out at 115-120℃ for 5–15 minutes. For example, in such process, after mixing ingredients to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, the beverage may be pre-heated at 60-80℃, homogenized under a typical pressure in the range from 135-300 bars, e.g., in a conventional homogenizer, filled in cans or glass containers, retorted at a temperature in the range of 110-130 ℃, 115-125℃, or 120-122℃ for a time in the range of 5-25 min, 10-20 min, or 13-17 min, respectively, and cooled to a temperature to below 35℃, such as below 30℃ or below 25℃.
[0066] In one embodiment, the heat treatment is an Ultra High Temperature (UHT) treatment. The UHT treatment may be direct or indirect. In some embodiments, the UHT treatment is 135-154℃ for 1-10 seconds. In further embodiments, the UHT treatment is 140-150℃ for 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 seconds. In further embodiments, the UHT treatment is 140-145℃ for 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 seconds. In some embodiments, the UHT treatment is 143℃ for 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 seconds. In some embodiments, the UHT treatment is 110–125℃, such as about 121℃, for 10-600 seconds, such as about 60 seconds. In some embodiments, the UHT treatment is an in-container sterilization treatment, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a canned or packaged beverage and the UHT treatment is at 110-125℃ for 10-40 minutes.
[0067] In some embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is UHT or Extended Shelf-Life (ESL) treated and aseptically packed. For example, in such process, after mixing ingredients to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, the RTD beverage is pre-heated to a temperature in the range of 50-100℃, 55-90℃ or 60-80℃, sterilized at UHT conditions at 135-170℃, 135-160℃ or 135-150° for 2-60 seconds, 3-45 seconds or 3-30 seconds, homogenized at total pressure ranging from 135-300 bars and temperature ranging from 60-80℃, allowed to cool to a temperature below 35℃, below 30℃ or below 25℃; and aseptically filled in aseptic containers.
[0068] In some embodiments, the heat treatment of the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage further inactivates the enzymes used its production, i.e., at least the protein deamidase.
[0069] In the methods of the invention, a protein deamidase is used to obtain an enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the use of a protein deamidase to prepare the dairy protein for use in a ready-to-drink beverage results in a beverage having both more total protein and more soluble protein. Thereby, a dairy protein-based RTD drink is obtained which has improved emulsification capability, which can improve the overall texture and mouthfeel of the beverage, and which can lead to a more stable product with a better shelf life. In the context of the invention, this provides for an improved dairy protein-based RTD beverage, having improved visual and textural appearance due to no precipitation or sedimentation in the beverage.
[0070] The enzymatically deamidated dairy protein obtained according to the methods of the invention exhibits an improved colloidal stability and can be incorporated in a wide variety of food products. In the context of the present invention, the term “colloidal stability” means the ability of the particles in a liquid, such as an aqueous solution, to remain stable in dispersion. The ability of the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein to remain stable in dispersion without, e.g., formation of aggregates or agglomerates leading to change in particle size in dispersion, is meant as colloidal stability. Furthermore, the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein of the invention has improved resistance towards sedimentation, i.e., resistance towards particles settling. The colloidal stability and sedimentation of the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein may be determined by visual examination of an aqueous dispersion of the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. The visual inspection may be carried out immediately and after longer storage, e.g., by placing the aqueous suspension of enzymatically deamidated dairy protein in a transparent beaker allowing for the visual examination both immediately after pouring the liquid and following storage. Alternatively or in addition to the visual inspection, the colloidal stability and sedimentation may also be evaluated based on particle size analyses, such as, e.g., particle size distribution in the aqueous suspension.
[0071] In the context of the present invention, the term “enzymatically deamidated dairy protein” means a dairy protein treated with a protein deamidase for deamidation. A person skilled in the art will know of suitable analytical methods to determine enzymatic deamidation of a dairy protein. One such method is exemplified in Example 1 disclosed herein by the measurement of free ammonium content (NH4) (step 2 of the assay procedure) .
[0072] The presently claimed solution, in particular the application of a protein deamidase in the preparation of dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverages solves several obstacles faced in relation to the above-listed dairy protein ingredients. This is confirmed at least by the results presented in Examples 2-9 disclosed herein.
[0073] In some embodiments, additional food ingredients are added to the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage. The additional food ingredients may be any food ingredient deemed useful by a practitioner of skill in the art. The additional food ingredient may be a solid or liquid ingredient. The additional food ingredient may or may not be plant-based. In some embodiments, the additional food ingredient is water.
[0074] For example, the dairy protein-based RTD beverage may be a high-protein dairy protein-based RTD drink. Such high-protein RTD drink may be obtained by fortifying the RTD beverage with a protein, such as, e.g., a plant-based protein, a whey protein or a casein protein. For example, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage may be fortified with a plant-based dairy alternative powder, such as, e.g., a soymilk powder, or concentrated or isolated protein, such as soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, pea protein isolate or pea protein concentrate. In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is protein fortified, such as, e.g., a milk protein-or whey protein-based drink fortified with pea protein or a soy protein, e.g., a pea protein isolate or a soy protein isolate. In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a whey or milk protein-based drink fortified with pea or soy protein to a protein level of at least 5% (w / w) . The protein used for fortification may also be treated with a protein deamidase. Thus, in some embodiments, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is fortified with an enzymatically deamidated protein. In some embodiments, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is fortified with an enzymatically deamidated plant protein.
[0075] Preferably, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at least 3% (w / w) .
[0076] Preferably, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at most 25% (w / w) .
[0077] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content in the range of about 3-20% (w / w) , such as about 5-15% (w / w) .
[0078] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content in the range of about 6-13% (w / w) .
[0079] In some embodiments, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at least 3% (w / w) , such as at least 4% (w / w) , at least 5% (w / w) , at least 6% (w / w) , at least 7.5% (w / w) , at least 8 % (w / w) , at least 10% (w / w) , at least 12% (w / w) .
[0080] Preferably, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a lipid content of at least 0.1% (w / w) .
[0081] Preferably, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a lipid content of at most 10% (w / w) .
[0082] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a lipid content in the range of about 2-10% (w / w) , such as about 2.5-8% (w / w) .
[0083] The additional food ingredients which may be added to the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, include, but are not limited to, e.g., lipids, such as oils, in particular plant oils, sugars, such as sucrose or glucose, proteins, various forms of synthetic amino acids, dietary fibres, salts, minerals, flavoring agents, vitamins, and any combinations thereof.
[0084] In an embodiment, lipid is added to the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage and / or to the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. The lipid may be a plant oil or a mixture of plant oils. The lipid may be selected from canola oil, rapeseed oil, flaxseed oil, safflower oil, flaxseed oil, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and combinations thereof. In one embodiment the lipid is a canola oil. The selection of suitable lipid may be based on the type of dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage desired.
[0085] In an embodiment, sugar is added, optionally together with a lipid, to the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage and / or to the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. In one embodiment the sugar is sucrose, glucose or a combination thereof. In another embodiment the sugar is a stevia leaf extract, a steviol glycoside or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the sugar is a glucose syrup.
[0086] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage contains no added carbohydrates, such as no added sugars. In the context of the invention, “added carbohydrates” or "added sugar" refers to caloric mono-and di-saccharides added during manufacture of the beverage, such as glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, which are not naturally found in the ingredients used for producing the RTD beverage. For instance, lactose is naturally found in milk, therefore, for the purpose of this disclosure, lactose is not taken into account in "added sugar" .
[0087] In an embodiment, salt is added to the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage and / or to the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. The salt may be sodium chloride, dicalcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and any combinations thereof.
[0088] In an embodiment, vitamins, minerals and / or nutrients are added to the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage and / or to the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. Examples of such minerals, vitamins and nutrients include vitamin A, thiamine (vitamin B1) , riboflavin (vitamin B2) , niacin (vitamin B3) , vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin C, vitamin D, inositol, taurine, folic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, calcium, phosphorous, iodine, iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, chloride, potassium, sodium, beta-carotene, nucleotides, selenium, and carnitine. The minerals are usually added in salt form. In addition to compatibility and stability considerations, the presence and amounts of specific minerals and other vitamins will vary somewhat depending on the intended consumer population.
[0089] In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is fortified with a mineral selected from calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, selenium, zinc, iodine, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is fortified with a mineral selected from calcium, magnesium or a combination thereof.
[0090] Nutritionally complete compositions contain all vitamins and minerals understood to be essential in the daily diet and these should be present in nutritionally significant amounts. Those skilled in the art appreciate that minimum requirements have been established for certain vitamins and minerals that are known to be necessary for normal physiological function. Most preferably the product contains the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of nutritional components. Practitioners also understand that appropriate additional amounts (overages) of vitamin and mineral ingredients need to be provided to compensate for some loss during processing and storage of such compositions. Particularly, when the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage or an infant nutrition beverage the beverage is formulated to provide nutritionally complete compositions suitable for the intended consumer of the RTD beverage.
[0091] The dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is stored for at least 4 hours, preferably at least 8 hours, more preferably at least 12 hours, before being consumed. This prolonged storage does not influence the properties of the dairy protein-based RTD beverage as it remains free from precipitation and flocculation over time. In the context of the present invention, the term “stability” or “stable” when used to describe a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage means the resistance of the beverage to flocculation or precipitation, both immediately after its production and following prolonged storage at storage conditions typical for consumer beverages and beverage additive products. The stability may be determined by any method known in the art for evaluation of such, including by visual evaluation and taste testing.
[0092] The dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained using the methods as disclosed herein has improved storage stability and shelf-life. In the context of the invention, “storage stability” and “shelf life" are terms used to refer to the period of time after production of the RTD beverage, during which the beverage is transported, and stored in retailers' or consumers' shelves, before consumption. In particular, using the methods as claimed herein, a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is obtained with improved stability, in particular improved storage stability, meaning that the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage does not flocculate or precipitate even after prolonged storage, such as after several weeks or months of storage.
[0093] In some embodiments, the dairy protein-based RTD beverage is stable over time, i.e., the dairy protein RTD drink is stable against precipitation of the proteins and other components contained therein under refrigerated, heated and room temperature conditions for extended periods of time, such as a period of time of 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, and 12 months, such as 4 months or 8 months.
[0094] The improved stability, including storage stability, is observed irrespective of the dairy protein used to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage.
[0095] The dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage can be stored under refrigerated conditions, at ambient temperature, or under heated conditions. In the context of the invention, ambient temperature means temperatures in the range of 15-38℃, such as about 18-25℃, cold and / or refrigerated conditions means temperatures in the range of 1-8℃, such as about 3-5℃, and heated or warm conditions means temperatures in the range of 55-65℃, such as about 60℃. In some embodiments, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is meant for storage at 1-70℃, such as at 1-8℃ and / or at about 15-38℃ and / or at about 55-65℃.
[0096] In one embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a canned beverage or a packaged beverage. The dairy protein-based RTD beverage may be contained and stored in any type of can or packaging material deemed suitable by the person skilled in the art.
[0097] The dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained according to the methods claimed herein does not require the addition of emulsifiers and / or stabilizers to achieve the properties claimed herein. Thus, in one embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers. In another embodiment, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers.
[0098] As used herein, the terms “emulsifier” and “stabilizer” are meant as added emulsifiers and stabilizers, i.e. ingredients not naturally found in the material used for preparing the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage. Examples of such emulsifiers and stabilizers include, but are not limited to, thickening agents, such as, e.g., carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) , gellan gum, hydroxypropyl starch and agar, and emulsifiers, such as, e.g., monoglyceride and diglyceride.
[0099] In the context of the invention, the terms “substantially free from” and “essentially free of” are used interchangeably to describe a composition, a product, or a process that contains only trace amounts or negligible quantities of a particular substance, component, or process feature. It indicates that the presence of the specified substance or process feature is minimal and does not impact the overall characteristics or functionality of the invention. In an embodiment, "essentially free of" or “substantially free from” means 0% (w / w) or 0% (w / v) .
[0100] In an embodiment, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, wherein the emulsifiers and / or stabilizers are selected from lecithin, carrageenan, xanthan gum, mono-and diglycerides, guar gum, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , stearoyl lactylates, succinylated monoglycerides, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, or any mixture thereof.
[0101] In an embodiment, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, wherein the emulsifiers and / or stabilizers are selected from carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) , methylcellulose (MC) , microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and derivatives or combinations of any thereof.
[0102] In an embodiment, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, wherein the emulsifiers and / or stabilizers are selected from gums, such as xanthan gum, gellan gum, carrageenan gum, cassia gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, psyllium seed gum, gelatin, tamarind seed gum, gum arabic, propylene glycol alginates, pectin, galactomannan (guar gum) , pullulan, and derivatives or combination of any thereof.
[0103] In a preferred embodiment, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of gums, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , and combinations thereof.
[0104] In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained using a method comprising the steps of:
[0105] i. obtaining a slurry of a dairy protein in water;
[0106] ii. treating the slurry of dairy protein in water with a protein deamidase to obtain the aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein; and
[0107] iii. optionally inactivating the protein deamidase.
[0108] The protein deamidase used to treat the slurry of dairy protein in water is held at a temperature in the range of 1-80℃, so that the dairy protein is enzymatically deamidated by the protein deamidase to produce an enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. In some embodiments, the slurry is held at a temperature between 4-15℃, 25-40℃, 30-45℃, 35-50℃, 40-55℃, 50-60℃, or 50-65℃. In further embodiments, the slurry is held at a temperature of about 4℃, about 10℃, about 15℃, about 20℃, about 25℃, about 30℃, about 35℃, about 40℃, about 45℃, about 50℃, about 55℃, or about 60℃.
[0109] In some embodiments, the slurry with the added protein deamidase is held at 1-80℃ for at least 10 minutes to allow for enzymatic deamidation of the dairy protein. In some embodiments, the slurry is held for about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 60, about 120, about 180, or about 240 minutes to allow for enzymatic deamidation of the dairy protein. In some embodiments, the slurry is held for at least about 10, 30, or 60 minutes. In some embodiments, the slurry is held for 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the slurry is held for 60 minutes.
[0110] In preferred embodiments, the slurry with the added protein deamidase is held at a temperature in the range of 50-70℃ for about 30-90 minutes.
[0111] In preferred embodiments, the slurry with the added protein deamidase is held at a temperature in the range of 50-60℃ for about 30-60 minutes.
[0112] The aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein may be subjected to further processing, such as, e.g., treatment with further enzymes, including, e.g., further hydrolyzing enzymes. In some embodiment, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein may be standardized and / or homogenized.
[0113] In some embodiments, the slurry of a dairy protein in water is treated with one or more hydrolyzing enzymes. In an embodiment, the hydrolyzing enzyme is an endopeptidase. The hydrolyzing enzyme may be added simultaneously and / or sequentially with the protein deamidase.
[0114] The enzymes used in the methods of the invention may be added to the slurry comprising the dairy protein in any suitable form, such as in the form of a liquid, in particular a stabilized liquid, or it may be added as a substantially dry powder or granulate. Granulates may be produced, e.g., as disclosed in US Patent No. 4, 106, 991 and US Patent No. 4, 661, 452. Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding a sugar or sugar alcohol or lactic acid according to established procedures. Other enzyme stabilizers are well-known in the art.
[0115] In general, pre-digested, partially hydrolyzed proteins, such as whey proteins, are absorbed more easily than unhydrolyzed protein, why protein hydrolysates are considered having nutritional benefits. But whereas unhydrolyzed protein is mild to slightly milky in taste, hydrolyzed protein can taste quite different, usually in a way that many find undesirable. Therefore, when such hydrolysates are used in, e.g., beverages, the taste has to be masked, e.g., by addition of artificial flavor. Using the protein deamidase as disclosed herein to treat the dairy protein, the inventors have found that the resulting processed dairy protein has little to no off-flavor, in particular no bitter off-notes. Thus, the need for adding masking agents, such as artificial flavors, to a hydrolyzed dairy protein is not necessary using the protein deamidase according to the present invention.
[0116] In some embodiments, the method of obtaining the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers and / or added buffering salts. In some embodiments, the slurry of a dairy protein in water is treated with a protein deamidase in the absence of added buffering salts.
[0117] In some embodiments, a lipid is added to the slurry. The lipid may be added before, during or after the slurry is treated with protein deamidase. In one embodiment, the lipid is added before the slurry is treated with protein deamidase. In one embodiment, the lipid is added after the slurry has been treated with protein deamidase. The lipid may be selected from canola oil, rapeseed oil, flaxseed oil, safflower oil, flaxseed oil, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and combinations thereof.
[0118] After the enzymatic deamidation of the dairy protein, the protein deamidase may be inactivated. The enzyme may be inactivated at any step after hydrolysis. In some embodiments, the enzyme is inactivated by a heat treatment. In some embodiments, the heat treatment is 85-95℃ for 5-30 minutes. In further embodiments, the heat treatment is 85-95℃ for 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the heat treatment is 95℃ for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 minutes.
[0119] In some embodiments, the step of heat-treating the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is also the step of inactivation of the protein deamidase.
[0120] The enzymatically deamidated dairy protein can also be used directly as a food and has certain commercial value. Thus, in some embodiment, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is subjected to a step of drying. For example, the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein may be dried to produce a dry composition, such as a powder, comprising primarily enzymatically deamidated dairy protein. Such dry composition, particularly in a powdered format, has the advantage of being suitable for usage in different types of liquid products. The powder can be easily reconstituted by dissolving it in water or other beverages. This flexibility allows it to be utilized in a diverse range of liquid-based dietary applications, expanding its potential uses beyond just the traditional dairy beverage segment. The dry composition comprising primarily enzymatically deamidated dairy protein will have the benefits reported for the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverages. In particular, the dry composition comprising primarily enzymatically deamidated dairy protein will have improved emulsification capability, improved solubility, improved viscosity, reduced off-notes, improved thermostability and / or any combinations thereof.
[0121] The process used, including temperature ranges, pH and the length of enzymatic treatment, will vary depending on the dairy protein and the enzymes added to the slurry. The skilled person will know how to determine the best process parameters based on the dairy protein and enzymes used.
[0122] The inventors have found that the protein deamidase enables obtaining a sterilized dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, which is stable to increased temperatures and acidic conditions. Thus, an embodiment relates to a method of obtaining a sterilized dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, comprising the steps of:
[0123] - obtaining a slurry of a dairy protein in water;
[0124] - treating the slurry of dairy protein in water with a protein deamidase to obtain an aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein in water;
[0125] - optionally inactivating the protein deamidase, optionally by subjecting the aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein in water to a heat treatment;
[0126] - heat treating, preferably UHT treating, the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to obtain the sterilized dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, optionally wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a canned beverage or a packaged beverage; and
[0127] - storing the sterilized dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage for at least 4 hours before consumption, preferably wherein the method is essentially free of added emulsifiers, stabilizers and / or added buffering salts.
[0128] Protein deamidase
[0129] In the methods of the invention, a dairy protein is treated with a protein deamidase to obtain an enzymatically deamidated dairy protein.
[0130] In the present invention, a protein deamidase refers to an enzyme having an effect of directly acting on an amide group of a side chain of an amino acid that constitutes a protein to cause deamidation and release ammonia without cleaving a peptide bond of the protein and crosslinking proteins.
[0131] The term “deamidase” means a protein-glutamine glutaminase (also known as glutaminylpeptide glutaminase) activity, as described in EC 3.5.1.44, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the gamma-amide of glutamine substituted at the carboxyl position or both the alpha-amino and carboxyl positions, e.g., L-glutaminylglycine and L-phenylalanyl-L-glutaminylglycine. Thus, deamidases can deamidate glutamine residues in proteins to glutamate residues and are also referred to as protein glutamine deamidase. Deamidases comprise a Cys-His-Asp catalytic triad (e.g., Cys-156, His-197, and Asp-217, as shown in Hashizume et al. “Crystal structures of protein glutaminase and its pro forms converted into enzyme-substrate complex” , Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 44, pp. 38691–38702) and belong to the InterPro entry IPR041325.
[0132] Deamidase may also include a protein asparaginase that directly acts on an amide group of a side chain of an asparagine residue contained in a protein to release ammonia and thus converts the asparagine residue into an aspartate residue. In the present invention, as a protein deamidase, any one of the protein glutaminase and the protein asparaginase can be used, or both can be used in combination. One example of the protein deamidase used in the present invention is a protein glutaminase.
[0133] A protein deamidase to be used in a method of the present invention may be obtained from microorganisms of any genus. For purposes of the present invention, the term “obtained from” as used herein in connection with a given source shall mean that the polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide is produced by the source or by a strain in which the polynucleotide from the source has been inserted. In one embodiment, the polypeptide obtained from a given source is secreted extracellularly.
[0134] The protein deamidase may be obtained from a microorganism by use of any suitable technique. For instance, an enzyme preparation may be obtained by fermentation of a suitable microorganism and subsequent isolation of a protein deamidase preparation from the resulting fermented broth or microorganism by methods known in the art. The protein deamidase may also be obtained by use of recombinant DNA techniques. Such method normally comprises cultivation of a host cell transformed with a recombinant DNA vector comprising a DNA sequence encoding the protein deamidase and the DNA sequence being operationally linked with an appropriate expression signal such that it is capable of expressing the enzyme in a culture medium under conditions permitting the expression of the enzyme and recovering the enzyme from the culture. The DNA sequence may also be incorporated into the genome of the host cell. The DNA sequence may be of genomic, cDNA or synthetic origin or any combinations of these, and may be isolated or synthesized in accordance with methods known in the art.
[0135] The protein deamidase may be purified. The term "purified" as used herein covers protein deamidase enzyme protein essentially free from insoluble components from the production organism. The term "purified" also covers protein deamidase enzyme protein essentially free from insoluble components from the native organism from which it is obtained. Preferably, it is also separated from some of the soluble components of the organism and culture medium from which it is derived. More preferably, it is separated by one or more of the unit operations: filtration, precipitation, or chromatography.
[0136] The types or origins of the protein deamidase used in the present invention are not particularly limited. Examples of the protein deamidase includes protein deamidases derived from Chryseobacterium genus, Flavobacterium genus, Empedobacter genus, Sphingobacterium genus, Aureobacterium genus, or Myroides genus.
[0137] The protein deamidase may be derived from any of the sources mentioned herein. The term “derived” means in this context that the enzyme may have been isolated from an organism where it is present natively, i.e. the amino acid sequence of the protein deamidase is identical to a native polypeptide. The term “derived” also means that the enzyme may have been produced recombinantly in a host organism, the recombinantly produced enzyme having either an amino acid sequence which is identical to a native enzyme or having a modified amino acid sequence, e.g. having one or more amino acids which are deleted, inserted and / or substituted, i.e. a recombinantly produced enzyme which is a mutant of a native amino acid sequence. Within the meaning of a native enzyme are included natural variants. Furthermore, the term “derived” includes enzymes produced synthetically by, e.g., peptide synthesis. The term “derived” also encompasses enzymes which have been modified e.g. by glycosylation, phosphorylation etc., whether in vivo or in vitro. With respect to recombinantly produced enzymes the term “derived from” refers to the identity of the enzyme and not the identity of the host organism in which it is produced recombinantly.
[0138] In some embodiments, the protein deamidase may be derived from Chryseobacterium genus, such as Chryseobacterium viscerum (the strain has formerly been referred to as Chryseobacterium sp-62563) , C. gambrini, C. culicis, C. defluvii, or C. proteolyticum. In some embodiments, the deamidase in the methods of the invention is derived from or obtained from Chryseobacterium viscerum.
[0139] EP1839491 discloses cloning of a protein glutaminase from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Deamidases are also commercially available, e.g., protein glutaminases derived from Chryseobacterium genus, for example, "Amano PG500” (manufactured by Amano Enzyme Inc. ) .
[0140] For example, protein deamidases can be obtained from a culture broth of the above-described microorganisms.
[0141] Protein deamidases are produced by microbial cells in an inactive proform, which comprises a propeptide domain tightly bound to a deamidase domain. The proform is expressed as a fusion protein, which has reduced deamidase activity to protect the viability of the host cell. In nature, the fusion protein is post-processed to remove the propeptide and release the active deamidase outside of the host cell. However, in recombinant expression systems, the fusion protein is secreted outside of the host cell as an inactive proform comprising the propeptide. The propeptide may then be enzymatically cleaved off to separate it from the mature deamidase. The protein deamidases of the methods and compositions of the present invention are mature deamidases where the propeptide has been removed. In some embodiments, the propeptide was cleaved enzymatically by an endopeptidase. In some embodiments, the propeptide may still be present in the composition comprising the mature deamidase.
[0142] The recombinant, mature protein deamidases used in the methods of the invention comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Each mature protein deamidase is derived from a deamidase proform polypeptide, which comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, respectively. The proform polypeptide comprises a propeptide at the N-terminal end, fused to a deamidase which is the same as that of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10. The propeptide may be enzymatically cleaved from the proform polypeptide to release the mature deamidase. Naturally occurring propeptide sequences are provided in the proform polypeptide.
[0143] The methods and compositions of the invention include a mature deamidase and optionally a second polypeptide which is derived from the propeptide of a deamidase. The second polypeptides described herein are mutated variants of the naturally occurring propeptides. These variant propeptide sequences have been found to bind less strongly to their corresponding deamidase, so that they are more easily enzymatically cleaved off after recombinant expression and secretion from of the host cell. The polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 10 are derived from Chryseobacterium spp. and are described in WO 2023 170177 A1, herein incorporated by reference.
[0144] After expression of the proform polypeptide in a recombinant expression system, a site-specific endopeptidase is used to cleave off the propeptide, leaving an active, mature deamidase. In some embodiments, the cleaved propeptide is not purified away from the mature deamidase. Therefore, the propeptide may be present in the composition with the mature deamidase.
[0145] According to a preferred embodiment the protein deamidase applied in the process of the invention is derived from or obtained from a Chryseobacterium species, e.g., Chryseobacterium proteolyticum or Chryseobacterium viscerum.
[0146] In the context of the present invention, the term “mature polypeptide” means a polypeptide in its mature form following N terminal processing (e.g., removal of signal peptide) . A "signal peptide" is a sequence of amino acids attached to the N-terminal portion of a protein, which facilitates the secretion of the protein outside the cell. The mature form of an extracellular protein lacks the signal peptide, which is cleaved off during the secretion process.
[0147] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0148] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0149] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0150] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0151] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0152] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to a mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0153] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to a mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0154] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to a mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0155] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to a mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0156] In one embodiment the deamidase is selected from a polypeptide having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to a mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0157] For purposes of the present invention, the sequence identity between two amino acid sequences is determined as the output of “longest identity” using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) as implemented in the Needle pro-gram of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, Trends Genet. 16: 276-277) , preferably version 6.6.0 or later. The parameters used are a gap open penalty of 10, a gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix. In order for the Needle program to report the longest identity, the -nobrief option must be specified in the command line. The output of Needle labelled “longest identity” is calculated as follows:
[0158] (Identical Residues x 100) / (Length of Alignment –Total Number of Gaps in Alignment)
[0159] In the context of the present invention, the term “variant” means a polypeptide having enzymatic activity comprising an alteration, i.e., a substitution, insertion, and / or deletion, at one or more (e.g., several) positions. A substitution means replacement of the amino acid occupying a position with a different amino acid; a deletion means removal of the amino acid occupying a position; and an insertion means adding one or more (e.g., several) amino acids, e.g., 1-5 amino acids, adjacent to and immediately following the amino acid occupying a position.
[0160] The amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and / or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1-30 amino acids; small amino-or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain.
[0161] Examples of conservative substitutions are within the groups of basic amino acids (argi-nine, lysine and histidine) , acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) , polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagine) , hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) , aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) , and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine) . Amino acid substitutions that do not generally alter specific activity are known in the art and are described, for example, by H. Neurath and R. L. Hill, 1979, In, The Proteins, Academic Press, New York. Common substitutions are Ala / Ser, Val / Ile, Asp / Glu, Thr / Ser, Ala / Gly, Ala / Thr, Ser / Asn, Ala / Val, Ser / Gly, Tyr / Phe, Ala / Pro, Lys / Arg, Asp / Asn, Leu / Ile, Leu / Val, Ala / Glu, and Asp / Gly.
[0162] Alternatively, the amino acid changes are of such a nature that the physico-chemical properties of the polypeptides are altered. For example, amino acid changes may affect the thermal stability of the polypeptide, alter the substrate specificity, change the pH optimum, and the like.
[0163] Essential amino acids in a polypeptide can be identified according to procedures known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham and Wells, 1989, Science 244: 1081-1085) . In the latter technique, single alanine mutations are intr0oduced at every residue in the molecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for enzymatic activity to identify amino acid residues that are critical to the activity of the molecule. See also, Hilton et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4699-4708. The active site of the enzyme or other biological interaction can also be determined by physical analysis of structure, as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallography, electron diffraction, or photoaffinity labelling, in conjunction with mutation of putative contact site amino acids. See, for ex-ample, de Vos et al., 1992, Science 255: 306-312; Smith et al., 1992, J. Mol. Biol. 224: 899-904; Wlodaver et al., 1992, FEBS Lett. 309: 59-64. The identity of essential amino acids can also be inferred from an alignment with a related polypeptide.
[0164] Single or multiple amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions can be made and tested using known methods of mutagenesis, recombination, and / or shuffling, followed by a relevant screening procedure, such as those disclosed by Reidhaar-Olson and Sauer, 1988, Science 241: 53-57; Bowie and Sauer, 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2152-2156; WO 95 / 17413; or WO 95 / 22625. Other methods that can be used include error-prone PCR, phage display (e.g., Lowman et al., 1991, Biochemistry 30: 10832-10837; U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409; WO 92 / 06204) , and region-directed mutagenesis (Derbyshire et al., 1986, Gene 46: 145; Ner et al., 1988, DNA 7: 127) .
[0165] Mutagenesis / shuffling methods can be combined with high-throughput, automated screening methods to detect activity of cloned, mutagenized polypeptides expressed by host cells (Ness et al., 1999, Nature Biotechnology 17: 893-896) . Mutagenized DNA molecules that encode active polypeptides can be recovered from the host cells and rapidly sequenced using standard methods in the art. These methods allow the rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acid residues in a polypeptide.
[0166] A protein deamidase to be used in the methods of the invention may be added at a concentration of 0.01-20 IPA (U) / g substrate protein, such as 0.1-12 IPA (U) / g substrate protein, 0.5-7 IPA (U) / g substrate protein. In some embodiments, the protein deamidase to be used in the methods of the invention is added at a concentration in the range of 0.3-2 IPA (U) / g substrate protein, such as 0.5-1.5 IPA (U) / g substrate protein.
[0167] Deamidase (protein glutaminase) activity was measured using the assay described in Example 1. The activity assay consists of two separate de-coupled parts: (1) an enzymatic step wherein ammonia is formed by the catalytic action of the protein deamidase; and (2) a non-enzymatic detection step, wherein the ammonia formed in step (1) is derivatized to a blue indophenol compound with an absorption maximum at 630 nm. The amount of enzyme producing 1 μmol ammonia per minute at 37℃ is defined as 1 unit (given in Indophenol Assay Unit: IPA (U) ) . The activity may be determined relative to a standard of declared strength.
[0168] The enzymes dosage will depend on parameters such as the temperature, the incubation time and the dairy alternative recipe. The skilled person will know how to determine the optimal enzyme dosage.
[0169] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the inventors believe that use of protein deamidase to yield an enzymatically deamidated dairy protein for use in the production of dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverages contribute to the superior benefits reported herein, including, but not limited to, the improved stability, including storage stability, and improved emulsification capability of the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage.
[0170] The invention is further defined by the following numbered embodiments:
[0171] Embodiment 1. Method of obtaining a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, comprising the steps of:
[0172] (a) providing an aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein;
[0173] (b) heat-treating the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage; and
[0174] (c) storing the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage for at least 4 hours before consumption.
[0175] Embodiment 2. Method of embodiment 1, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is stored for at least 8 hours before being consumed.
[0176] Embodiment 3. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is stored for at least 12 hours before being consumed.
[0177] Embodiment 4. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has improved initial and / or shelf stability compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained without the use of a protein deamidase.
[0178] Embodiment 5. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is stored for at least 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, and 12 months before being consumed.
[0179] Embodiment 6. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is stored for at least 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, or 1 month before being consumed.
[0180] Embodiment 7. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has reduced sedimentation compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained using a similar method but without the use of a protein deamidase.
[0181] Embodiment 8. Method of embodiment 7, wherein the reduced sedimentation is observed immediately upon obtaining the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage and / or following storage of the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage.
[0182] Embodiment 9. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has improved colloidal stability and / or emulsification capability compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained without the use of a protein deamidase.
[0183] Embodiment 10. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has reduced off-flavors compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained without the use of a protein deamidase.
[0184] Embodiment 11. Method of embodiment 10, wherein the off-flavors are perceived as a bitter off-note in the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage.
[0185] Embodiment 12. Method of embodiment 10 or 11, wherein the off-flavor is caused by a hydrolyzing enzyme used to treat the dairy protein.
[0186] Embodiment 13. Method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the hydrolyzing enzyme is selected from the group of exopeptidases, endopeptidases and combinations thereof, preferably wherein the hydrolyzing enzyme is an endopeptidase.
[0187] Embodiment 14. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has improved solubility and / or viscosity compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained without the use of a protein deamidase.
[0188] Embodiment 15a. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, preferably wherein the emulsifiers and / or stabilizers are selected from lecithin, carrageenan, xanthan gum, mono-and diglycerides, guar gum, gellan gum, carrageenan gum, cassia gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, psyllium seed gum, gelatin, tamarind seed gum, gum arabic, propylene glycol alginates, pectin, pullulan methylcellulose (MC) , microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , stearoyl lactylates, succinylated monoglycerides, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, or any mixtures thereof.
[0189] Embodiment 15b. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, preferably wherein the emulsifiers and / or stabilizers are selected from lecithin, carrageenan, xanthan gum, mono-and diglycerides, guar gum, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , stearoyl lactylates, succinylated monoglycerides, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, or any mixtures thereof.
[0190] Embodiment 16a. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added gums, methylcellulose (MC) , microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , or any mixtures thereof.
[0191] Embodiment 16b. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added gums, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , or any mixtures thereof.
[0192] Embodiment 17a. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added gums, methylcellulose (MC) , microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , or any mixtures thereof.
[0193] Embodiment 17b. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added gums, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , or any mixtures thereof.
[0194] Embodiment 18. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , or any mixture thereof.
[0195] Embodiment 19. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a high-acid / acidified RTD beverage or a low-acid RTD beverage.
[0196] Embodiment 20. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a sports nutrition beverage, a clinical nutrition beverage, an infant nutrition beverage or a ready-to-drink coffee or tea beverage.
[0197] Embodiment 21. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage.
[0198] Embodiment 21a. Method of any of the preceding embodiments 1-20, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a sports beverage.
[0199] Embodiment 21b. Method of any of the preceding embodiments 1-20, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is an infant nutrition beverage.
[0200] Embodiment 21c. Method of any of the preceding embodiments 1-20, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a tube-feeding formula.
[0201] Embodiment 22. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at least 3% (w / w) , such as at least 4%(w / w) , at least 5% (w / w) , at least 6% (w / w) , at least 7.5% (w / w) , at least 10% (w / w) , at least 12%(w / w) .
[0202] Embodiment 22a. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at least 3% (w / w) , such as at least 4%(w / w) , at least 5% (w / w) , at least 7.5% (w / w) , at least 10% (w / w) , at least 12% (w / w) .
[0203] Embodiment 23. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at least 6% (w / w) .
[0204] Embodiment 23a. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at least 7.5% (w / w) .
[0205] Embodiment 24. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a pH of 3-7.
[0206] Embodiment 25. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a pH of 5-8, preferably a pH of 6.5-7.5.
[0207] Embodiment 26. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a canned beverage or a packaged beverage.
[0208] Embodiment 27. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is meant for storage at a temperature of 1-70℃.
[0209] Embodiment 28. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is meant for storage at a temperature of about 1-8℃, and / or at about 15-38℃, and / or at about 55-65℃.
[0210] Embodiment 29. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is meant for storage at a temperature of 1-8℃, such as at about 3-5℃.
[0211] Embodiment 30. Method of any of embodiments 1-28, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is meant for storage at a temperature of about 15-38℃, such as 18-25℃.
[0212] Embodiment 31. Method of any of embodiments 1-28, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is meant for storage at a temperature of about 55-65℃.
[0213] Embodiment 32. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage further comprises one or more additional food ingredients selected from the group of lipids, sugars, proteins, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, flavoring agents, dietary fibres, salts and any combinations thereof.
[0214] Embodiment 33. Method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the additional food ingredient is a lipid, such as an oil, preferably a plant oil, more preferably a canola oil or a soybean oil, and / or a sugar, such as a sucrose or a glucose.
[0215] Embodiment 34. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is fortified with vitamins and / or minerals.
[0216] Embodiment 34a. Method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the mineral is selected from calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, selenium, zinc, iodine, or a combination thereof.
[0217] Embodiment 34b. Method of any of preceding embodiments 34-34a, wherein the mineral is selected from calcium, magnesium, or a combination thereof.
[0218] Embodiment 35. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage contains the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of nutritional components.
[0219] Embodiment 36. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is fortified with a protein, preferably fortified with a plant protein,
[0220] Embodiment 37. Method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the plant protein is an enzymatically deamidated plant protein.
[0221] Embodiment 38. Method of any of the preceding embodiments 36-37, wherein the plant protein is derived from pea, soy or a combination thereof.
[0222] Embodiment 39. Method of any of the preceding embodiments 36-38, wherein the plant protein is a pea protein isolate, a pea protein concentrate, a soy protein isolate, a soy protein concentrate or any combination thereof.
[0223] Embodiment 40. Method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage contains no added carbohydrates, such as no added sugars.
[0224] Embodiment 41. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the heat treatment is a Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) , High Temperature Short Time (HTST) , Higher Heat Shorter Time (HHST) , Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) , Ultra Pasteurized (UP) treatment, an Extended Shelf Life (ESL) treatment, pasteurization, and / or retorting.
[0225] Embodiment 42. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the heat treatment is UHT treatment or a retort sterilization.
[0226] Embodiment 43. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0227] Embodiment 44. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein comprises an ingredient to improve its functionality, such as to improve its flowability and wettability.
[0228] Embodiment 45. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein is a coated dairy protein.
[0229] Embodiment 46. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein is coated with lecithin, a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, or a combination of mono-and diglyceride.
[0230] Embodiment 47. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0231] Embodiment 48. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the dairy protein is milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrate, or a combination thereof.
[0232] Embodiment 49. Method of any of the embodiments 1-47, wherein the dairy protein is whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, or a combination thereof.
[0233] Embodiment 50. Method of any of the embodiments 1-47, wherein the dairy protein is a coated whey protein, such as a whey protein isolate coated with lecithin.
[0234] Embodiment 51. Method of any of the embodiments 1-47, wherein the dairy protein is a caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, preferably calcium caseinate.
[0235] Embodiment 52. Method of any of the embodiments 1-47, wherein the dairy protein is a coated caseinate, such as a calcium caseinate coated with monoglyceride, diglyceride or a combination of mono-and diglyceride.
[0236] Embodiment 53. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein is obtained by treatment with a protein deamidase, preferably wherein the treatment with the protein deamidase is carried out at 1-80℃ for at least 15 minutes.
[0237] Embodiment 54. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein is obtained by treatment with a protein deamidase at a temperature in the range of 50-70℃, preferably in the range of 55-65℃.
[0238] Embodiment 55. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein is obtained by treatment with a protein deamidase at a temperature of about 60℃.
[0239] Embodiment 56. Method of any of embodiments 53-55, wherein the treatment with the protein deamidase carried out for about 15-90 minutes, such as for about 30-60 minutes.
[0240] Embodiment 57. Method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the treatment with the protein deamidase is carried out at 50-60℃ for about 30-60 minutes.
[0241] Embodiment 58. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained using a method comprising the steps of:
[0242] i. obtaining a slurry of a dairy protein in water;
[0243] ii. treating the slurry of dairy protein in water with a protein deamidase to obtain the aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein; and
[0244] iii. optionally inactivating the protein deamidase.
[0245] Embodiment 59. Method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the treatment of step ii. further comprises treating with one or more hydrolyzing enzymes.
[0246] Embodiment 60. Method of any of embodiments 58-59, wherein the treatment of step ii. further comprises treating with an endopeptidase.
[0247] Embodiment 61. Method of any of embodiments 58-60, wherein the protein deamidase and, when dependent on embodiment 59 or 60, the one or more hydrolyzing enzymes is inactivated by a heat treatment, such as an Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) treatment or retort sterilization.
[0248] Embodiment 62. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained using a protein deamidase derived from or obtained from a Chryseobacterium species, such as from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum or Chryseobacterium viscerum.
[0249] Embodiment 63. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained using a protein deamidase comprising a polynucleotide sequence with at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10.
[0250] Embodiment 64. Method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained using a protein deamidase comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10.
[0251] Embodiment 65. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtainable by the method of any of the preceding embodiments.
[0252] Embodiment 66. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of the preceding embodiment, further comprising a protein deamidase.
[0253] Embodiment 67. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-66, wherein the protein deamidase comprises a polypeptide sequence with at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10.
[0254] Embodiment 68. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-67, characterized by being essentially free of added emulsifiers, stabilizers and / or buffering salts.
[0255] Embodiment 69. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-68, characterized by being essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers.
[0256] Embodiment 70. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 68-69, wherein the added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers is selected from the group consisting of gums, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , and any combination thereof.
[0257] Embodiment 71. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink of any of embodiments 68-70, wherein the added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers is microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or a combination thereof.
[0258] Embodiment 72. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-71, characterized by being heat treated.
[0259] Embodiment 73. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-72, characterized by being UHT treated, ESL treated, pasteurized or retort sterilized.
[0260] Embodiment 74. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-73, characterized by having improved colloidal stability compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage which does not comprise enzymatically deamidated dairy protein.
[0261] Embodiment 75. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-74, characterized by being storage stable.
[0262] Embodiment 76. Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage of any of embodiments 65-75, characterized by having reduced or no off-flavors, preferably no bitter off-notes.
[0263] Embodiment 77a. Nutritional beverage comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein.
[0264] Embodiment 77b. Clinical nutrition beverage comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein.
[0265] Embodiment 78. Clinical nutrition beverage of embodiment 77b obtainable by the method as embodied in any of the embodiments 1-64.
[0266] Embodiment 79. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 77b-78, wherein the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained by treating a dairy protein with a protein deamidase.
[0267] Embodiment 80. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 77b-79, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0268] Embodiment 80a. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 77b-80, wherein the dairy protein is a coated dairy protein, optionally wherein the dairy protein is coated with a lecithin coating and / or a glyceride coating, preferably wherein the glyceride coating is a coating of a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a combination of mono-and diglyceride.
[0269] Embodiment 81. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 77b-80a, characterized by having an increased viscosity compared to a clinical nutrition beverage which does not comprise enzymatically deamidated dairy protein.
[0270] Embodiment 82. Clinical nutrition beverage of the preceding embodiment, wherein the dairy protein is or is derived from milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrate, sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, potassium caseinate, and mixtures thereof.
[0271] Embodiment 83. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 80-82, wherein the calcium caseinate is coated, optionally wherein the calcium caseinate is coated with monoglyceride, diglyceride or a combination of mono-and diglyceride.
[0272] Embodiment 84. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 77b-83, characterized by being essentially free of emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, preferably essentially free of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) .
[0273] Embodiment 85. Clinical nutrition beverage comprising enzymatically deamidated milk protein.
[0274] Embodiment 86. Clinical nutrition beverage of the preceding embodiment, characterized by having improved viscosity compared to a clinical nutrition beverage obtained without the use of enzymatically deamidated milk protein.
[0275] Embodiment 87. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 85-86, characterized by being essentially free of emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, preferably essentially free of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) .
[0276] Embodiment 88. Clinical nutrition beverage comprising enzymatically deamidated casein or caseinate protein selected from the group of alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, sodium caseinate, potassium caseinate or calcium caseinate.
[0277] Embodiment 89. Clinical nutrition beverage of the preceding embodiment, characterized by having improved viscosity compared to a clinical nutrition beverage obtained without the use of enzymatically deamidated casein or caseinate protein.
[0278] Embodiment 90. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of the embodiments 88-89, characterized by being essentially free of emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, preferably essentially free of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) .
[0279] Embodiment 91. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 88-90, wherein the enzymatically deamidated casein or caseinate protein is sodium caseinate, potassium caseinate or calcium caseinate.
[0280] Embodiment 92. Clinical nutrition beverage of any of embodiments 88-91, wherein the calcium caseinate is coated, optionally wherein the calcium caseinate is coated with monoglyceride, diglyceride or a combination of mono-and diglyceride.
[0281] Embodiment 92a. Nutritional beverage comprising enzymatically deamidated whey protein.
[0282] Embodiment 92b. Nutritional beverage of embodiment 92a, wherein the nutritional beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage, a sports beverage, a fortified beverage, such as a mineral-fortified beverage, a tube-feeding formula, or any combination thereof.
[0283] Embodiment 92c. Nutritional beverage of any of embodiments 92a-92b, wherein the nutritional beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage or a sport beverage.
[0284] Embodiment 92d. Nutritional beverage of any of embodiments 92a-92c, wherein the whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, and any combinations thereof, preferably wherein the whey protein is a whey protein concentrate, a whey protein isolate or a combination thereof.
[0285] Embodiment 92e. Nutritional beverage of any of embodiments 92a-92d, wherein the nutritional beverage is fortified with a mineral selected from the group of calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, selenium, zinc, iodine, or a combination thereof, preferably calcium, magnesium or a combination thereof.
[0286] Embodiment 92f. Nutritional beverage of any of embodiments 92a-92e, characterized by having improved thermostability and / or reduced mineral precipitation compared to a nutritional beverage comprising a whey protein which is not enzymatically deamidated.
[0287] Embodiment 93. Enzymatically deamidated whey protein, characterized by being thermostable.
[0288] Embodiment 94. Enzymatically deamidated whey protein of the preceding embodiment, wherein the whey protein is coated, optionally wherein the whey protein is coated with lecithin.
[0289] Embodiment 95. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve colloidal stability.
[0290] Embodiment 96. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve stability, preferably to improve initial stability and / or storage stability.
[0291] Embodiment 97. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve storage stability.
[0292] Embodiment 98. Use according to any of embodiments 95-97, wherein the protein deamidase comprises a polypeptide sequence with at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10.
[0293] Embodiment 99. Use according to any of embodiments 95-98, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0294] Embodiment 100. Use according to any of embodiments 95-99, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate and any combinations.
[0295] Embodiment 101. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve emulsification capability.
[0296] Embodiment 102. Use according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0297] Embodiment 103. Use according to any of embodiments 101-102, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate and any combinations.
[0298] Embodiment 104. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve solubility.
[0299] Embodiment 105. Use according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as potassium-or calcium-caseinate, whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0300] Embodiment 106. Use according to any of the embodiments 104-105, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group of calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0301] Embodiment 107. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve viscosity.
[0302] Embodiment 108. Use according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and any combinations thereof.
[0303] Embodiment 109. Use according to any of embodiments 107-108, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, and any combination thereof.
[0304] Embodiment 110. Use of a protein deamidase to improve thermostability of whey protein.
[0305] Embodiment 111. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a whey protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve thermostability.
[0306] Embodiment 112. Use according to any of embodiments 110-111, wherein the whey protein is derived or obtained as a byproduct, optionally wherein the whey protein is obtained or derived from a cheese manufacturing process.
[0307] Embodiment 113. Use according to any of embodiments 110-112, wherein the whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, and any combinations thereof.
[0308] Embodiment 114. Use according to any of embodiments 110-113, wherein the whey protein is selected from whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, or a combination thereof.
[0309] Embodiment 115. Use according to any of the preceding embodiments 110-114, wherein the whey protein is a coated whey protein, optionally wherein the whey protein is coated with lecithin.
[0310] Embodiment 116. Method of obtaining a whey protein-based nutritional beverage, comprising the steps of:
[0311] (a) providing an aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated whey protein;
[0312] (b) heat-treating the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated whey protein to obtain the whey protein-based nutritional beverage; and
[0313] (c) storing the whey protein-based nutritional beverage for at least 4 hours, preferably at least 8 hours, more preferably at least 12 hours, before consumption.
[0314] Embodiment 117. Method according to embodiment 116, wherein the whey protein-based nutritional beverage has improved thermostability and / or reduced mineral precipitation compared to a whey protein-based nutritional beverage prepared using the same method but without the use of a protein deamidase to obtain the enzymatically deamidated whey protein.
[0315] Embodiment 118. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a whey protein-based nutritional beverage to improve thermostability and / or reduce mineral precipitation.
[0316] Embodiment 119. Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve beverage transparency, preferably wherein the dairy protein is selected from calcium caseinate and / or milk protein concentrate.
[0317] The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention as well as combinations of one or more of the embodiments.
[0318] Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. The present invention is further described by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
[0319] EXAMPLES
[0320] Materials
[0321] Enzymes
[0322] The following enzymes are used throughout the examples:
[0323] Protein deamidase: Protein glutaminase derived from Chryseobacterium viscerum (the strain has formerly been referred to as Chryseobacterium sp-62563) having the mature polypeptide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 2. Cleavage of the pro-peptide was achieved by treating the deamidase of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a site-specific endopeptidase. The site-specific endopeptidase used is a glutamyl endopeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis. The resulting active deamidase after maturation was the polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0324] Example 1: Protein deamidase activity assay
[0325] The activity assay consists of two separate de-coupled parts:
[0326] 1) An enzymatic step wherein ammonia is formed by the catalytic action of the protein deamidase; and
[0327] 2) A non-enzymatic detection step wherein the ammonia formed in step (1) is derivatized to a blue indophenol compound with an absorption maximum at 630 nm.
[0328] In step (1) , the ammonia is developed by the deamidating action of the protein deamidase. In step (2) , the generated ammonia reacts with phenol to form dioxyphenylamine under alkaline conditions. The reaction is catalyzed by sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (III) (sodium nitroprusside) . “Color Reagent solution A” contains phenol and sodium nitroprusside. “Color Reagent Solution B” provides alkaline reaction conditions. The intermediate is then oxidized by addition of sodium hypochlorite ( “Color Reagent Solution C” ) to form indophenol blue. This compound absorbs visible light at 630 nm. The enzyme activity is then calculated using a standard curve.
[0329] Assay Procedure:
[0330] Step (1) Enzymatic step with ammonia formation
[0331] Reagents:
[0332] Assay dilution solution: 0.2 M Na-phosphate buffer, 0.01%Triton X-100, pH 6.5.
[0333] Assay buffer: Same as above. Used to prepare stock solution and diluted sample of protein deamidase (referred to in the following as “enzyme” ) .
[0334] Substrate solution: 30 mM Z-Gln-Gly (Merck C6154-1G) in assay dilution solution (check pH after dissolution) .
[0335] Stop solution: 0.4M TCA.
[0336] Standard: NH4Cl (Ammonium Standard for IC, Merck 59755-100ML, 1000 mg / L NH4+ in water) diluted in assay dilution solution (see also “Standard curve” section) .
[0337] Dissolve / dilute enzyme product in assay buffer and prepare suitable dilution resulting in a linear assay response.
[0338] Incubation:
[0339] 1. Add 10 μL of diluted enzyme samples in triplicates to the wells of a 96-well microtiter plate (MTP) .
[0340] 2. Add 100 μL of substrate solution to each well.
[0341] 3. For blank samples add 100 μL 0.4M TCA solution.
[0342] 4. Seal the plate using transparent plate sealer.
[0343] 5. Incubate the plate for 10 minutes at 37℃, 500 rpm, on a thermomixer equipped with a lid heating function.
[0344] 6. To stop the reaction, carefully add 100 μL 0.4M TCA solution (except for the blank samples, which already contain TCA) .
[0345] Total reaction volume: 210 μL.
[0346] Step (2) Ammonia detection step
[0347] Reagents:
[0348] Color reagent A: 4% (w / v) Phenol, 0.015% (w / v) sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (III) dihydrate (sodium nitroprusside) (Na2 [Fe (CN) 5NO] ·2H2O) .
[0349] Color reagent B: 5% (w / v) Potassium hydroxide.
[0350] Color reagent C: 28% (w / v) Potassium carbonate, 6% (v / v) sodium hypochlorite (Sigma-Aldrich 239305-25ml, < 5%available Cl2) .
[0351] Incubation:
[0352] 1. Transfer 15 μL from each well from step (1) into a new 96-well MTP.
[0353] 2. Transfer 45 μL Milli-Q water to each well.
[0354] 3. To each well, add 30μL of color reagent B (on lab table, shake gently by hand to mix) .
[0355] 4. To each well, add 60μL of color reagent A (on lab table, shake gently by hand to mix) .
[0356] 5. To each well, add 60μL of color reagent C (on lab table, shake gently by hand to mix) .
[0357] 6. Color development: Carefully seal the plate and leave it on lab table for 30 minutes.
[0358] 7. Carefully transfer the MTP to a plate reader and measure absorbance at 630 nm.
[0359] Total reaction volume: 210 μL
[0360] Standard curve:
[0361] Standard stock solution: 1000 mg NH4+ / L.
[0362] The standard curve is prepared by adding dilutions of the ammonium standard in the assay dilution buffer in the ammonia detection step. That is, mixing 15 μL diluted ammonia standard with 45 μL water and then add the color reagents in the order given above; B, A, and C.
[0363] The amount of enzyme producing 1 μmol ammonia per minute at 37℃ is defined as 1 unit (Indophenol Assay Unit; IPA (U) ) :
[0364] where
[0365] which can be shortened to
[0366] where
[0367] · CNH4+ is the ammonia concentration in the reaction solution derived from the ammonium standard curve (i.e., taking into account the dilution of the prediluted ammonium standard solution in the ammonia derivatization step) .
[0368] · 18.04 is the molecular mass of ammonium used for the standard solution.
[0369] · Vreaction is the reaction volume in the well when ammonia is generated (210 μL) .
[0370] · Venzyme is the volume of enzyme solution added to the well when ammonia is generated (10 μL) .
[0371] · VNH3 detection is the reaction volume in the well when ammonia is detected (210 μL) .
[0372] Example 2: Functional improvements of milk protein ingredients
[0373] Materials and Methods
[0374] Substrates tested in Example 2 were:
[0375] - Sodium caseinate 180 (protein content 89%, N index 6.25) , calcium caseinate 385 (protein content 88%, N index 6.25, coated with mono-and diglycerides) , whey protein concentrate 450 / 455 (protein content 80%, N index 6.26, coated with sunflower lecithin or soy lecithin) were bought from Fonterra, New Zealand.
[0376] - Milk protein concentrate (protein content 80%, N index 6.25) was bought from local supplier in 1688 ecommerce website (also available from Fonterra, New Zealand) .
[0377] Enzyme reaction
[0378] The experiment involved suspending sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, whey protein concentrate (WPC) , and milk protein concentrate (MPC) in Milli-Q water to achieve final protein contents of 2.45%, 4.9%, or 9.8%. Protein deamidase was then added at concentrations of 0, 0.67, 1.34, 2, or 4 IPA (U) / g protein, and the mixtures were incubated at 60℃ for 1 hour in a FINEPCR combi-D24 Rotisserie with a rotate speed set at 7. After incubation, the samples were heat-treated at 85℃ for 10 minutes for enzyme deactivation and sterilization of the samples.
[0379] The protein solubility, deamidation degree, emulsification capability, and viscosity of the samples were then analyzed. Additionally for the WPC samples, thermostability was examined. This was done by subjecting the WPC samples to a further heat treatment at 140℃ for 15 seconds after the heat treatment at 85℃ for 10 minutes.
[0380] Protein solubility measurement
[0381] Protein solubility was measured in the supernatant of a sample after centrifugation at 15,000g for 10 minutes. The measurements were performed using a LECO analyzer, employing the Dumas method for nitrogen determination after combustion, reduction, and detection of N2 using a conductivity detector. The protein factor used was 6.25.
[0382] Protein deamidation measurement
[0383] Deamidation degree was measured using the ammonia test kit from HACH (HACH, High Range Ammonia Test N Tube Rgt (0-50 mg / L N) ) . The amounts of ammonia released from the milk protein samples, prepared with and without protein deamidase treatment, as well the total ammonia released from milk protein samples by acid hydrolysis were measured by the HACH Kit. The deamidation degree was defined as the ratio between the free ammonia amount released by the deamidase reaction and the total ammonia amount released by hydrochloric acid protein hydrolyzation.
[0384] The procedure is outlined as follows:
[0385] 1. Use the HACH KIT (2606945vial-CN AmVer) to test the ammonia content of the deamidated and control of milk protein samples.
[0386] 2. Measure the total ammonia release by drawing 1000 μl of the control sample solution, then add 500 μl of 6M HCl and treat at 100℃ for 3 hours to analyze the total ammonia release. After acid hydrolysis, add 28ml pH 7.0 buffer (0.1 M citric acid-0.2 M Na2HPO4 buffer) and 550 μl of 6M NaOH to adjust the pH of the hydrolysis mixture to 7.0. The resulting solution is diluted 30 times in total, and the ammonia released is determined using the HACH kit.
[0387] 3. Measure the free ammonia release by drawing 1000 μl of the deamidase treated-sample solution, and centrifuging it at ambient temperature at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Add pH 7.0 buffer (0.1 M citric acid-0.2 M Na2HPO4 buffer) into the supernatant and dilute it 2-10 times in total according to the level of ammonia release. Draw 100 μl for free ammonia amount analysis.
[0388] 4. Define the deamidation degree as the ratio between the free ammonia amount released by the deamidase reaction and the total ammonia amount (from both glutamine and asparagine) released by hydrochloric acid protein hydrolyzation.
[0389] For the HACH AmVer Salicylate Test’ N Tube method:
[0390] 1. Start program 343 N, Ammonia HR TNT.
[0391] 2. Prepare the blank by adding 0.1 ml of ammonia-free water to one AmVerTM Diluent Reagent Test 'N Tube for High Range Ammonia Nitrogen.
[0392] 3. Prepare the sample by adding 0.1 ml of the sample to one AmVerTM Diluent Reagent Test 'N Tube for High Range Ammonia Nitrogen.
[0393] 4. Add the contents of one Ammonia Salicylate Reagent Powder Pillow for 5 ml samples to each vial.
[0394] 5. Add the contents of one Ammonia Cyanurate Reagent Powder Pillow to each vial.
[0395] 6. Secure the caps on both vials and shake thoroughly to dissolve the powder.
[0396] 7. Start the instrument timer to initiate a 20 minute reaction time.
[0397] 8. Clean the blank vial.
[0398] 9. Insert the blank vial into the 16 mm cell holder.
[0399] 10. Push READ. Results show in mg / L NH3–N.
[0400] Emulsification capability measurement
[0401] The protein emulsification capability was assessed by measuring the amount of oil that the milk protein sample could emulsify. This was done by monitoring the conductivity of the protein salt solution using the following steps:
[0402] 1. Diluting the protein solution to 0.15%dry matter with a 5mg / 100ml NaCl solution, ensuring that the conductivity of the sample was above 50 uS / cm.
[0403] 2. Preparing the emulsification solution by mixing 20 g of the 0.15%protein solution with 20 g of rapeseed oil in a 100 ml beaker, and subjecting it to 7000 rpm IKA turrenx homogenization for 20 seconds. Then measuring the conductivity of the emulsification solution.
[0404] 3. Continuously adding rapeseed oil into the solution while monitoring the conductivity shift. Stop adding oil when the conductivity rapidly decreases (typically from ~20 to 10 uS / cm) , and wait for the conductivity meter value to stabilize.
[0405] 4. Repeating the process of adding oil, waiting, and recording until the conductivity reading is lower than 1.0 uS / cm, and recording the total oil consumption.
[0406] The emulsification capability was calculated by dividing the total oil consumption by the loading protein content.
[0407] Viscosity measurement
[0408] Using a viscosity meter from Brookfield type DV-II+ Pro to measure the viscosity, the following steps were employed:
[0409] 1. Ensuring the viscosity meter was horizontal before turning on the machine.
[0410] 2. Turning on the device and set the speed to 100 RPM.
[0411] 3. Installing the appropriate rotor and setting the corresponding rotor number. A proper rotor should have the torque during sample measurement within a 10%-90%range.
[0412] 4. Taking out 40 ml of the room temperature liquid sample and placing it into a 50 ml centrifuge tube.
[0413] 5. Immersing the rotor into the sample and begin measuring the viscosity. Once the data stabilizes, reading the viscosity value in cP.
[0414] Sensory test
[0415] Four (4) to six (6) panelists were tasked with taste testing the different milk protein samples at room temperature to evaluate if there was any off-note generation in the deamidated samples compared to control samples.
[0416] Results
[0417] Solubility and deamidation degree of sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate
[0418] When using protein deamidase, the degree of deamidation increased with the enzyme dosage for the sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate samples. In this example, the use of protein deamidase to improve functionality of sodium caseinate 180 and calcium caseinate 385 (available from Fonterra, New Zealand) was tested. These substrates are made by solubilizing acid casein curd with almost no lactose (<0.25%) or powder with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, respectively. The protein content is above 95%based on dry matter. The deamidation degree was similar for the sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate samples under the same enzyme dosage. In the case of calcium caseinate, the solubility showed a significant increase with higher enzyme dosage (protein deamidase dosed at 1.34 IPA (U) / g protein and above) . On the other hand, for sodium caseinate, which is already a highly soluble ingredient, the solubility remained constant regardless of enzyme dosage.
[0419] Sodium caseinate typically has better solubility than calcium caseinate as also shown in Table 1 below, making sodium caseinate a preferred ingredient in beverage products. The appearance of the two different milk protein ingredients is also quite different. Sodium caseinate forms a clear transparent solution with straw color, while calcium caseinate forms milky white dispersions. After deamidase treatment, the calcium caseinate samples also turned to clear transparent just like sodium caseinate. Rapid dissolve of sodium caseinate is usually not easy in manufacturing as it takes time for hydration and solubilization. While calcium caseinate with mono-and diglycerides or phospholipid coating is easy to disperse in liquids, it is not very soluble. Using protein deamidase, it was shown in this example that it is possible to improve dispersibility and solubility of calcium caseinate in liquid. Thus, manufacturing processes comprising the use of calcium caseinate for liquid applications becomes greatly improved.
[0420] Table 1 Protein solubility and deamidation degree of sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate samples
[0421] Solubility of milk protein concentrate (MPC) and whey protein concentrate (WPC)
[0422] When using protein deamidase, the solubility of the MPC and WPC samples increased significantly with the enzyme dosage. In this example, the milk protein concentrate used was MPC485 (85%protein based on dry basis) , which was bought from Fonterra, New Zealand. The whey protein concentrate used in this study was WPC 450. WPC 450 is an 80%protein (dry basis) whey protein derived from cheese and coated with sunflower lecithin.
[0423] For the MPC, as the deamidase dosage increased from 0 to 2 IPA (U) / g protein, the solubility increased from 26.9%to 76.3%. Similarly, for WPC, an increase in deamidase dosage resulted in solubility improvement from 37.5%to 60.3%.
[0424] Table 2 Protein solubility of milk protein concentrate and whey protein concentrate
[0425] Based on sensory tests, all the protein ingredients tested (sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, MPC, and WPC) did not display any off-notes generation after deamidation.
[0426] From the results above, it was indeed confirmed that protein deamidase could significantly improve the solubility of the calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate and whey protein concentrate without generating off notes.
[0427] Emulsification capability
[0428] Table 3 presents the emulsification capability of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, MPC and WPC modified with different deamidase dosages. For sodium caseinate, it was observed that as the deamidase dosage was increased from 0 to 4 IPA (U) / g protein, the emulsification capability also significantly increased, with values ranging from 1709 to 3040 g oil / g protein. Similarly, for calcium caseinate, the emulsification capability varied from 2012 to 2652 g oil / g protein across the deamidase dosing range. The improvement in emulsification capability for calcium caseinate was not as significant as for sodium caseinate. This difference can be attributed to the presence of mono-and diglycerides in the calcium caseinate tested in the example, which contribute to emulsification and are not affected by protein deamidase.
[0429] The emulsification capability of MPC could be improved most significantly by the protein deamidase as it nearly increased 4-fold compared to the control (no protein deamidase) when dosing at protein deamidase at 4 IPA (U) / g protein. For WPC, the emulsification capability also improved significantly when treating the ingredient with protein deamidase. For the WPC control sample (no protein deamidase treatment) , the WPC was not heat-treated since after heat treatment the whey protein will be aggregated significantly, making determination of emulsification capability impossible.
[0430] The data shown at least in Table 3 highlights that protein deamidase can significantly improve the emulsification capability of different milk proteins. The improvement in emulsification capability and dispersibility of the enzymatically deamidated dairy protein means that a ready-to-drink beverage can be obtained, which has reduced precipitation and sedimentation, both immediately at its production, during transportation and after storage. The fact that no protein precipitates, i.e. the deamidated protein stays in solution, also over time, the ready-to-drink beverage remains visually appealing even after longer storage times.
[0431] Table 3 Emulsification capability of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, MPC and WPC.
[0432] Viscosity
[0433] As seen at least in Table 4, sodium caseinate inherently has a higher viscosity than calcium caseinate (controls, no protein deamidase treatment) . After treatment with protein deamidase, viscosity was improved for sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate and milk protein concentrate (MPC) . Since WPC is not stable after heat treatment, viscosity was not measured for this milk protein ingredient.
[0434] The increased viscosity seen for the tested dairy protein ingredients could be beneficial for the stability of ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages, including both initial and shelf stability. In particular, it is beneficial in manufacturing of clinical nutrition products, such as clinical nutrition beverages. In clinical nutrition beverages, a lot of insoluble minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, is needed in the recipe. To ensure sufficient suspension of these insoluble mineral, stabilizers, such as gums, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , are typically added when formulating the clinical nutrition beverage in order to increase the viscosity of the system. The improved viscosity observed for the tested dairy proteins, including MPC, calcium caseinate and sodium caseinate, when treating with protein deamidase, as reported herein, enables reducing and even avoiding the need to add these additives in formulation of the RTD and clinical nutrition beverages, without comprising stability of the systems in terms of both initial and shelf life stability.
[0435] Table 4 Viscosity of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, and MPC, with and without protein deamidase treatment, at room temperature.
[0436] Thermostability of whey protein
[0437] Whey proteins are typically not used to produce low-acid (water activity, aw, of >0.85 and with a finished equilibrium pH of >4.6) shelf-stable beverages. This is because whey proteins tend to have poor solubility and heat stability at neutral pH on heating. Although whey protein has perfect taste, functionality and nutritional value, they cannot be applied in the low-acid drinks as the whey protein will aggregate after heat treatment, irrespective of whether it is pasteurized or UHT. As seen in Figure 1 disclosed herewith, it was found that by treating a whey protein concentrate (WPC450) with the protein deamidase, the thermostable of the whey protein was greatly improved. In particular, it was observed that they whey protein did not aggregate under either pasteurization or UHT treatment, even at low dosages (0.67 IPA (U) / g protein) of protein deamidase.
[0438] Example 3: Functional improvement of uncoated whey protein concentrate
[0439] In the previous example, the tested whey protein was whey protein concentrate WPC450, which is 80%protein coated with soy lecithin.
[0440] In this example, the use of protein deamidase to improve functionality of an uncoated whey protein (WPC392) was tested. WPC392 is a whey protein concentrate (available from Fonterra, New Zealand) which is an 80%protein from standard cheese product without coating. WPC392 is not heat stable, which significantly limits its application in food products, particularly in ready-to-drink beverages. To address this issue, WPC392 was treated with protein deamidase. The treatment involved hydration of the WPC with water to prepare a 10%dry matter solution, followed by incubation of the solution with protein deamidase under stirring for 1 hour at 60℃. Following incubation, the protein deamidase was deactivated at 85℃ for 10 minutes. Control samples were also prepared, wherein one sample was not subjected to heating at 85℃ and without adding enzyme, and the other was heated at 85℃ and also without adding any enzyme.
[0441] As shown in Figure 2a, treatment with the protein deamidase significantly improved the thermostability of WPC392. This is seen by no visible precipitation in the protein deamidase treated samples. In comparison, the control sample (no protein deamidase) showed clear precipitation after the pasteurization at 85℃. After pasteurization, the samples was also heated under 140℃ for 30 second (harsh UHT condition) and could still survive the heat treatment (Figure 2b) .
[0442] Heating alone caused a large proportion of the soluble WPC392 to become insoluble, resulting in a significant reduction in the soluble protein content (see samples 1 and 2 in Table 5) . When WPC392 was treated with protein deamidase, the solubility of the protein was preserved despite heat exposure. It was concluded that protein deamidase had the effect protecting the whey protein from heat-induced damage.
[0443] Table 5 Solubility improvement of whey protein concentrate (WPC392) with protein deamidase. PD, protein deamidase; WPC, whey protein concentrate.
[0444] After treatment with protein deamidase, the viscosity of WPC392 was significantly improved (see Table 6) . This improvement opens the potential to replace stabilizers or thickening agents in RTD products. By doing so, manufacturers can offer a "clean label" or "short label" solution without compromising taste or shelf-life stability.
[0445] Table 6 Viscosity improvement of whey protein concentrate (WPC392) with protein deamidase. PD, protein deamidase; w, with; w. o., without.
[0446] It could be seen that after deamidation with the protein deamidase, the molecular weight of whey protein concentrate was significantly reduced (see Table 7) , even when comparing with the control sample of WPC392 (no enzyme or heat treatment) . At an enzyme dosage of 6.66 IPA(U) / g protein, the average molecular weight decreases from approximately 10,000 Da to ~8,000 Da. When the enzyme dosage is increased to 13.32 IPA (U) / g protein, the molecular weight is further reduced to ~6,500 Da. Beyond this point, further increases in enzyme dosage resulted in relatively stable molecular weights, with a slight increase likely attributable to system error.
[0447] The molecular weight distribution of protein was measured with different molecular sizes, separated using Waters e2695 equipped with UV / Visible Detector Waters 2489 and gel permeation chromatography (GPC, using column from TSKgel G2000 SWXL 7.8mm*300mm) . The peptides were detected by the UV absorbance of peptide bonds at the wavelength of 220 nm.The molecular weight (MW) distribution and the relative amounts were calculated based on the residence time and peak area according to the peptide standards.
[0448] Table 7 Molecular weight (MW) distribution in percentage (%) and average molecule weight of whey protein concentrate WPC392 with and without protein deamidase (PD) treatment and heat treatment. MW, molecular weight, PD, protein deamidase, WPC, whey protein concentrate,
[0449] *Control sample: no protein deamidase treatment, no heat treatment.
[0450] Deamidation at dosages 6.66 IPA (U) / g protein and 13.32 IPA (U) / g protein dosage resulted in the emulsification capability of WPC392 being protected from heat damage. When the protein deamidase dosage was increased to 13.32 IPA (U) / g protein, the emulsification capability was further improved and even better than the heat-treated WPC392 (see Table 8) .
[0451] Table 8 Emulsification capability improvement of whey protein concentrate WPC392. PD, protein deamidase; w., with; w.o., without.
[0452] Example 4: Use of protein deamidase in production of a clinical nutrition product fortified with mineral
[0453] The solution described in this example addresses challenges associated with high mineral and calcium content, such as solubility issue and sedimentation, as well as thermostability of WPC. For this example, whey protein concentrates WPC392 (uncoated) and WPC450 (coated) were tested. The deamidated whey protein concentrates were prepared using the method described in Example 3 and further used to produce a mineral-fortified, clinical nutrition RTD beverage without stabilizer. WPC392 was deamidated using protein deamidase dosage of 6.66 IPA(U) / g protein. WPC450 was deamidated using protein deamidase dosage of 4 IPA (U) / g protein.
[0454] Following the protein deamidase treatment, a 10%dry matter solution of deamidated WPC was first mixed with crystallized sucrose. In a second solution, the minerals was separately dissolved in residual water in the recipe. Then, the two mixtures were homogenized with soy oil at 10,000rpm high shear mix for 10 minutes by Vorwerk Thermomix. Finally, the mixture was sterilized at 85℃ for 10 min. A control sample was prepared following the same process but using untreated (non-deamidated) WPCs. Since the untreated WPCs are not thermostable, the control samples were not sterilized.
[0455] The recipe used for the clinical nutrition RTD beverage was protein, 6%; crystalized sucrose, 9.96%; total mineral, 1.2%; and fat, 6%.
[0456] The mineral mix contained the following nutrients: iodine, 21.71 μg / g from Potassium iodide; calcium, 100 mg / g from mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium bicarbonate; chromium, 7.48 μg / g from Chromium chloride; potassium, 86 mg / g from potassium chloride; magnesium, 15.64 mg / g from magnesium carbonate; manganese, 242 μg / g from manganese sulfate; molybdenum, 7.2 μg / g from sodium molybdate; sodium, 45.22 mg / g from sodium citrate; iron, 1.29 mg / g from ferrous sulfate; selenium, 5.0 μg / g from sodium selenite; and zinc, 1.02 mg / g from zinc sulfate.
[0457] As seen from Figure 3, deamidation (60℃, 1 hour) of the WPCs resulted in a clinical nutrition drink which was stable to heat treatment, had improved shelf-life stability and also could suspend the insoluble minerals without the need for adding stabilizers or emulsifiers. The role of high mineral concentration in the clinical nutrition drinks is clearly seen in the control (no protein deamidase treatment) in Figure 3 as a calcium precipitate formed in the bottom of the sample tubes. Furthermore, as seen in Table 9, increased viscosity was recorded for the clinical nutrition beverages prepared with deamidated whey protein.
[0458] Table 9 Viscosity (cP) improvement of whey protein concentrates WPC392 and WPC450. PD, protein deamidase; w., with.
[0459] High concentration of minerals, especially calcium (150mg / 100g RTD drink, which comes from 120 mg from the mineral mixture and 30 mg from the WPC) , poses severe challenges related to solubility and sedimentation in beverages such as clinical nutrition beverages, sport beverages, or other mineral-fortified drinks. Normally, the high amounts of minerals would require addition of large amounts of thickening stabilizers to homogenize the beverage. Furthermore, the fact that WPCs lacks thermostability limits the use of this protein ingredient in production of clinical nutritional products, as these are subjected to heat treatment.
[0460] The solution offered with the present invention, and exemplified at least by the Examples disclosed herein, provides for an expansion of protein choices and provide a clean label solution for such application. Beyond ready-to-drink clinical nutrition, this solution could also be applied in tube-feeding formulations, which require even greater stability and lower viscosity. Using the herein disclosed and claimed solution, a tube-feeding formula can be obtained which is nutritional complete and has a reduced viscosity compared to a tube-feeding formulations formulated with stabilizers to prevent mineral precipitation. Using the herein disclosed and claimed solution, a tube-feeding formulations can be obtained which is essentially free of stabilizers, such as gums, and has a lower viscosity than a tube-feeding formulation comprising stabilizers, such as gum stabilizers.
[0461] Example 5: Use of protein deamidase for visual improvement of milk protein concentrate
[0462] In the following example, visual appearance of milk protein concentrate, with and without protein deamidase and heat treatment, was examined.
[0463] The milk protein concentrate used in this study was MPC485, which was bought from Fonterra, New Zealand.
[0464] The treatment involved hydration of the MPC with water to prepare a 10%dry matter solution, followed by incubation of the solution with protein deamidase (at dosages of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 IPA (U) / g protein) under stirring for 1 hour at 60℃. Following incubation, the protein deamidase was deactivated at 85℃ for 10 minutes (pasteurization step) . A control samples was included in the study as well, which was prepared without adding enzyme.
[0465] As seen from Figure 4, it is clear that after enzymatic deamidation, the appearance of milk protein concentrate was changed from a milky white appearance to a light yellow transparent at higher dosages of protein deamidase. Similar effects is seen for calcium caseinate (see Example 2) . The improvement in visual appearance reported herein for both calcium caseinate and MPC, enhances the potential applications of these substrates in products that require a light, transparent appearance instead of a milky white one.
[0466] Example 6: Use of protein deamidase for foam reduction in solution comprising whey protein concentrate
[0467] In the following example, foaming capacity was examined for whey protein concentrate, with and without protein deamidase.
[0468] Whey protein concentrate (WPC) was dissolved in demineralized water at a concentration of 20% (w / w) and treated with protein deamidase at a dosage of 4.1 IPA (U) / g protein. The enzymatic reaction was conducted at 50℃ for 4 hours. No additional heat treatment was applied following the enzymatic deamidation. A control was included (no protein deamidase treatment) .
[0469] The samples were subsequently diluted to 5% (w / w) total protein and 120 g of sample subjected to foaming using a commercially available milk frother operating under a standard milk program at 60 ℃. After frothing, the samples were poured into 250 mL glass cylinders and the total volume and the liquid volume noted after initial phase separation (approx. 0-1 min) . Foam volume (ΔFoam) was calculated as “Total volume –Liquid Volume” and recorded over time as a measure of foam formation and stability. The results are shown in Figure 6 and Table 10.
[0470] Compared to untreated control, the deamidated WPC sample exhibited a marked reduction in both initial foam height and foam stability over time. This suggested that deamidation alters the interfacial properties of the proteins, likely reducing their ability to stabilize air–water interfaces.
[0471] Table 10 Foam volume (ΔFoam) over time of a 120g solution of 5%WPC solution subjected to foaming using a commercially available milk frother operating under a standard milk program at 60 ℃. PD, protein deamidase; min, minutes.
[0472] The suppression of foam formation through deamidation may be advantageous in various food processing contexts where excessive foaming is undesirable, such as in:
[0473] · dry-mix formulations (e.g., protein powders for reconstitution) ;
[0474] · liquid dairy or plant-based beverages; and
[0475] · high-protein ready-to-drink products.
[0476] This property may also facilitate more efficient processing by reducing foam-related issues during mixing, filling, or thermal treatment steps.
[0477] Example 7: Use of protein deamidase for mineral stability of whey protein isolate preparations
[0478] In the following, two whey protein isolate (WPI) preparations were prepared and evaluated: a regular whey protein isolate ( ‘MP’ ) and a low-calcium whey protein isolate ( ‘LP’ ) . Each was dissolved in demineralized water at a concentration of 5% (w / w) and treated with a protein deamidase at a dosage of 4.1 IPA (U) / g protein. The enzymatic reaction was conducted at 50℃for 4 hours. No additional heat treatment was applied.
[0479] Following deamidation, the WPI solutions were exposed to increasing concentrations (0-0.1 M) of various mineral salts: NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and KCl. Samples were incubated for 6 hours at ambient temperature. Turbidity was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring absorbance at 500, 550, and 600 nm. Results are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.
[0480] For the regular WPI, deamidation conferred a marked increase in stability against calcium-induced aggregation. This is clearly seen in Figure 6 in which the MP WPI samples treated with protein deamidase is less turbid compared to the control WPI MP (no protein deamidase) .
[0481] As seen in Figure 7a, for the protein deamidase treated samples, turbidity remained constant across all mineral types and concentrations over the 6-hour incubation period. In contrast, the untreated WPI MP control exhibited a rapid increase in turbidity, particularly in the presence of CaCl2, with visible aggregation occurring within 30 minutes. For the low-calcium WPI, the opposite trend was observed (Figure 7b) . Deamidation led to a progressive increase in turbidity with rising calcium concentrations, whereas the untreated LP control maintained stable turbidity throughout the incubation.
[0482] It was concluded that for regular whey protein preparations, e.g. less pure whey protein preparation, deamidation may be used to enhance mineral tolerance and prevent precipitation in fortified beverages or nutritional formulations.
[0483] Example 8: Use of protein deamidase to improve thermostability of whey protein concentrate and whey protein isolate
[0484] In the following example, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and whey protein isolate (WPI) were each dissolved in demineralized water at a concentration of 5% (w / w) and treated with a protein deamidase at a dosage of 4.1 IPA (U) / g protein. The enzymatic reaction was carried out at 50℃ for 4 hours. No additional processing was applied.
[0485] The two WPC and WPI solutions were then subjected to thermal stress at 80℃ for up to 20 minutes. Soluble protein content was assessed by centrifugation at 20,000 RCF for 10 minutes, with quantification of protein performed on the supernatant. The results are shown in Table 11. Soluble protein is defined as the protein soluble in the supernatant in a sample after it has been centrifuged at 20,000 RCF for 10 minutes.
[0486] Table 11 Thermostability of WPC / WPI solutions over time prepared with and without protein deamidase. WPI, whey protein isolate; WPC, whey protein concentrate.
[0487] For both WPC and WPI there was no change in soluble protein content, whereas the control samples (no protein deamidase) reduced the soluble protein content significantly. This protective effect of deamidation towards heat, is a significant benefit for food producers as it can significantly improve the shelf-stability of drinks produced from or fortified with WPI or WPC. Furthermore, it enables omitting stabilizing additives to food products, enabling clean label product development.
[0488] Example 9: Use of protein deamidase for improved colloidal stability of whey protein concentrate and whey protein isolate
[0489] In the following example, colloidal stability was examined using Backscattering as an indicator. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and whey protein isolate (WPI) were each dissolved in demineralized water at a concentration of 5% (w / w) and treated with a protein deamidase at a dosage of 4.1 IPA (U) / g protein. The enzymatic reaction was carried out at 50 ℃ for 4 hours. No additional processing was applied post-treatment. Optical backscattering measurements were performed on the treated and untreated samples using a turbidimetric analyzer. As seen in Table 12, the protein deamidase-treated samples exhibited a significant reduction in backscattering intensity compared to the untreated controls.
[0490] Table 12 Backscattering (%) measured for solutions prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) , prepared with and without protein deamidase treatment.
[0491] The reduction in backscattering is indicative of decreased turbidity and suggests improved colloidal stability of the protein solutions. The observed decrease in backscattering implies enhanced clarity and physical stability of protein solutions, which is particularly advantageous in the formulation of clear or translucent beverages. This effect may also reduce the need for additional stabilizers or emulsifiers, supporting clean-label product development and improving the visual and sensory quality of high-protein drinks and products.
Claims
1.Method of obtaining a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage, comprising the steps of:(a) providing an aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein;(b) heat-treating the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein to obtain the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage; and(c) storing the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage for at least 4 hours, preferably at least 8 hours, more preferably at least 12 hours, before consumption.2.Method of claim 1, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has improved emulsification capability, improved initial stability, and / or improved shelf stability compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained without the use of a protein deamidase.3.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has reduced off-flavors compared to a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtained without the use of a protein deamidase.4.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein and / or the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is essentially free of added emulsifiers and / or stabilizers, preferably wherein the emulsifiers and / or stabilizers are selected from lecithin, carrageenan, xanthan gum, mono-and diglycerides, guar gum, gellan gum, carrageenan gum, cassia gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, psyllium seed gum, gelatin, tamarind seed gum, gum arabic, propylene glycol alginates, pectin, pullulan, methylcellulose (MC) , microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) , carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , stearoyl lactylates, succinylated monoglycerides, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, or any mixtures thereof.5.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a sports nutrition beverage, a clinical nutrition beverage, an infant nutrition beverage, or a ready-to-drink coffee or tea beverage.6.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is a sports nutrition beverage, a clinical nutrition beverage, or an infant nutrition beverage.7.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage has a protein content of at least 3% (w / w) , such as at least 4% (w / w) , at least 5% (w / w) , at least 6% (w / w) , at least 7.5% (w / w) , at least 8 % (w / w) , at least 10% (w / w) , or at least 12%(w / w) .8.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is meant for storage at a temperature of 1-70℃.9.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the heat treatment is a Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) , High Temperature Short Time (HTST) , Higher Heat Shorter Time (HHST) , Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) , Ultra Pasteurized (UP) treatment, an Extended Shelf Life (ESL) treatment, pasteurization, and / or retorting.10.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group consisting of casein, such as alpha-, beta-or gamma-casein, acid casein, lactic acid casein, casein hydrolysate, micellar casein, rennet casein, caseinate, such as sodium-, potassium-or calcium-caseinate, whey, whey proteins, whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate and any combinations thereof, preferably wherein the dairy protein is selected from the group of sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate and any combinations thereof.11.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage is fortified, preferably fortified with a plant protein and / or a mineral, optionally wherein the plant protein is an enzymatically deamidated plant protein and / or the mineral is selected from the group of calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, selenium, zinc, iodine, or a combination thereof, preferably calcium, magnesium or a combination thereof.12.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained using a method comprising the steps of:i. obtaining a slurry of a dairy protein in water;ii. treating the slurry of dairy protein in water with a protein deamidase to obtain the aqueous solution comprising deamidated dairy protein; andiii. optionally inactivating the protein deamidase.13.Method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous solution comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein is obtained using a protein deamidase derived or obtained from a Chryseobacterium species.14.Dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage obtainable by the method of any of claims 1-13.15.Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a dairy protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve stability, preferably to improve storage stability, and / or to improve emulsification capability.16.Use of a protein deamidase in the production of a whey protein-based ready-to-drink beverage to improve thermostability and / or reduce mineral precipitation.17.Use according to claim 16, wherein the whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, and any combinations thereof, preferably wherein the whey protein is a whey protein concentrate, a whey protein isolate or a combination thereof.18.Use according to any of claims 16-17, wherein the ready-to-drink beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage, a sports beverage, a fortified beverage, such as a mineral-fortified beverage, a tube-feeding formula, or any combination thereof, preferably wherein the nutritional beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage or a sport beverage.19.Nutritional beverage comprising enzymatically deamidated dairy protein.20.Nutritional beverage of claim 19, wherein the nutritional beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage, a sports beverage, a fortified beverage, such as a mineral-fortified beverage, a tube-feeding formula, or any combination thereof, preferably wherein the nutritional beverage is a clinical nutrition beverage or a sport beverage.21.Nutritional beverage of any of claims 19-20, wherein the dairy protein is a whey protein, preferably wherein the whey protein is selected from the group consisting of whey hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, sweet whey, acid whey, and any combinations thereof, more preferably wherein the whey protein is a whey protein concentrate, a whey protein isolate or a combination thereof.22.Nutritional beverage of any of claims 19-21, wherein the nutritional beverage is fortified with a mineral selected from the group of calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, selenium, zinc, iodine, or a combination thereof, preferably calcium, magnesium or a combination thereof.23.Nutritional beverage of any of claims 19-22, characterized by having improved thermostability and / or reduced mineral precipitation compared to a nutritional beverage comprising a dairy protein which is not enzymatically deamidated.
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