Compositions and methods for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease
Hydronidone addresses the inadequacies of current CKD treatments by targeting TGF-β signaling to reduce renal fibrosis and collagen deposition, offering effective renoprotection and functional improvement.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/126945
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-10-12
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-16
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are inadequate in reversing renal fibrosis and collagen deposition, and there is a lack of safe and effective anti-fibrotic therapies that can be used across diverse etiologies and monitored effectively.
The use of hydronidone, its solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts in the form of medicaments for preventing and treating CKD, which targets TGF-β signaling to reduce renal fibrosis, collagen deposition, and improve renal function.
Hydronidone demonstrates potent renoprotective effects by reducing ECM deposition, suppressing CTGF overexpression, and improving renal function, with significant reductions in biomarkers of fibrosis and proteinuria, and preservation of renal architecture.
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Figure PCTCN2025126945-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
Compositions and Methods for Preventing and Treating Chronic Kidney DiseaseCross-Reference to Related Application
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of and priority to Chinese Patent Application Serial no. 202411424352X, filed on October 12, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Technical Field
[0002] The present disclosure belongs to the field of medicine, and specifically relates to methods, compositions, and kits comprising hydronidone for use in preventing and / or treating chronic kidney disease and treating patients with chronic kidney disease.Background
[0003] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive, multifactorial disorder characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function, with a global prevalence estimated at 10-14%. CKD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, largely due to cardiovascular complications and progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) . The pathophysiology of CKD involves a complex interplay of hemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrotic processes. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, tubular atrophy, and chronic inflammation, is a hallmark of progressive CKD and a key determinant of renal functional decline.
[0004] Chronic kidney disease represents a significant global health burden, with current prevention and treatment methods proving inadequate for most patients. Early detection is challenging, as CKD is frequently asymptomatic and available biomarkers lack sensitivity for identifying early injury or fibrosis. Screening practices are inconsistent, and definitive assessment of fibrosis still relies on invasive biopsy, limiting timely intervention and routine monitoring.
[0005] Conventional management strategies, including lifestyle and dietary modifications as well as blood pressure and glycemic control, may slow CKD progression but do not halt or reverse established fibrosis. Pharmacologic agents such as RAAS inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, nonsteroidal MRAs, and GLP-1 receptor CLAagonists offer some benefit but rarely address the underlying fibrotic process or restore renal structure. These therapies are further limited by adverse effects, narrow indications, and reduced efficacy in non-albuminuric or non-diabetic CKD.
[0006] Despite advances in the understanding of kidney fibrosis, no anti-fibrotic drug is currently approved for CKD. Multiple targeted approaches-including TGF-β and CTGF pathway inhibitors, NRF2 activators, and epigenetic modulators-have failed to demonstrate durable clinical benefit or have raised safety concerns. The complexity of fibrotic mechanisms, involving diverse cell types and persistent epigenetic changes, further complicates the development of effective therapies.
[0007] CKD is also associated with a high burden of comorbidities and treatment complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia, mineral-bone disorder, and polypharmacy. Standard therapies for these complications can contribute to disease progression or toxicity. End-stage care options, including dialysis and transplantation, remain resource-intensive and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
[0008] Current standards-of-care, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (e.g., finerenone) , and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, have demonstrated efficacy in slowing CKD progression and reducing cardiovascular risk. However, these agents do not directly reverse established renal fibrosis, and a significant residual risk of progression remains, particularly in patients with advanced disease or persistent proteinuria.
[0009] There is a clear unmet need for novel, safe, and effective anti-fibrotic therapies that can be used across diverse CKD etiologies, initiated early in the disease course, and paired with practical biomarkers for monitoring. These persistent gaps highlight the necessity for new approaches to CKD treatment and prevention.
[0010] The present disclosure addresses these and other needs in the art.Summary
[0011] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, hydronidone is provided and used in the preparation of a medicament for preventing and / or treating chronic kidney disease, improving renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease, reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition in chronic kidney disease subjects with chronic kidney disease, improving renal lesion severity in patients in chronic kidney disease subjects, reducing proteinuria and maintaining creatinine in chronic kidney disease subjects, protecting renal integrity and functioning in chronic kidney disease subjects, and / or reducing expression of CKD progression biomarkers in chronic kidney disease subjects.
[0012] The present disclosure provides use of the compound represented by formula (I) (i.e., hydronidone) , a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for preventing and / or treating chronic kidney disease, improving renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease, reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition in chronic kidney disease subjects with chronic kidney disease, improving renal lesion severity in patients in chronic kidney disease subjects, reducing proteinuria and maintaining creatinine in chronic kidney disease subjects, protecting renal integrity and functioning in chronic kidney disease subjects, and / or reducing expression of CKD progression biomarkers in chronic kidney disease subjects,
[0013] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the chronic kidney disease is interstitial nephritis.
[0014] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the interstitial nephritis includes acute interstitial nephritis or chronic interstitial nephritis.
[0015] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the chronic kidney disease is caused by one or more factors selected from the group consisting of drug therapy, microbial infection, immune diseases, metabolic diseases, hematological diseases, and urinary tract obstruction.
[0016] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the urinary tract obstruction is ureteral obstruction.
[0017] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an organic acid selected from propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid; a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic acid selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid; a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic base, including a sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum salt; or a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an organic base, including a methylamine salt, an ethylamine salt, and an ethanolamine salt; or a salt formed by esterification of the compound of formula (I) with and acidic amino acid selected from aspartic acid and glutamic acid followed by reaction with an inorganic base (including a sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum salts, and ammonium salt) or an organic base (including a methylamine salt, an ethylamine salt, and an ethanolamine salt) ; or a salt formed by esterification with a basic amino acid selected from lysine, arginine, and ornithine followed by reaction with an inorganic acid selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid, or with an organic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, picric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and ethanesulfonic acid.
[0018] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic acid selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid; a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic base, including a sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum salt; or a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an organic base, including a methylamine salt, an ethylamine salt, and an ethanolamine salt.
[0019] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the medicament further includes one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
[0020] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the medicament can be an oral dosage form or a parenteral dosage form. Further, the oral dosage form can be a tablet, a capsule, a pill, a dispersible powder, a granule, an oral liquid, a syrup, or an elixir, etc.; the parenteral dosage form can be an injection, or a powder for injection, etc.
[0021] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the excipient includes lactose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, gum Arabic, calcium phosphate, alginate, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, or methylcellulose, etc.
[0022] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the excipient may further comprise: a lubricant, such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; a wetting agent; an emulsifier and a suspending agent; a preservative, such as methyl benzoate and hydroxypropyl benzoate; a sweetener and a flavoring agent. The drug can be formulated using methods known in the art to provide immediate, sustained, or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to a patient.
[0023] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the medicament further includes at least one other medicament for treating chronic kidney disease.
[0024] The present disclosure also provides a method for preventing and / or treating chronic kidney disease, which method comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0025] The present disclosure also provides methods for improving renal function in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the methods comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Often according to such methods, the improving renal function is determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen.
[0026] The present disclosure also provides methods for reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the methods comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Often according to such methods, the improving renal function is determined by measuring collagen volume fraction (CVF) and / or hydroxyproline content.
[0027] The present disclosure also provides methods for improving renal lesion severity in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the methods comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0028] The present disclosure also provides methods for reducing proteinuria and maintain creatinine levels in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the methods comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0029] The present disclosure also provides methods for protecting renal integrity and functioning in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the methods comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Often according to such methods, the protecting renal integrity and functioning is determined by measuring serum creatinine and BUN levels.
[0030] The present disclosure also provides methods for reducing the expression of biomarkers associated with renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease progression in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the methods comprise: obtaining a sample from the subject and evaluating the sample for the level of one or more biomarker selected from the group consisting of: connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , hydroxyproline, collagen volume fraction (CVF) , KIM-1, NGAL, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) , and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ; administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and monitoring the patient after administration of the hydronidone for the level of the one or more biomarker in the subject selected in the obtaining and evaluating step, wherein the level of the biomarker in the patient is reduced compared with the level of the biomarker selected in the obtaining and evaluating step.
[0031] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or the composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is administered alone or in combination with other medicaments for treating chronic kidney disease, including those provided and contemplated herein.
[0032] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the chronic kidney disease is interstitial nephritis.
[0033] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the interstitial nephritis includes acute interstitial nephritis or chronic interstitial nephritis.
[0034] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the chronic kidney disease is caused by one or more factors selected from the group consisting of drug therapy, microbial infection, immune diseases, metabolic diseases, hematological diseases, and urinary tract obstruction.
[0035] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the urinary tract obstruction is ureteral obstruction.
[0036] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the combined administration can be simultaneous or sequential.
[0037] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the dosage of hydronidone can be 50-1800 mg / day, 80-1700 mg / day, 100-1600 mg / day, 50-100 mg / day, 50-200 mg / day, 50-300 mg / day, 50-400 mg / day, 50-500 mg / day, 50-600 mg / day, 50-700 mg / day, 50-800 mg / day, 50-600 mg / day, 80-600 mg / day, 120-1000 mg / day, 100-800 mg / day, 100-500 mg / day, 100-600 mg / day, 200-600 mg / day, 200-800 mg / day, 300-600 mg / day, 30 mg / day, 40 mg / day, 50 mg / day, 60 mg / day, 70 mg / day, 80 mg / day, 90 mg / day, 100 mg / day, 110 mg / day, 120 mg / day, 130 mg / day, 140 mg / day, 150 mg / day, 160 mg / day, 170 mg / day, 180 mg / day, 190 mg / day, 200 mg / day, 225 mg / day, 250 mg / day, 275 mg / day, 300 mg / day, 325 mg / day, 350 mg / day, 375 mg / day, 400 mg / day, 425 mg / day, 450 mg / day, 475 mg / day, 500 mg / day, 550 mg / day, 600 mg / day, 650 mg / day, 700 mg / day, 750 mg / day, 800 mg / day, 850 mg / day, 900 mg / day, 950 mg / day, 1000 mg / day, 1100 mg / day, 1200 mg / day, 1300 mg / day, 1400 mg / day, 1500 mg / day, 1600 mg / day, 1700 mg / day, 1800 mg / day, 1900 mg / day, 2000 mg / day, etc.
[0038] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 1 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg (hydronidone active agent weight versus subject body weight (i.e., wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 3 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 200 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 300 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 400 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 500 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 27 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 3 mg / kg and 80 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 80 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 27 mg / kg and 80 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 3 mg / kg and 60 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 60 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 27 mg / kg and 60 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 20 mg / kg and 30 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 20 mg / kg and 40 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 15 mg / kg and 50 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 15 mg / kg and 40 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 15 mg / kg and 30 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Such dosages may be given 1-5 times per day, for example three times per day, adjusted by patient weight, age, disease severity, comorbidities, and concomitant medications.
[0039] Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 3 mg / kg and 50 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 50 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 27 mg / kg and 50 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 3 mg / kg and 40 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 40 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 27 mg / kg and 40 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 1 mg / kg and 27 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 3 mg / kg and 27 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 27 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 10 mg / kg and 30 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 20 mg / kg and 40 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 20 mg / kg and 30 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 25 mg / kg and 35 mg / kg (wt / wt) . Also according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of at or about 27 mg / kg (wt / wt) .
[0040] According to embodiments of the present disclosure (including all recited medicament, method, kit and dosage embodiments) , the frequency of administration of the medicament can be 1-5 times / day, for example, 3 times / day.
[0041] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the subject is a mammal, preferably a human.
[0042] Also according to embodiments provided herein, a kit is provided comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; instructions for use in the prevention and / or treatment of CKD, improving renal function, reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition, improving renal lesion severity, reducing proteinuria and maintaining creatinine, protecting renal integrity and functioning, and / or reducing expression of CKD progression biomarkers in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease; instructions for kit storage; and packaging.
[0043] These and other embodiments, features, and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art when taken with reference to the following more detailed description of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0044] The skilled person in the art will understand that the drawings, described below, are for illustration purposes only.
[0045] FIG. 1: Effect of hydronidone on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (mmol / L) , wherein *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs UUO model group.
[0046] FIG. 2: Effects of hydronidone and pirfenidone on hydroxyproline in renal tissue (μg / mg wet weight) , wherein *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs UUO model group.
[0047] FIG. 3: Pathological index PI values of HE staining and Masson staining.
[0048] FIG. 4: Microphotograph of HE staining of the blank group (×200) .
[0049] FIG. 5: Microphotograph of HE staining of the model group (×200) .
[0050] FIG. 6: Microphotograph of HE staining of the positive drug group (×200) .
[0051] FIG. 7: Microphotograph of HE staining of hydronidone 1 (1 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0052] FIG. 8: Microphotograph of HE staining of hydronidone 2 (3 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0053] FIG. 9: Microphotograph of HE staining of hydronidone 3 (9 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0054] FIG. 10: Microphotograph of HE staining of hydronidone 4 (27 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0055] FIG. 11: Microphotograph of HE staining of pirfenidone 1 (50 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0056] FIG. 12: Microphotograph of HE staining of pirfenidone 2 (100 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0057] FIG. 13: Microphotograph of HE staining of pirfenidone 3 (200 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0058] FIG. 14: Microphotograph of Masson staining of the blank group (×200) .
[0059] FIG. 15: Microphotograph of Masson staining of the model group (×200) .
[0060] FIG. 16: Microphotograph of Masson staining of the positive drug group (×200) .
[0061] FIG. 17: Microphotograph of Masson staining of hydronidone 1 (1 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0062] FIG. 18: Microphotograph of Masson staining of hydronidone 2 (3 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0063] FIG. 19: Microphotograph of Masson staining of hydronidone 3 (9 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0064] FIG. 20: Microphotograph of Masson staining of hydronidone 4 (27 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0065] FIG. 21: Microphotograph of Masson staining of pirfenidone 1 (50 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0066] FIG. 22: Microphotograph of Masson staining of pirfenidone 2 (100 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0067] FIG. 23: Microphotograph of Masson staining of pirfenidone 3 (200 mg / kg) group (×200) .
[0068] FIG. 24: Effects of hydronidone and pirfenidone on renal collagen volume fraction (CVF) (sirius red staining) .
[0069] FIG. 25: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of the blank group (×400) .
[0070] FIG. 26: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of the model group (×400) .
[0071] FIG. 27: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of the positive drug group (×400) .
[0072] FIG. 28: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of hydronidone 1 (1 mg / kg) group (×400) .
[0073] FIG. 29: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of hydronidone 2 (3 mg / kg) group (×400) .
[0074] FIG. 30: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of hydronidone 3 (9 mg / kg) group (×400) .
[0075] FIG. 31: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of hydronidone 4 (27 mg / kg) group (×400) .
[0076] FIG. 32: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of pirfenidone 1 (50 mg / kg) group (×400) .
[0077] FIG. 33: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of pirfenidone 2 (100 mg / kg) group (×400) .
[0078] FIG. 34: Microphotograph of sirius red staining of pirfenidone 3 (200 mg / kg) group (×400) .
[0079] FIG. 35: Effects of hydronidone and pirfenidone on the positive expression area of CTGF expression results in each field of view.
[0080] FIG. 36: Effects of hydronidone and pirfenidone on the percentage of positive expression area of CTGF expression results in the entire field of view.
[0081] FIG. 37: Effects of hydronidone and pirfenidone on the total integrated optical density (IOD) in the positive expression area of CTGF expression results.
[0082] FIG. 38 depicts an exemplary pathway of CKD progression.Detailed Description
[0083] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.
[0084] For clarity of disclosure, and not by way of limitation, the detailed description of the invention is divided into the subsections that follow.
[0085] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. If a definition set forth in this section is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in the patents, applications, published applications and other publications that are herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth in this section prevails over the definition that is incorporated herein by reference.
[0086] As used herein, “a” or “an” means “at least one” or “one or more. ”
[0087] As used herein, the term “and / or” may mean “and, ” it may mean “or, ” it may mean “exclusive-or, ” it may mean “one, ” it may mean “some, but not all, ” it may mean “neither, ” or it may mean “both. ”
[0088] As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about, ” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar in magnitude and / or within a similar range to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” may refer to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100%of a possible value) . Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure.
[0089] The terms “individual, ” “subject, ” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein and refer to any subject for whom diagnosis, prevention, or treatment is desired. The subject may be a mammalian subject. Mammalian subjects include, e.g., humans, non-human primates, rodents, (e.g., rats, mice) , lagomorphs (e.g., rabbits) , ungulates (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, goats, and the like) , etc. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate, for example a cynomolgus monkey. In some embodiments, the subject is a companion or service animal (e.g. cats or dogs) .
[0090] “Interstitial nephritis, ” as used herein, refers to inflammation of the renal interstitium and tubules, and encompasses both acute and chronic forms as well as secondary causes such as obstruction.
[0091] A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of hydronidone is a salt formed with one or more acids or bases acceptable for pharmaceutical use, including but not limited to organic acids (such as propionic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, acetic, formic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, picric) , inorganic acids (such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric) , inorganic bases (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, ammonium) , organic bases (such as methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine) , and amino acid esters followed by acid / base formation (such as aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine, ornithine) .
[0092] The term “therapeutic effect” herein refers to the effect caused by treatment, which at the animal level is manifested as changing, usually alleviating or improving, the symptoms of the disease or disease condition, curing the disease or disease condition, or by modification of disease course (e.g., improving renal function, reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition, prevention of disease progression, at least partial reversal of disease progression, reduce renal lesion severity, reducing proteinuria and maintaining creatinine, protecting renal integrity and functioning, and / or reducing expression of CKD progression biomarkers in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease) .
[0093] The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” herein refers to the amount of the compound disclosed and / or described herein that is sufficient to achieve the treatment as defined herein when administered to a subject in need of such a treatment. A therapeutically effective amount of the compound may be an amount sufficient to treat chronic kidney disease, improve renal function, reduce renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition, improve renal lesion severity, reduce proteinuria and maintaining creatinine, protecting renal integrity and functioning, and / or reduce expression of CKD progression biomarkers in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on, for example, the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the specific compound, the dosing regimen to be followed, the timing of administration, and the mode of administration, all of which can be readily determined by those skilled in the art.
[0094] The term “treatment” herein includes one or more of the following: inhibiting the disease or disorder; slowing or halting the development of clinical symptoms of the disease or disorder; and / or alleviating the disease or disorder (i.e., causing remission or regression of clinical symptoms) , as well as complete or partial reduction of clinical symptoms of the disease or disorder.
[0095] Kidney fibrosis is the predominant pathophysiologic change observed with progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) . CKD itself is a complex disease having a diverse set of origins and etiologies in any particular patient. Fibrotic burden is a key indicator of future adverse renal outcomes, however, there remains a lack of safe and effective therapies targeting this pathological process. TGF-β, the most potent pro-fibrotic cytokine, exhibited the strongest association with fibrosis on biopsy and correlated with worse renal outcomes. TGF-β is released by kidney cells, stimulating trans-differentiation of epithelial cells to myofibroblasts, macrophages to myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, main processes that contribute to kidney fibrosis. See FIG. 38. Hydronidone attenuates fibrosis by targeting TGFβ signaling transduction pathway. See FIG. 38.
[0096] Prior to the present work, the efficacy of hydronidone in renal disease was not established. The inventors have discovered that hydronidone exerts potent, dose-dependent renoprotective effects in animal models of obstructive nephropathy and interstitial nephritis. Hydronidone reduces ECM deposition, suppresses connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) overexpression, and improves renal function at substantially lower doses than pirfenidone, and with greater efficacy than nitrofurantoin, a positive control. These findings support hydronidone as a kidney-directed anti-fibrotic agent with the potential to complement and enhance current guideline-directed CKD therapies.
[0097] Mechanistically, while not intending to be bound by any particular theory of operation, hydronidone acts by inhibiting the overexpression of CTGF, reducing interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, modulating the release of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressing fibroblast activation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) , and reducing collagen synthesis and deposition. These effects translate into improved renal function, reduced proteinuria, and preservation of renal architecture in preclinical models.
[0098] The present disclosure provides for the use of hydronidone, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the prevention and / or treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) , with particular emphasis on interstitial nephritis, whether acute or chronic, and including forms caused by ureteral obstruction. The present disclosure further encompasses pharmaceutical compositions, dosage forms and kits of hydronidone that are suitable for both oral and parenteral administration. Methods of treatment are also provided, comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a mammalian subject in need of such therapy.
[0099] It has been demonstrated in the experiments of the present disclosure that after administration of various doses of hydronidone, there is a certain alleviating effect on rats in the UUO model group. Compared with the model group, all renal functions are improved to different degrees, and renal function is protected. Among them, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is reduced (P<0.01 or P<0.05) , and serum creatinine (Scr) is reduced; creatinine clearance rate of hydronidone (Ccr) is increased by 31%to 90%. Significant differences among various hydronidone groups (1.0, 3.0, 9.0, 27.0 mg / kg) is shown in pathological observation, with the 27 mg / kg group showing the best effect, followed by the 9 mg / kg group, and the 3 mg / kg group, indicating a dose-effect relationship. It is also shown herein that the increase in renal collagen volume fraction (CVF) in each dose group is inhibited in sirius red staining, for hydronidone groups, being reduced by 65%to 19%; the results of CTGF immunohistochemistry in this experiment show that the expression of CTGF in each hydronidone dose group is significantly lower than that in the UUO model groups, with the positive area, positive area percentage, and IOD in hydronidone groups decreasing by 71-97%, 73-97%, and 41-94%, respectively. That is, by inhibiting the overexpression of CTGF, the progression of renal fibrosis is slowed down. The mechanism may be by inhibiting the overexpression of CTGF, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells is reduced, the release of various cytokines is affected, fibroblasts are activated, and / or phenotypic transformation of renal tubular epithelial cells is promoted, thereby the progression of renal fibrosis is reduced / slowed. Therefore, pharmacological actions indicate that hydronidone has the effect of preventing and treating chronic kidney diseases such as interstitial nephritis, especially effective for interstitial nephritis caused by ureteral obstruction.
[0100] It is also shown in the test results of the present disclosure that renal function has been improved to different degrees in various dose groups of hydronidone, and their efficacy is greater than that of the positive drug nitrofurantoin. The drug dose groups are hydronidone 1 (1.0 mg / kg) , hydronidone 2 (3.0 mg / kg) , hydronidone 3 (9.0 mg / kg) , and hydronidone 4 (27.0 mg / kg) , respectively. In particular, the dosage of hydronidone 4 group, which has the best comprehensive efficacy, is much lower than that of pirfenidone (pirfenidone 1 (50 mg / kg) , pirfenidone 2 (100 mg / kg) , pirfenidone 3 (200 mg / kg) .
[0101] Biomarkers and readouts relevant to the disclosure include blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , serum creatinine, hydroxyproline content, collagen volume fraction (CVF) , CTGF expression (measured as positive area, percent area, or integrated optical density) , histopathological indices (such as HE and Masson stains) , urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) , estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) , and tubular injury markers (such as KIM-1 and NGAL) . According to embodiments described and contemplated herein, such biomarkers are utilized to stratify patient populations for treating with hydronidone or adjusting hydronidone treatment (e.g., by altering dose) .
[0102] The active compound of the present disclosure is hydronidone (N- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -5-methyl-2-pyridone; C12H11NO2; molecular weight approximately 201.22) , which may be used in the form of its solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate salts, as well as sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum-based salts. Additional suitable salts include those formed with methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, and amino acid esters derived from both acidic and basic amino acids as previously defined.
[0103] Pharmaceutical compositions of hydronidone may be formulated for oral administration in the form of tablets, capsules, pills, dispersible powders, granules, oral solutions, syrups, or elixirs. Parenteral formulations may include injections (as solutions or suspensions) and powders for reconstitution. Suitable excipients for these formulations include, but are not limited to, lactose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, gum arabic, calcium phosphate, alginate, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, or methylcellulose. Additional formulation components may include lubricants such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifiers; suspending agents; preservatives such as methyl benzoate and hydroxypropyl benzoate; as well as sweeteners and flavoring agents.
[0104] Hydronidone may be administered by oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, inhalation, oromucosal, or other routes. The appropriate dosing regimen is determined by factors such as species, body weight, age, CKD stage, cause of CKD (e.g., drug therapy, microbial infection, immune diseases, metabolic diseases, hematological diseases, and urinary tract obstruction) , comorbidities, biomarker presence and / or levels, and the specific formulation used. In non-limiting animal studies, efficacy has been demonstrated at doses of 1.0, 3.0, 9.0, and 27.0 mg / kg. Clinically suitable doses for human subjects are established by allometric scaling and phase 1 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, with the goal of achieving exposures corresponding to those found efficacious in animal models.
[0105] While not intending to be bound by any particular theory of operation, it has been found that hydronidone exerts its therapeutic effects in CKD by reducing renal fibrosis through the inhibition of CTGF overexpression, reduction of interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, modulation of cytokine release, suppression of fibroblast activation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) , and reduction of collagen synthesis (e.g., as measured by hydroxyproline content and collagen volume fraction (CVF) ) .
[0106] Hydronidone may be administered as monotherapy or in combination with at least one other CKD therapy. Such therapies may include RAAS inhibitors (such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers) for blood pressure and proteinuria control, SGLT2 inhibitors for kidney protection in patients with or without diabetes, and agents such as finerenone (anon-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) and GLP-1 receptor agonists for additional cardiorenal protection. Hydronidone may be incorporated into stepwise or pillar treatment approaches to address residual fibrotic drive, while standard agents address hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory pathways.
[0107] The present disclosure contemplates a variety of embodiments, each of which may be practiced alone or in combination with any other embodiment described herein. In one embodiment, hydronidone or its salts, solvates, hydrates, or prodrugs are used for the prevention and / or treatment of CKD, with particular emphasis on interstitial nephritis, whether acute or chronic. In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions are provided comprising hydronidone and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Further embodiments include parenteral formulations (such as injections or powders for reconstitution) and oral dosage forms (such as tablets, capsules, granules, solutions, syrups, or elixirs) . Methods of treatment are also contemplated, comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone to a mammalian subject, preferably a human. In additional embodiments, hydronidone is administered in combination with other CKD therapies, such as RAAS inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, finerenone, or GLP-1 receptor agonists, either concurrently or sequentially. The present disclosure further contemplates the use of hydronidone in the treatment of ureteral obstruction-induced interstitial nephritis and other tubulointerstitial diseases, including drug-induced interstitial nephritis. Patient stratification and monitoring may be performed using biomarkers such as CTGF, hydroxyproline, CVF, KIM-1, NGAL, eGFR slope, and / or UACR. The use of specific salt forms of hydronidone to optimize solubility, bioavailability, stability, and tolerability is also within the scope of the invention, as are manufacturing and formulation methods that enable scalable production and controlled-release profiles suitable for chronic CKD administration.
[0108] The data provided herein provide and support a number of conclusions concerning the unexpectedly beneficial therapeutic benefits of hydronidone in CKD. For example, hydronidone administration improves renal function in CKD Models. Administration of hydronidone at various dosages led to measurable improvements in renal function, as evidenced by reductions in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and improvements in other renal biomarkers compared to untreated model groups. Also, the efficacy of hydronidone surpasses positive control drugs. Hydronidone administration demonstrated greater efficacy in improving renal function and reducing pathological damage than the positive control drug nitrofurantoin, and achieved comparable or superior results to pirfenidone at significantly lower dosages. Also, hydronidone administration provides dose-dependent therapeutic effects in CKD. The therapeutic effects of hydronidone were dose-dependent, with higher doses (e.g., 27.0 mg / kg) yielding the most pronounced improvements in renal function and histopathological outcomes. In addition, hydronidone administration reduces renal fibrosis and collagen deposition. Hydronidone treatment resulted in a significant reduction in renal collagen volume fraction (CVF) and hydroxyproline content, indicating its effectiveness in mitigating renal fibrosis. In addition, hydronidone administration improves pathological lesion severity. Histopathological analysis showed that hydronidone reduced the severity of renal lesions, as classified by a four-level grading system, with higher doses leading to less tissue destruction and fibrosis. In addition, hydronodine administration improves proteinuria and urinary biomarkers. Hydronidone administration led to a reduction in proteinuria (urine protein levels) and helped maintain urinary creatinine levels, suggesting protection of glomerular and tubular function. In addition, serum biochemical indices support the conclusion that hydronidone administration provides renal protection. Improvements in serum creatinine and BUN levels in hydronidone-treated groups further support its renoprotective effects. Also, hydronidone administration modulates key pathological markers. Hydronidone was shown to reduce the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and other markers associated with renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease progression. In addition, hydronidone administration is effective across multiple animal models. The beneficial effects of hydronidone were observed in various animal models, including those with ureteral obstruction-induced interstitial nephritis, indicating broad applicability. Also, therapeutically effective doses of hydronidone are well-defined. The examples provide clear guidance on the preparation, dosing, and administration of hydronidone, establishing a range of therapeutically effective doses for further research and potential clinical application. In addition, hydronidone's mechanism involves anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory actions. The observed improvements in renal structure and function are attributed to hydronidone's ability to inhibit fibrosis, reduce inflammation, and preserve normal tissue architecture. Also, the experimental data supports clinical translation. Comprehensive data from animal studies suggest that hydronidone may be administered for the prevention and / or treatment of chronic kidney disease in humans.
[0109] As noted, the inventors have compared hydronidone's efficacy with nitrofurantoin and pirfenidone. In this regard, hydronidone demonstrated greater efficacy than nitrofurantoin (the positive control drug) in improving renal function in the rat model of chronic kidney disease induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) . Key renal function markers such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , serum creatinine (Scr) , and creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) improved more significantly in all hydronidone dose groups compared to the nitrofurantoin group. In addition, BUN levels decreased significantly in hydronidone groups, while nitrofurantoin did not show a significant reduction. Similarly, the increase in Ccr was more pronounced with hydronidone than with nitrofurantoin. Also, pathological analysis showed that hydronidone reduced the severity of renal lesions and fibrosis more effectively than nitrofurantoin.
[0110] Compared with pirfenidone, hydronidone's efficacy in improving renal function was better than pirfenidone, but unexpectedly at much lower doses. In the examples, the highest dose of hydronidone (27 mg / kg) produced similar or superior improvements in renal function indices (BUN, Scr, Ccr) and histopathological outcomes compared to pirfenidone at much higher doses, e.g., 50-200 mg / kg. Hydronidone groups also showed a dose-dependent improvement, with the 27 mg / kg group achieving the best results. While both hydronidone and pirfenidone reduced renal fibrosis (as measured by collagen volume fraction and hydroxyproline content) and decreased the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) , hydronidone unexpectedly achieved these effects at lower doses.
[0111] Overall, hydronidone was discovered to be more effective than nitrofurantoin and pirfenidone in improving renal function and reducing renal fibrosis in the animal model, with the added advantage of achieving these effects at much lower doses than pirfenidone. Kits
[0112] The present disclosure provides kits and articles of manufacture comprising hydronidone (N- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -5-methyl-2-pyridone) or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, packaged with instructions for use according to the methods herein. Each kit optionally further comprises devices and materials to facilitate dosing, sample collection, storage, and monitoring of biomarkers specified in this disclosure. The kits are configured for human use unless otherwise indicated and may be adapted for non-human mammals.
[0113] Kits of the present disclosure often include the following general composition and forms: active agent, dosage forms with particular dose ranges, packaging, and instructions on storage and use. Active agents include hydronidone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate; or sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum salts; or salts formed with methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine; or amino acid ester salts as described herein) , or a solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. Oral dosage forms include immediate-, sustained-, or delayed-release tablets, capsules, pills, granules, dispersible powders, oral solutions / syrups / elixirs. Exemplary excipients: lactose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, gum arabic, calcium phosphate, alginate, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, methylcellulose; lubricants (talc, magnesium stearate, mineral oil) ; wetting agents; emulsifiers; suspending agents; preservatives (methyl benzoate, hydroxypropyl benzoate) ; sweeteners and flavoring agents. Parenteral dosage forms include: sterile solutions or suspensions for injection, or lyophilized powders for reconstitution. Exemplary excipients: buffers (e.g., phosphate) , tonicity agents (e.g., sodium chloride) , stabilizers, antioxidants, surfactants, cryo- / lyoprotectants for powders (e.g., sucrose, trehalose, mannitol) . Dose ranges for human use include each of the dosages contemplated and recited herein, including for example: 50-1800 mg / day, 80-1700 mg / day, 100-1600 mg / day, 50-100 mg / day, 50-200 mg / day, 50-300 mg / day, 50-400 mg / day, 50-500 mg / day, 50-600 mg / day, 50-700 mg / day, 50-800 mg / day, 50-600 mg / day, 80-600 mg / day, 120-1000 mg / day, 100-800 mg / day, 100-500 mg / day, 100-600 mg / day, 200-600 mg / day, 200-800 mg / day, 300-600 mg / day, 30 mg / day, 40 mg / day, 50 mg / day, 60 mg / day, 70 mg / day, 80 mg / day, 90 mg / day, 100 mg / day, 110 mg / day, 120 mg / day, 130 mg / day, 140 mg / day, 150 mg / day, 160 mg / day, 170 mg / day, 180 mg / day, 190 mg / day, 200 mg / day, 225 mg / day, 250 mg / day, 275 mg / day, 300 mg / day, 325 mg / day, 350 mg / day, 375 mg / day, 400 mg / day, 425 mg / day, 450 mg / day, 475 mg / day, 500 mg / day, 550 mg / day, 600 mg / day, 650 mg / day, 700 mg / day, 750 mg / day, 800 mg / day, 850 mg / day, 900 mg / day, 950 mg / day, 1000 mg / day, 1100 mg / day, 1200 mg / day, 1300 mg / day, 1400 mg / day, 1500 mg / day, 1600 mg / day, 1700 mg / day, 1800 mg / day, 1900 mg / day, 2000 mg / day, etc., administered 1-5 times / day; also contemplated are doses including: 1-100 mg / kg, 3-80 mg / kg, 9-60 mg / kg, 9-40 mg / kg, 20-30 mg / kg, 25-35 mg / kg, 1-27 mg / kg (e.g., 3-27 mg / kg, 9-27 mg / kg) , 27 mg / kg, etc. Packaging often includes unit-dose blisters, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles with desiccant, child-resistant closures, prefilled syringes / vials, or dual-chamber reconstitution systems; tamper-evident seals; outer carton with labeling. Storage instructions are generally indicated by dosage form (e.g., controlled room temperature; protect from moisture / light for oral solids; refrigerated or room temperature for parenterals per stability) . Instructions for use (IFU) are generally printed and / or electronic, including dosing, titration, monitoring (biomarkers and safety) , co-administration, handling and storage, and disposal.
[0114] According to exemplary embodiments, a kit is provided for prevention and / or treatment of CKD (including interstitial nephritis) , improving renal function (BUN-focused) , reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition (CVF / hydroxyproline) , improving renal lesion severity, reducing proteinuria and maintaining creatinine (UACR / Scr) , protecting renal integrity and functioning (Scr / BUN) , reducing expression of CKD progression biomarkers (CTGF, KIM-1, NGAL; eGFR, UACR) , including hydronidone oral tablets or capsules (e.g., 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg strengths) in calendar blister packs to permit daily dosing within 50-1800 mg / day. A medication guide and IFU specifying initiation, dosing frequency (1-5 times / day) , titration to target dose, and duration. A patient information leaflet on CKD, interstitial nephritis (acute / chronic) , and adherence. IFU highlights include prevention and / or treatment of CKD, including interstitial nephritis due to drug therapy, microbial infection, immune / metabolic / hematological disease, or urinary tract obstruction. The kit may also specify dosing titration and adjustments along with monitoring such as baseline and periodic BUN, serum creatinine (Scr) , eGFR, UACR; and clinical assessments. The kit may also specify administration of hydronidone with RAAS inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, finerenone, GLP-1 receptor agonists (simultaneous or sequential administration) , and / or include in the kit one or more RAAS inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor, finerenone, GLP-1 receptor agonist for concomitant administration. Alternatively, the kit may include parenteral hydronidone dosage forms.
[0115] Articles of manufacture embodiments are also contemplated, comprising a container holding hydronidone (or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug) , packaging materials, and a label or package insert indicating that the composition is indicated for one or more of: preventing and / or treating CKD (including interstitial nephritis) , improving renal function (BUN) , reducing renal fibrosis / collagen deposition, improving renal lesion severity, reducing proteinuria and maintaining creatinine levels, protecting renal integrity and function, and reducing CKD progression biomarkers (CTGF, KIM-1, NGAL, UACR; maintaining / improving eGFR) , together with instructions for dosing, monitoring, and optional combination therapy, as described herein.
[0116] The present disclosure is further described by the following examples. The examples are provided solely to illustrate the disclosure by reference to specific embodiments. These exemplifications, while illustrating certain specific aspects of the disclosure, do not portray the limitations or circumscribe the scope of the disclosure. It is appreciated that certain features of the disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodiments are specifically embraced by the present disclosure and are disclosed herein just as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly disclosed. In addition, all sub-combinations of the various embodiments and elements thereof are also specifically embraced by the present disclosure and are disclosed herein just as if each and every such sub-combination was individually and explicitly disclosed herein. Examples
[0117] 1. Reagents and Materials:
[0118] 1.1 Test Drugs:
[0119] Hydronidone (code F351) is a white powder with a chemical structure of N- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -5-methyl-2-pyridone, molecular formula: C12H11NO2, molecular weight: 201.22, batch number 20111114-2 / F351. It was ultrasonicated for 30 minutes and prepared into 4 concentrations of solutions with 0.5%carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) in normal saline: hydronidone 1 (0.2 mg / ml, 1.0 mg / kg) , hydronidone 2 (0.6 mg / ml, 3.0 mg / kg) , hydronidone 3 (1.8 mg / ml, 9.0 mg / kg) , hydronidone 4 (5.4 mg / ml, 27.0 mg / kg) , respectively.
[0120] Pirfenidone is a white powder with batch number 20090615 and a chemical structure of 3- (2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-butyramido) -5-fluoro-4-oxo-pentanoic acid. It was ultrasonicated for 30 minutes and prepared into pirfenidone 1 (10.0 mg / ml, 50 mg / kg) , pirfenidone 2 (20.0 mg / ml, 100 mg / kg) , and pirfenidone 3 (40.0 mg / ml, 200 mg / kg) with 0.5%CMC in normal saline, respectively.
[0121] 1.2 Positive Drug:
[0122] Nitrofurantoin enteric tablets (anti-urinary tract infection drug) , specification: 50mg × 100 tablets, batch number: A110804, manufactured by Shanxi Yunpeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Before administration, the tablets were ground into yellow powder using a mortar and formulated with 0.5%CMC in normal saline to a concentration of 8.4mg / ml (42.0mg / 1ml / kg) .
[0123] 1.3 Biochemical Kits:
[0124] Cholesterol (CHO) , triglyceride (TG) , high-density lipoprotein (D-HDL) , Iow-density lipoprotein (D-LDL) , blood glucose (Glu) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , serum creatinine (Scr) , and creatinine assay kit (picric acid method) were all products available from Biosino Bio-Technology &Science, Inc., with batch numbers 110751, 110761, 110871, 110681, 110651, 110793, 110902, and 112261 respectively. Hydroxyproline kit was available from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, batch number: 20111215. Other reagents: chloral hydrate (analytical grade) available from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., batch number 20110210; prepared as 10%chloral hydrate by accurately weighing 10g of chloral hydrate and dissolving in 100mi of ultrapure water, stored at 4℃ for later use. Sodium chloride injection: specification 500mi: 4.5g, available from Shijiazhuang No. 4 Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., batch number: 110111404. CTGF antibody (rabbit anti-mouse polyclonal antibody, BA0752) and SP immunohistochemistry kit were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd. The chromogenic substrate was DAB (available from Beijing Xuebang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. ) .
[0125] 2 Experimental Methods and Operations:
[0126] 2.1 Animals and Grouping
[0127] Rats, SD specie, SPF grade, male, weighing 180-200g, were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, animal qualification certificate number: SCXK (Beijing) 2009-0017. The laboratory animal room of National Institutes for Food and Drug Control was equipped with secondary filtration of sterile air, 12-hour automatic lighting with fluorescent lamps, constant temperature and humidity air supply, with a temperature of 23-25℃ and a relative humidity of 50-55%. Animal cages were made of stainless-steel wires with a volume of 60 × 40 × 30cm. Experimental animal use license number: SYXK (Beijing) 2011-0008. Rat feed was available from Beijing Keao Xie Li Feed Co., Ltd., license number: SZXK (Beijing) 2005-0007. Rats were acclimatized in the laboratory for 2 days. Rats with body weight of 180g ± 10g were selected and randomly divided into 10 groups according to body weight, with 10 rats in each group: blank group, model group, positive control group (nitrofurantoin) , 1~4 dosage groups of hydronidone, and 1~3 dosage groups of pirfenidone.
[0128] 2.2 Method
[0129] Except for the control group, all other rats underwent unilateral ureteral ligation. The method was as follows: Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with chloral hydrate (400mg / kg) , then fixed on the operating plate in left lateral position, and routine disinfection was performed. An incision was made in the left abdominal renal area, the abdominal cavity and peritoneum were opened, the left ureter was exposed and separated with ophthalmic forceps. The ureter was ligated twice with No. 4 suture at the calices renales and the inferior pole of kidney (middle and upper 1 / 3 of the left ureter) without transecting the ureter. Care was taken not to damage the renal capsule and protect surrounding tissues during the operation. After the operation, the kidney was placed in its original position, and the peritoneum, muscles, and skin were sutured layer by layer. Strict sterile operation was followed during the operation. The blank group, also called the sham operation group, underwent the same steps as the UUO group except for ureteral ligation. Intragastric administration (ig) was started simultaneously with modeling, once daily for 10 consecutive days. 24-hour urine was collected on the day before sacrifice (day 10) . On day 11, blood was collected from the orbital venous plexus, and the rats were sacrificed by decapitation bloodletting. Serum was separated by centrifugation for the detection of blood biochemical indices. The kidney was taken and transected; one half was fixed with 10%formalin for renal histopathological observation, and the other half was stored at -70℃ for the determination of hydroxyproline content.
[0130] 2.2.1 Administration
[0131] 2.2.1.1 Basis for Administration: In the preliminary test (5 rats / group) , hydronidone doses of 1, 50, 100, and 150mg / kg showed that hydronidone at 1-50mg / kg could improve renal function in UUO model rats (BUN significantly decreased, and renal histopathology showed alleviated lesions) . Therefore, the doses of hydronidone were set at 1, 3, 9, and 27mg / kg. Since pirfenidone has been approved for a new drug certificate, its anti-renal fibrosis doses in rats are 50, 100, and 200mg / kg, so these doses were used. The clinical dose of nitrofurantoin was 400mg / person / day. Calculated based on 60kg / person, it is 400 / 60 =6.7mg / kg. The effective dose in rats calculated by body surface area is 6.3 times that in humans, so 6.7 × 6.3 = 42mg / kg for rats.
[0132] 2.2.1.2 Administration Route: All groups were administered intragastrically (ig) .
[0133] 2.2.1.3 Administration Time: Administration was started simultaneously with modeling. The test drug hydronidone (4 doses) and pirfenidone (3 doses) were administered ig once daily for 10 consecutive days. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration.
[0134] 2.2.1.4 Administration Doses: The 4 doses of hydronidone were 1, 3, 9, and 27mg / kg respectively; the 3 doses of pirfenidone were 50, 100, and 200mg / kg respectively. The body weight of each rat was weighed before administration, and the dose was calculated according to the body weight. The doses of each group were as follows: ① Blank group: normal feeding ② UUO model group: ig 0.5%CMC in normal saline, 1mi per 200g rat ③ Positive drug group: ig nitrofurantoin 42.0mg / 1ml / kg (8.4mg / ml per 200g rat) ④ Hydronidone group 1: ig hydronidone 1.0mg / kg (0.2mg / ml per 200g rat) ⑤ Hydronidone group 2: ig hydronidone 3.0mg / kg (0.6mg / ml per 200g rat) ⑥ Hydronidone group 3: ig hydronidone 9.0mg / kg (1.8mg / ml per 200g rat) ⑦ Hydronidone group 4: ig hydronidone 27.0mg / kg (5.4mg / ml per 200g rat) ⑧ Pirfenidone group 1: ig pirfenidone 50.0mg / kg (10.0mg / ml per 200g rat) ⑨ Pirfenidone group 2: ig pirfenidone 100.0mg / kg (20.0mg / ml per 200g rat) ⑩ Pirfenidone group 3: ig pirfenidone 200.0mg / kg (40.0mg / ml per 200g rat)
[0135] 2.2.1.5 Administration Volume: 1ml / 200g, that is, each rat was weighed before administration, and 0.5%CMC in normal saline or the test drug was administered ig at 1mi per 200g rat according to body weight.
[0136] 2.2.2 Animal Sacrifice: 24 hours after the last administration, blood was collected from the orbital venous plexus, and the rats were sacrificed by decapitation bloodletting to collect renal tissues for examination.
[0137] 2.2.3 Detection of Indices
[0138] In the preliminary test, the mortality rates of rats on 15day and 21 day after modeling were about 20%and 50%respectively, and the UUO model was too severe, with very weak efficacy of hydronidone. Therefore, rats were sacrificed on day 11, i.e., 10 days after modeling and administration, to detect various main indices.
[0139] 2.2.3.1 General Condition Observation: The general condition of rats in each group was observed during the test.
[0140] 2.2.3.2 Body Weight: The body weight of rats was measured before sacrifice.
[0141] 2.2.3.3 Routine Urinalysis: On one day before sacrifice (day 10) , rats were placed in metabolic cages to collect 24-hour urine. 24-hour urine volume V (urine volume V (ml. / min) = 24-hour urine volume V / 24h / 60min) . The main items of routine urinalysis included urinary glucose (GLU) , urobilinogen (UBG) , red blood cells (ERY, i.e., RBC) , urine protein (Pro) , urine pH (PH) , ketone bodies (KET) , color (COL) , urine bilirubin (BIL) , urine specific gravity (SG) , urine nitrite (NIT) , and titer.
[0142] 2.2.3.4 Determination of Urine Volume and Urinary Creatinine (Ucr) : Before sacrifice, rats were placed in metabolic cages to collect 24-hour urine, and the volume (mi) was measured (due to the limited number of metabolic cages, it was carried out in 2 days, with 5 rats / group measured each day) . Fresh morning urine was taken, and urinary creatinine content was determined according to the instructions of the creatinine assay kit (picric acid method) .
[0143] 2.2.3.5 Serum Biochemical Indices: On day 11 after UUO modeling, blood was collected from the orbital venous plexus. Whole blood was centrifuged at 3000 r / min at 4℃ for 20 minutes, and the supernatant was separated. Serum biochemical indices including cholesterol (CHO) , blood glucose (Glu) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , serum creatinine (Scr (Cre) ) , triglyceride (TG) , high-density lipoprotein (D-HDL) , and Iow-density lipoprotein (D-LDL) etc. were determined by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Creatinine clearance rate corrected for body weight ( / 100g) was calculated: Creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) : Ccr = Ucr × urine volume V (ml. / min) / Scr / BW × 100.
[0144] 2.2.3.6 Kidney Weight: After decapitation, the rats were quickly dissected and the kidneys were taken, the surrounding tissues were separated clean, and the wet weight was immediately weighed to calculate the kidney-to-body weight ratio.
[0145] 2.2.3.7 Renal Tissue Hydroxyproline Content (Hyp) : Renal tissue stored in a -70℃ refrigerator was taken, thawed, and about 80mg of renal tissue was accurately weighed. 1mi of hydrolysate from the kit was accurately added, and hydrolyzed in a 95℃ water bath for 20 minutes with a cover. Then, according to the kit instructions (sample alkaline hydrolysis method) , the hydroxyproline content in renal tissue were determined colorimetrically at 550nm.
[0146] 2.2.3.8 Histopathological Observation:
[0147] Visual observation: After decapitation, the kidneys were quickly dissected and observed with the naked eye.
[0148] Optical microscope examination: The kidney was cut transversely into two halves. One half was fixed with 10%neutral formalin, dried with alcohol, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Each renal tissue was cut into 4 sections: ① routine HE staining, ② Masson staining, ③ sirius red staining, ④ immunohistochemistry. Pathological morphology was observed after routine HE staining and Masson staining. The degree of renal fibrosis was observed under an optical microscope, and the pathological index (PI) value was calculated semi-quantitatively: for each section, 5 fields of view were taken each time under a high-power microscope (20x) , each field of view was scored, and the average score of the 5 fields of view was the pathological index (PI) value of renal cells. The mean and SD of each group were calculated for statistical analysis. The four-level classification standard for the severity of renal lesions in this study: "+++" was recorded as "3" : the renal capsule was significantly thickened, the renal pelvis was significantly dilated, the renal cortex was significantly thinned, the renal convoluted tubule's dilation and atrophy coexisted, retrograde infection occurred due to ureteral ligation, obvious renal tissue necrosis and obvious chronic inflammatory changes were present, some areas still had acute inflammatory reactions, and the renal tissue structure was significantly destroyed due to the continuous large-area and long-term inflammatory necrosis process, losing more than 75%of the typical renal tissue structure characteristics (alarge amount of fibrous connective tissue proliferation was confirmed by Masson staining) . "++" was recorded as "2" : the basic pathological changes were the same as "+++" , but the degree of lesions was slightly milder, and the destruction of renal tissue structure was between 50%and 75%. "+" was recorded as "1" : the degree of lesions was significantly lighter than "+++" , and the destruction of renal tissue structure was less than 50%. "-" was recorded as "0" : no obvious lesions in renal tissue.
[0149] Since Masson specific staining is prone to over-staining the renal tubular epithelium, resulting in large errors in quantitative analysis of collagen content, the sirius red staining method with strong specificity and accurate labeling was selected. Sirius red staining combined with the computer image analysis software Image Pro Plus 5.1 was used to measure the renal collagen volume fraction (CVF) . Measurement method: for each section, a field of view at 400X magnification was selected and 8 images were photographed using a Nikon E200 microscope. For the selected fields of view, various blood vessels and renal capsules were avoided to ensure measurement accuracy. The average of 8 data measured for each section was calculated for statistics.
[0150] 2.2.3.8 Immunohistochemical Staining for CTGF Expression: A Renal section (4th section) was used for immunohistochemical detection of the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in rat renal tubulointerstitium. Rabbit anti-rat CTGF polyclonal antibody (1: 100) and S-P kit were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd. According to the instructions of the S-P kit, immunohistochemical (two-step method) detection was performed on each renal section using the connective tissue growth factor CTGF antibody.
[0151] Under a Nikon E200 microscope, 20 non-overlapping fields of view at 200x magnification were selected and photographed. Combined with the computer image analysis software Image Pro Plus 5.1, quantitative analysis and statistics were performed on the positive expression area (positive area) , the percentage of the positive expression area in the entire field of view (positive area%) , and the total integrated optical density (IOD) in the positive expression area (expression intensity) of each field of view.
[0152] 2.2.4 Statistical Analysis
[0153] Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (±SD) . Comparison of mean differences among multiple groups was performed by F-test for homogeneity of variance, and pairwise comparisons among groups were performed by t-test for statistical analysis.
[0154] 3. Results
[0155] 3.1 General Condition Observation: On day 1 of unilateral ureteral ligation, rats were lethargic due to anesthesia. From day 2 onwards, the general condition of rats in each group was good, with free movement, normal diet, and stable breathing. Before sacrifice (day 11) , small masses were faintly visible on the surface of the ureteral ligation site in several rats in the model group. One rat in the model group died on day 10.
[0156] 3.2 Body Weight: The body weight of rats was measured before sacrifice, and the results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows that there was a very significant difference in body weight between the blank group and the model group. The body weight was significantly reduced after UUO modeling, and the body weight of the model group was reduced compared with that of the blank group (P < 0.01) , but there was no statistical significance compared with other groups. Table 1 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Body Weight of Rats Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01
[0157] 3.3 Routine Urinalysis: Before sacrifice, 24-hour urine was collected for routine urinalysis. The impact on other indices in the routine urinalysis was insignificant. Since the focus was on renal function, the key index was proteinuria (Pro) . Pro was measured semi-quantitatively: "-" represents 0 mg / dl, "1+" represents 25 mg / dl, and "2+" represents 50 mg / dl. The results are shown in Tables 2-3. The Pro level in the UUO model group significantly increased (300%higher than that in the blank group) . The Pro level in pirfenidone 2 significantly reduced compared with that in the UUO model group (P<0.05) . The Pro levels in other administration groups also showed a noticeable decrease (but there was no statistical significance compared with the model group, except for pirfenidone 2 due to large intra-group errors) . Table 2 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Proteinuria (Pro) (mg / dl) in Rats Note: compared with the UUO model group, #P<0.05
[0158] 3.4 Determination of Urine Volume and Urinary Creatinine (Ucr) : 24-hour urine was collected to measure its volume (mi) before sacrifice, as shown in Table 3. The results indicated that the urine volume in the model group was significantly lower than that in the blank group (P<0.01) . The urine volume increased in each administration group, with hydronidone 3 and pirfenidone 3 showing a significant increase compared with the model group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) . Table 3 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on 24-hour Urine Volume (mi) in Rats Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01, #P <0.05
[0159] The determination results of urinary creatinine (Ucr) are shown in Table 4. After UUO modeling, Ucr decreased significantly. Compared with the blank group, the model group showed a very significant decrease in Ucr (32%reduction, P<0.01) , but there was no significant difference compared with other groups. Table 4 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Urinary Creatinine (Ucr) (umol / L) in Rats Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01
[0160] 3.5 Serum Biochemical Indices: Serum biochemical indices were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer, including cholesterol (CHO) , blood glucose (Glu) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , serum creatinine (Scr (Cre) ) , triglycerides (TG) , high-density lipoprotein (D-HDL) , and low-density lipoprotein (D-LDL) , etc. Since there were no significant changes in CHO, Glu, TG, D-HDL, and D-LDL, the focus was on BUN and Scr related to renal function, and creatinine clearance rate was calculated.
[0161] 3. 5. 1 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) : The results showed that after UUO modeling, renal dysfunction occurred, and BUN increased. Compared with the blank group, the model group had a very significant increase in BUN (179%increase, P<0.01) . After administration of hydronidone and pirfenidone, BUN decreased in each dose group. Each group of hydronidone and pirfenidone showed a significant decrease compared with the model group (P<0.01 or P<0.05) , while the positive drug showed no obvious decrease (see Table 5; FIG. 1) . Table 5 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (mmol / L) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01, #P <0.05.
[0162] 3.5.2 Serum Creatinine (Scr) : The test results showed that after UUO modeling, renal dysfunction occurred, and serum creatinine (Scr (Cre) ) increased. Compared with the blank group, the model group had a very significant increase in Scr (31%increase, P<0.01) . After administration of hydronidone and pirfenidone, Scr decreased slightly in each dose group, but the change was not significant. Among them, Hydronidone 3 showed a significant decrease compared with the model group (P<0.05) . Table 6 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Serum Creatinine (Scr) (umol / L) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, #P<0.05
[0163] 3.5.3 Creatinine Clearance Rate (Ccr) : The creatinine clearance rate was calculated (adjusted for body weight ( / 100g) ) : Creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) : Ccr = Ucr × urine volume V / 24 / 60 (ml. / min) / Scr / BW × 100. The results showed that after UUO modeling, renal dysfunction occurred, and the creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) decreased significantly. Compared with the blank group, the model group had a very significant decrease in Ccr (58%reduction, P<0.01) . After administration of hydronidone, the Ccr in each dose group of hydronidone increased by 31%-90%, among which the 3, 9, and 27 mg / kg dose groups of hydronidone showed a significant increase compared with the model group (P<0.01 or P<0.05) ; after administration of pirfenidone, the Ccr in each dose group of pirfenidone increased by 24%-96%, among which the 100 and 200 mg / kg dose groups of pirfenidone showed a significant increase compared with the model group (P<0.05) . The increase in Ccr of the positive drug nitrofurantoin was small (see Tables 7 and 8) . Table 7 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Serum Creatinine Clearance Rate (Ccr) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01, #P <0.05.
[0164] 3.6 Renal Function Indices: various renal function indices are summarized in Table 8. The results showed that the UUO model was successful. After administration of hydronidone and pirfenidone, renal function in each dose group was improved to varying degrees. Compared with the model group, each group of hydronidone and pirfenidone showed a significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P<0.01 or P<0.05) , while the positive drug showed no obvious decrease. Compared with the model group, the creatinine clearance rate Ccr in each dose group of hydronidone increased by 31%-90%, among which the 3, 9, and 27 mg / kg dose groups of hydronidone showed significant differences compared with the model group (P<0.01 or P<0.05) ; the Ccr of pirfenidone increased by 24%-96%, among which the 100 and 200 mg / kg dose groups of pirfenidone showed significant differences compared with the model group (P<0.05) ; the increase in Ccr of the positive drug nitrofurantoin was small. The results indicated that hydronidone could improve renal function, and its efficacy was greater than that of the positive drug nitrofurantoin. Table 8 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Various Renal Function Indices ( n=10) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01, #P <0.05.
[0165] 3.7 Kidney Weight: The wet weight of the kidney was measured, and the results are shown in Table 9. The kidney-to-body ratio was calculated, and the results are shown in Table 10. The results showed that after UUO modeling, the left kidney tissue degenerated and the ureter was obstructed, causing the kidney to enlarge like a balloon filled with a large amount of foulings. The foulings were squeezed out on filter paper, and the surrounding tissues were stripped to weigh the wet weight of the kidney. As a result, the wet weight of the kidney increased significantly. Compared with the blank group, the model group had a very significant increase in kidney weight (an increase of 621%, P<0.01) . After administration of hydronidone and pirfenidone, the increase in kidney weight in each dose group was reduced. Among them, hydronidone group 4 showed a significant reduction compared with the model group (P<0.01) (see Table 9) . Table 9. Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Kidney Wet Weight (g) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01.
[0166] 3.8 Kidney-to-Body Ratio: Kidney-to-body ratio = kidney weight / body weight × 100%. The results showed that after UUO modeling, the kidney-to-body ratio increased significantly. Compared with the blank group, the model group had a very significant increase in the kidney-to-body ratio (759%, P<0.01) . After administration of hydronidone and pirfenidone, the increase in the kidney-to-body ratio in each dose group was reduced. Compared with the model group, each dose group of hydronidone decreased by 8%-23%, among which hydronidone group 4 had a significant decrease (P<0.05) (see Tables 10 and 11) . Table 11 is a summary of the results. Table 10. Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Kidney-to-Body Ratio (%) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01, #P <0.05 Table 11 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Body Weight, Kidney Weight, and Kidney-to-Body Ratio in Rats ( n=10) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01, #P <0.05
[0167] 3.9 Hydroxyproline (Hyp) Content in Renal Tissue (μg / mg wet weight) : Since Hyp is one of the main components of collagen in the body, accounting for about 13.4%in normal collagens, with very little content in elastin and absent in other proteins, the Hyp content in tissues can be used as an important indicator to measure the metabolism of collagen tissues. During renal interstitial fibrosis, the amount of collagen fibers in renal tissue increases, leading to an increase in Hyp content. The results of this study showed that on the 11th day after surgery, the Hyp content in the obstructed kidney of model rats increased significantly, which was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group (an increase of 370%, P<0.01) , indicating obvious renal interstitial fibrosis after UUO modeling. After administration of hydronidone and pirfenidone, the increase in hydroxyproline content in renal tissue of each dose group was inhibited. Compared with the model group, the Hyp content in renal tissue of each hydronidone dose group decreased by 42%-58%, showing an extremely significant reduction (P<0.01) ; the Hyp content in renal tissue of each pirfenidone dose group decreased by 32%-41%compared with the model group, all showing significant reductions (P<0.01 or P<0.05) (see Table 12; FIG. 2) . Table 12 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Hydroxyproline in Renal Tissue (μg / mg wet weight) Note: compared with the blank group, **: P<0.01; compared with the UUO model group, ##P<0.01, #P <0.05.
[0168] 3.10 Pathological Observation of Renal Tissue
[0169] 3.10.1 Visual observation: After UUO modeling in rats, the left renal tissue became enlarged, filled with a large amount of foulings, turned pale in color, and had a thinned renal wall, shaped like a balloon, due to ureteral obstruction.
[0170] 3.10.2 Optical Microscopy Examination
[0171] 3.10.2.1 HE Staining and Masson Staining: HE staining is a routine staining method that makes all cell nuclei appear purple-blue, and cytoplasm, basement membranes, and collagen fibers appear pink. Through HE staining, the pathological changes of renal tissue and the infiltration of inflammatory cells can be comprehensively understood, and a basic understanding of kidney diseases can be obtained. The special Masson staining is a necessary supplement to routine staining, which is a specific staining for collagen fibers. It uses composite dyes to stain the basement membranes of renal glomeruli and renal tubules, glomerular mesangium, and glial fibers green, cytoplasm, red blood cells, and immune complexes red, and cell nuclei purple-red. Masson staining is helpful to observe the location of immune complex deposition in renal glomeruli and the degree of glial fibrosis. Masson staining showed that in the blank group, a small amount of blue collagen fibers could be seen around blood vessels; in the model group, interstitial blue collagen fiber deposition was significantly aggravated, intertwined to form sheet-like deposition areas, and the tissue structure was severely damaged; while in each administration group, blue collagen fiber deposition was significantly reduced. Pathological observation and semi-quantitative calculation of the pathological index (PI value) were performed under an optical microscope: for each section, 5 fields of view were taken under a high-power microscope (×200) each time, each field of view was scored, and the average score of the 5 fields of view was taken as the pathological index (PI value) of renal cells. The results showed that the renal tissue structure in the model group was severely damaged, with over 75%damaged, and a large increase in collagen fibers in renal tissue (PI value close to 3) occurred. Compared with the model group, especially in Masson staining, the damage to renal tissue structure in each hydronidone dose group was reduced, and the PI value was significantly decreased (P<0.01 or P<0.05) ; similarly, the damage to renal tissue structure in the pirfenidone 50 and 100 mg / kg dose groups was reduced, and the PI values were extremely significantly decreased compared with the model group (P<0.01) . The results are shown in Table 13 and FIGS. 3-23. Table 13 Pathological Index (PI Value) of HE Staining and Masson Staining Note: "0" indicates no obvious lesion in renal tissue; "1" indicates that the damage to renal tissue structure is less than 50% (<50%) ; "2" indicates that the damage to renal tissue structure is between 50%-75% (50-75%) ; "3" indicates that the damage to renal tissue structure is more than 75% (>75%) . **Compared with the UUO model group, P<0.01; ##Compared with the normal control group, P<0.01, #P<0.05.
[0172] Pathologists comprehensively evaluated the results of HE staining and Masson staining and concluded:
[0173] Blank group: The renal tissue structure in the blank group was basically normal.
[0174] uuO model group: The renal tissue structure was significantly damaged, with obvious chronic inflammation and fibrous connective tissue hyperplasia, and the lesions were severe. There were significant differences in lesions between each administration group and the simple ureteral ligation group (UUO group) .
[0175] Positive drug group (nitrofurantoin) : The renal tissue structure was significantly damaged, with obvious chronic inflammation and fibrous connective tissue hyperplasia. There were significant differences compared with the hydronidone group, and the lesions in the positive drug group were relatively more severe.
[0176] Hydronidone (1.0, 3.0, 9.0, 27.0 mg / kg) : The renal tissue structure still existed, with obvious chronic inflammation and significant swelling of renal convoluted tubules. There were significant differences between each group. Among them, the 27 mg / kg group had the best effect, followed by the 9 mg / kg group, and the 3 mg / kg group was relatively poor, showing a dose-effect relationship. In the 27 mg / kg hydronidone group in this experiment, only 1 case showed severe changes, while 6 cases showed no obvious or mild changes, which may be related to the efficacy of the drug.
[0177] Pirfenidone (50, 100, 200 mg / kg) : The renal tissue structure still existed, with obvious chronic inflammation and significant swelling of renal convoluted tubules. There were also significant differences between each group. Among them, the 100 mg / kg group was better than the 200 mg / kg group, and the 50 mg / kg group was relatively poor.
[0178] 3.10.2.2 Sirius Red Staining
[0179] Sirius red staining combined with the computer image analysis software Image-Pro Plus 5.1 was used to measure the renal collagen volume fraction (CVF) .
[0180] One section was prepared for each rat, and 8 images were taken under a 400X field of view for each section. The 8 data points measured from each image were used to calculate the average CVF, as shown in Table 14; FIGS. 24-34. During renal interstitial fibrosis, the amount of collagen fibers in renal tissue increases. The results showed that compared with the blank group, the renal collagen volume fraction CVF in the model group was significantly increased (an increase of 1969%, P<0.05) , indicating a substantial increase in collagen fibers in renal tissue. After administration of hydronidone and pirfenidone, the increase in renal collagen volume fraction CVF in each dose group was inhibited. Compared with the model group, the hydronidone groups showed a reduction of 65%-19% (no statistical significance due to large intra-group errors) . Table 14 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on Renal Collagen Volume Fraction (CVF) (sirius red staining) ( n=8) Note: compared with the blank group, *P<0.05.
[0181] 3.11 Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)
[0182] Under a Nikon E200 microscope, 20 non-overlapping fields of view at 200x magnification were photographed for each section. Combined with the computer image analysis software Image Pro Plus 5.1, quantitative analysis and data statistics were performed on the positive expression area (positive area) , the percentage of positive expression area relative to the entire field of view (positive area%) , and the total integrated optical density (IOD) in the positive expression area of each field of view. FIGS. 35-37.
[0183] In the blank group, a small amount of expression was observed in some glomerular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and interstitial vascular walls of rats, with granular staining, sparse coloring, and almost no expression in some cases. In the UUO group, the expression in the cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cells increased significantly, showing uneven granularity, which was consistent with the degree of local inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial widening, and renal tubular damage. The immunohistochemical PI value of CTGF in the UUO group was significantly higher than that in the sham operation group (positive area increased by 2871%, positive area%increased by 3300%, and IOD increased by 959%) , suggesting that the expression of CTGF in renal tubular epithelium of UUO rats was significantly enhanced. The expressions in each dose group of hydronidone was significantly lower than those in the UUO group. Among them, the positive area in each dose group of hydronidone decreased by 71-97%, the positive area%decreased by 73-97%, and the IOD decreased by 41-94%compared with the UUO group (no statistical significance due to large intra-group error) . The positive area decreased by 50%in the positive drug nitrofurantoin group, the positive area%decreased by 54%, and the IOD decreased by 21%compared with the UUO group, which was less effective than hydronidone in inhibiting the up-regulation of CTGF protein expression in renal tissues of UUO rats. Table 15 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on the Positive Expression Area per Field of View (Positive Area) in CTGF Expression Results ( n=20) Table 16 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on the Percentage of Positive Expression Area Relative to the Entire Field of View (Positive Area%) in CTGF Expression Results ( n=20) Table 17 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on the Total Integrated Optical Density (IOD) in the Positive Expression Area in CTGF Expression Results ( N=20) Table 18 Effects of Hydronidone and Pirfenidone on CTGF Expression ( n=10) Note: Increase or decrease by %marked with *is compared with the blank group; other changes are compared with the UUO model group.
[0184] Conclusion: In this experiment, rats in the UUO model group exhibited renal dysfunction, with increased serum urea nitrogen (BUN) , elevated serum creatinine (Scr (Cre) ) , a significant reduction in creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) , a substantial increase in renal tissue hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, renal interstitial fibrosis, obvious destruction of renal tissue structure, a large amount of collagen fibers, and increased CTGF expression, indicating the successful establishment of the UUO model. After administration of various doses of hydronidone and pirfenidone, the UUO-induced changes were alleviated to a certain extent. Hydronidone significantly and dose-dependently improved renal function, characterized by: reduced proteinuria, increased 24-hour urine volume and enhanced creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) . Hydronidone also markedly attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis, demonstrated by decreased collagen deposition (Masson's trichrome staining, PI) , downregulated CTGF expression and reduced hydroxyproline in kidney. Hydronidone showed superior efficacy compared to both the positive control and pirfenidone (200 mg / kg) .
[0185] Compared with the model group, various renal function indices were improved to different degrees, and renal function was protected. Among them, BUN decreased (P<0.01 or P<0.05) ; Scr decreased; Ccr increased by 31%-90%in hydronidone groups; the increase in renal tissue Hyp content was inhibited. Pathological observations showed significant differences among hydronidone groups (1.0, 3.0, 9.0, and 27.0 mg / kg) , with the 27 mg / kg group showing the best effect, followed by the 9 mg / kg group, and the 3 mg / kg group being relatively less effective, indicating a dose-effect relationship. There were also significant differences among pirfenidone groups (50, 100, and 200 mg / kg) , with the 100 mg / kg group being more effective than the 200 mg / kg group, and the 50 mg / kg group being relatively less effective. Sirius red staining showed that the increase in renal collagen volume fraction (CVF) was inhibited in all dose groups: reduced by 19%-65%in hydronidone groups. The results of CTGF immunohistochemistry in this experiment showed that CTGF expression in various dose groups of hydronidone was significantly lower than that in the UUO model group, wherein compared with the UUO group, in hydronidone groups, the positive area decreased by 71%-97%, positive area%decreased by 73%-97%, and IOD decreased by 41%-94%. These findings suggested that the progression of renal fibrosis was slowed down by inhibiting the overexpression of CTGF. The underlying mechanism may involve by inhibiting the overexpression of CTGF, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced, the release of various cytokines was regulated, fibroblast activation was suppressed, and the phenotypic transformation of renal tubular epithelial cells was inhibited, thereby slowing down the progression of renal fibrosis. The results of this experiment indicated that renal function was improved to different degrees in various doses of hydronidone, and its efficacy is higher than that of the positive drug nitrofurantoin.
[0186] The above examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Many variations to those described above are possible. Since modifications and variations to the examples described above will be apparent to those of skill in this art, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
[0187] Citation of the above publications or documents is not intended as an admission that any of the foregoing is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of these publications or documents.
Claims
1.Use of a compound represented by formula (I) (i.e., hydronidone) , a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for preventing and / or treating chronic kidney disease, 2.The use according to claim 1, characterized in that the chronic kidney disease is interstitial nephritis, preferably, the interstitial nephritis includes acute interstitial nephritis or chronic interstitial nephritis.3.The use according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the chronic kidney disease is caused by one or more factors selected from the group consisting of drug therapy, microbial infection, immune diseases, metabolic diseases, hematological diseases, and urinary tract obstruction, preferably, the urinary tract obstruction is ureteral obstruction.4.The use according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an organic acid selected from propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid; a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic acid selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid; a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic base, including a sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum salt; or a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an organic base, including a methylamine salt, an ethylamine salt, and an ethanolamine salt; or a salt formed by esterification of the compound of formula (I) with and acidic amino acid selected from aspartic acid and glutamic acid followed by reaction with an inorganic base, including a sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum salts, and ammonium salt, or an organic base, including a methylamine salt, an ethylamine salt, and an ethanolamine salt; or a salt formed by esterification with a basic amino acid selected from lysine, arginine, and ornithine followed by reaction with an inorganic acid selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid, or with an organic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, picric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and ethanesulfonic acid.5.The use according to claim 4, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic acid selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid; a salt formed by the compound of formula (I) with an inorganic base, including a sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum salt; or a salt formed with an organic base, including a methylamine salt, an ethylamine salt, and an ethanolamine salt.6.The use according to claim 4, wherein the medicament further includes one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, and the medicament can be an oral dosage form or a parenteral dosage form; further, the oral dosage form is a tablet, a capsule, a pill, a dispersible powder, a granule, an oral solution, a syrup, an elixir; the parenteral dosage form is an injection, a powder for injection, etc.; the excipient includes lactose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, gum Arabic, calcium phosphate, alginate, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, or methylcellulose; the excipient also optionally includes a lubricant such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; a wetting agent; an emulsifier and a suspending agent; a preservative comprising methyl benzoate or hydroxypropyl benzoate; a sweetener and a flavoring agent.7.The use according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that the medicament further includes at least one other medicament for treating chronic kidney disease.8.A method for preventing and / or treating chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the method comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.9.A method for improving renal function in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.10.The method according to claim 9, wherein the improving renal function is determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen.11.A method for reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the improving renal function is determined by measuring collagen volume fraction (CVF) and / or hydroxyproline content.13.A method for improving renal lesion severity in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.14.A method for reducing proteinuria and maintain creatinine levels in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.15.A method for protecting renal integrity and functioning in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.16.The method according to claim 15, wherein the protecting renal integrity and functioning is determined by measuring serum creatinine and BUN levels.17.A method for reducing the expression of biomarkers associated with renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease progression in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease, characterized in that the method comprises:obtaining a sample from the subject and evaluating the sample for the level of one or more biomarker selected from the group consisting of: connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , hydroxyproline, collagen volume fraction (CVF) , KIM-1, NGAL, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) , and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ;administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, andmonitoring the patient after administration of the hydronidone for the level of the one or more biomarker in the subject selected in the obtaining and evaluating step, wherein the level of the biomarker in the patient is reduced compared with the level of the biomarker selected in the obtaining and evaluating step.18.The method according to any one of claims 8-17, characterized in that hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered alone or in combination with other drugs for treating chronic kidney disease, and the combined administration can be simultaneous or sequential.19.The method according to any one of claims 8-18, characterized in that the chronic kidney disease is interstitial nephritis, preferably, the interstitial nephritis includes acute interstitial nephritis or chronic interstitial nephritis, preferably, the chronic kidney disease is caused by one or more factors selected from the group consisting of drug therapy, microbial infection, immune diseases, metabolic diseases, hematological diseases, and urinary tract obstruction, preferably, the urinary tract obstruction is ureteral obstruction.20.The method according to any one of claims 8-19, characterized in that the chronic kidney disease is acute interstitial nephritis or chronic interstitial nephritis.21.The method according to any one of claims 8-20, characterized in that the chronic kidney disease is caused by one or more factors selected from the group consisting of drug therapy, microbial infection, immune diseases, metabolic diseases, hematological diseases, and urinary tract obstruction.22.The method according to claim 21, wherein the chronic kidney disease is caused by urinary tract obstruction comprising ureteral obstruction.23.The method according to any one of claims 8-22, characterized in that the dosage of hydronidone is between 50-1800 mg / day.24.The method according to claim 23, wherein the daily dosage of hydronidone is selected from the group consisting of 80-1700 mg, 100-1600 mg, 120-1000 mg, 200-800 mg, and 300-600 mg.25.The method according to any one of claims 8-22, wherein the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 9 mg / kg and 50 mg / kg (wt / wt) .26.The method according to any one of claims 8-22, wherein the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of between 20 mg / kg and 40 mg / kg (wt / wt) .27.The method according to any one of claims 8-22, wherein the hydronidone is administered at a dosage of 27 mg / kg (wt / wt) .28.The method according to any one of claims 8-27, wherein the hydronidone, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition containing hydronidone is administered to the subject between 1-5 times / day.29.The method according to claim 28, wherein the hydronidone, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition containing hydronidone is administered to the subject 3 times / day.30.The method according to any one of claims 8-29, characterized in that the subject is a mammal.31.The method according to any one of claims 8-30, characterized in that the subject is a human.32.A kit comprising hydronidone, a solvate, a hydrate, a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition containing hydronidone, the solvate, the hydrate, the prodrug, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;instructions for use in the prevention and / or treatment of CKD, improving renal function, reducing renal fibrosis and / or collagen deposition, improving renal lesion severity, reducing proteinuria and maintaining creatinine, protecting renal integrity and functioning, and / or reducing expression of CKD progression biomarkers in a subject suspected of having or having chronic kidney disease;instructions for kit storage; andpackaging.
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